ABSTRACT

LTE-Advanced is a communication standard for cellular networks. It uses the physical

layer uplink transmission technology based on single carrier frequency division multiple
access (SC-FDMA) and down link based on orthogonal frequency division multiple
access (OFDMA). The system is designed using OFDMA in both uplink and downlink
with deployment of amplify and forward relays. To reduce the effect of noise,
equalization has been applied on the receiver side. In order to improve the system
throughput power allocation scheme has been added. Maximum achievable rate and
throughput are obtained after performing ZF equalization and power allocation.

INTRODUCTION
The increasing demand for high speed data services over limited bandwidth and power
led to significant expansion in mobile, cellular technologies and wireless communication
standard. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) is a mobile communication standard and support 4G
mobiles. This standard seeks to improve voice quality and expand broadband data
services, to provide high-definition video and audio and real-time content in an
anything anywhere-anytime manner, i.e. the target is to support higher peak data rates,
higher throughput and coverage. To active high radio spectral efficiency and enable
efficient scheduling in time and frequency domain, a multicarrier approach ie. Multiple
access was chosen. In LTE, OFDMA (Orthogonal frequency division multiple access)
was selected for down link and for the uplink use SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency
division multiple access).In SC-FDMA system the signals on all subcarriers transmitted
series. With the achievable rate increase by using SCFDMA in both uplink and down
with equalization and power allocation [1]. Throughput increases by using equal power
algorithm and an equal power algorithm with refinement scheme [2]. By considering the
quality of service (QoS) and different power allocation algorithms can increase system
throughput [3]. The system capacity increased by applying power allocation[4- 7].
Equalization can be implemented in the receiver side as well as compensating loss after a
signal travel through a channel by restoring high frequency content. Mainly two type
linear equalizer zero forcing (ZF) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE). The name
Zero Forcing due to it bringing down the inter symbol interference to zero in a noise free
case. Zero Forcing equalizer eliminates all ISI and provides a noiseless channel.

Minimum mean square error equalizer that minimizes the total power of the noise and
ISI components in the output [7]. By considering the physical layer techniques and
relaying technologies we have to improve the network efficiency by utilizing the limited
spectral resources. The system design use OFDMA as the uplink and down link multiple
access scheme with suitable PAPR reduction method, this will improve spectrum
efficiency and transmission rate. Also use power allocation for the uplink
communications with the deployment of relay stations. The use a power allocation
schemes among subcarriers at both user equipment and relay stations to maximize the
overall through put of the system. Here we use in band amplify and forward (AF) type-II
full duplex relay, this will reduce the complexity. In band relay allows the same set of
frequency subcarriers for cooperative transmission with each users equipment (UE) [8].
Relay station receive a signal from user equipment, it will first amplify the signal then
retransmits to the base station (eNB). At the receiver side use equalization technique
Zero Forcing (ZF) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) to reduce ISI. Then
compare ZF and MMSE equalization. PAPR is defined as the ratio of the peak power to
average power of the transmit signal. It is a technical challenge and it will reduce the
efficiency of RF power amplifiers. PAPR is one main object at the user terminals, that is
preferred low PAPR. PAPR directly relates to the amplifier efficiency at the transmitter.
The maximum power efficiency is obtained when the amplifier operates at the saturation
region. Low PAPR allows operation of the power amplifier near to saturation point that
result higher efficiency. In SC-FDMA, modulated signal can be considered as a single
carrier signal. A pulse shaping filter can be applied to transmit signal to further improve
PAPR. One of th PAPR reduction techniques in OFDM is using hadamard transform.
Hadamard transform reduce the occurrence of the high peaks compared to the original
OFDM systems. Hadamard transform reduce the auto correlation of the input sequence
that reduce the PAPROFDMA system required high Peak to Average Power Ratio
(PAPR) which cause expensive power amplifiers with high linearity, that increase the
power consumption for the sender.

SYSTEM MODEL

Uplink communication framework in an LTE-A network given in above fig 1. Base

station (BS) is located in the centre of each cell. Each user equipments (UE) try to
connect with base station simultaneously for uplink transmission. Users may or may not
requires relays, ie its depends on transmission distance. The users closer to base station
do not require relays. Relays are used near the cell edge. Relays station used Type II in
band amplify and forward types, these are installed to assist the communications and
improve transmission rate for the users within the relay source (RS) communication
range. User equipments within the relay source coverage area broadcast its signal to
both its affiliated base station and the relay source. Resource allocation in orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based relay communication systems involve
more technical challenges. Compared with single carrier relay systems, the multiple
relays can allocate multiple orthogonal subcarriers in every hop, it will increase the
complexity. Here we study about amplify and forward type relay, equalization and power
allocation, that is the objective is to maximize the transmission rate.

Fig 2 shows the system model. The physical layer techniques for LTE and LTE-A contain
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as the down link (DL) transmission
scheme and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-OFDMA) as the uplink (UL) multiple access
scheme that improve spectrum efficiency and transmission rate. But it reduce uplink
transmission rate. So here design OFDMA as the uplink and down link multiple access
scheme with suitable PAPR reduction method, this will improve spectrum efficiency and
transmission rate. Also use power allocation for the uplink communications with the
deployment of relay stations. The use a power allocation schemes among subcarriers at
both user equipment and relay stations to maximize the overall through put of the
system. Here we use in band amplify and forward (AF) type-II full duplex relay, this will
reduce the complexity. In band relay allows the same set of frequency subcarriers for
cooperative transmission with each users equipment (UE) [2]. Relay station receive a
signal from user equipment, it will first amplify the signal then retransmits to the base
station (eNB). At the receiver side use equalization technique Zero Forcing (ZF) and
Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) to reduce ISI. Then compare ZF and MMSE
equalization. In system model first convert the serial data in to parallel. After subcarrier
mapping apply power allocation. Water filling algorithm used for power allocation. Then
calculate the inverse fourier transform. OFDMA in uplink cause high PAPR so apply
PAPR reduction techniques. Here apply Hadamard transform to reduce PAPR. Then
apply cyclic prefix and convert it in to serial form. After passing through a channel, here
channel is considered as AWGN, it convert to parallel form and remove cyclic prefix.

Then calculate the fourier transform. Equalization techniques applied in the receiver
section. Here use two linear transform techniques zero forcing (ZF) and minimum mean
square error (MMSE) equalization techniques. Then convert the data in to serial form.
After demapping get the decoded data

Introduction
The increase in multimedia traffic from applications such as video-on-demand,
mobile television, interactive gaming, etc., necessitates the enhancement of the
multimedia content delivery capabilities of 3G/ 4G wireless communication
technologies such as LTE, WiMAX and UMTS which are characterized by
applications involving high quality and reliable delivery of multimedia content.
Reliable service to mobile users in wireless cellular networks implies support of
higher data rates with quality of service (QoS). The maximum achievable data rate
depends on the bandwidth

and power (SNR) as given by the Shannon capacity

theorem,

The system capacity is constrained by the available bandwidth and power. Thus, in
order to maximize the data rates either the bandwidth and/or the transmit power
should be increased, which are scarce in a wireless communication environment.
Multiple transmit and receive antennas technology known

as Multiple-input

multiple-output (MIMO) can be employed to achieve significant capacity gains with

no extra bandwidth requirement [1]. Further reliable transmission link can be

obtained by using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) which

mitigates the problem of inter-symbol interference associated with frequency
selective channels by carrying out the data transmission over several orthogonal
subcarriers. Given its potential, MIMO wireless technology in combination with
OFDM is an attractive solution for next-generation wireless networks to achieve
higher throughput and reliability. More recently, the attention has shifted from
single-user point-to-point (P-P) MIMO scenario to multiuser MIMO channels
(MU- MIMO), where several users simultaneously access the communication
channel [2]. Although the general area of multi-user communications has been well
studied, new areas of research opens up when users and base station employs
multiple antennas. A multiuser MIMO system is schematically depicted in Figure 2.
Point-to-Point communication is more efficient with less number of users in a cell,
however, as the number of users increase broadcast/multicast tends to be more
efficient since it requires lesser bandwidth. Further, multimedia applications are
typically point to multipoint in nature where multiple users requesting same service
share allocated system resources may not be in the same location. Examples of
broadcast/ multicast services in wireless networks are illustrated in Figure 1.

Multiplayer

Video Conference

Broadcast/
Multicast
Mobile

Video-on-demand

Figure 1: Broadcast/ Multicast multimedia services in wireless networks.

Broadcast/multicast

services

(BMS) was

designed

to

meet

the emerging

requirements of multimedia applications for mobile users [3]. BMS was envisaged in
release 6 of 3GPP with peak data rates for video specified as 384Kbps.

Figure 2: Multi-user multiple input multiple output system.

A more recent 4G LTE Release 9 supports BMS functionality where base stations
transmit the same signal simultaneously using the same time-frequency resource [4].
BMS involves data transmission from a single coordinated source to multiple users at
the same time and same channel [5], [6]. This scheme is illustrated in Figure 3. Since,
the data is same for all users, it increases the signal strength, rather than acting as
interference. This results in efficient distribution with lower interference and lesser
bandwidth utilization. Another promising technique for solving the problem of
bandwidth is the cognitive radio (CR) systems.
The increasing demand for bandwidth cannot be met using the traditional fixed
frequency band assignment. A report by the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) states that the already allocated spectrum is largely underutilized [9]. The
limited frequency resources and their inefficient usage, make the change of the
frequency assignment policy inevitable. Cognitive radio (CR) provides us a way for
dynamic spectrum access to improve spectral efficiency. The CR system
opportunistically allocates vacant primary user (PU) licensed spectral bands to
secondary users (SUs) thus improving spectrum utilization. OFDM provides great
ease in dynamically allocating unused spectrum among CR users. Thus, MIMOOFDM has been recognized to be the most promising scheme for usage in CR
systems. Employing multiuser broadcast systems further improves the spectral
efficiency as the same frequency band is being used to serve multiple users
simultaneously.
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Figure 3: Cooperative multi-cell broadcast scenario.

4.

Optimal

Beamforming

for

Multiuser

MIMO-OFDM

Cellular

Broadcast/Multicast Wireless Networks

4.1.

Overview of the Problem

Rich set of applications, for instance, mobile TV, disaster warning systems,
multiplayer gaming, require dissemination of same data (information) to many users.
These applications are typically supported through broadcast/multicast services
(BMS) in wireless communication systems [5]. In a multi cellular environment, we
can employ cooperative distribution of data where multiple base stations (BSs)
broadcast copies of the same data to the required users in synchronization. Figure 3
illustrates such a cooperative broadcast scenario. This network architecture consists
of a content server which provides the data demanded by the users. The base
station controller (BSC) forwards the demanded data to base stations and coordinates
among different BS. We can consider a scenario where many users spread across
different cells demand the same information, for example, a video or a particular TV
channel in mobile TV application. This demand is routed to the content/media
server via BSC. The content server forwards the data to BSC and the BSC to base
station for broadcasting. In traditional systems, while receiving the data from a BS,
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signals from other BSs are treated as interference even though the other BSs are
transmitting the same information. In contrast, signal from other BSs in a

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cooperative scenario is treated as desired signal rather than interference. This is

possible when neighboring BS transmits at the same frequency as in OFDM signaling
which will be predominantly used in future wireless systems. Hence, signals from
different BSs can be combined to form a stronger signal. This increases the reliability
of the communication system. Further, the data rate attained at each user depends on
the strength of the received signal which in turn depends on the power transmitted
and the quality of link between the BS and the user. The wireless link strength,
however, is random in nature. Therefore transmitting higher power does translate
into an increase in the performance. By employing multiple antennas at
transmitter, multiple links can be established with the receiver. Besides, the transmit
power at BSs is limited. Therefore the available resource in terms of power, which is
scarce, must be judiciously used. We need techniques which can intelligently allocate
power to different antennas and OFDM subcarriers while keeping the link quality
and the power transmitted by other BSs in mind. Hence the research focus is to find
optimal resource allocation for broadcast/ multicast services for a MIMO
cooperative cellular network such that the total data rate of the system is maximized
and total power consumption is minimized.

Core
Network
Base Station
Controller

BS 1

Group 1
Group 1
video

Group 2
Multimedia
Content Server

BS 3
Group 2
Video

BS 2

Figure 4: Cooperative Wireless Network with Multicast Transmission of Multimedia Data

4.2.

Proposed Beamforming and Resource Allocation Strategies

As mentioned in the previous section the research focus is to find optimal resource
allocation strategies at MIMO transmitters of different base stations such that the
total data rate of the system is maximized and total power consumption is
minimized. These objectives can be attained by maximizing the received signal
power at users with a limitation on the transmit power at the base stations. Multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) system can be employed to achieve significant
capacity gains with no extra bandwidth requirement. This can be achieved by
spatially multiplexing several users simultaneously for multiple access over the
wireless channel. Further, in a cooperative transmission scenario, MIMO gives
additional degrees of freedom for signal transmission which can be employed for
interference cancellation, transmit and receive beamforming.

Transmit Beamformer

Channel
Multiple antennas at transmitter

Receive Beamformer

Multiple antennas at receiver

Figure 5: Transmit and receive beamforming in MIMO systems.

In Figure 5 the transmit beamformer indicates the direction in which the signal is
transmitted and receive beamformer indicates the direction in which the signal is
received by the user. Thus, we need to determine these directions and the amount of
power that should be allocated in a particular transmit direction so that signal to

noise power ratio is maximum at every user. The wireless channel link condition
fluctuates due to the mobility of user and scatterers present in the path of
transmission.

Hence the optimal direction

and

should be continuously

adapted according to the varying channel conditions. Further, in a multiuser scenario

depicted in Figure 4 where the BS is communicating with multiple users and hence
causing interference to other users, we need to determine the transmit and receive
direction such that the interference is minimum. We propose a novel scheme to
jointly determine the optimal transmit/receive beamformers together with multi-

user power allocation towards transmission rate maximization in a cooperative

MIMO cellular wireless network for broadcast, unicast, and multicast scenarios. The
proposed algorithms for these scenarios are explained in the following sections.
4.3.

Multiuser MIMO Beamforming

The spatial multiplexing techniques can be readily applied to 4G MIMO wireless

systems to increase the data rate. Further, as the subscriber density increases in
such networks, it is essential to multiplex an increasing number of users on the
limited spectral bandwidth. In such scenarios, multiuser (MU) MIMO systems, with
each user device possessing multiple antennas, have been shown to be ideally suited
to support multiple users simultaneously. However, this can lead to an increase in
the noise level of the system due to the interference at the receiver from the signal
intended for other users. In this context, several beamforming schemes have been
proposed for directional transmission of signals, thus facilitating the transmission of
multiple streams to the users while simultaneously minimizing interference. Several
beamforming techniques have been proposed in the literature to accomplish the
aforementioned task.
In this scenario, the optimal transmission rate is achieved by dirty-paper coding
(DPC) as described in [33], although the high complexity of such an algorithm makes
it prohibitive in practical scenarios. An analysis of various related techniques has
been presented in [34]. It has been shown that zero-forcing-based beamforming,
which nulls the interference to the unintended users, is a readily implementable
suboptimal beamforming technique for MU-MIMO systems [35]. In [19] and [26], the
authors have proposed several novel beamforming techniques, such as block
diagonalization (BD) and successive optimization (SO), to reduce the cochannel
interference in MIMO systems. However, in both these schemes, all the available
modes of the selected users are employed, resulting in poor rates for other
competing users. For instance, a user possessing a large number of antennas can
occupy a disproportionately large fraction of the spatial modes available at the base
station. In such scenarios, single-mode beamforming can result in fair transmission
by simultaneously multiplexing a large number of users. In [36], Spencer et al. have

suggested a framework for coordinated transmitreceive processing (CTR), a

beamforming technique based on [37], which not only supports single-mode
beamforming but also generalizes the BD and SO algorithms to scenarios where the
total number of receive antennas exceeds the number of transmit antennas at the
base station. However, this technique is based on an iterative procedure to compute
the optimal beamformers, resulting in high computational complexity. In [36]
Spencer and Swindlehurst have suggested a noniterative framework for CTR.
However, it employs a heuristic method for the selection of the receive
beamformers, which yields suboptimal results.
Toward this end, similar to linear processing schemes such as BD and SO, in this
paper, we propose a low-complexity MU beamforming algorithm based on
maximum ratio transmission [38], specifically targeted toward video quality
maximization in 4G MIMO-OFDM wireless networks. Similar to SO, it nullifies
the interference to all the previously scheduled users from the successively
scheduled users. Further, since it is based on beamforming employing a single
mode to each selected user, it is able to schedule a large number of users, thereby
resulting in higher video quality and improved quality-of-service in high subscriberdensity

scenarios. This leads to enhanced end-user video experience when

compared with the BD and SO techniques [19], [39]. Moreover, it employs the
strongest available mode for transmission to the user, leading to higher user rates
and, hence, better video quality when compared with the non-iterative version of
CTR [19]. The iterative version provides an additional marginal improvement in the
video quality as compared with multiuser successive maximum ratio transmission
(MSMRT) at the expense of very high computational complexity. Thus, MS-MRT
provides

an attractive multiuser multiantenna scheduling algorithm with a

performance close to that given by the globally optimal beamformer computation.

The results also demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides higher system
throughput, as compared with the other techniques.

4.3.1. Multiuser Successive Maximum Ratio Transmission for MIMO

Wireless Systems
We consider a multiuser MIMO system, with one base station with transmit
antennas and

users. The number of receive antennas for user

. Let each

is

for

denote the channel matrix between the base

station and user . Let the distance from the base station and random shadowing
factor for the th user be denoted by and , respectively. The quantity
power transmitted per subchannel per user. The
at user

where

denotes the

received signal vector

is given as

is the symbol transmitted by the base station for user , and

beamforming vector for user

. The quantity

is the

represents the

vector representing

additive white Gaussian noise with zero mean and covariance

. Further,

is the number of users simultaneously scheduled

per OFDMA subcarrier. Now, we describe the proposed MS-MRT beamforming

algorithm for multiuser MIMO transmission. Similar to SO [19], the selected user at
each step experiences interference only from the previous users. By choosing the
beamforming vector that maximizes the user signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
(SINR) while maintaining no interference to the previous users, it results in an
increase in the number of users being simultaneously scheduled, leading to higher
video quality. Further, this approach does not involve decomposition of the
aggregate channel matrices as is done in BD and SO, thereby decreasing the
computational complexity. It employs successive orthogonal projections to achieve
this criterion. Consider the initial user set

. Let the singular

value
decomposition (SVD) of
given as

, the channel matrix of the th user at stage 0, be

where

and

, whereas

are the left and right singular matrices

of
contains the singular values

along its principal diagonal.

Similar to maximum ratio transmission, one can now choose the first user

with the transmit beamformer

beamformer

and the corresponding receive

. The user set can be updated by removing the selected user

as

. The channel matrices

where

as

for each

are derived as

denotes the projection matrix of the subspace orthogonal to , and

denotes the matrix

Let the SVD of

value of

be given as

and

. Consider now beamforming along the direction

singular vector associated with the singular value

matrix

beamforming symbol

to yield the beamformer

of the user

be the th singular

, which is the right

. This is now precoded with the

. Consider

chosen at stage 1. The corresponding

received signal at user

It

can

now

is given as

be

where the matrices

readily

seen

that

the

interference

can be simplified as

, are defined as

Hence, beamforming in the direction of

at user

as previously described

results in the interference as

Thus, the net interference at user is 0. Further, it can be readily seen that the receive
beamformer at the chosen user

at stage 1 is

. Hence, the SINR at user

for mode is, therefore, given as

Naturally then, the criterion to choose user and its mode at stage 1 can be formulated
as

Continuing for stages, selection of users yields the final MS-MRT transmitted
vector for the selected users
each

as

with respective modes

, with

Note that we define

and

. The SINR at user

for
mode

where

chosen at the th stage is given as

is the beamformer for user

, and mode

is given as

and =1. Thus, successive transmission on a specific mode of each user while
simultaneously nulling the interference at the previously chosen users can be
achieved through MS-MRT, thereby enhancing the fairness of the overall data and
video scheduler. Thus, the interference matrix is lower triangular since the
interference from the successively scheduled users is zero along the dominant

receive mode of the previously scheduled users. The given procedure corresponds to
an opportunistic scheduler that schedules the user with the maximum SINR at each
stage. This can be readily adapted for PF-based PFMS- MRT scheduling, which
maximizes the video quality, by choosing the user and corresponding mode at stage
as

where is the average rate experienced by user at time . This average rate is
updated as

where

is the indicator function of user

being scheduled at time instant

which means that it is equal to 1 if user is scheduled at time and zero otherwise.
Finally, the naive RR scheduler simply chooses the next user at stage u as
and its mode as

The proposed beamforming technique can be summarized by the following

algorithm:
Step 1: Set user group
and

Step 2: for

to

Step 3: for

Let

do

do

Step 4: for

do

Step 5: Set beamformer

and compute

as

as

for all users

Step 6: end for

Step 7: end for

Step 8: Choose

and mode

where
and

at stage

as

is the average rate for proportional fair scheduling

for max-rate scheduling. For Round-Robin,

) is simply the next user

to be scheduled.
Step 9: Update user group

Step 10: Let

and

as

Step 11: end for

Step 12: The transmit vector for the chosen users

is

, where

is the symbol intended for user .

Step 13: Additionally, for PF-MS-MRT, update the average user rate for each user in
.
4.4.

Optimal Beamforming for Multicell Cooperative Networks

Optimal transmission strategies for reliable service in cellular systems are an integral
part of existing standards and also in the standards under development. Wireless
communication standards such as LTE, LTE-Advanced recommend the networks to
have optimal strategies for resource allocation. Third generation 3GPP standards [11],
[12] call for means to optimize energy efficiency and minimize energy consumption of
the networks within the permitted impact on coverage, capacity and quality of service.
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Especially, release 9 of 3GPP [12] requires the network to have optimization techniques
which include: Interference control, Capacity and coverage optimization.
Many researchers have proposed optimal resource allocation schemes for a variety of
wireless networks operating with different architectures. Armada et al. [15] propose
several power allocation schemes in a coordinated base station downlink transmission
with per antenna and per base station power constraints. These techniques have a limit

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on the number of users supported. Most of the existing schemes are for point to point
communication with little work on broadcast. These schemes cannot be easily adapted
to varying requirements of the users especially for the users at cell boundaries. In [14],
the authors provide a review of recent scheduling and resource allocation techniques
for downlink multicast services in OFDMA based systems. Zhang and Letaief [13]
have proposed adaptive resource-allocation scheme, which jointly adapts subcarrier
allocation, power distribution, and bit distribution according to instantaneous channel
conditions for multiuser MIMO- OFDM. However the schemes described are suboptimal. BSs in a cellular network are connected via backhaul links. The existing
schemes do not utilize this knowledge to the full extent and such schemes do not yield
macro diversity.
In the context of cooperative multi-cell MIMO system, a block diagonalization
based downlink transmission scheme is proposed in [16] and [15]. Jafar et al. propose
a dirty paper coding based algorithm in [17] where new users are required to be
invisible with respect to interference to the existing users. Network coordinated
beamforming techniques were suggested by [18]. However, this analysis considers a
scenario which is restrictive in nature with the solution applicable only for few
active users and cells. Further, multimedia content is predominantly broadcast/
multicast in nature, where many users or a group of users subscribe for the same
service. There is a significant dearth of research which addresses optimal
beamforming and power allocation for such broadcast/ multicast services. In [7], the
authors propose power allocation for an OFDM based cooperative multi-cell system
with single antennas at both the BSs and the users. But the model considered therein
employs coherent combining of the signals from the different BSs, thus requiring
additional time/ bandwidth resources. Moreover,

most of the above works are

computationally complex.
4.4.1. Optimal Beamforming for Cooperative Broadcast Networks:
Consider a broadcast system with K users served by N base stations in cooperation.
Figure 6 illustrates a cooperative wireless network with three base stations
supporting broadcast service in cooperation. Since the information transmitted to all
the users is same, transmission from different base stations will not cause
interference any of the users. Under these scenarios, we develop optimal
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transmission schemes to maximize the total data rate of the system. The proposed
optimal beamforming scheme maximizes the broadcast signal to noise ratio at each
user thus resulting in higher sum rate of the system. We formulate the problem of
obtaining the beamformer and the optimal amount power that should be allocated to
each direction as an optimization problem. The solution of the optimization problem
can be obtained by eigenvalue decomposition of the channel and thus having a
low complex solution compared to existing schemes.

B
Broadast
Group

B
Figure 6: Broadcast service in MIMO cooperative cellular network.

We need to determine the transmit beamforming directions , and as depicted

in Figure 6 such that signal to noise power ratio at every user is maximized. The
signal received at

user can be expressed as

The signal to noise power ratio of user k is given by

.
The

and hence the total SNR of the system is given by

beamformers

can

be

determined

by the

optimization

problem

maximization of sum SNR of the system such that total power is limited to

involving
.

The solution of the above problem yields the optimal direction which is the
eigenvector corresponding to maximum eigenvalue of the channel matrix. The
optimal beamforming vector which maximizes the broadcast SNR is given as

4.4.2. Optimal Beamforming for Cooperative Unicast Networks:

In the previous case we considered a broadcast system, however, it would be realistic
to assume that users may demand different data. Thus cooperative transmission by
different base stations to these users having different demand will result in severe
interference. This scenario is illustrated in the Figure 7 where transmission to user l
causes interference to user k.

Base
Station 1
User k
User l

Base
Station 2

Base Station N
Figure 7: Unicast service in MIMO Cooperative Cellular Network.

In such a scenario we need to find the optimal transmission scheme that can support
large users in the presence of interference from multiple data sources. Consider a
unicast system with N base stations transmitting in cooperation to K users as shown
in Figure 7. Let the user under the consideration be user k, thus the transmission to
the remaining users (K-1) users interferes with the signal of user k thereby degrading
the signal quality leading to loss in the data rate. Similarly a reduction in overall
system data rate occurs since all the users experience interference. In order to
reduce the degrading effects of the interference, we propose a successive

constrained

eigenbeamforming

(SCEB)

technique

to

reduce

the

inter-user

interference and enhance the data rates subject to power constraints. These

schemes are based on linear eigenvector precoding and therefore have a low
complexity compared to existing schemes.
Let the data for user be denoted as . Let the wireless channel between base station
and

user be denoted as

station to user

and the transmit beamforming direction from

be denoted as

hence the data transmitted from

base

. Each base station transmit the data to all users

base station is

After the gain introduced by the wireless channel, the data received at user

which is the sum of desired signal from all the base stations and interference due to
other users, can be expressed as,

.
The aggregate transmit beamforming vector for user can be obtained by stacking the
beamformers of user

from base stations 1 to

which can be expressed as,

The aggregate wireless channel matrix between user

and all the base stations

, can be obtained by concatenating channel matrix between user and

all the BSs as

Therefore the received signal vector at user , with base station cooperation can be
succinctly expressed as

Now the user will receive the signal along the direction . Thus signal received at
the antennas of user

after receive beamforming with

is given as

Exploiting the additional freedom given by multiple antennas at transmitter and

receiver, the proposed successive constrained eigenbeamforming (SCEB) scheme
determines the beamforming vector

and

such that:

Interference caused by other users is zero:

Gain or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at user k is maximized

Sum data rate of the unicast is maximized. The expression for sum rate is
given by

In order to achieve the above objective we consider a successive beamforming

procedure such that the transmission of each successively scheduled user does not
interfere with users 1, 2, . . . , 1. Thus the optimal beamformer satisfying the
successive zero interference condition while maximizing the received signal power at
user

can be computed as the solution to the optimization problem,

This rate maximization problem can be expressed as generalized eigenvalue analysis

problem and hence it can be solved easily. A more detailed technical analysis of the
proposed SCEB scheme in unicast scenario can be found in [20]. The optimal receive
beamformer

can be determined as explained below.

4.4.3. Optimal Beamforming for Cooperative Multicast Networks:

The SCEB algorithm for unicast scenarios to enhance the data rates, while limiting
the interference with user power constraints, is employed to derive the SCEB-M for

multicast scenarios to maximize the sum rate of a user group with group power
constraints.

Group 1

BS 1

Group 1
video
Group 2
BS 3
Group 2
Video

Group 3

BS 2

Figure 8: Multicast service in MIMO Cooperative Cellular Network.

Consider a multicast scenario comprising of user groups with

consisting

of

users

demanding

common

each

multicast

group

data.

An

illustration of multicast service, where multicast group 1 having four users, multicast
group 2 having three users, and multicast group 3 has one user, demanding different
video content from the server, is shown in Figure 8. Similar to unicast, optimal
beamformer for multi-cell cooperative multicast group and optimal power allocation
among users in a group should be derived such that:

Sum data rate of the each group is maximized

Total transmit power for a group is constrained to

, where the

is

average per-user power.

Transmission of each successively scheduled group i does not interfere with

users of group , , . . . , i .

Let the power loading factor, which is the fraction of total power, of user j belonging
to

vector

multicast group be denoted by

for ith MC group is given as

,0

1. Hence the power loading

. Let the transmit beamformed vector of multicast data symbol

the direction

be given as

for user j with

and

of group i along

being the fraction of power allocated to user j,

. The transmit beamformers of multicast group I can be

stacked to form augmented beamforming matrix of the

multicast group as
.

The objective is to determine the matrix

such that the sum rate is maximized and

interference to other multicast group is zero. The aggregate channel matrix of N base
stations for user k of

multicast group is given by the matrix.

The receive beamforming direction of user k of

received signal at user k of

multicast group is

multicast group can be expressed as,

Now the objective is to determine the transmit beamformers

beamformers

. Thus, the

, and power allocation factors

, receive

for all the users in a given

multicast group such that the sum rate of the group is maximized and the
transmission from previous scheduled

groups does not interfere with the signals

of the multicast group under consideration. The scheme explained above is

summarized next with an example. Consider the multicast service scenario in
cooperative wireless network as shown in Figure 8 with three multicast groups. The
steps involved in successive constrained eigenbeamforming for a multicast service
illustrated in Figure 8 are:
Step 1: Chose a user group say multicast group 1
Step 2: Determine the transmit beamformers, receive beamformers, and
power allocation factors for all the four users in a multicast group 1 assuming
no interference.
Step 3: Chose the next user group say multicast group 2
Step 4: Determine the transmit beamformers, receive beamformers, and
power allocation factors for all the three users in a multicast group 2 such

that transmission of group 2 does not interfere with signals of multicast

group 1.
Step 5: Chose the next user group say multicast group 2

Step 6: Determine the transmit beamformers, receive beamformers, and

power allocation factors for all the users in a multicast group 3 such that
transmission of group 3 does not interfere with signals of multicast group 1
and multicast group 2.
The above steps can be generalized as the group orthogonality constraints to
successive nullify interference in cooperative multicast as

where matrices are determined as follows,

Further, the optimal transmit beamformer for user k can be obtained as the solution of
optimization problem,

where the optimal beamformer satisfies the condition,

Now the total transmit power

is optimally divided among

users of multicast

group i. This division can be formulated as optimization problem given by

The solution of the above problem can be obtained by eigenvalue decomposition

thus having a low complexity implementation of the algorithm. A more detailed
technical analysis of the proposed SCEB scheme in multicast scenario can be found in
[20]. It can be observed that the proposed scheme involves choosing a particular
user and then determining transmit and receive beamformers for that user. Hence,

the user order in which the beamformers are computed plays an important role is
maximizing the sum rate of the system and the quality of service that can be

provided to the users. We propose different user scheduling algorithms in the next
section which maximize the efficiency of the resource allocation strategies.
4.4.4. Optimal Multi-User Uplink Beamforming for Cooperative
Unicast Networks:
In this section, we find the transmit beamformers that maximize the SINR of the
users in the uplink. In this scenario, the base stations estimate the channel state
information. This information is employed by the base station controller to
determine the appropriate user ordering and the optimal beamforming vectors,
which are then fed back to the various users. Consider an uplink cooperative multicell MIMO network, where the

mobile

stations

employing

antennas

each,

transmit to cooperative base stations, each employing receive antennas. The

aggregate channel matrix between user
]

and the base stations is denoted by

, where

,
,

[
denotes the

channel

matrix

between user

denote the transmit beamformer of user

and

base

. Hence the signal

station

Let

received

at the cooperating base stations can be expressed as

where

is the additive white Gaussian noise with covariance matrix

. The base stations employ receive beamformer

estimate the symbol of the th user

to

which can be expressed as,

Employing maximum ratio combining at the base stations, the receive beamformer
for user

can be derived as

is given by
given by

From the above equation, the signal power

and the interference component in the estimate

is

. Therefore, the problem of SINR maximization with

successive interference cancellation can be expressed as the following optimization

problem,

From the first constraint in the above problem, it is interesting to observe that the
interference cancellation is symmetric, i.e. if the uplink beamformer for user is
obtained such that it does not cause interference to user , then the transmission
by user

employing

does not cause interference to user

. Hence, in contrast

to the successive downlink beamforming scenario, there is no interference among

the scheduled users in the successive uplink beamforming scenario. The solution for
can be obtained by solving the problem,

where

is the basis for the null space

of the matrix

The matrix

can be obtained from

similar to the downlink scenario

described in the previous section. Thus, the uplink beamformer of user is

determined
of

as

where
. The rate

of user

The sum-rate is given by

is

the

principal

eigenvector

can be computed as,

.Therefore the SMUB scheme

determines the beamformers for the uplink which maximize the SINR of each user,
while nulling the inter-user interference.
4.5.

User Scheduling

The proposed beamforming schemes can be naturally employed to derive efficient

schedulers to maximize the efficiency of resource allocation to enhance the quality
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of service (QoS). The maximum number of users that can be successively scheduled
with interference cancellation in SCEB are limited by degrees of freedom available in

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the system which is given by the total number of transmit antennas in cooperative
network which is

. Hence the maximum number of schedulable users is

. In

order support large number of users, we need algorithms that can optimally
schedule users for successive interference cancellation thereby maximizing the sum
rate of the network. The prominent max-rate (MR), round robin (RR) and
proportional fairness (PF) based scheduling strategies commonly employed in
unicast multiuser wireless scenarios can be readily extended to the multicast
cooperative multicellular scenario. Consider the set of multicast groups
and let S, the subset of multicast groups U, represent the set of
the currently scheduled users. The maxrate scheduling scheme , which is aimed at
maximizing the net sum rate of the scheduled users, for scheduling a user group at
the time instant m can be expressed as,

where

is the index of chosen user group and the quantity SINR of user k in the

group comprising of

users, denoted by

, can be computed as,

A significant shortcoming of the MR scheduler is that it does not consider fairness in

resource allocation to the different user groups thereby resulting in poor video
quality performance as shown later. As the name implies, the round robin (RR)
scheduler is based on scheduling different users in round robin fashion. The
scheduling policy of the round robin scheduler at the time-frequency point m is
mod . Hence, while it is fair in terms of user scheduling, it results in poor
performance as it does not exploit the opportunistically exploit multiuser diversity
available in the system. Proportional fairness, which provides a balance between
achieving higher sum rate and maximizing fairness, is ideally suited for video quality
maximization in wireless networks. Let

denoted the current average rate of

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user group i at the time-frequency point. The user index corresponding to

proportional fairness (PF) scheduler can be chosen as

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where
where
the
4.6.

denotes the average rate of

user group and calculated as,

is the indicator function for user scheduling defined as

if

user group is scheduled at the time-frequency point m and zero otherwise.

Video Quality:

The proposed multiuser beamforming schemes are ideally suited for multimedia
content transmission in cooperative cellular scenarios. In this context, we study the
performance of the proposed schemes in realistic video scheduling scenarios. The
quality of video depends on the frame rate, which is the number of frames played
back in one second, and quantization level, which is the number of bits used to
encode the pixels in the video. This relationship is shown in Figure 9 where quality of
the image increase as the number of quantization levels increase. The video quality
is therefore proportional to the data rate of the video. Thus, given a data rate of a
user only a certain amount of video quality can be achieved. We determine the
quality of video that can be transmitted in unicast/ multicast networks employing
the proposed beamforming techniques and scheduling algorithms. For this purpose
we employ the practical H.264 based video rate quality models. As these models are
derived from the standard joint scalable video model (JSVM) reference codec for the
H.264/SVC specification, they are readily applicable in practice.
Fie uatizatio level q/ Highe fae ate

Highe video ates R ad bette video uality Q

Figure 9: Relationship between video quality and data rate.

H.264 based scalable video coding (SVC) has been demonstrated to be ideally suited
for wireless video transmission due to the dynamic quality scaling possible to meet

the requirements of users and wireless links as shown in Figure 10. The video quality
can be adapted based on the data rate available for a particular user. For instance
either the spatial resolution (spatial scalability) or the number of frames per second
(temporal scalability) in video sequence or both can be varied to achieved different
video qualities.
SVC
Scene

128 Kbps
SVC
384 Kbps

QCIF
176144
@15fps
CIF 352288
@15fps

Spatial
scalability

4CIF
704576
@15fps

SVC
2 Mbps
SVC

HDTVTemporal 1280x720scalability
@60 fps

SVC

20 Mbps
Figure 10: Scalable Video Coding for wireless networks.

The theoretical video quality and video rate models are used to demonstrate the
power of the proposed optimal resource allocation schemes. The rate of the video
R(q, t) in terms of the scalable quantization parameter q and the frame rate t of the
H.264 coded video is given as,

where

is the maximum bit rate corresponding to the video

sequence of highest quality at the maximum frame rate and minimum quantization
parameter

. The quantities

are the normalized rate function vs

quantization parameter and frame rate respectively. Similarly, the scalable video
joint quality function is

where
corresponding to

is
,

the

highest

quality

. The quantities a, c, d,

of
and

the

video

sequence

are the scalable video

rate and quality parameters. The values of these parameters for the standard video
sequences Akiyo, Foreman, Football, City, and Crew, shown in Figure 11, are
presented in Table 1. The sum rate and video quality performance of the proposed
beamforming schemes is demonstrated in next section.

Forea

Akio

Footall

Cre

Cit

Figure 11: Test video sequences

Table 1: Model Parameter for various video sequences.

Video
Sequence
Foreman
(Spatial

2.0

2.2

1.44

3046

CIF (352
Akiyo

.
8.

57
3.4

07
2.2

0.029
-

75
1.47

.3
612.

CIF
Football

03
5.

91
1.3

52
1.

0.031
-

37
1.38

85
5248

CIF
Crew

38
7.

95
1.6

49
1.8

0.025
-

72
1.58

.9
4358

CIF
City

34
7.

27
2.0

54
2.3

0.039
-

98
1.51

.2
2775

CIF
Akiyo

35
5.

44
4.0

26
1.8

0.034
-

96
1.47

.5
139.

QCIF
Foreman

56
7

19
2.

32
1.7

0.031
-

37
1.44

63
641.

.
8

59
1.0

85
2.3

0.029
-

75
1.51

73
208

4CIF
Crew

.
7.

96
1.1

67
2.4

0.034
-

96
1.58

99
180

4CIF

34

53

05

0.039

98

21

QCIF (176
City

Optimal Power Allocation and Downlink Beamforming for Cognitive

Radio system
6.1.

Introduction

Cognitive radio (CR) provides us a way for dynamic spectrum access to improve the
bandwidth utilization [25]. CR systems allow the secondary users (SUs) to
opportunistically access the spectrum licensed to the primary users (PUs) provided
the interference caused due to the SU transmission is below the acceptable limit.
This results in better spectrum utilization than the fixed spectrum allocation. OFDM
provides great ease in dynamically allocating unused spectrum among CR users.
Thus, MIMO-OFDM has been recognized to be the most promising scheme for usage
in CR systems. We would like to exploit the benefits of multiuser MIMO broadcast
systems in cognitive radios.
6.1.1. Overview of the Problem

Figure 17: Multiband cognitive radio interweave model for frequency allocation
to primary and secondary users.
Consider a spectrum band as illustrated in Figure 17, licensed to a group of primary
users (PU band). This spectrum is not utilized efficiently as some licensed primary

users (PU) may be idle and not transmitting. At this moment secondary users (SU)
can access the vacant spectrum (CR band) to transmit their data. For instance, in
Figure 17, a group of L PUs is active thus occupying a part of spectrum and the
remaining spectrum is divided into many CR bands which are accessed by the
secondary users. A cognitive radio network consists of CR base station which
transmits in the CR band to the secondary users and primary BSs which broadcasts to

set of primary users. The base stations and users can have multiple antennas to
transmit and receive the signals. Such a scenario is illustrated in Figure 18. CR
transmits in the spectrum adjacent to PU resulting in interference which adversely
affects the performance of the PU. Hence, we need to limit the interference caused by
the SU to PUs as well as to other SUs. The performance of the system is
characterized by the total data rate and we need to maximize the total data rate that
can be achieved while minimizing the interference to other PUs and SUs. For
effective spectrum sharing in the multi-user case, in addition to the interference at
the PUs, we also need to deal with the inter-user interference experienced among
the CR users. This necessitates development of schemes to cancel the inter-user
interferences due to other CR users. Interference can be cancelled by employing
beamforming. Beamforming is a technique in which the signal is transmitted in a
particular spatial direction. In CR systems we need to ensure that the interference

Desired signal
Interference

Figure 18: Cognitive radio multiuser- MIMO scenario with both primary and
secondary users transmitting.
caused at the PU due to CR transmission should not degrade the quality of serviced
PUs as they are the licensed users. Such an interference-constrained scenario limits
the transmit power of each SU as well as the achievable data rate of SUs. Hence, we
need optimal schemes for beamforming and power allocation for a multi-user
MIMO-OFDM based cognitive radio broadcast system with the aim of maximizing the
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system capacity. The solution to above mentioned maximization problem may lead
to unfair distribution of power among CR users. For example, SUs with higher
channel gains may be allocated with large transmit power to maximize the overall
transmission rate, while allocating negligible power to other users with poor channel
quality. To handle this, we need to develop alternate schemes to obtain optimal
beamformers and optimal power loading factors jointly which aim for fairness by
ensuring minimum quality of service to every CR user while limiting the interference.
Standardization agencies like ETSI and 3GPP initiative have recommended
developing mechanisms that improve the utilization of spectrum and the available
radio resources [30] [31]. A power allocation scheme for OFDM based single user
interweave CR system rate maximization can be found in [8]. Various schemes for
downlink beamforming for single-antenna and multi-antenna multiuser systems are
presented in [26]. An algorithm for joint beamforming and power control in
multiuser MIMO systems satisfying SINR requirements of all links is proposed in
[27].
6.2.

Literature Review

Various works in existing literature have presented schemes for MIMO-OFDM based
Cognitive Radio transmission. In [40] a sum interference constraint based single
carrier MIMO optimal power allocation scheme is presented for CR scenarios. The
scheme in [41] considers secondary user MIMO rate maximization in dynamic
spectrum access CR networks, without primary user interference minimization. A
scheme for optimal subcarrier allocation in OFDM based CR systems is presented in
[42]. The work in [8]Error! Reference source not found. considered an
interweave ystem, with the spectral holes allocated to the CR users interspersed
between the primary user bands. The authors presented an optimal scheme for
CR rate maximization while limiting the interference to the primary users in a
SISO-OFDM based CR system. A similar scheme has been presented for MIMO
OFDM power allocation in [43] under the sum interference constraint. However, the
scheme presented therein is suboptimal as they consider per antenna power
allocation, while it is well known that per singular mode power allocation is
optimal in MIMO
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systems. Further, the model is restrictive as it considers only single antenna and not
MIMO wireless systems for the primary users. In a MIMO system, to maximize the
spatial multiplexing gains, one has to transmit and load power along the right
singular vectors of the MIMO channel matrix and receive along the direction of left
singular vectors, also termed as the modes of the MIMO channel. Hence, we propose
new schemes for optimal CR power allocation towards transmission rate
maximization based on spatial interference constraints, that is minimizing the
interference on every receive mode in a MIMO OFDM [44] wireless network,
considering both the presence and absence of channel state information (CSI).
The spatial multiplexing properties of MIMO beamforming can be effectively
employed in multi-user systems to mitigate the inter-user interference. Schemes for
downlink beamforming for single-antenna and multi-antenna multiuser systems are
presented in [26], [45]. Employing multiuser MIMO with CR based access further
improves the spectral efficiency through spatially multiplexing several users.
Previous works [46],[47] present a zero-forcing (ZF) and MMSE-based precoding
algorithm for rate-maximization in multi-user MIMO CR, nulling the interference at
the primary user. Iterative beamforming schemes for multi-user MIMO are
presented in [48], [49], [50]. While such works consider single carrier systems and
null interference, MIMO-OFDM with interference minimization can yield larger
capacity gains. Therefore, we propose optimal beamforming and power allocation
schemes for multi-user MIMO-OFDM based interweave CR broadcast scenarios. We
utilize block diagonalization (BD) [19] to formulate the optimal CR power allocation
paradigm for throughput maximization considering both the availability and
unavailability of primary user channel state information (CSI). We present power
allocation under CSI uncertainty for stochastic and worst case rate maximization. We
propose a novel max-min scheme towards fairness in power allocation based on a
quasi-convex optimization framework, which is solved employing an SDP based rank
relaxation.

6.3.

System model

We consider a MIMO-OFDM based interweave Cognitive Radio (CR) as shown

in Figure 19. The CR base station has transmit antennas with the secondary user
band divided into orthogonal subcarriers of bandwidth

Hz each. Figure 17

depicts the spectrum model showing secondary user subcarrier interference in the
primary user bands. Every subcarrier is being accessed by secondary users with
receive antennas each. The MIMO based primary user system comprises of a base
station with transmit antennas and primary user bands. The th primary user band
is of bandwidth Hz, with every band being accessed by primary users having
receive antennas each. The MIMO channel between the CR base station and the
th secondary user on the

th subcarrier is denoted by

. The vector

received at the th secondary user over the th CR subcarrier at time is given as,

where
user on the

is the transmit symbol vector intended for the

th subcarrier, given as

th secondary

, with

, as the

vector of modulated constellation symbols, denoting the transmit beamforming

matrix and

as the spatio-temporally additive white Gaussian noise

vector with covariance

. The matrix

denotes

the interference channel induced between the CR base station and the th primary
user in the th primary user band corresponding to transmission over the
subcarrier. The interference signal vector,

received

th CR
at the

th primary user due to transmission over the th CR subcarrier at time is given as,

Figure 19: MIMO-OFDM based interweave Cognitive Radio (CR)

6.4.

Problem formulation for multiuser Cognitive Radio scenarios

We begin by considering the point-to-point case where each CR subcarrier is

accessed exclusively by a single user. Also each primary user band is occupied by a
single primary user that is

. The MIMO channel between the CR base

station and the CR user using the th CR subcarrier is denoted by

while

denotes the channel matrix for the interference channel

between the CR base station and the th primary user corresponding to the th CR
subcarrier.

The

received

vector

corresponding to the transmit vector

over

the

th

CR

subcarrier

in the presence of circularly

symmetric additive white Gaussian noise at the time instant is given as,

where

denotes the interference from the primary users. Considering

a raised cosine spectrum with rolloff factor

for the single carrier primary users,

the spectral mask

where

of the th primary user can be represented by the expression [51],

is a frequency parameter that is defined as

th single carrier is restricted to

and

the

. Let the channel matrix for the

interference channel between the primary user base station and the nth CR user
subcarrier induced by the lth primary user signal be denoted by

Hence, the corresponding interference covariance denoted by

is,

Where

is the interference factor for the th subcarrier caused due to

transmission over the th primary user band defined as

. In

the absence of primary user CSI, the transmit covariance matrix can be assumed to
be isotropic with

, where

is the total allocated power to the

th user at the primary user base station.

The covariance matrix of the interference

Thus the output signal

where

at the th subcarrier is given as,

after interference whitening is given as

is the noise plus interference covariance matrix. Therefore,

the effective whitened channel matrix

is given as

Let the singular value decomposition (SVD) of

be given as,

Where

are unitary matrices and

non-negative singular values

values, where
precoding matrix

. Let

is the diagonal matrix containing the

denote the number of non-zero singular

. It is well known that the optimal transmit

corresponding to the MIMO channel matrix

transmit covariance matrix for the th subcarrier

is given as,

is

. The

where

is the

diagonal matrix,

and

with

principal

diagonal as

is the power allocated to the th MIMO

mode aligned with the transmit beamforming vector

transmit precoding matrix

the

, the th column of the

. The interference introduced by the th CR subcarrier

in the th primary user band is denoted by

, which can be

expressed as,

where is the spectral distance between the th CR subcarrier and the th primary user
band. The quantity is the interference factor for the th primary user band due to
the th CR subcarrier, defined as

where

6.5.

is the OFDM symbol time.

Optimal MIMO-OFDM Power allocation without primary user CSI

We consider an interference threshold of for the primary users. Since the primary
users employ a MIMO wireless system, in principle it is essential to limit the
interference caused by the CR users at each mode of every primary user. In the
absence of primary user CSI, this can be formulated as limiting the worst case
isotropic interference caused by the CR users that is limiting the interference at all
possible modes. Hence, the optimal power allocation for sum-rate maximization for
the CR user subcarriers, subject to the constraint of primary user interference
threshold similar to [8], is obtained as a solution to the convex semi-definite
programming (SDP) problem [10] described as,

As demonstrated above, the isotropic interference constraint at each of the users

reduces to an SDP constraint, where the generalized inequality is on the convex cone
of positive semi-definite matrices. Further, this guarantees a low level of interference
at each primary user. A relaxed constraint problem, considering the sum of the
total interference across all primary users can be formulated by replacing the first
constraint in the above optimization as,

This sum-trace relaxed constraint optimization problem can be written as,

The quantity

denotes the th diagonal element of

the matrix

. For the optimal and dual optimal

variables,
problem are,

the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions for this convex

The optimal power allocation for capacity maximization obtained solving the
KKT conditions is as follows,

where

if

and 0 otherwise. The quantity

is derived such that

The above water filling based power allocation is amenable to practical

implementation due to its limited complexity. Naturally, the rate achieved with this
relaxed constraint is higher than the rate with individual isotropic interference
constraints. However, the above relaxed constraint can result in asymmetric
interference, due to the skewed nature of the water filling power allocation
algorithm [1] which allocates a higher power to users with a larger

. This leads to

a high interference at primary users close to a CR with a good channel, and lower
interference at others, thus resulting in an unequal interference burden.

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