Diseño de Estructuras de Acero

CVE 312
Structural Steel Design

Chapter 4
Simple Connections
Chapter 7: Textbook
Dr. Mahmoud Reda Taha, P. Eng.

Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico
Dr. M. M. Reda Taha, Fall 2013
Table of contents
Types of connections
Bolted shear connections
Spacing and edge distance requirements
High strength bolts
Bearing type connections
Slip critical connections
High strength bolts in tension
Prying action
Combined shear and tension
Welded connections
Welding length and size requirements
Weld symbols
UNM - CE 424 - Chapter 4
Slide Number 2
Types of Connections
Simple Connections
Bolted connections
Common Bolts
Welded connections
High Strength Bolts

Slip Critical
Filet weld
Groove weld
Bearing Type
Chapter 7 in Textbook (Segui 5th Edition)
Chapter 7 and 8 of the AISC manual
Chapter J in AISC specifications cover Connections, Joints and Fasteners
Appendix J of the AISC Manual
Slide Number 3
Bolted Shear Connections
Possible failure modes
Failure of bolts: single or double shear
PSingle Shear
f v Abolt
Single shear
P
Double shear
PDouble Shear 2 f v Abolt
P/2
P/2
Failure of connected elements:
Shear, tension or bending failure of the connected elements (e.g. block shear)
Bearing failure at bolt location
Slide Number 4
The bearing strength is independent of the bolt material as it is failure in

the connected metal
PBearing
f p dbolt t
The other possible common failure is shear end failure known as

shear tear-out at the connection end
Rn 1.2 Lc t Fu 2.4 d t Fu
(AISC J3-6a)
Lc
Lc
Shear limitation
Bearing limitation
Slide Number 5
Design Bearing Strength
Rn,conn 2 Redge 2Rspacing
Rspacing
Redge
Rspacing
LRFD
0.75
Pu Rn
ASD
2.00
Redge
Ps Ra
Rn
Both methods are dependent on Rn which is the nominal resistance

Slide Number 6
Spacing and Edge-distance requirements
The AISC code gives guidance for edge distance and spacing to avoid tear
out shear
h
AISC Table J3.4
Lc Le
2
h d bolt
h is the hole diameter
Le
1
in
16
Le
NOTE: The hole diameter is 1/16 bigger than the bolt, we use another 1/16 for tolerance when
we calculate net area. Here use 1/16 only not 1/8
Bolt spacing is a function of the bolt diameter
S 3 d bolt
Common we assume
AISC minimum spacing is
S 2 23 d bolt
Slide Number 7
Shear Strength/Common Bolts
Common bolts are not common for current structural design but are still
available
ASTM A307 bolts
Fnv 27 ksi
Rn Fnv Abolt
For Design
LRFD
ASD
Pu Rn
Ps Ra
0.75
Rn
2.00
Slide Number 8

What must be checked in design of connections?
1. Bearing failure of plate
P
3. Tensile failure of plate

P
1) Shear tear-out
2) Bearing failure
P
Tn Tg
Tg (Fy)
Tn (Fu)
4. Block shear failure of plate
2. Shear failure of bolts
P
Slide Number 9
Example 1
Slide Number 10
High Strength Bolts (HSB)
High strength bolts (HSB) are available as

ASTM Group A (A325) and Group B (A490)
Bolt
Courtesy of Kao Wang Screw Co., Ltd.
Washer
Slip Critical
Nut
Bearing Type
Advantages of HSB over A307 bolts
Fewer bolts will be used compared to 307 Better connection!
Smaller workman force required compared to 307
No erection bolts are required and no fire hazard is present
Higher fatigue strength
Ease of bolt removal changing connection

Slide Number 11
High Strength Bolts
Snug tight
All plies of the connection are in firm contact to each other: No pretension is
used.
Easer to install and to inspect
Bolts are first brought to snug tight status
Bolts are then tensioned to values in AISC Table J3.1 (about 70% of capacity)
Bolts are tensioned using direct tension indicator, calibrated wrench or other
methods (see AISC)
Courtesy of www.halfpricesurplus.com
Pretensioned
Slip critical
Bolts are pretensioned but surfaces shall be treated to develop specific friction.
The main difference is in design, not installation. Load must be limited not to
exceed friction capacity of the connection (Strength Vs. Serviceability!)
Necessary when no slip is needed to prevent failure due to fatigue in bridges.
Necessary for connections subjected to shear or shear & tension.

Slide Number 12
HSB Bearing Type Connections
Two types of connections
Type N: Threads included in the shear planes (e.g. A325N or A490-N)
Type X: Threads excluded in the shear planes (e.g. A325X or A490-X)
The shear strength of bolts shall be determined as follows
Rn Fnv Abolt
Type N
Type X
(Threads included)
(Thread excluded)
Group A (e.g. A325)
54
68
Group B (e.g. A490)
68
84
Type
AISC Table J3.2
It is conservative to assume that the threads are included in the shear

plane if not sure.
Slide Number 13
Design Strength
LRFD
Pu Rn
0.75
ASD
2.00
Ps Ra
Rn
Both methods are dependent on Rn which is the nominal resistance
Slide Number 14
Example 2
Slide Number 15
Slip critical connections
Slip critical connections are these connections where slip is not permitted.
This is common in bridges to reduce the effect of fatigue.
This is common in designing connections under shear or combined shear

and tension. Slip represents one additional limit state
Slip critical connections shall still be checked as bearing type in case slip
occurs as a result of overload.
Shear and bearing checks shall be performed in a similar fashion to bearing

type connections.
This is also related to the fact that we are dealing with slip as a serviceability
limit state.
Slide Number 16
HSB Slip Critical Connections
ASTM A325-SC or ASTM A490-SC slip critical or fully tensioned
The nominal resistance to slip Rn is a function of the tension force of the

bolts and the coefficient of friction between the two steel surfaces
Rn
Class
0.30
0.50
1.13 Tb N s
Number of shear planes
AISC Table J3.1
Slide Number 17
HSB Slip Critical Connections
According to AISC slip can be handled as a serviceability limit state or a

strength limit state. The major difference is the value of the and factors.
We will consider slip as a serviceability limit state
LRFD
1.00
Pu Rn
ASD
1.50
Ps Ra
Rn
Slide Number 18
Example 3
Slide Number 19
HSB Bolts in Tension
When HSB are subjected to tension forces, most of the tension forces will
be first consumed to relive the connection from the compression of the
connected parts.
At instant separation of the connected parts, the applied Force F is

approximately 10% higher than the pretension force T0
F 1.1 T0
The pretension forces listed in AISC Table J3.1 takes into account that
the connected parts shall not be separated before the bolts fail.
Slide Number 20
Prying Action
B0
B0
No Load is applied
Bc
Bc
Load T is applied
2T
When the connected parts are flexible and can deform as shown, compression of
the connection will be concentrated at the edge
This will change the force equilibrium
The bolt force will exceed the bolt share if the connected parts are rigid
The extra tension force is called the prying force.
Two limit states govern the prying action:
Tension failure of the bolt
Bending failure of the flange
AISC Manual Chapter 9

Slide Number 21
HSB Prying Action

Q
Prying Force
Bc
Bc
a'
a
M2
'
'
b'
Case 3
Case 2
Case 1
2T
Case 1
Thick flange, small bolt, no prying force
Case 2
Med flange, Med bolt, Med prying force
M
2
M1
Case 3
M1
Thin flange, large bolt, large prying force
Slide Number 22
Prying Action
Bc
Bc
Bolt capacity governs
2T
Force T
Load 2T is applied
Flange/bolt interaction governs
When equals zero, flange

capacity almost always governs!
Flange thickness governs
Flange Thickness
Slide Number 23
HSB Prying Action
We need to check the flange thickness and bolt size are adequate
Steps to check prying action

1- Determine the design strength of the bolt B and number of bolts
B Ab Ft
LRFD
0.75
ASD
2- Determine the force per bolt
d
a a
2
d
b b
2
'
2.0
F
nbolts
3- Determine dimensions a, b, a , b, and p

'
Ab Ft
1
d d
8
'
4- Determine parameters , h and w
d'
1
p
B
h
T
a'
w '
b
Slide Number 24
HSB Prying Action

5- Determine : Where is the ratio between the moment per unit length along the bolt line
to the moment per unit length at the face of the stem
w [h 1]
1.0
1 w [h 1]
6- Determine minimum flange thickness and check it is > flange thickness chosen
4 T b'
t f _ min
b p Fu ( 1 )
LRFD
t f _ min
b 0.9
ASD
4 T b' b
p Fu ( 1 )
b 1.67
7- Determine total bolt force including prying force and check < bolt capacity B
Bc T 1
w
(
1
Slide Number 25
Example 4
Slide Number 26
Combined shear and tension Connections
It is important to realize that a combined shear and tension effect on the

connection is less than the connection capacity to resist shear or tension
individually
The AISC specifies the following to check combined shear and tension
connections.
Bearing Type connections
Check shear and bearing against the usual strengths
Check applied tension against a reduced tensile strength (LRFD and ASD)
Slip Critical connections
Check tension, shear and bearing against the usual strengths
Check slip-critical load against a reduced slip critical strength (LRFD and ASD)
Slide Number 27
Combined Shear and Tension- Bearing Type
The basic equation for combined

shear and tension is
2
ft
ft
fv
1.0
Ft
Fv
Ft
Even simple, the code uses an approximate

ft
approach less conservative
fv
Fv
Ft
Check tension stress at a

reduced tension capacity
Fnt' 1.3 Fnt ( Slope ) f v

Fv
AISC Commentary Chapter J

fv
Slide Number 28
Combined Shear and Tension- Bearing Type
The slope will depend the safety factor
LRFD
0.75
f u Fnt'
Check that the factored tensile stress

factored tensile strength
ASD
Fnt
f v Fnt
F 1.3 Fnt
Fnv
2.00
'
nt
Check that the service tensile stress

allowable tensile strength
Fnt
Fnv
Fnt
f v Fnt
F 1.3 Fnt
Fnv
'
nt
f s Fnt'
nominal tensile strength in absence of shear

nominal shear strength in absence of tension
Slide Number 29
Combined shear and tension-Slip critical
The slip critical shear capacity Rn shall be reduced by a factor ks
Rn
1.13 Tb
N s ks
LRFD
Tu
ks 1
1.13Tb N b
total factored tensile load on the connection

prescribed initial bolt tension as specified by Table J3.1 (AISC)
number of bolts in the connection
Check that the factored shear load

factored shear capacity
1.00
Pu Rn
ASD
1.5Ta
ks 1
1.13Tb N b
Check that the service shear load
allowable shear capacity
total service load on the connection

prescribed initial bolt tension as specified by Table J3.1 (AISC)
number of bolts in the connection
1 .5
Ps Ra
Rn
Slide Number 30
Example 5
Slide Number 31
Welded Connections
Classification of welds
According to type of weld

Groove weld
Fillet weld
According to weld position

Flat, Horizontal, vertical or overhead weld
According to type of joint
Butt, lap, tee, edge or corner
Slide Number 32
Guidelines for Fillet Weld design
Two types of fillet welds can be used
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

0.707 w
teff 0.707 w
w
Automatic Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
teff w
AISC Section J2.2
Slide Number 33
The weld strength will increase if the force is

not parallel to the weld
Rn 0.707 w Lweld FW
The weld strength is a function of the applied angle as it is a

function as changing the angle changes the plane of failure
F nw 0.6 FExx
1 0.5 sin
1.5
Slide Number 34
Capacity of Fillet Weld

The weld strength is a function of the angle
Rn _ weld weld 0.707 w Lweld 0.6 FExx 1 0.5 sin1.5
Strength
Weld governs
Base metal governs
Rn _ BM
Angle ()
Slide Number 35

0.707 w
Fillet weld design can be governed by the smaller value of
Weld material strength
Rnw 0.707 w Lweld FnW

F nw 0.6 FExx
Electrode
FEXX(ksi)
E70XX
70
E80XX
80
Base Metal Strength
R ny _ BM tbase Lweld 0.6 FY

R nu _ BM tbase Lweld 0.6 Fu
Slide Number 36
Weld strength design
LRFD
w 0.75
w 0.707 w Lweld FnW
Rn min y tbase Lweld 0.6 FY

t
f base Lweld 0.6 Fu
y 1 .0
f 0.75
Check that the factored shear load
factored shear strength
ASD
w 2.00
y 1 .5
f 2 .0
Check that the service shear load

allowavle shear strength
Pu Rn
0.707 w Lweld FnW
t
L
0.6 FY
Ra min base weld
y
tbase Lweld 0.6 Fu
Ps Ra
Slide Number 37
Max weld size
t weld _ max
1"
1"
if tbase
4
4
1"
t 1" if t
base
basemetal
16
4
Min weld size
AISC Table J2.4
Slide Number 38
Minimum weld length
Lweld _ min 4 tthicker part
Maximum weld length

There is no maximum weld length, however very long weld is less efficient
and then an effective length shall be calculated
Lweld _ eff Lweld

if
Lweld 100 w
if
Lweld
1.2 0.002
Lweld 300 w
0.6 & Lweld 300 w
AISC Chapter J 2b
Slide Number 39
Example 6
Slide Number 40
Weld Symbols
Arrow side weld
Other side weld
Both sides weld
1/4
1/4
1/4
Arrow side and

weld all around
1/4
E70
1/4
Other side field weld with

E70XX Reference Electrode
Slide Number 41
References
Segui, W. T., LRFD Steel Design, 5th Edition, 2007, Thompson,

Brooks/Cole, USA.
Manual of Steel Construction, Load and Resistance Factor Design, American

Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), 14th Edition. 2011.
McCormac, J. C. and Nelson, J. K., Structural Steel Design: LRFD Method,

3rd Edition, 2003, Prentice Hall, NJ, USA.
Salmon, C. G., Johnson, J. E and Malhas, F. A., Steel Strucutres: Design

and Behavior. Fifth Edition (LRFD). 2009. Prentice Hall, NJ, USA.
Kulak, G. L. and Gilmor, M. I., Limit State Design in Structural Steel, 6th
Edition, 1998, Canadian Institute of Steel Construction, Alliston, Ontario,
Canada.
Loov, R. E., Structural Steel Design: Lecture Notes, 1997, Calgary, Canada.
Steel design guidelines by Canadian Standards Association.
Slide Number 42

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CVE 312

Structural Steel Design

Dr. Mahmoud Reda Taha, P. Eng.

Dr. M. M. Reda Taha, Fall 2013

Bolted shear connections

Spacing and edge distance requirements

High strength bolts

Bearing type connections

Slip critical connections

High strength bolts in tension

Combined shear and tension

Welding length and size requirements

High Strength Bolts

Chapter 7 in Textbook (Segui 5th Edition)

Chapter 7 and 8 of the AISC manual

Chapter J in AISC specifications cover Connections, Joints and Fasteners

Appendix J of the AISC Manual

UNM - CE 424 - Chapter 4

Bolted Shear Connections

Possible failure modes

Failure of bolts: single or double shear

PDouble Shear 2 f v Abolt

Failure of connected elements:

Bearing failure at bolt location

UNM - CE 424 - Chapter 4

Bolted Shear Connections

The bearing strength is independent of the bolt material as it is failure in

The other possible common failure is shear end failure known as

Design Bearing Strength

Rn,conn 2 Redge 2Rspacing

Both methods are dependent on Rn which is the nominal resistance

Spacing and Edge-distance requirements

Bolt spacing is a function of the bolt diameter

AISC minimum spacing is

Shear Strength/Common Bolts

ASTM A307 bolts

Bolted Shear Connections

3. Tensile failure of plate

4. Block shear failure of plate

2. Shear failure of bolts

UNM - CE 424 - Chapter 4

High Strength Bolts (HSB)

High strength bolts (HSB) are available as

Advantages of HSB over A307 bolts

Fewer bolts will be used compared to 307 Better connection!

Smaller workman force required compared to 307

No erection bolts are required and no fire hazard is present

Higher fatigue strength

Ease of bolt removal changing connection

High Strength Bolts

Easer to install and to inspect

Bolts are first brought to snug tight status

Necessary when no slip is needed to prevent failure due to fatigue in bridges.

Necessary for connections subjected to shear or shear & tension.

HSB Bearing Type Connections

Two types of connections

Type N: Threads included in the shear planes (e.g. A325N or A490-N)

Type X: Threads excluded in the shear planes (e.g. A325X or A490-X)

The shear strength of bolts shall be determined as follows

Group A (e.g. A325)

Group B (e.g. A490)

AISC Table J3.2

It is conservative to assume that the threads are included in the shear