Glass and Energy

This Online Learning Seminar is
available as a professional courtesy

provided by:
Glass & Energy

Pilkington North America
811 Madison Ave, PO Box 799
Toledo, OH 43695
Tel: 419-247-3731
Fax: 419-247-4517
Toll-Free: 1-800-221-0444
Email: building.products@us.pilkington.com
Web: www.pilkington.com
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2006 Pilkington. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and produced
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should be directed to the program instructor.
2006
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Glass & Energy

Presented By: Scott Hoover
Pilkington North America
811 Madison Ave, PO Box 799
Toledo, OH 43695
Description: Provides an overview of various architectural glass products, including clear and tinted float glass,
reflective glass, low-emissivity glass and specialty glass products, such as profiled, textured, structural, fireresistant, anti-reflective, and self-cleaning glass.
To ensure the accuracy of this program material, this course is valid only when listed on AEC Daily's Online Learning
Center. Please click here to verify the status of this course.
If the course is not displayed on the above page, it is no longer offered.
The American Institute of Architects
Provider No. J624 Course No. AEC106; LUs 1.00
This program qualifies for HSW credit.
AEC Daily Corporation is a Registered Provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this
program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be
an approval or endorsement by the AIA or AEC Daily Corporation of any material or construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing or
dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods and services should be directed to the program instructor.
Construction Specifications Institute

Course No. CEU-AEC-06-259; CEUs 0.1
This program qualifies for HSW credit.
This course is approved by other organizations. Please click here for details.
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How to use this Online Learning Course
To view this course, use the Previous and Next buttons at the bottom of each slide
or the up and down arrow keys on your keyboard.
To exit the course at any time, press the ESC key on your keyboard. This will
minimize the full-screen presentation and allow you to close the program.
Within this course is a code word that you will be required to enter in order to
proceed with the online examination. Please be sure to remember or write down
this code word so that you have it available for the test.
To receive a certificate indicating course completion, refer to the instructions at

the end of the course.
For additional information and post-seminar assistance, click on any of the logos
and icons within a page or any of the links at the top of each page.
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Learning Objectives
Upon completing this course, you will have a better understanding of:
Terminology and concepts related to glass, light, heat and thermal stress
Glass manufacturing and how glass is produced using the float process
How to balance aesthetics and performance when selecting architectural glass
Characteristics of heat treated, laminated, insulated, and spandrel glass
Differences between clear, tinted, and coated glass (e.g. Reflective, Low-E)
Specialty products, including profiled, anti-reflective, fire-resistant, and selfcleaning glass
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Glass and Energy Basics
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Terminology
U-Value: U-value is the thermal conductance of a material. It is a measure of the

heat gain or loss through glass due to the difference between indoor and outdoor
air temperatures. The lower the U-value, the better.
R-Value: The thermal resistance of glass is known as R-Value. It is a measure of a

material's resistance to heat flow and gives an indication of how well glazing
insulates. R-values are the reciprocal of U-values (R = 1/U).
SHGC: The SHGC is the ratio of the solar heat gain through the glass relative to the
incident solar radiation. SHGC includes both the solar energy directly transmitted
through the glazing, plus the solar energy absorbed by the glazing and subsequently
convected and thermally radiated inward. The lower the SHGC, the greater the
solar control, resulting in less heat entering the building.
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Terminology Cont'd
Visible Light Transmittance: VLT is the percentage of light in the visible spectrum
that is transmitted through the glass. Visible light makes up about 47% of the solar
spectrum, with wavelengths from 380 to 780 nanometers. Approximately 30% of
fading is caused by visible light.
Infrared: Infrared (IR) energy makes up about 51% of the solar spectrum, with
wavelengths ranging from 790 to 3000 nanometers. All wavelengths: IR, UV, and
Visible convert to heat when they are absorbed by an object. This heat penetrating
effect is what causes solar heat gain through a sheet of glass
Ultraviolet: Ultraviolet (UV) energy makes up only 2% of the solar spectrum, with
wavelengths ranging 300 to 380 nanometers. Although ultraviolet energy is invisible
to the human eye, long-term UV exposure causes fading and aging of organic based
materials.
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Glass, Light and Heat
Heat transfer occurs via conduction

(energy passing from one object to
another), convection (movement of air
from hot to cool areas) or radiation
(energy moving through empty space).
This diagram shows the flow of visible
and invisible (infrared, UV) energy
from the sun. The radiated energy of
the sun can be transmitted through
the glass, reflected by the glass, or
absorbed into the glass.
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Absorbed
Glass
Reflected
Transmitted
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Glass, Light and Heat Cont'd
This diagram illustrates the energy

characteristics of a typical sheet of
1/8" monolithic clear glass.
As before, energy is transmitted,

reflected, and absorbed. Absorbed
energy warms the glass and some of
this heat will be radiated inward as
indirectly transmitted solar energy.
This 1/8 clear glass, has a solar heat

gain coefficient (SHGC) of .86, only
rejecting 14% of suns heat.
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1% Absorbed,
Convected and
Radiated or
Emitted Inwards
14%
1/8 Monolithic
Clear Glass
86%
7% Reflected
7% Absorbed,
Convected and
Radiated or
Emitted Outwards
85% Transmitted
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Thermal Stress
Thermal stress can be defined as stress caused by a temperature differential

between the center of the glass and the edge of the glass.
Due to the solar absorptive property of high performance tinted glass (especially
Low-E and tinted reflective glass), thermal stress breakage can become an issue.
This occurs when a portion of the glass absorbs heat while another portion does not
(due to shading, etc.). The temperature differential causes differential expansion,
glass stress, and possible breakage.
One solution is to heat strengthen or temper the glass. There are several ATS
Technical Bulletins that deal with these issues, including ATS-121 "Reflective Glass
Thermal Stress Guidelines, ATS-123 "Thermal Stress, and ATS-139 Thermal
Stress for Glass Combinations, and the Thermal Stress Calculator.
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Acoustic Insulation
To achieve effective acoustic insulation,
several options are available:
Use double glazing with a wide air gap

( 4" to 6")
Use thick glass (3/4")
Use laminated glass
The small air gap of thermal insulating

glass (0.5") does not provide effective
acoustic insulation.
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The Float Process
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The Float Process

Introduction
Invented by Sir Alastair Pilkington in 1952, the float process revolutionized the
glass industry. Replacing the sheet and plate processes, which required each sheet
of glass to be polished, the float process made glass one of the most cost-effective
building materials in use today.
The float process is used to manufacture clear, tinted and coated glass for
buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Originally able to make only 6mm
thick glass, the process can now be used to make glass as thin as 0.4mm or as thick
as 25mm.
Molten glass is poured continuously from a furnace onto a shallow bath of molten
tin, where it floats and spreads out to form a level surface. After cooling, the glass
emerges as a 'fire' polished product with virtually parallel surfaces.
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The Float Process

Raw Materials
Silica sand, soda ash, lime, dolomite,

and cullet are mixed to make "batch"
and are introduced into the furnace
where they are heated to 1500C.
Cullet is crushed glass that has been

recycled during the manufacturing
process and reused as a melting aid.
Cullet can comprise anywhere from

20%-25% of the batch. The use of
recycled glass can contribute to the
accumulation of LEED points.
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The Float Process

Melting and Refining
Once heated to 1500C, the batch

materials melt and change from a
semi-molten state to molten glass.
Melting, refining, and homogenizing

take place within separate zones of
the furnace.
This continuous melting process,

lasting as long as 50 hours, is designed
to deliver glass at 1100C, free from
inclusions and bubbles, continuously
and smoothly to the float bath.
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The Float Process

The Float Bath
Molten glass enters the tin bath and "floats" on top of the more dense molten tin,
like oil floating on water.
The molten glass spreads out under the force of gravity, and is restrained by
surface tension, reaching an equilibrium thickness of 6mm (1/4).
The float process yields a smooth "fire-finished" surface on each side of the glass,
providing a high lustre and eliminating the need to polish.
The thickness can be adjusted by the rotating arm on the left, which controls the
speed at which the solidifying glass ribbon is drawn off from the bath.
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The Float Process

The Float Bath
Molten glass is poured from a furnace onto a shallow bath of molten tin; as it floats on
the tin, it spreads out evenly and forms a level surface.
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The Float Process

Finished Ribbon
After leaving the float bath, the glass

ribbon is carefully cooled in a long
chamber furnace known as the
annealing lehr.
Carbide cutting wheels then trim off

the selvedge, or stressed edges, and
cut the ribbon to a typical sheet size
of 130" in width and 204" in length.
Usable sizes of sheet glass tend to be

much smaller and are typically
determined by structural capacities
and wind load requirements.
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Architectural Glass Selection
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Introduction
The key to glass selection is finding a balance between aesthetics and performance.
How the glass looks is often as important as how the glass will perform in terms of
its effect on lighting, heating and cooling costs, as well as occupant comfort.
Aesthetics
Performance
Clear
Tinted
Reflective
Match Other Materials
Compliment Site
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Glare
Fading
HVAC Needs
Comfort Level
Self-Cleaning
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Heat Treated Glass
Heat treated glass is produced by heating glass in a tempering furnace to 1200F
and then quenching it with cool air. This process increases its strength and resistance
to breakage. Heat treated glass is commonly classified into two types:
Fully Tempered: Fully tempered (FT) glass is 4x as strong as standard annealed

glass of the same thickness and configuration. Its breakage pattern results in
innumerable small fragments, reducing the risk of serious injury. As a result, FT is
considered a safety glass product (ASTM, CPSC, ANSI).
Heat Strengthened: Heat strengthened (HS) glass is twice as strong as standard

annealed glass of the same thickness and configuration. HS glass has a breakage
pattern similar to standard annealed glass and is not considered a safety glass
product. Some combinations or installations may require heat treating to prevent
glass breakage from thermal stress.
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Laminated Glass
Laminated glass is produced by "sandwiching" an interlayer material, like PVB

(Polyvinyl Butyral), between multiple plies of glass under heat and pressure.
Laminated glass will break, however the pieces will be held together against the
interlayer (similar to a car windshield), greatly reducing the risk of serious injury.
As a result, laminated glass is considered a safety glass product.
In addition to safety, laminated glass also has security applications. Because the
glass tends to stay in place, it can provide a barrier of entry or bullet resistance.
Laminated glass is also useful for sound and UV control. The vinyl interlayer
material helps deaden sound waves and also reduces UV transmittance to
approximately 1%, reducing fading and deterioration of interior materials. Note,
fading is also caused by visible light.
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Insulated Glass
Insulated Glass Units (IGUs) consist of

two or more lites of glass that are
separated by an air space (or argon)
with a hermetically sealed edge.
The air space between the lites of

glass helps to improve the insulating
properties (air to air heat transfer) of
the IGU and reduce its U-Value.
IGUs can be double or triple glazed,

using a combination of annealed,
tempered, coated, or laminated glass
lites.
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Spandrel Glass
Spandrel glass is made by applying an opacifying film to the glass and is used for
exterior non-vision areas.
Spandrel glass is most often used to match, accentuate, or complement vision

areas of a building by masking the areas between floors.
If the glass is not opacified, then shadow box construction can be considered but
the construction requirements are difficult to satisfy in practice.
Common types of spandrel glass include ceramic frit, applied silicone paint, and
applied polyester films.
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Spandrel Glass Contd
In this example, blue tinted vision glass coordinates with horizontal
bands of blue spandrel glass.
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Clear and Tinted Glass Products
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Clear Glass
Clear glass offers excellent optical

properties, transmitting up to 91% of
the suns visible spectrum to reduce
artificial lighting needs.
Clear glass is available in a range of

thicknesses to meet performance and
aesthetics requirements, from thin
3/32" glass to heavy 3/4" glass.
Clear glass is ideally suited to projects

where high light transmittance and
visibility are desired.
Convention Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Tinted Glass
Evergreen Tint
Tinted glass is produced through the

addition of special colorants to the
batch materials. As a result, the tint
is within the glass and not a coating.
Due to its color, tinted glass absorbs

direct solar heat, reducing the SHGC
and cooling costs.
Available colors of tinted glass will

vary by manufacturer, but typically
include Blue, Green, Bronze, BlueGreen, Grey, and Evergreen.
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Grey Tint
Blue Tint
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Spectrally Selective Glass
% Transmittance
Spectrally selective glass filters out 4070% of the heat normally transmitted through
insulated window glass. This chart shows how three spectrally selective glasses
improve their SHGC values (lower lines under IR spectrum) while maintaining relatively
high visible light transmission (higher lines under visible light spectrum).
Wavelength (m)
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Coated Glass Products
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Introduction
Whereas tinting helps glass absorb

energy and lower its SHGC, coatings
help glass achieve greater solar or
greater thermal control, or both.
Coated glass can be produced using a

pyrolytic "hard coat" process or a
sputtering "soft coat" process.
A hard coat is applied during initial

manufacturing and bonds to the glass
surface. A soft coat is applied after
initial manufacturing and is not part of
the glass surface.
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Coating Processes
Both coating processes have benefits. Pyrolytic glass is more durable and is often
inventoried, resulting in shorter lead times and easier replacements. Sputtered glass
is more project driven and provides architects and designers with more options.
Pyrolytic "Hard Coat"
Produced On-Line
Enhanced Performance
Always Post-Temperable
Unlimited Shelf Life
Limited Product Range
Inventoried
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Sputtered "Soft Coat"
Produced Off-Line
Enhanced Performance
Fabricated Before Coating
Limited Shelf Life
Wide Product Range
Project Driven
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Pyrolytic "Hard Coat" Process
The pyrolytic process involves on-line

chemical vapor deposition (CVD). CVD
can be used to deposit a variety of
coatings less than a micron thick.
A very thin coating of metallic oxides

is applied while the glass is still in a
semi-molten state (approx. 1400F).
When cooled, this embedded coating

becomes an integral part of the glass
surface, making it extremely durable.
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Sputtering "Soft Coat" Process
The sputtering process involves offline vacuum deposition, where metal

atoms are deposited onto the glass.
Cut and heat-treated glass enters a

vacuum chamber where a "target"
material (e.g. pewter, stainless steel,
titanium) is bombarded by gas ions to
produce metal atoms.
Target
Glass
Metal
Atoms
Gas
Ions
Coated
Glass
Vacuum Chamber
As the electrically charged gas ions hit

the targets, these metal particles are
deposited onto the glass surface.
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Low-Emissivity Glass
Low-emissivity (Low-E) glass helps to

redirect radiant heat (long wave
radiation) back toward its source.
Low-emissivity coatings improve the

insulating value of glass and result in
lower U-values.
For example, monolithic clear glass

has a U-value of about 1.0, whereas,
monolithic Low-E insulated glass
has a much lower U-Value of about
0.3.
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In summer, Low-E glass helps reject

exterior heat. In winter, Low-E glass
helps keep generated heat inside.
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Low-Emissivity Glass Cont'd
Passive Solar Low-E
Passive solar Low-E glass provides

thermal control, keeping generated
heat inside (low thermal loss).
Solar energy, on the other hand, is

allowed to pass through (high Solar
Heat Gain Coefficient).
This is ideal for Northern climates

where solar heat in the winter can
help to reduce heating costs.
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Solar Control Low-E
Solar control Low-E glass provides

thermal and solar control (low SHGC
and low U-value) in a single coating.
Solar energy is rejected (low solar

heat gain) and exterior heat is kept
outside (low thermal gain).
This is ideal for warmer climates

where cooling costs tend to be greater
than heating costs.
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In terms of SHGC and U-value, Solar Low-Es single coating on clear glass performs
similarly to traditional gray tinted glass with an inboard lite of standard Low-E glass.
Solar Low-E has a slight gray hue, but allows much more visible light than gray glass.
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Reflective Glass
Reflective glass absorbs and reflects

direct solar heat, resulting in lower
SHGC and reduced cooling costs.
Most applications will position the

reflective coating on the interior
surface of the outer pane of glass.
Pyrolytic reflective coatings can be

specified in single lite (monolithic), or
insulated units in various colors/tints
to provide a a consistent appearance.
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Blue reflective glass combined

with 1" thick insulated glass.
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Reflective Low-E Glass
New "hybrid" reflective Low-E glass

provides excellent solar and thermal
control, while maintaining higher
visible light transmittance.
Reflective Low-E glass reduces glare

and provides improved privacy and
comfort for occupants.
Wide variety of color options provide

design flexibility and allow architects
to maintain a consistent facade.
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Reflective Low-E Glass Cont'd
A single pyrolytic coating eliminates

the need for an interior Low-E lite,
resulting in reduced costs.
The coating is color neutral in order to

accentuate the substrate and is placed
on the interior for more color.
Reflective Low-E glass is now readily

available, resulting in shorter lead
times and replacement ease.
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Architectural Specialty Glass
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Low Iron Float Glass
Manufactured with less iron in the

batch, Low Iron Float Glass is virtually
colorless, eliminating the green cast
inherent in standard clear float glass.
Its clarity is especially apparent when

combined with white or light colors,
and when exposed, polished edges are
in view.
Ideal for applications requiring

increased visible light transmission
(e.g. atriums) and for exposed edge
conditions (e.g. glass entrances).
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Transparent Mirror
Created for unobtrusive observation in

interior applications. Can also be used
for "infinity" mirror effects.
Ideal for surveillance and security

applications requiring discreet
observation (e.g. commercial settings,
correctional institutions, hospitals).
A minimum light ratio of 8:1 is

recommended in order for this type of
glass to be most effective.
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Textured Glass
Textured glass is available in a wide

range of pattern designs, which offer
varying degrees of translucency.
Cotswold
Everglade
Flemish
Florielle
Pelerine
Reeded
Sycamore
Warwick
Provides architects and designers with

flexibility to create unique visual
effects and optimize daylight.
Ideally suited for interior and exterior
applications, such as doors, windows,
entrances, and hallways. Can also be
tempered and laminated for safety.
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Profiled Glass
Self-supporting glass U-channels,

combine with an extruded metal
frame to create opaque but lighttransmitting partitions.
Profiled glass provides structural

properties beyond that of normal flat
glass, and offers excellent flexibility in
terms of its ability to curve.
Profiled glass is energy efficient and

available in a wide range of colors,
textures and translucency.
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Profiled Glass Cont'd
With its significantly greater design

flexibility, profiled U-channel glass is
an excellent alternative to glass block
and other translucent materials.
Profiled glass has been widely and

successfully used in Europe for more
than 30 years.
Profiled glass is ideal for large exterior

facades, interior glass walls, and glass
partitions in a wide range of building
types.
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Anti-Reflective Glass
Anti-reflective glass reduces

distracting reflections and glare by
roughly 80%, compared to clear float
glass.
Other features of anti-reflective glass

include: durability, bendability, sound
control, UV reduction and enhanced
clarity.
Compare the high level of reflection of

the brick building on the clear float
glass versus the faint reflection on the
anti-reflective glass, (photo at right).
Clear Float Glass vs. Anti-Reflective Glass
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Anti-Reflective Glass Contd
A pyrolytic coating is applied to one

surface of the glass, then laminated to
another lite, reducing the reflectivity
of each surface by approximately
.85%.
The PVB interlayer combined with

.85% visible reflectivity of surfaces 1
and 4, total 1.7% reflectivity,
compared to 8% for regular glass.
Anti-reflective glass is ideal for

restaurants, storefronts, displays, and
applications requiring safety and
security (such as banks).
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Fire-Resistant Glass
Fire-resistant glass is created by

combining multiple layers of float
glass, laminated with transparent
intumescent sodium silicate layers.
It provides both fire-rated safety and a

virtually distortion-free view, while
maximizing available levels of natural
light and visibility.
Fire-resistant and fire-protection glass

is available with fire ratings from 20
minutes up to 2 hours, in thicknesses
from 0.39" up to 2.2".
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Fire-Resistant Glass Cont'd
Upon exposure to fire, the glass layer

facing the fire will fracture and the
fire protection layers foam up to form
an opaque protective shield against
radiant and conductive heat.
By isolating the fire and protecting the

non-fire side from the blaze, fireresistant glass reduces damage and
allows time for safe escape.
Fire-resistant glass has an established

track record and has been in use for
over 20 years.
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Structural Glass
Structural glass systems provide a

complete glass envelope, satisfying
the most creative and demanding
architectural requirements.
These systems maximize the use of

glass, reducing visual barriers and
increasing visible light transmittance.
Structural glass provides unlimited

design flexibility, allowing for glass
canopies, roofs, and skylights, glass
mullion systems, and glass and steel
cable tension structures.
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Structural Glass Cont'd
Facades can be on any plane (multiangled, vertical, horizontal) and can

incorporate a variety of glass types,
including low-iron, low-E, and tinted.
Insulated or laminated glass panels are

fastened to building structures using
countersunk bolts to allow a flush
exterior surface.
These fittings are made of austenitic

stainless steel type 316. Lesser grade
alloys may deteriorate under certain
environmental conditions.
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Self-Cleaning Glass
Pyrolytic Coating: Self-cleaning glass

employs a durable and permanent
pyrolytic "hard-coat" coating, which
gives it a unique dual action.
Photocatalytic Properties: This refers

to the UV-activated, dirt-destroying
properties of the glass.
Hydrophyllic Properties: This refers to

the water sheeting properties of the
glass, which wash away dirt particles.
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Self-Cleaning vs. Regular Glass
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Self-Cleaning Glass Cont'd
Pyrolytic Coating
The pyrolytic coating is
activated after about 5 to 7
days of UV light exposure.
Photocatalytic Action
The coating breaks down
organic dirt and reduces the
adherence of inorganic dirt.
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Hydrophyllic Action
Rainwater droplets spread
out to form a "sheet" and
wash away dirt particles.
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Self-Cleaning Glass Cont'd
Does the coating change the glass?

It has a slightly greater mirror effect
than ordinary glass, with a faint blue
tint. Otherwise, the glass is just like
any other.
Can it be scratched or rubbed off?

The coating is securely bonded to the
glass and can only be affected if the
surface of the glass itself is damaged;
for example, by pointed objects,
abrasive cleaners or steel wool. Tests
have also shown that the coating will
not flake off or discolor.
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Conclusion of This Program
If you desire AIA/CES, CSI and/or state licensing

continuing education credits, please click on the
button below to commence your online
examination. Upon successful (80% or better)
completion of the exam, please print your
Certificate of Completion.
For additional knowledge and post-seminar

assistance, please visit the Ask an Expert Forum
(click on the link above and bookmark it in your
browser).
2006 Pilkington. The material contained

in this course was researched, assembled,
and produced by Pilkington and remains
their property. Questions or concerns
about this course should be directed to
the instructor.
If you have colleagues that might benefit from this

seminar, please let them know. Feel free to revisit
the AEC Daily web site to download additional
programs from the Online Learning Center.
Click Here To Take The Test
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Glass & Energy

Construction Specifications Institute

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How to use this Online Learning Course

To receive a certificate indicating course completion, refer to the instructions at

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How to balance aesthetics and performance when selecting architectural glass

Characteristics of heat treated, laminated, insulated, and spandrel glass

Specialty products, including profiled, anti-reflective, fire-resistant, and selfcleaning glass

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Glass and Energy Basics

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Glass and Energy Basics

U-Value: U-value is the thermal conductance of a material. It is a measure of the

R-Value: The thermal resistance of glass is known as R-Value. It is a measure of a

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Glass and Energy Basics

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Glass and Energy Basics

Heat transfer occurs via conduction

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Glass and Energy Basics

This diagram illustrates the energy

As before, energy is transmitted,

This 1/8 clear glass, has a solar heat

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Glass and Energy Basics

Thermal stress can be defined as stress caused by a temperature differential

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Glass and Energy Basics

Use double glazing with a wide air gap

The small air gap of thermal insulating

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The Float Process

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The Float Process

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The Float Process

Silica sand, soda ash, lime, dolomite,

Cullet is crushed glass that has been

Cullet can comprise anywhere from

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The Float Process

Once heated to 1500C, the batch

Melting, refining, and homogenizing