BE Degree Examination Internal Assessment III

Year / Sem.: II / III Date &Time: 21.10.2016&1.45 pm to 4.45 pm

Subject code / Title: EE6352 Electrical Engineering & Instrumentation Max.Marks:100

Part A 10 x 2 =20
1. List the types of DC motors. Give any one difference between them
DC Shunt motor
DC Series motor
DC Compound motor
i)
DC Short Shunt
ii)
DC Long Shunt
2.

Why series motor cannot be started without any load?

N 1/
This is the reason why series motor should never be started on light loads
or no load conditions. In any DC motor the speed depends inversely on the
flux and directly proportional to emf, N ~E/flux. At no load the armature
current is very less and so is the flux, since the series winding has less number
of turns.
3. Define a Transformer.

Electrical power transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy

from one circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with the help
of mutual induction between two windings
4. Write down the EMF equation of a transformer.

EMF Equation of a Transformer. When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the

primary winding of a transformer, alternating flux m sets up in the iron core of the
transformer. This sinusoidal flux links with both primary and secondary winding.
The function of flux is a sine function.

5. Why single phase induction motor is not self-starting? Justify

6. According to double field revolving theory, any alternating quantity can be resolved
into two components, each component have magnitude equal to the half of the
maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity and both these component rotates in
opposite direction to each other. For example - a flux, can be resolved into two
components

7.
Each of these components rotates in opposite direction i. e if one m / 2 is rotating in
clockwise direction then the other m / 2 rotates in anticlockwise direction.
7. Define slip.
Speed of the rotor of an induction motor is always less than its synchronous speed. ...
Slip is defined as difference between Synchronous Speed (Speed of rotation of
magnetic field) and Rotor Speed (Speed of rotatory part of induction motor).
8. Define Transducer.
A device that converts variations in a physical quantity, such as pressure or brightness, into
an electrical signal, or vice versa.

9.Write short notes on LVDT.

LVDT is an acronym for Linear Variable Differential Transformer. It is a common
type of electromechanical transducer that can convert the rectilinear motion of an
object to which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding electrical signal.
8. Compare analog and digital instruments.
An analog meter reads current by deflecting a meter flux density. ... senstivity of
analog instrument is more than digital instrument.accuracy of digital instrument
is always less than a analog instrument. Digital means that the signal was converted
into 0's and 1's.
10.Write the working principle of Q-meter
The resistance R represents the loss in the inductor, mainly due to the
resistance of the wire.
Q meter works on the principle of series resonance.

Part B
11.a) Describe the construction and working of DC Generator. Next

There are two types of generators, one is ac generator and other is DC generator. Whatever
may be the types of generators, it always converts mechanical power to electrical power. An
AC generator produces alternating power. A DC generator produces direct power. Both of
these generators produce electrical power, based on same fundamental principle of Faraday's
law of electromagnetic induction. According to this law, when a conductor moves in a
magnetic field it cuts magnetic lines of force, due to which an emf is induced in the
conductor. The magnitude of this induced emf depends upon the rate of change of flux
(magnetic line force) linkage with the conductor. This emf will cause a current to flow if the
conductor circuit is closed.Hence the most basic tow essential parts of a generator are
1. a magnetic field
2. conductors which move inside that magnetic field.
Now we will go through working principle of DC generator. As, the working
principle of ac generator is not in scope of our discussion in this section.

In the figure above, a single loop of conductor of rectangular shape is

placed between two opposite poles of magnet. Let's us consider, the
rectangular loop of conductor is ABCD which rotates inside the
magnetic field about its own axis ab. When the loop rotates from its
vertical position to its horizontal position, it cuts the flux lines of the
field. As during this movement two sides, i.e. AB and CD of the loop cut
the flux lines there will be an emf induced in these both of the sides
(AB & BC) of the loop.

As the loop is closed there will be a current circulating through the loop. The direction of the
current can be determined by Flemming's right hand Rule. This rule says that if you stretch
thumb, index finger and middle finger of your right hand perpendicular to each other, then
thumbs indicates the direction of motion of the conductor, index finger indicates the direction
of magnetic field i.e. N - pole to S - pole, and middle finger indicates the direction of flow of
current through the conductor.
Now if we apply this right hand rule, we will see at this horizontal position of the loop,
current will flow from point A to B and on the other side of the loop current will flow from

point C to D.

Now if we allow the loop to move further, it will come again to its vertical
position, but now upper side of the loop will be CD and lower side will be AB (just
opposite of the previous vertical position). At this position the tangential motion
of the sides of the loop is parallel to the flux lines of the field. Hence there will be
no question of flux cutting and consequently there will be no current in the loop.
If the loop rotates further, it comes to again in horizontal position. But now, said
AB side of the loop comes in front of N pole and CD comes in front of S pole, i.e.

just opposite to the previous horizontal position as shown in the figure beside.

Working Principle of DC Generator

It is seen
that in the first half of the revolution current flows always along ABLMCD i.e.
brush no 1 in contact with segment a. In the next half revolution, in the figure the

direction of the induced current in the coil is reversed. But at the same time the
position of the segments and b are also reversed which results that brush no 1
comes in touch with the segment b. Hence, the current in the load resistance
again flows from L to M. The wave from of the current through the load circuit is
as shown in the figure. This current is unidirectional.

This is basic
working principle of DC generator, explained by single loop generator model. The
position of the brushes of DC generator is so arranged that the change over of
the segments a and b from one brush to other takes place when the plane of
rotating coil is at right angle to the plane of the lines of force. It is so become in
that position, the induced emf in the coil is zero.

11.b) Explain the different methods of speed control of DC Motors.

Speed control means intentional change of the drive speed to a value required
for performing the specific work process. Speed control is a different concept
from speed regulation where there is natural change in speed due change in load
on the shaft. Speed control is either done manually by the operator or by means
of some automatic control device.One of the important features of DC motor is
that its speed can be controlled with relative ease. We know that the emf
equation of DC motor is given as,

N = 60A E / PZ N = E / k where, k = PZ/60A N = V - Ia Ra / k Therefore speed (N ) of 3

types of DC motor SERIES, SHUNT and COMPOUND can be controlled by changing the
quantities on RHS of the expression. So speed can be varied by changing
1. Terminal voltage of the armature V.
2. External resistance in armature circuit Ra.
3. Flux per pole .
The first two cases involve change that affects armature circuit and the third one involves
change in magnetic field. Therefore speed control of DC motor is classified as
1. Armature control methods
2. Field control methods.

Speed Control of DC Series Motor

Speed control of DC series motor can be done either by armature control or
by field control.
Armature Control of DC Series Motor
Speed adjustment of DC series motor by armature control may be done by
any one of the methods that follow,

Armature Resistance Control Method: This is the most common method employed. Here
the controlling resistance is connected directly in series with the supply of the motor as

shown in the fig.

The power
loss in the control resistance of DC series motor can be neglected because this control method
is utilized for a large portion of time for reducing the speed under light load condition. This
method of speed control is most economical for constant torque. This method of speed
control is employed for DC series motor driving cranes, hoists, trains etc.
Shunted Armature Control: The combination of a rheostat shunting the armature and
voltage applied to the armature is varies by varying series rheostat R1. The exciting current
can be varied by varying the armature shunting resistance R2. This method of speed control is
not economical due to considerable power losses in speed controlling resistances. Here speed

control is obtained over wide range but below normal speed.

Armature terminal voltage control: The speed control of DC series

motor can be accomplished by supplying the power to the motor from a
separate variable voltage supply. This method involves high cost so it
rarely used. Field Control of DC Series Motor
The speed of DC motor can be controlled by this method by any one of the following ways
1. Field Diverter Method This method uses a diverter. Here the field flux can be reduced
by shunting a portion of motor current around the series field. Lesser the diverter
resistance less is the field current, less flux therefore more speed. This method gives
speed above normal and the method is used in electric drives in which speed should
rise sharply as soon as load is decreased.

Tapped Field Control This is another method of increasing the speed by reducing the
flux and it is done by lowering number of turns of field winding through which

current flows. In this method a number of tapping from field winding are brought
outside. This method is employed in electric traction.

Speed Control of DC
Shunt Motor
Speed of DC shunt motor is controlled by the factors stated below
Field Control of DC Shunt Motor
By this method speed control is obtained by any one of the following means
1. Field Rheostat Control of DC Shunt Motor
In this method, speed variation is accomplished by means of a variable
resistance inserted in series with the shunt field. An increase in controlling
resistances reduces the field current with a reduction in flux and an
increase in speed. This method of speed control is independent of load on
the motor. Power wasted in controlling resistance is very less as field
current is a small value. This method of speed control is also used in DC
compound motor.
Limitations of this Method of Speed Control

Creeping speeds cannot be obtained.

Top speeds only obtained at reduced torque.

The speed is maximum at minimum value of flux, which is governed

by the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction on the field.

Field Voltage Control

This method requires a variable voltage supply for the field circuit which is
separated from the main power supply to which the armature is
connected. Such a variable supply can be obtained by an electronic
rectifier.

Armature Control of DC Shunt Motor

Speed control by this method involves two ways. These are :
1. Armature Resistance Control
In this method armature circuit is provided with a variable resistance. Field
is directly connected across the supply so flux is not changed due to
variation of series resistance.
This is applied for DC shunt motor. This method is used in printing press,
cranes, hoists where speeds lower than rated is used for a short period only.
Armature Voltage Control
This method of speed control needs a variable source of voltage separated from
the source supplying the field current. This method avoids disadvantages of poor
speed regulation and low efficiency of armature-resistance control methods. The
basic adjustable armature voltage control method of speed d control is
accomplished by means of an adjustable voltage generator is called Ward
Leonard System. This method involves using a motor-generator (M-G) set. This
method is best suited for steel rolling mills, paper machines, elevators, mine
hoists, etc. This method is known as Ward-Leonard System. Advantages
1. Very fine speed control over whole range in both directions
2. Uniform acceleration is obtained
3. Good speed regulation
4. It has regenerative braking capacity

Disadvantages
1. Costly arrangement is needed , floor space required is more
2. Low efficiency at light loads
3. Drive produced more noise.

12.a) Obtain the mathematical expression for the Generated EMF or EMF Equation of a
Transformer.

Emf Equation of Transformer

EMF Equation of transformer can be established in a very easy way.
Actually in electrical power transformer, one alternating electrical source is
applied to the primary winding and due to this, magnetizing current flowing
through the primary winding which produces alternating flux in the core of
transformer. This flux links with both primary and secondary windings. As this

flux is alternating in nature, there must be a rate of change of flux. According

to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction if any coil or conductor links
with any changing flux, there must be an induced emf in it.
As the current source to primary is sinusoidal, the flux induced by it will be
also sinusoidal. Hence, the function of flux may be considered as a sine
function. Mathematically, derivative of that function will give a function for
rate of change of flux linkage with respect to time. This later function will be a
cosine function since d(sin)/dt = cos. So, if we derive the expression for
rms value of this cosine wave and multiply it with number of turns of the
winding, we will easily get the expression for rms value of induced emf of that
winding. In this way, we can easily derive the emf equation of
transformer.

Let's say, T is number of turns in a winding, m is the maximum flux in the

core in Wb. As per Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,
Where is the instantaneous alternating flux and

represented as,
As the maximum value of
cos2ft is 1, the maximum value of induced emf e is,
To

obtain the rms value of induced counter emf, divide this maximum value of e

by 2.
This is EMF equation of transformer. If E1 & E2 are primary and secondary
emfs and T1 & T2 are primary and secondary turns then, voltage ratio or

turns ratio of transformer is,

12.b) Explain the construction and working principle of Autotransformer ?

Auto Transformer
Auto transformer is kind of electrical transformer where primary and
secondary shares same common single winding. So basically its a one winding
transformer.
Theory of Auto Transformer

In Auto Transformer, one single winding is used as primary winding as well as secondary
winding. But in two windings transformer two different windings are used for primary and
secondary purpose. A diagram of auto transformer is shown below. The winding AB of total
turns N1 is considered as primary winding. This winding is tapped from point C and the
portion BC is considered as secondary. Let's assume the number of turns in between points B
and C is N2. If V1 voltage is applied across the winding i.e. in between A and C.

Hence, the voltage across the portion BC of the winding, will be,

As BC portion of the winding is considered as secondary, it can easily be understood that

value of constant k is nothing but turns ratio or voltage ratio of that auto transformer.

When load is connected between secondary terminals i.e.between B and C, load current I2
starts flowing. The current in the secondary winding or common winding is the difference of

I2 & I1.

Copper Savings in Auto Transformer

Now we will discuss the savings of copper in auto transformer compared to
conventional two winding transformer.

We know that weight of copper of any winding depends upon its length and cross - sectional
area. Again length of conductor in winding is proportional to its number of turns and cross sectional area varies with rated current. So weight of copper in winding is directly
proportional to product of number of turns and rated current of the winding. Therefore,
weight of copper in the section AC proportional to,
and similarly, weight of copper in the section BC proportional to,
Hence, total weight of copper in the winding of auto transformer proportional to,

13.a) Describe the construction and working of three phase squirrel cage
induction motor?

1. The three phase induction motor is the most widely used electrical motor.
Almost 80% of the mechanical power used by industries is provided by
three phase induction motors because of its simple and rugged
construction, low cost, good operating characteristics, absence of
commutator and good speed regulation. In three phase induction motor
the power is transferred from stator to rotor winding through induction.
The induction motor is also called a synchronous motor as it runs at a
speed other than the synchronous speed. Like any other electrical motor
induction motor also have two main parts namely rotor and stator. Stator:

As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A stator winding is
placed in the stator of induction motor and the three phase supply is given to it.
2. Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the
mechanical load through the shaft.
The rotor of the three phase induction motor are further classified as
1. Squirrel cage rotor,
2. Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.
Depending upon the type of rotor construction used the
1. Squirrel cage induction motor,
2. Slip ring induction motor or wound induction motor or phase wound induction motor.
The construction of stator for both the kinds of three phase induction motor remains the same
and is discussed in brief in next paragraph. The other parts, which are required to complete
the induction motor, are:
1. Shaft for transmitting the torque to the load. This shaft is made up of steel.
2. Bearings for supporting the rotating shaft.
3. One of the problems with electrical motor is the production of heat during its rotation.
In order to overcome this problem we need fan for cooling.
4. For receiving external electrical connection Terminal box is needed.
5. There is a small distance between rotor and stator which usually varies from 0.4 mm
to 4 mm. Such a distance is called air gap.
Stator of Three Phase Induction Motor
The stator of the three phase induction motor consists of three main parts :
1. Stator frame,
2. Stator core,

3. Stator winding or field winding.

Stator Frame

Working Principle of Three Phase Induction Motor

An electrical motor is such an electromechanical device which converts
electrical energy into a mechanical energy. In case of three phase AC
operation, most widely used motor is Three phase induction motor as this
type of motor does not require any starting device or we can say they are self
starting induction motor.For better understanding the principle of three
phase induction motor, the basic constructional feature of this motor must
be known to us. This Motor consists of two major parts: Stator: Stator of
three phase induction motor is made up of numbers of slots to construct a
3 phase winding circuit which is connected to 3 phase AC source. The three
phase winding are arranged in such a manner in the slots that they produce a
rotating magnetic field after 3Ph. AC supply is given to them. Rotor: Rotor of
three phase induction motor consists of cylindrical laminated core with
parallel slots that can carry conductors. Conductors are heavy copper or
aluminum bars which fits in each slots & they are short circuited by the end
rings. The slots are not exactly made parallel to the axis of the shaft but are
slotted a little skewed because this arrangement reduces magnetic humming
noise & can avoid stalling of motor.

Working of Three Phase Induction Motor

Production of Rotating Magnetic Field
The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical
angle of 120. When the primary winding or the stator is connected to a 3
phase AC source, it establishes a rotating magnetic field which rotates at the
synchronous speed. Secrets Behind the Rotation: According to Faradays law
an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of magnetic flux
linkage through the circuit. As the rotor winding in an induction motor are

either closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by end ring,

and cut the stator rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor
copper bar and due to this emf a current flows through the rotor conductor.
Here the relative speed between the rotating flux and static rotor conductor is
the cause of current generation; hence as per Lenz's law the rotor will rotate
in the same direction to reduce the cause i.e. the relative velocity.

Thus from the working principle of three phase induction motor it may observed that the
rotor speed should not reach the synchronous speed produced by the stator. If the speeds
equals, there would be no such relative speed, so no emf induced in the rotor, & no current
would be flowing, and therefore no torque would be generated. Consequently the rotor can
not reach the synchronous speed. The difference between the stator (synchronous speed) and
rotor speeds is called the slip. The rotation of the magnetic field in an induction motor has the
advantage that no electrical connections need to be made to the rotor. Thus the three phase
induction motor is:

Self-starting.

Less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the absence of commutators and
brushes that may cause sparks.

Robust in construction.

Economical.

Easier to maintain.