ISSUES..

'
Rapid'development'have'
changed'water'quality'in'rivers'
Public'are'more'concern'with'
the'environment'and'want'to'
participate'in'monitoring'
Current'method'of'river'
monitoring'requires'an'expert'
to'conduct'chemical'analysis'at'
laboratory'

How'do'we'measure'river'water'quality'in'
Malaysia'?'
Measure'river'pollution'through:'
Water'Quality'Index'(WQI)'
National'Water'Quality'Standard'(NWQS)'
'
Problems'faced?'
Need'5'days'for'BOD5','use'chemicals'and''need'
laboratory'analysis'
Cannot'be'carried'out'by'students'or'public'

Alternative'method?'
Use'aquatic'inverterbrates'
Main'Advantage''='Results'
on'the'same'day''
Low'cost'

What'are'Aquatic''
Macro<invertebrates?'

Aquatic Invertebrates - Examples

Benthic&Macroinvertebrates&
(bo=om>dwelling)&&(animals&w/o&backbones&visible&to&naked&eye)&&&&&

Heptageniidae*sp.&&
(Mayy&larva)&

Hydropsyche*sp.&&
(Caddisy&larva)&

Perlodidae*sp.&&
(Stoney&larva)&

Great&candidates&for&biological&monitoring!

Macroinvertebrates&as&Indicators&
Limited&migraDon&pa=ernsgood&indicators&of&
localized&condiDons&and&site>specic&impacts&
&

Integrate&eects&of&human&impacts

&

Easy&to&sample&and&idenDfy&
&

Broad&range&of&habitat&requirements&&
&and&sensiDviDes&to&polluDon&&

Human&Impacts&on&Macroinvertebrate&
CommuniDes&
Changes&to&water&chemistry&/&water&quality&
parameters&
Changes&to&habitat&type&

FuncDonal&Feeding&Groups:&
The&River&ConDnuum&
(Vannote&et&al.,&1980)&
HEADWATERS:
Shredders abundant
Coarse POM

MID-REACHES:
Grazers abundant
Fine POM

S
T
R
E
A
M
O
R
D
E
R

LARGE RIVERS:
Collectors abundant
Fine-Ultra fine POM
Relative Channel Width

The&Tolerance&Index&
0&>&10&
0
most pollution sensitive
e.g. Stoneflies

require high DO, clear

water, rocky cobble
substrate

10
most pollution tolerant
e.g. Midges & Leeches

contain hemoglobin, tolerate

lower DO, prefer soft
substrate, less sensitive to
toxins

Macroinvertebrates&as&Indicators&
Pollution Sensitive ( Clean Water ) Benthos
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&

&Stoney&&&&Water&Penny&Beetle&&&&&Mayy&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Dobsony&&&&&

Aldery&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Mussel&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Snipe&Fly&&&&&&&&&&&Rie&Beetle&

Macroinvertebrates&as&Indicators&
Somewhat Pollution Tolerant Benthos

&&Damsely&&&&&&&&Dragony&&&&&&&&Craysh&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Amphipod&

&&Blacky&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Caddisy&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Isopod&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Craney&

Macroinvertebrates&as&Indicators&
Pollution Tolerant ( Polluted Water ) Benthos

Pouch&Snail&&&&&&&Midgey&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Worm&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Leech&
&

&&

Net&&

SeparaDon&dish&
Universal&&bo=le&
&Petri&dish&
Magnifying&glass&
Forcep&
Pipe=e&
Invertebrates&Score&Form&
IdenDcaDon&Chart&

Sungai&Penchala&

STEPS!!FOR!invertebrate!analysis!
Use&net&to&search&for&invertebrates&
mainly&at&areas&with&dead&leaves&
and&near&pebbles.&
Pour&the&net&contents&on&separaDon&
dish&
Put&some&water&in&the&separaDon&
dish&and&observe&for&invertebrates&
IdenDfy&the&invertebrates&using&
invertebrates&chart&

STEP 1 . Where to look for specimens?

Catch me if U can !!!

Step 2: Transfer specimens into container

Step 3: Separation
!
This!is!where!you!separate!the!specimens.....!

Step 4: Keep your specimen safe in bottle or

container

Identification

Animal

Score

CRUSTACEA

Calcula=on!
What&you&collected&
2&river!prawns!
1&river!crab!
4&pagoda!snails!
3&leeches&&
2&segmented!worms!
&

River!prawns!

8!

Freshwater shrimps

Water hoglouse

River!crabs!

3!

MOLLUSCS
Freshwater limpets

Swan mussels

Pagoda!snails!

6!

Other snails

Pea cockles

WORMS
Flatworm

Leeches!

3!

Segmented!worms!

1!

Total Score
Number of animal types
Biological Water Quality Index

Common Macroinvertebrates
Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)

Ephemerellidae

Baetidae

Heptageniidae

Isonychiidae

(Adult)

Common&Macroinvertebrates&
Stoneflies (Plecoptera)

Perlidae

Perlodidae

Peltoperlidae

(Adult)

Common&Macroinvertebrates&
Caddisflies (Trichoptera)

Brachycentridae

Philopotamidae

Phryganeidae

Case

Hydropsychidae

(Adult)

Common&Macroinvertebrates&

Damselflies and Dragonflies

(Odonata)

True Bugs (Hemiptera)

Dobsonflies, Alderflies and

Fishflies (Megaloptera)
Beetles (Coleoptera)

Field&Day:&Streamside&Biosurvey&
Simple&method&for&macroinvertebrate&
collecDon&and&analysis&
Includes&macroinvertebrate&collecDon&and&
habitat&characterizaDon&procedures&
PracDce&idenDfying&macroinvertebrates&with&
keys&

Acknowledgements&
! USDA&CSREES&New&England&Water&
BEN
Quality&Program&
T
ARE HOS
COO
! Dr.&Art&Gold&
L
! Dr.&Patrick&Logan&
! Maria&AliberD&
! Sara&daSilva&

A!Tier!1F2!Community!
Minimally(disturbed

&

1 inch

A!Tier!1F2!Community!
Minimally(disturbed

&

Stoneflies

Mayflies

Caddisflies

1 inch

A!Tier!1F2!Community!
Minimally(disturbed

&

Stoneflies
Dragonflies,
Damselflies

Beetles

Mayflies

Caddisflies

1 inch

A!Tier!1F2!Community!
Minimally(disturbed

&

Stoneflies
Dragonflies,
Damselflies

Mayflies

Caddisflies

Beetles
Midges

1 inch

A!Tier!3!Community!

evident/moderate(disturbance

&

Caddisflies
Crane flies
Non-insects

Midges
Blackflies
1 inch

Beetles
Stoneflies

Mayflies

A!Tier!5F6!Community!
Highly/Severely(Disturbed

&

Scuds
Snails
Leeches
Caddisflies
Beetles

Midges
Craneflies
1 inch