Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 99110

Thermal shock resistance of functionally gradient solid cylinders

Jun Zhao , Xing Ai, Yanzheng Li, Yonghui Zhou
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
Accepted 16 November 2005

Abstract
In this paper, an analysis of the transient thermo-mechanical behavior of a solid cylinder of functionally gradient material (FGM) under the
convective boundary condition is presented theoretically. The analytical formula of the unsteady temperature distribution is derived by using the
separation-of-variables method and hence the maximum thermal stress attained at the surface of the FGM solid cylinder as well as its time of
occurrence can be calculated. Based on a local tensile stress criterion, the expression of critical temperature change
Tc leading to the local tensile
strength at the surface, which is designated as the thermal shock resistance parameter for FGM solid cylinder, is obtained. The effects of the radial
distributions of thermo-physical properties on the thermal shock resistance of the FGM solid cylinder are investigated via numerical calculations
in contrast to homogeneous solid cylinder, from which some suggestions on design of FGM solid cylinders with high thermal shock resistance are
put forward.
2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Functionally gradient materials; Thermal shock resistance; Critical temperature change; Solid cylinder; Unsteady thermal stresses

1. Introduction
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are new advanced composite materials intentionally designed so that they possess desirable
properties for specific applications, especially for performance under thermal environment. In the theory of elasticity, FGMs are
mostly treated as non-homogeneous materials with material constants varying continuously along one spatial direction. In the past
two decades, a number of investigations have dealt with thermoelastic problems for the basic structural components of FGMs. Noda
and co-workers [16] analyzed the one-dimensional steady state thermal stress problems of a FGM plate and other shapes, and
proposed an analytical method of one-dimensional unsteady thermal stresses in a FGM plate by using the perturbation method.
Araki et al. [7] and Sugano et al. [8,9] derived the analytical solution of the temperature distribution in a multilayered material under
pulse or stepwise heating. Tanigawa et al. [1012] used an iteration technique to analyze the one-dimensional transient thermal
stresses of a FGM plate and a FGM cylinder using a laminated composite model, and discussed the temperature dependence of
material properties, they [13] also analyzed the transient thermal stress of a non-homogeneous plate taking into account the relative
heat transfer at boundary surfaces. Awaji et al. [1416] also proposed techniques for analyzing one-dimensional steady state and
transient temperature distribution in a FGM plate and a hollow FGM cylinder.
By introducing the theory of laminated composites, Ootao and Tanigawa [17] treated the three-dimensional transient thermal
stresses of functionally gradient rectangular plates due to partial heat supply, and analyzed the piezothermoelastic problem of a
functionally gradient rectangular plate bonded to a piezoelectric plate [18]. Kim and Noda [19,20] researched the two-dimensional
unsteady thermoelastic problems of functionally gradient infinite hollow cylinders by using a Greens function approach. Jabbari et
al. [21] derived analytical solutions for one-dimensional steady-state thermoelastic problems of functionally gradient circular hollow
cylinders in the case of material models expressed as power functions of r, and treated the two-dimensional thermoelastic problems of
the functionally gradient cylinder by using the Fourier transform [22]. Liew et al. [23] obtained analytical solutions of a functionally
gradient circular hollow cylinder by a novel limiting process that employs the solutions of homogeneous circular hollow cylinders.

Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 531 8839 3904; fax: +86 531 8839 3904.
E-mail address: zhaojun@sdu.edu.cn (J. Zhao).

0921-5093/$ see front matter 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.msea.2005.11.019

J. Zhao et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 99110

100

Fig. 1. Functionally gradient cylinder.

Wang et al. obtained the exact expression of dynamic thermal stress in a transversely isotropic sphere and consequently studied the
thermal stress-focusing effect [24]. Their further investigations on the magnetothermodynamic stress and perturbation of magnetic
vector in a conducting orthotropic thermoelastic cylinder subject to thermal shock [25], and the thermo-electro-elastic transient
response in piezoelectric hollow structures subjected to arbitrary thermal shock, sudden mechanical load and electric excitation
[26,27] provided valuable references to solve some transient coupled problems for non-homogeneous structures.
To our knowledge, however, little work has been focused on the solution for the unsteady temperature field and unsteady thermal
stress field of FGM solid cylinders under the convective boundary condition, and a strength-based fracture criterion for the thermal
shock resistance evaluation of FGM solid cylinders has not been previously obtained probably because there is few application of
this kind of FGMs currently.
The present work is undertaken to propose a thermal shock resistance parameter for FGM solid cylinders. A FGM solid cylinder
with composition and properties varying radially (Poissons ratio is constant) is studied, with its surface suddenly exposed to a
convective medium of different temperature. The analytical formula of the unsteady temperature distribution is obtained by using the
separation-of-variables method and hence the maximum thermal stress attained at the surface of the FGM solid cylinder as well as
its time of occurrence can be calculated. Based on a local tensile stress criterion, the expression of critical temperature change
Tc
leading to the local tensile strength at the surface as the thermal shock resistance parameter for FGM solid cylinder is obtained. The
effects of the distributions for thermo-physical properties on the thermal shock resistance of the FGM solid cylinders are discussed
via numerical calculations in contrast to homogeneous solid cylinder.
2. Analytical methods
2.1. Unsteady temperature eld
As shown in Fig. 1, consider a long FGM solid cylinder with its radius being b. A cylindrical coordinate system (r, , z) is
established for reference, with the z-axis lying on the axis of the cylinder. As we seek the unsteady thermal stress solutions of
the FGM cylinder in the plane strain condition, the temperature is independent of z. It is assumed that initially it is at a uniform
temperature T0 , and at time t = 0 the surface of the cylinder (at r = b) is suddenly exposed to a convective medium of temperature Ts .
And the coefficient of heat transfer h is assumed to be a constant.
The thermo-mechanical properties of the FGM solid cylinder are varied in the radial direction (Poissons ratio is assumed to be
constant) continuously. Hence the temperature field and the thermal stress field are also functions of radial coordinate r.
The one-dimensional unsteady heat conduction equation of non-homogeneous solid cylinders, the initial and boundary conditions
are given as follows:



T
1
T
(r)c(r)
=
r(r)
(1)
t
r r
r
T (r, 0) = T0

T 
=0
r r=0

T 

= h(T Ts )
r r=b

(2)
(3a)

(3b)

where T is the temperature, t is the time, r is the coordinate variable in the radial direction, and c(r), (r) and (r) are specific
heat, specific gravity and thermal conductivity, respectively. For the purpose of simplicity, the following dimensionless variables are

J. Zhao et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 99110

101

introduced:

= (1) 2

T (r , ) Ts
T (r , ) Ts

V (r , ) =
=

T0 T s

T
c(r )

c (r ) =

c(1)

(r )

r) =
(

(1)

(
r
)

r) =

(
(1)
r =

r
b

(4)

where c(1), (1), (1) and (1) are the specific heat, the specific gravity, the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity of the
surface (r = 1) of the cylinder. So Eqs. (1)(3) have the following dimensionless form:



V
1
V

r )c(r )
(
=
r (r )
(5)

r r
r
V (r , 0) = 1

V 
=0
r r =0

V 

= BV
r r =1

(6)
(7a)
(7b)

where B = (h b)/ is the Biot number of the cylinder surface.

To solve the dimensionless heat conduction Eq. (5), we use the separation-of-variables method by asking:
V (r , ) = W(r ) U()

(8)

Eq. (5) can be transferred into:

d W

r )] dW
r)
[r (
(
2
. dr + r
=
= 2
r )c(r ) W(r ) r (
r )c(r ) dr
(
U()
2

dU
d

(9)

where > 0 and 2 is a constant. Eq. (9) can be decomposed into the following two differential equations:
dU()
+ 2 U() = 0
d

(10a)

and
d2 W(r )
+
dr 2

r [r (r )]

r)
r (

r )c(r )
(
dW(r )
+ 2
W(r ) = 0
r)
dr
(

(10b)

The solution to Eq. (10a) is:

U() = A exp(2 )

(11)

where the coefficient A is a constant.

To solve Eq. (10b), we assume the dimensionless thermal conductivity and the dimensionless thermal diffusivity to be described
with a power law as:

r ) = exp[c (1 r )] c = ln[(0)]
(

r)
0 r 1
(12)
(
(r ) =
= exp[c (1 r )] c = ln[(0)]
r)
c (r )(
Eq. (10b) becomes:
d2 W(r )
dW(r )
+ p1 (r )
+ p2 (r )W(r) = (r )
dr 2
dr

(13)

J. Zhao et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 99110

102

where
p1 (r) =

1 c r
r

p2 (r) = 2 exp[c (1 r )]
(r) = 0
We use the method of variable substitution to solve the second order differential Eq. (13) with variable coefficients by introducing:

=







exp(c r )
(c r )n
ln(c r ) +
dr =
exp p1 (r ) dr dr =
r
n n!

(14)

n=1

p2 (r )
F1 (r ) =  2 = 2 r exp(c ) exp[(c 2c )r ]

(15)

F2 (r ) = 0

(16)

d
dr

Then Eq. (13) becomes:

d2 W()
+ F1 (r )W() = F2 (r )
d 2

(17)

The solution to Eq. (17) is:

 


 

 

 c

(c r )n
c 2c

W(r ) = D cos F1 (r ) + G sin F1 (r ) = D cos r ln(c r ) +

exp
exp
r
n n!
2
2
n=1
 


 c

c 2c
(c r )n

exp
+ G sin r ln(c r ) +
exp
r
(18)
2
n n!
2
n=1

By referring to Eq. (7a), we obtain: G = 0. By referring to Eq. (7b), the following transcendental equation can be obtained:







n




c + 2 2c
c
cn
cn
c
ln c +
(19)
ln c +

tan e
+1+
= Bec
2
n!
n n!
n n!
n=1

n=1

n=1

By referring to Eq. (6), we have:

 






 c 
1
(c r )n
(c 2c )
exp 2 exp
r
dr
0 cos r ln(c r ) +
nn!
2
D=

1
0

cos2 r ln(c r ) +

n=1


n=1


(c r )n
nn!

exp

 c 
2


exp

(c 2c )
r
2

(20)
dr

Consequently the dimensionless transient temperature field for solid FGM cylinder can be expressed as:




 c



(c r )m
c 2c

V (r , ) =
Dn cos n r ln(c r ) +
exp
exp
r
exp 2n
m m!
2
2
n=1

(21)

m=1

where the discrete values n and Dn are the roots of Eqs. (19) and (20), respectively.
2.2. Unsteady thermal stress eld and the thermal shock resistance parameter for solid FGM cylinder
The unsteady thermal stresses in the FGM solid cylinder that are caused by the axisymmetric temperature change are to be
determined. We assume the Poissons ratio of the cylinder to be constant, while the Youngs modulus and the thermal expansion

J. Zhao et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 99110

103

coefficient are described with a power law as:

E(r) = E(1) exp[cE (1 r )] cE = ln[E(0)/E(1)]

(r ) = (1) exp[c (1 r )] c = ln[(0)/(1)]

(r )

0 r 1

(22)

where E(1) and (1) are the Youngs modulus and the thermal expansion coefficient of the surface layer (r = 1), is the Poissons
ratio of the FGM cylinder.
The following formulae are used to derive the expressions of stresses r , and z :
r
r
+
=0
r
r

(23a)

u
r
u
=
r
r =

(23b)
(23c)

where u, and are the displacement, stress and strain, respectively.

For a long FGM solid cylinder, z = 0. By substituting Eqs. (23b) and (23c) into Hookes law, we obtain:


E(r)
u(r, t)
u(r, t)
(24a)
(1 )
+
(1 )(r)[T (r, t) T0 ]
r (r, t) =
(1 + )(1 2)
r
r


E(r)
u(r, t)
u(r, t)
(1 )
(r, t) =
+
(1 )(r)[T (r, t) T0 ]
(24b)
(1 + )(1 2)
r
r


E(r)
u(r, t) u(r, t) 1
(24c)
+

(r)[T (r, t) T0 ]
z (r, t) = [r (r, t) + (r, t)] (r)[T (r, t) T0 ] =
(1 + )(1 2)
r
r

The following displacement equation is obtained by substituting Eqs. (24a) and (24b) into Eq. (23a):






1
dE(r) 1 u(r, t)

r
dE(r)
1
2 u(r, t)
+

+
+

1 2 u(r, t)
r 2
E(r)
dr
r
r
1 E(r)
dr
r


1+
{(r)[T (r, t) T0 ]}
1
dE(r)
=

(r)[T (r, t) T0 ] +
1 E(r)
dr
r

(25)

By substituting Eq. (22) into Eq. (25), we obtain:

2 u(r , )
u(r , )
+ q1 (r )
q2 (r )u(r , ) = q3 (r , )
2
r
r
where
q1 (r ) =

1
cE
r

q2 (r) =

cE k1 r + 1
r 2


q3 (r , ) = k2 b
k1 =

k2 =

1+
1

[(r)T (r , )]
cE (r )T (r , )
r

T (r , ) = T (r , ) T0

(26)

J. Zhao et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 99110

104

We also use the method of variable substitution to solve the second order differential Eq. (26) with variable coefficients by
introducing:

=


1
(cE r )n
exp q1 (r ) dr dr =
exp(cE r ) dr = ln |cE r | +
r
n n!

(27)

n=1

q2 (r )
F3 (r ) =  2 = (cE k1 r + 1) exp(2cE r )

(28)

d
dr

q3 (r , )
F4 (r , ) =  2 = k2 br 2
d
dr

[(r )T (r , )]
cE (r )T (r , )
r

exp(2cE r )

(29)

Then Eq. (26) becomes:

2 u(, )
F3 (r )u(, ) = F4 (r , )
2

(30)

The solution to Eq. (30) is:






cE k1 r + 1
(cE r )n
u(r , ) = H exp
exp(cE r ) ln |cE r | +
2
n n!
n=1

 (cE r )n
cE k1 r + 1
+ S exp
exp(cE r ) ln |cE r | +
2
n n!


+


k2 br 2 cE (r )T (r , )

n=1

cE k1 r + 1

[(r)T (r,)]
r


(31)

where the constant H and S can be determined by using the displacement at the center of the cylinder (u(0, ) = 0), and hence
u (r , ) /r can also be calculated consequently.
We introduce the dimensionless thermal stresses for Eq. (24) by asking:
r , ) =
(

(r , )(1 )
(1)E(1)
T

(32)

Then we obtain:
r (r , ) =

r ) u(r , )
r ) u(r , )
k4 E(
k3 E(
r )(
r )V (r , )

k5 E(
b(1)
T
r
b(1)
T
r

(33a)

(r , ) =

r ) u(r , )
r ) u(r , )
k3 E(
k4 E(
r )(
r )V (r , )

k5 E(
b(1)
T
r
b(1)
T
r

(33b)

z (r , ) =

r ) u(r , )
r ) u(r , )
k4 E(
k4 E(
r )(
r )V (r , )

k5 E(
b(1)
T
r
b(1)
T
r

(33c)

where
k3 =

(1 )2
(1 + )(1 2)

k4 =

(1 )
(1 + )(1 2)

k5 =

1
1 2

V (r , ) = 1 V (r , )

J. Zhao et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 99110

By substituting u(r , ) and u(r , )/r into Eq. (33), the following dimensionless thermal stresses can be obtained:

L1
c L2
c 2 L3

r (r , ) = W(r )

+
+ [W1 (r ) c W2 (r ) + c2 W3 (r )] exp[c (1 r )]

L
L
L







L1 Pn (1) L2 Qn (1) L3 Rn (1)

2
W(r )
+
+
+
W1 (r )Pn (r ) + W2 (r )Qn (r ) + W3 (r )Rn (r ) exp( )

L
L
L

n=1

L1
c L2
c L3

(r , ) = M(r)

+
+ [M1 (r ) c M2 (r ) + c M3 (r )] exp[c (1 r )]

L
L
L







L1 Pn (1) L2 Qn (1) L3 Rn (1)

M(r )
+
+
+
M1 (r )Pn (r ) + M2 (r )Qn (r ) + M3 (r )Rn (r ) exp(2 )

L
L
L

n=1

L1
c L2
c L3

z (r , ) = N(r )

+
+ [N1 (r ) c N2 (r ) + c N3 (r )] exp[c (1 r )]

L
L
L







L1 Pn (1) L2 Qn (1) L3 Rn (1)

N(r )
+
+
+
N1 (r )Pn (r ) + N2 (r )Qn (r ) + N3 (r )Rn (r ) exp( )

L
L
L

105

(34)

n=1

where L, L1 , L2 , L3 , Pn (r ), Pn (1), Qn (r ), Qn (1), Rn (r ), Rn (1), W(r ), W1 (r ), W2 (r ), W3 (r ), M(r ), M1 (r ), M2 (r ), M3 (r ), N(r ), N1 (r ),

N2 (r ) and N3 (r ) are shown in Appendix A.
Then the dimensionless thermal stresses at the surface (r = 1) can consequently be obtained as:

r (1, ) = 0

L1
c L2
c2 L3

(1, ) = M(1)

+
+ [M1 (1) c M2 (1) + c M3 (1)]

L
L
L








L1 Pn (1) L2 Qn (1) L3 Rn (1)
2

+
M(1)
+
+
M1 (1)Pn (1) + M2 (1)Qn (1) + M3 (1)Rn (1) exp( )
L
L
L
(35)
n=1

L1
c L2
c L3

z (1, ) = N(1)

+
+ [N1 (1) c N2 (1) + c2 N3 (1)]

L
L
L







L1 Pn (1) L2 Qn (1) L3 Rn (1)

N(1)
+
+
+
N1 (1)Pn (1) + N2 (1)Qn (1) + N3 (1)Rn (1) exp( )

L
L
L
n=1

where M(1), M1 (1), M2 (1) and M3 (1) are constants when r = 1, which can be calculated by using the expressions of M(r), M1 (r ),
M2 (r ) and M3 (r ) in Appendix A, respectively. N(1), N1 (1), N2 (1) and N3 (1) are constants when r = 1, which can be calculated by
using the expressions of N(r ), N1 (r ), N2 (r ) and N3 (r ) in Appendix A, respectively.
The maximum tensile stress criterion for fracture initiation of the surface layer is:
max (1, c ) = f (1)

(36)

where f (1) is the tensile strength of the surface layer, c is the dimensionless time for the surface layer to attain the maximum
tensile stress, which can be obtained from the solution of the following equation:
)
d(1,
=0
d

(37)

By referring to Eqs. (32) and (36), the critical temperature change for the surface layer of the cylinder to reach its tensile strength
in cold shock (T0 > Ts , e.g. quenching) can be given by:

Tc =

R(1)
max (1, c )

(38)

where R(1) = f (1)[1 (1)]/[(1)E(1)] [28] is the thermal shock resistance parameter of the surface layer.
3. Numerical results and discussion
3.1. Calculations of unsteady thermal stresses
An Al2 O3 /TiC FGM solid cylinder is considered for the numerical calculations, which has the material properties of TiC at the
surface (r = 1) and those of Al2 O3 at the center (r = 0). The composition varies continuously in the radial direction of the cylinder.

J. Zhao et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 99110

106

Table 1
Data of the physical properties of Al2 O3 and TiC
Materials

Specific gravity,
(g cm3 )

Thermal conductivity
(20 C), (W m1 K1 )

Specific heat (20 C),

c (J g1 K1 )

Thermal expansion coefficient

(20 C), (106 K1 )

Youngs modulus,
E (GPa)

Poissons
ratio,

-Al2 O3
TiC

3.99
4.93

30
20

0.77
0.56

8.5
7.6

380
440

0.19
0.19

Data of the physical properties of Al2 O3 and TiC are listed in Table 1. The Poissons ratio of Al2 O3 is designated as 0.19, which
is equal to that of TiC considering the assumption of the present work (Eq. (22)). Beside the Al2 O3 /TiC FGM solid cylinder, a
homogeneous solid cylinder made of pure TiC is also taken into consideration for comparison. The exponents c , c , c and cE
(referring to Eqs. (12) and (22)) are 0.2986, 0.4055, 0.1119 and 0.1466, respectively for the FGM solid cylinder, and are all zero
for the homogeneous solid cylinder. Considering the computation capacity and computation time, only the first eight roots of Eq.
(19) are used in the calculations of thermal stresses of the FGM cylinder at different Biot numbers.
According to the calculation results, the value of the circumferential stress (1, ) of the FGM cylinder is always higher than
that of the axial stress z (1, ) under a specific cold condition. Therefore we choose the circumferential stress to evaluate the thermal
shock resistance of the FGM cylinder, and Eq. (38) becomes:

Tc =

R(1)
max (1, c )

(39)

In case of the homogeneous solid cylinder, however, the circumferential stress is always equal to the axial stress. Data of the
maximum dimensionless circumferential and axial stresses of the FGM cylinder ( max (1, c ) and ( zmax (1, zc )) and the maximum
dimensionless stresses max (1, c ) of the homogeneous cylinder and their times of occurrence at different Biot numbers are listed
) of the
in Table 2. The dimensionless circumferential stresses (1, ) of the FGM cylinder and dimensionless stresses (1,
homogeneous cylinder at different values of Biot number in cold shock are plotted against dimensionless time in Fig. 2ac,
respectively.
It can be seen clearly that the dimensionless circumferential stresses (1, ) of the FGM cylinder and the dimensionless stresses
) of the homogeneous cylinder are all zero at the beginning of the cold shock ( = 0). They increase with the dimensionless
(1,
time , reach their maximum values max (1, c ) and max (1, c ), respectively, then decrease with further increase in time.
At any given value of Biot number B (except B = ), the dimensionless time for the surface of the FGM cylinder to attain the
maximum thermal stress is shorter than that of the homogeneous cylinder (i.e. c < c ). The maximum dimensionless thermal stress
max (1, c ) at the surface of the FGM cylinder is lower than the maximum dimensionless thermal stress max (1, c ) at the surface of
the homogeneous cylinder. Furthermore, the difference between c and c decreases monotonously with the increase in Biot number
(Table 2). Whereas, the difference between max (1, c ) and max (1, c ) increases with the increase in Biot number (Table 2).
) = 1 is achieved at the
It is always the case that for the limiting case of an ideal cold shock (B = ), a maximum value of (1,
surface at = 0 for all the two cylinders.
3.2. Discussions
The maximum dimensionless thermal stress max (1, c ) at the surface of the FGM cylinder and its dimensionless time of
occurrence c , as well as the critical temperature change
Tc for the surface fracture are all dependent on the radial distributions
of the thermo-physical parameters, and the compositional distribution of FGM cylinder along the radial direction.
It can be concluded from the above calculation results that the critical temperature change
Tc for the surface layer of the
FGM cylinder (with positive c , c , c and negative cE ) to reach its tensile strength f (1) in cold shock is higher than that of
the homogeneous cylinder made of pure TiC (The surfaces of the FGM cylinder and the homogeneous cylinder have the same
composition and hence the same tensile strength f so as to be comparable, see Eq. (36)). Therefore, some suggestions on the design
Table 2
Data of the maximum dimensionless thermal stresses and their times of occurrence
B

0.1
1
5

FGM cylinder

Homogeneous cylinder

max (1, c )

zc

zmax (1, zc )

max (1, c )

0.2172
0.0964
0.0348
0

0.0196
0.1474
0.3732
1

0.2122
0.0933
0.0327
0

0.0186
0.1451
0.3683
1

0.2531
0.1093
0.0393
0

0.0231
0.1593
0.3913
1

J. Zhao et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 99110

107

Fig. 2. Dimensionless surface stresses as a function of time . (a) B = 5, (b) B = 1 and (c) B = 0.1.

of FGM cylinders with high thermal shock resistance can be made as follows: Both the thermal expansion coefficient and the
thermal diffusivity (=/(c)) of the center should be higher than that of the surface, whereas the Youngs modulus E of the center
should be lower than that of the surface.
The previous work of the author [29] in the thermal shock resistance parameter for FGM plates with symmetrical structures
supported the suggestions made above. Regardless of the technological difficulties in the fabrication of the FGM solid cylinders with
continuously radial composition transition, the present work provides an approach to the design of potential FGM solid cylinders
with high thermal shock resistance.
4. Conclusions
The analytical formulae of unsteady temperature field and unsteady thermal stress field for a FGM solid cylinder under a
convective boundary condition are derived by using the separation-of-variables method and the displacement method, respectively.
A strength-based fracture criterion for thermal shock of FGM sold cylinder is put foreword and consequently the expression of
critical temperature change
Tc leading to the local tensile strength at the surface as the thermal shock resistance parameter for
FGM sold cylinder is obtained. The effects of the distributions for thermo-physical properties on the thermal shock resistance of the
FGM sold cylinder are analyzed via numerical calculations in contrast to homogeneous ceramics, from which some suggestions on
design of FGM solid cylinders with high thermal shock resistance are made as follows:
(1) Both the thermal expansion coefficient and the thermal diffusivity (=/(c)) of the center should be higher than that of the
surface.
(2) The Youngs modulus E of the center should be lower than that of the surface.

J. Zhao et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 99110

108

Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50105011) and the Foundation for the Author
of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of PR China (200231) as well as the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province
(Y2004F14).
Appendix A
The constants and functions in Eq. (34) are given by






n
n
2k 

c E k1 c E c E
cE
c E k1 + 1
cE
1
2
L = (cE k1 + 1) k3 exp(cE )
+
1+
+ k4
2
n n!
2
n!
n=1
n=1




n

cE k1 + 1
cE
exp
exp(cE ) ln |cE | +
2
n n!

(A.1)

n=1

L1 = k5 (cE k1 + 1)2 cE k2 k3 (cE k1 + 2) cE k2 k4 (cE k1 + 1)

(A.2)

2
L2 = k2 k4 (cE k1 + 1) k2 k3 (cE
k1 + cE cE k1 2)

(A.3)

L3 = k2 k3 (cE k1 + 1)

(A.4)



(c r )m

Pn (r ) = Dn exp[c (1 r )] cos n r ln |c r | +



cm
ln |c | +
m m!

Pn (1) = Dn cos n

m=1

m m!

 c
c 2c

exp
exp
r
2
2


(A.5)

exp(c )

(A.6)

m=1


 c
c 2c

exp
exp
r
exp[c (1 r )] + n exp[c (1 r )]
Qn (r ) = Dn c cos n r ln |c r | +
m m!
2
2
m=1




 

 c


c 2c
c 2c
(c r )m
(c r )m

exp
exp
r
r + 1
ln |c r | +
+1+
2
2
2
m!
m m!
m=1
m=1






 c

(c r )m
c 2c

sin n r ln |c r | +
exp
exp
r
(A.7)
m m!
2
2


(c r )m

m=1


Qn (1) = Dn


cm
ln |c | +
m m!
m=1
 

c cos n

+1 +

m

c
m=1

m!

ec sin n

c + 2 2c
+ n
e
2




cm
ln |c | +
ec
m m!


cm
ln |c | +
m m!

m=1

(A.8)

m=1





m
m 2


c

2c
r

)
r

)
(c
(c

Rn (r) = Dn ec (1r) c2 2n ec e(c 2c )r

r + 1
ln |c r | +
+1+

2
m m!
m!

cos n r e


c
2

c 2c
r
2

4c + 2c c
2


ln |c r | +


(c r )m

m m!
m=1

c 2c
r + 1
2

m=1


+ n e

ln |c r | +

c
2


(c r )m
m=1

m m!

m=1

c 2c
r
2


+1+


(c r )m
m=1

m!

c 2c
2

J. Zhao et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 99110


(c r )m

1  (c r )m
c 2c
r + 1
+
2
r
m m!
m! r
m=1
m=1





c 2c
c
(c r )m
r
2
2
sin n r e
ln |c r | +
e
m m!

ln |c r | +


m=1

(c r )m
r (m 1)!

109

(A.9)

m=1





m 2

m


c
+
2

2c
c
c

ln |c | +
Rn (1) = Dn c2 2n e2c
+1+

2
m!
m m!




m=1

m=1







cm
c + 2 2c
cm
C 4c + 2c c
cos n e
ln |c | +
+ n e
ln |c | +
m m!
2
2
m m!
m=1
m=1






m





c
c 2c
cm
c
cm
c + 2 2c
+1 +

ln |c | +
1+

m!
2
2
m m!
m!
(m 1)!
m=1
m=1
m=1
m=1





cm
c
sin n e
ln |c | +
(A.10)
m m!
c

m=1



 

n
2 k r

c E k1 c E c E
c
k
(c
r

+
1
r

)
E
1
E
1
c
c
r

r ) exp
(ln |cE r |
W(r ) = E(
e E ln |cE r | +
k3 e E
2
n n!
2
n=1






(cE r )n
cE k1 r + 1 1  (cE r )n
k4
+
+
+
+
n n!
2
r
n! r
r


n=1

(A.11)

n=1

W1 (r ) =

r) cE k2 k4 r E(
r)
cE k2 k3 (cE k1 r 2 + 2r )E(
r)
+
k5 E(
2
cE k1 r + 1
(cE k1 r + 1)

(A.12)

W2 (r ) =

2 k r 3 c k r 2 + c r 2 2r )E(
r ) k2 k4 r E(
r)
k2 k3 (cE
1
E 1
E

2
cE k1 r + 1
(cE k1 r + 1)

(A.13)

W3 (r ) =

r)
k2 k3 r 2 E(
cE k1 r + 1

(A.14)



 



n
n
2 k r


c
c
k
r

+
1
(c
r

)
k

c
(c
r

)
E
1
E
E
1
E
1
E
E
c
r

c
r

r ) exp
M(r ) = E(
e E ln |cE r | +
k4 e E
ln |cE r | +
2
n n!
2
n n!
n=1
n=1




cE k1 r + 1 1  (cE r )n
k3
+
+
+
(A.15)
2
r
n! r
r
n=1

M1 (r ) =

r ) cE k2 k3 r E(
r)
cE k2 k4 (cE k1 r 2 + 2r )E(
r)
k5 E(
+
2
cE k1 r + 1
(cE k1 r + 1)

(A.16)

M2 (r ) =

2 k r 3 c k r 2 + c r 2 2r )E(
r)
r ) k2 k3 r E(
k2 k4 (cE
1
E 1
E

cE k1 r + 1
(cE k1 r + 1)2

(A.17)

M3 (r ) =

r)
k2 k4 r 2 E(
cE k1 r + 1

(A.18)



 



n
n
2 k r


c
c
(c
(c
k
r

+
1
r

)
k

c
r

)
E
1
E
E
1
E
E
1
E
r ) exp
N(r ) = E(
ecE r ln |cE r | +
k4 ecE r
ln |cE r | +
2
n n!
2
n n!
n=1
n=1




k4
cE k1 r + 1 1  (cE r )n
+
+
(A.19)
+
2
r
n! r
r
n=1

J. Zhao et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 99110

110

N1 (r ) =

r ) cE k2 k4 r E(
r)
cE k2 k4 (cE k1 r 2 + 2r )E(
r)
+
k5 E(
2
cE k1 r + 1
(cE k1 r + 1)

(A.20)

N2 (r ) =

2 k r 3 c k r 2 + c r 2 2r )E(
(r )
r ) k2 k4 r E
k2 k4 (cE
1
E 1
E

cE k1 r + 1
(cE k1 r + 1)2

(A.21)

N3 (r ) =

r)
k2 k4 r 2 E(
cE k1 r + 1

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(A.22)