Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Report Midterm
GROUP 20
GROUP PERSONNEL:
DANNY LEONARDI
(1306403711)
MARIA ULFA
(1306370625)
RAHMATIKA ALFIA AMILIANA (1306370562)
RAUDINA
(1306370594)
RAYHAN HAFIDZ I
(1306409362)
EXECUTIVE SUMARY
Animation Video of health and safely gas fuel usage has the primary
objective to promote how the use and handling of fuel gas properly and safely.
Socialization using an animated video is the one of effective way, because it can
be spread through many media, such as television and internet. Animation video is
also more easily to attract wide public attention because the socialization materials
will be delivered in audio and visual with an interesting character. The
socialization materials of procedures for the use of fuel gas properly and safely
will be presented in a simple way on this animation video, so that the general
public are more easily understand.
The first stage of making an animation video concept are looking for the
literature and collect information about the fuel gas that is commonly used in the
community. Important information such as the classification of fuel gas, the
combustion process of the fuel gas, the hazard of the fuel gas, standard regulations
on the use of fuel gas, data and statistics from the fuel gas accident, and the
prevention of such accidents were collected. This collected information will be the
main basis of the animated video content that will be created.
The next stage is to find out the public's understanding of how the use of
fuel gas properly and safely. This stage was done by interviewing several people
who often wear the fuel gas in their daily lives and finding more information
about the cause of the accident that most common in people when using fuel gas.
From this stage we can find the key points that should be emphasized in
socializing how to use fuel gas. This stage also helps in filtering out any
information that is necessary and doesnt need to be aired in a animation video
that will be created.
From the two previous stages, the content and the overview form of an
animation video has been obtained. The core of the animation video content that
will be made are the procedures for the use of LPG and CNG properly and safety,
as well as the ways of prevention and mitigation of accidents due to the use of
such fuel.
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LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTENTS............................................................................................iv
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..............................................................................1
1.1. Background...............................................................................................1
1.2. Problem Definition....................................................................................3
1.3. Identification of Problem...........................................................................3
1.4. Limitation of Problem...............................................................................3
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE............................................................5
2. 1. Definition and Classification of Fuel Gas.................................................5
2.1.1. Calorific Value...................................................................................6
2.1.2. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)........................................................6
2.1.3. Natural Gas........................................................................................7
2. 2. Combustion of Fuel Gas..........................................................................10
2.2.1. Combustion Characteristics of Natural Gas.....................................12
2. 3. Hazard of Fuel Gas..................................................................................13
2.3.1. Hazard of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).....................................13
2.3.2. Hazard of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).....................................15
2.3.3. Hazard of Urban Gas Pipeline Networks.........................................17
2. 4. Standard Regulation of Fuel Gas Usage..................................................19
2.4.1. Standard Regulation for Converter Kit............................................19
2.4.2. Standard Regulation of Liquified Petroleum Gas Usage.................21
2.4.3. Standard Regulation of Compressed Natural Gas Usage.................23
2. 5. Data and Statistic of Fuel Gas Accident..................................................24
2.5.1. Statistic of Liquefied Petroleum Gas...............................................24
2.5.2. Statistic of Fuel Gas Accident in Vehicles.......................................25
2. 6. Countermeasures of Fuel Gas Accident..................................................25
2.6.1. CNG as BBG....................................................................................25
2.6.2. LPG..................................................................................................26
2.6.3. CNG on Gas Pipeline.......................................................................27
CHAPTER III REAL LIFE PROBLEM................................................................33
3. 1. Common Mistakes by The People...........................................................33
3. 2. Current HSE Publication of Fuel Gas.....................................................36
3. 3. Implementation of Regulation.................................................................38
3. 4. Peoples Opinion.....................................................................................42
CHAPTER IV PRODUCT SPECIFICATION.......................................................45
4. 1. Background.............................................................................................45
4. 2. Character.................................................................................................45
4. 2. 1. The Importance of Character...........................................................46
4. 2. 2. The Types of Character on Animation Video...................................47
4. 2. 3. The Character on The Fuel gas Video..............................................49
4. 3. Duration...................................................................................................49
4. 3. 1. The Ideal Explainer Video Length...................................................49
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LIST OF FIGURES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Typical Physical & Chemical Properties of Various Gaseous Fuels...6
Table 2.2. Comparison of Chemical Composition of Various Fuels....................8
Table 2.3. Combustion of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Sulphur.................................11
Table 2.4. Hazard Identification in LPG Safety Data Sheet................................14
Table 2.5. Hazard Identification of CNG.............................................................16
Table 2.6. Harmonized System Numbers in Converter Kit and Tank..................20
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Fuel gas consumption in Indonesia is growing, not only for domestic use,
but also began to be used commercially for fuel transportation. This is supported
by the Indonesian government policies that have shifted the use of oil fuel into
fuel gas in 2006 and began heavily socialized in 2007.
But since the use of fuel gas become wider, the accidents that occur due the
use of such fuel become more often and causes people increasingly restive and
fearful in its use. Based on data from BPKN (National Consumer Protection
Agency), that until June 2012, there have been 33 cases of leakage of LPG
(Liquefied Petroleum Gas) which caused 8 deaths and 48 people injured.
There was an increase in cases of fuel gas in households, recorded annually
until 2010 by National Consumer Protection Agency in Indonesia. Although the
government has conducted various efforts to educate the public about the use of
fuel gas that is safe and the use of LPG has also been widely accepted in the
community, but the accidents caused by these fuels is still rife.
In February 2016, there have been several cases of LPG explosion. In
Malang, East Java, gas explosion of 3 kg LPG caused the destruction of a house
and its occupants were injured (Detiknews, 2016). 12 kilogram gas cylinder
explosion in Tanggerang on last February 18 has also caused a 2-year old toddler
died and three people were injured (Liputan 6, 2016).
Fuel consumption is not limited to gas for domestic use, but is now also
increasingly being developed for the purposes of transportation. In Jakarta, fuel
gas consumption continues to rise and the consumers are varies, ranging from
Transjakarta buses, bajaj, taxi, up to a luxury car. Several new fuel gas station
(SPBG) also been opened to serve the needs of that fuel gas. This is not out of
government support thet providing technical assistance Converter Kit to the public
transport (SK.2336/UM.303/DRJD/2010) so that the increasingly widespread use
of the fuel gas.
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Unfortunately, the use of fuel gas in transport also raises some issues. In
October 2011 ago, there was an explosion at Pinang Ranti fuel gas stations
(Okezone News, 2011). Other than that, the incidence of the bus broke down and
burned out be the things that often happens in Transjakarta bus service. Many
people who assess it is caused by the use of fuel gas. Nevertheless, PT
TransJakarta stated that fuel gas (BBG) will be continue to be used as the main
fuel, in accordance with Regulation No. 2 Year 2005 on Air Pollution Control in
Jakarta (Kompas, 2015).
Due to the many accidents that occur by the use of fuel gas, the public is
getting restless and decreasing its reliance on the use of these fuels. However,
many people dont realize that most of these accidents occur due to poor
installation conditions support the fuel gas and the lack of public knowledge about
how to use it.
Research recorded in the Journal of the National Public Health indicates that
the lack of housewifes knowledge related the safety matters to use the gas
cylinders and the accessories. The leak in the neck tube, the repeated failure to
ignite the stove, the bad condition of the hose, and the poor installation of
regulator are still be the cause of the most common problems occur in the use of
LPG. (Kompas, 2010). As for the case of Transjakarta bus, commissioner of PT
Transjakarta, Muhammad Akbar, said that a heavy workload and the bus design
that is less support for the use of fuel gas were the main factor of the burning bus
(Kompas, 2015).
Looking from the causes of the problems that have been described
previously, it is necessary to socialization about how to use fuel gas properly and
safely for the general public. The simple socialization, easy to understand, and
attractive be a major base in disseminating this information. Video animations are
easily disseminated via television and internet media be the one of the alternative
options to conduct socialization. By socializing the use of fuel gas properly and
safely through video animation, is expected to increase public enthusiasm towards
the use of fuel gas and reduce cases of accidents that occur due to the use of that
fuel.
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safely for the peoples widely in a creative ways and easy to understand.
The efforts from the government to make socializations and regulations to
prevent the fuel gas accident are still low and poor.
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The target viewer of LPG video will be housewives and sellers, whereas
CNG video will be for public transportation drivers.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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Relativ
e
Density
Natural Gas
Propane
Butane
0.6
1.52
1.96
Higher
Heating
Value
kcal/Nm3
9350
22200
28500
Air/Fuel
Flame
ratioTemp. C
m3 of air to
m3 of Fuel
10
1954
25
1967
32
1973
Flame
Speed
m/s
0.290
0.460
0.870
(Source: www.em-ea.org)
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adequate ground level ventilation where LPG is stored. For this very reason
LPG cylinders should not be stored in cellars or basements, which have no
ventilation at ground level.
LPG is a mixture of predominantly commercial propane and commercial
butane. Its composition is typically 80% propane and 20% butane (on a liquid
volume basis). However, the blend may be as low as 50:50 and it depends on
application and the cost of propane. As propane has vapor pressure of 8.53 bar
(absolute) at 20oC and butane has much lower vapor pressure of 2.06 bar,
equipment requiring higher gas pressures needs LPG with higher propane
fraction. The GCV of commercial propane is 50.3 MJ/kg while butane has the
GCV of 49.5 MJ/kg. The GCV of commercial LPG does therefore vary
slightly between 49.6 MJ/kg (80P:20B) and 49.8 MJ/kg (50P:50B). LPG is
either sold per weight or per liquid volume. Liquid densities at 15C are 0.524
kg/l (80P:20B) to 0.545 kg/l (50P:50B).
LPG has many properties including density (specific gravity), flame
temperature, boiling point, flash point, vapour pressure, odour, appearance,
energy content,
gaseous
limits
of
flammability, nomenclature.
The lower and upper limits of flammability are the percentages of LPG
that must be present in an LPG/air mixture. This means that between 2.15%
and 9.6% of the total LPG/air mixture must be LPG in order for it to be
combustible.
The flash point of LPG (propane) is -104C. This is the minimum
temperature at which propane will burn on its own after having been ignited.
Below this temperature, it will stop burning on its own. However, if a source
of continuous ignition is present, it will burn below -104C.
2.1.3. Natural Gas
Natural gas is combustible gas that occurs in the porous rock of the
earths crust and is found with or near accumulations of crude oil. As gas, it
may occur alone in separate reservoirs. It consists of hydrocarbons with a very
low boiling point. Methane is the main constituent of Natural Gas and
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accounting for about 95% of the total volume. Other components are: Ethane,
Propane, Butane, Pentane, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and traces of other
gases. Very small amounts of sulphur compounds are also present. Since
methane is the largest component of natural gas, generally properties of
methane are used when comparing the properties of natural gas to other fuels.
Natural gas is a high calorific value fuel requiring no storage facilities. It
mixes with air readily and does not produce smoke or soot. It has no sulphur
content. It is lighter than air and disperses into air easily in case of leak.
It is a mixture of hydrocarbons and nitrogen, with other gases appearing
in small quantities. For samples of natural gases found in several regions of
the United States, it is seen that the gases contain 83-94% methane (CH4), 016% ethane (C2H6), 0.5-8.4% nitrogen and small quantities of other
components, by volume. The ultimate analysis shows that the gases contain
about 65-75% carbon, 20-24% hydrogen, 0.75-13% nitrogen, and small
amounts of oxygen and sulfur in some cases. The higher heating values are in
the neighborhood of 1000 Btu/ft3 on a volume basis and 22,000 Btu/lbm on a
mass basis. In regions where it is abundant, natural gas is frequently the fuel
of choice because of its low sulfur and ash content and ease of use.
Table 2.2. Comparison of Chemical Composition of Various Fuels
Fuel Oil
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulphur
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ash
Water
Coal
84
12
3
1
Trace
Trace
Trace
Natural Gas
41.11
74
2.76
25
0.41
9.89
Trace
1.22
0.75
38.63
5.98
-
(Source: www.em-ea.org)
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dissipate if leaked whereas gasoline will sink and puddle, causing damage
to environment. Dedicated NGVs produce little or no evaporative
emissions during fueling and use. An odorant is added to provide a
distinctive and intentionally disagreeable smell that is easy to recognize.
The odor is detectable at one-fifth of the gas lower flammability limit.
2.1.3.2. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
LNG is natural gas that cooled to become liquid at temperatures
between -150 C to -200 C. Development and utilization of LNG require
more complex infrastructure. On the upstream, the development of LNG
not only require regular production facilities, but in need of refineries able
to liquefy the gas to the specified temperature. Cryogenic cooling facility
and the tank requires a huge investment.
On the downstream, the use of LNG requires the facility to convert
LNG back into gas, called LNG regasification terminal. In addition to
regasification facilities, the utilization of the gas produced also require the
pipeline to get to the consumer. With the need for a very low temperature,
LNG can not be distributed in the form of tubes like LPG. However, the
use of LNG regasification facility at the same time requires an integrated
transport system to the user.
For the city gas pipe network (Jargas), the right type of natural gas
requires several separate criteria. Criteria include qualities that can be used
for residential or industrial consumption and meet the specifications of
pipeline transmission company or distribution company. In this case, lean
gas can be an example.
One of the Government's strategic steps to replace use of petroleum
fuels is increasing the use of natural gas for households and small
customers. The program is the network for domestic gas or town gas. For
domestic gas network means the flow of gas (LNG) through pipelines to
the household. Jargas household is a network of natural gas is determined
by considering the supply of gas and consumer needs of households and /
or small customers based on the government's development plans or
business entity. Domestic gas network was built in diversification and
conservation of energy.
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The theoretical air-fuel ratio is a fuel specific parameter that has nothing
to do with furnace design or the combustion process, while is parameter that
shows how efficiently fuel is combusted. The closer is to one, the more
efficient is the furnace or burner design and operation. The amount of excess
air can be derived from the measurement of either the O2 or CO2 content of
the flue gas.
2. 3. Hazard of Fuel Gas
2.3.1. Hazard of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
LPG is a liquefied gas which contain mixture of propane and butane. It
is colourless and also odorloss gas. The current OSHA standard for LPG is
1000 parts of LPG per million parts of air (ppm) averaged over an eight-hour
work shift. This may also be expressed as 1800 milligrams of LPG per cubic
meter of air.
There are physical and health hazard on LPG. For the physical hazards,
LPG is approximately twice as heavy as air when in gas form and will tend to
sink to the lowest possible level and may accumulate in cellars, pits, drains
etc. LPG in liquid form can cause severe cold burns to the skin owing to its
rapid vaporization. Vaporization can cool equipment so that it may be cold
enough to cause cold burns. LPG forms a flammable mixture with air in
concentrations of between 2% and 10%. It can, therefore, be a fire and
explosion hazard if stored or used incorrectly. Vapor/air mixtures arising from
leakages may be ignited some distance from the point of escape and the flame
can travel back to the source of the leak. At very high concentrations when
mixed with air, vapor is an anesthetic and subsequently an asphyxiant by
diluting the available oxygen. A vessel that has contained LPG is nominally
empty but may still contain LPG vapor and be potentially dangerous.
Therefore treat all LPG vessels as if they were full.
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may cause frostbite, as well as skin irritation. Toxicology data are meager, and
no chronic systemic effects have been reported from industrial exposure.
As the warning properties, odor threshold: propane is the main
constituent of LPG, according to the Documentation of TLCs. The odor
threshold of propane (20,000 ppm) is 20 times the permissible exposure limit
(1000 ppm). Eye irritation level: since propane is the main constituent of LPG,
and since the eye irritation threshold of propane is above its lower flammable
limit, eye irritation does not restrict respirator selection either for propane of
for LPG.
2.3.2. Hazard of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Properties of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) are same with Liquified
Natural Gas (LNG). The difference is the pressure and temperature applied. In
CNG, the pressure is high but the gas appears in ambient temperature. And in
LNG, the pressure is atmospheric and the temperature is low, as in -160 C.
The fact that CNG is stored at high pressure is the most unique physical
characteristic of a CNG fuel system. Inadvertent opening of valves or
loosening of fittings containing high pressure natural gas can result in not only
the creation of a fire hazard, but also the high velocity ejection of metal parts
or fragments that could be lethal to nearby personnel. Ignition of leaking
natural gas near the source of a leak will produce a flame similar to that of a
gas burner or a torch. Because only a small volume of gas will accumulate,
there is reduced danger if the ignition is shortly after the initiation of the leak.
When CNG leaks, the CNG container will be overheated and then there
will be smoke and fumes from burning vehicle components. Large quantities
can accumulate from large leaks over a fairly short time period or from slow
leaks over a long period of time. Large fuel leaks will produce a large cloud of
a flammable mixture that is equal to several gallons of fully vaporized
gasoline. The flammable mixture will rise and form a layer under the ceiling
in a building without adequate ventilation. Ignition of such a mixture will
cause extensive damage as a result of the potential explosion and the
subsequent fire.
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But when CNG compared with another gases such as LPG, it comes as a
surprise that CNG is one of the a fest transport fuels available. As a safety
measure, the gas is odorised prior to distribution to provide a ready means of
leak detection. The concentration of a gas that can be smelled by average
person is about 16 times lower than the level which will support combustion.
Natural gas has no known toxic or chronic physiological effects.
Exposure to a moderate concentration may result in a headache or similar
symptoms due to oxygen deprivation but it is likely that the smell would be
detected well in advance of concentrations being high enough for this to occur.
The fact that natural gas is lighter than air further enhances its safety.
Unlike other fuels such as diesel, petrol or LPG, which are heavier than air,
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should a natural gas leak occur, the gas will readily dissipate into the
atmosphere. This eliminates the risk of the fuel accumulating or pooling at
ground level causing a greating risk or hazard.
2.3.3. Hazard of Urban Gas Pipeline Networks
The urban gas pipeline network is one of the energy supply alternatives
developed by the government to directly supply fuel gases to many
households, which can then be used for daily chores. The natural gas
contained within the network has a similar composition to LNG (Liquefied
Natural Gas), which mainly consists of methane and ethane. Therefore, their
general properties should be the same as LNG. The difference is that the
natural gas contained in gas pipe network is still in its gas phase, therefore not
needing any liquefaction facilities nor gasification facilities when being
distributed to urban households. But, since the gas is being transported
through far distances from its production facility, the gas must be given high
pressure to ensure that the gas would have enough pressure when reaching
urban households. This is due to the friction loss which happens to the gas
inside the pipeline, therefore decreasing its pressure over distance.
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From the short analysis above, we can say that big trouble would arise if
for some reason a leak happens within the gas pipe network. If no decent
countermeasures are being done quickly, a risk of explosion can happen. But,
this kind of accident wouldnt happen because the engineers have calculated
and predicted the construction for the pipelines thoroughly. Even so, the risk
of accidents still exists within certain factors, whether in the design or by other
external factors. Qiuju You et al. (2014) have created a flowchart in their risk
assessment regarding gas pipe network, containing almost every factor that
could impose danger to the urban gas pipe network.
From the above flowchart, it can be seen that there are 4 major factors
which could affect the risk of accidents in urban gas pipe network, which are
third-party interference, corrosion factor, design factor, and mis-operation
factor during and/or after the construction. The third-party interference
consists of factors which involve outside party, such as civil developer and the
citizen. These interferences can happen because of their lack of information
about gas pipe network hazard and prohibition and/or limitations regarding the
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latter. Then, the corrosion factor deals with the material being used for the
pipelines. This factor has a connection with pipeline simulation & calculation
to decide the best material which can cause the least corrosion speed, but with
economic price. The prevention of this factor also requires periodic pipeline
inspection, which is aimed to see if there are any segment of the pipeline has
deteriorated or not. The third main factor is the design factor, which deals with
technical factors regarding the pipeline construction. The factors which must
be considered include the steel selection, safety factor which deals with safety
aspects towards the worker and the citizen, fatigue factor which deals with
metal fatigue due to weight over time, and hydrostatic test if the pipe has to go
through water bodies. The last main factor is the mis-operation, which takes
account of any mistakes made when doing the prescribed procedures. This
mis-operation factor includes mistakes made in the construction process,
operation, or the maintenance.
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Piping
Regulator
Mixer/injector
Cylinder valve
Isolation valve
Refuelling non-return
valve
g. Refuelling connection
h. Safety cut-off device
Component
System
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21
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Piping
Regulator
Distribution
LGV filer
Change over switch
f.
g.
h.
i.
Volume indicator
Refuelling point
Electronic Control Unit
Shut-off
valve/solenoid
valve
(on/off)
(3) Converter Kit and Tank as given in Clause 1 have number EX HS.
8413.30.92.00 which is a complete converter kit type for injector and
mixer (updated from Ministry of Industry and Trade Regulation no.
17/M-IND/PER/3/2014) and consist of components with Harmonized
System (HS) numbers as follows :
(4) Table 2.6. Harmonized System Numbers in Converter Kit and
Tank
(5)
(7)
H
(8)
(9)
C
(10)
(11)
E
with
working pressure
(14)
From
seamless,
with
20
bar
steel,
volume
(15)
E
(19)
E
22
(22)
From
composite
(23)
with
200
bar
working pressure
(26)
From aluminium,
(27)
200
bar
working pressure
(30)
Injector and Mixer
(29)
C
(32)
with
(31)
type
(33)
(34)
E
Power Supply: DC
(35)
12 V 28 V
General
of
Land
Transportation
Regulation
no.
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a. Administrative
b. Technical
(41)
2.4.3. Standard Regulation of Compressed Natural Gas Usage
(42) The regulation for CNG usage is given in Ministry of
Transportation Regulation no. PM. 39 year 2012 about the usage of
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in vehicles.
(43)
2.4.3.1 Chapter 2 CNG Fuel Type Usage Installation system
installation system
Clause 3
(1) Fuel gas usage installation system as given in Clause 2 (2) consist
of :
a. Bi-fuel system
b. Dual fuel system
c. Full dedicated engine system
(2) Bi-fuel system as given in (1) is used for vehicle that use fuel gas
and gasoline alternately.
(3) Dual fuel system as given in (1) is used for vehicle that use fuel gas
and diesel fuel together.
(4) Full dedicated engine system as given in (1) is used for vehicle that
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requirements:
a. Administrative
b. Technical
c.
2. 5. Data and Statistic of Fuel Gas Accident
2.5.1. Statistic of Liquefied Petroleum Gas
d.
Government regulation to change energy uses from kerosene to
LPG turned out to be a problem in the first years of usage. Based on National
Consumer Protection Agency (BPKN) until June 2010, LPG accident has
raised from 2007 until 2010 as shown in Figure 2.1.
48
50
35
40
20
5
10
0
0 2007
12
4
2
2008
33
30
27
30
44
2009
2010
Number of Case
e.
f. Figure 2.2. LPG Accident Data
g.
h.
From Figure 2.2. we could see that the number of people died and
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retailer and consumer. That is why not everyone know how to use LPG 3kg
tank correctly, including how to shut the valve, how to buy the right tank and
how to check the condition of hose, regulator and valve.
i.
2.5.2. Statistic of Fuel Gas Accident in Vehicles
j.
The implementation of changing from gasoline to fuel gas for
vehicles also turned out to be a problem. One of the most known accidents is
Transjakarta bus which is on fire. More than 15 cases of Transjakarta bus is
on fire in 2015 and at least 2 cases in 2016. This became big since
Transjakarta bus is one of the vehicle that use fuel gas as the fuel, and not
gasoline. But experts has proved that the risk of vehicle explosion is not on the
fuel and technology applied, but in the maintenance part.
k.
Besides that, the accidents from Transjakarta bus are all on fire,
not explode. If the accidents occurs because of gas, then there will be
explosion. CNG, as mentioned before has lower density than air, which means
when it leak, CNG will vaporize and gone with the air, especially when the
vehicle move, so there will reduce the chance of explosion to almost zero
possibility.
l.
2. 6. Countermeasures of Fuel Gas Accident
2.6.1. CNG as BBG
Proper maintenance with the right preventive inspection
Proper thermal insulation in the engine
areas of potential sources of fires designed and installed properly
using high-grade electrical components
training for bus drivers and crew in handling fires
using fire detection systems, automatic fire and manuals that are
m.
1. Bump test
2. Bonfire Test
3. Gunfire Test
n.
2.6.2. LPG
1. Gas tube placement
The room should be open and have good air circulation
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Placed an air vent at the bottom near the LPG gas cylinder placed
LPG gas cylinders must always be perpendicular and protected
stove.
Gas stove should be placed on the flat and away from flammable
materials
3. Prior to the use of LPG gas stove
Make sure the LPG cylinder in an perpendicular position
Make sure the regulator on LPG cylinder valve has been locked
Check the gas stove, hoses, clamps and regulators and make sure
any objects.
4. If there is leakage of LPG gas
There will LPG odor
Remove the regulator
Bring LPG cylinder out of the room / out of the house and put it on
the ground / open space
Do not ingnite a fire or turn the power supply
5. If fire occurs in the accessories (hose, regulator)
Remove the regulator of the LPG cylinder while it possible
Bring LPG gas cylinders and other reserves to a place far away
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Protect the markings on the tube which is the identity of the gas
cylinder
Do not use the top gas tube as a place to put objects or household
material.
If gas cylinder is leaking, brought the gas cylinders into the open
space and away from sparks or heat or electricity. Do not try to fix
it yourself.
There may not mix gas in the gas cylinder or try to recharge the
p.
the reason is many-sided. Main reasons are defects of the pipe itself,
corrosion, pipeline construction problems, the third party damage, destruction
of environment factors, gas pipeline leak detection of adverse and gas pipeline
safety management factors. Where, pipe quality, construction problems,
corrosion of buried gas pipeline, and the third party damage are particularly
prominent. Gas is flammable and explosive, and equipment and pipeline of
gas pressure transmission and distribution network are complex, of which gas
supply is continuous, once fire explosion risk of leakage is large, it easily
leads to a large range of gas combustion and explosion spaces. The
electrostatic discharge spark energy of the gas when pressure pipeline breaks
or venting speed is high, is sufficient to ignite the gas.
q.
than 3 kg tank LPG. One causes that make leakage accident of gas pipe line is
earthquake. The following steps that we have to respons is:
a. Repair Method of Leakage Accident by Earthquake
r.
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control and treatment as soon as possible and farthest reduce and eliminate
seismic loss. In order to make pipeline leakage accident emergency
treatment well-organized, figure 3 provides an effective accident
emergency process.
t.
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Emergency
headquarters:
it
organized
by
pipeline
operation
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When some great gas pipeline leakage accident happened, the prior
f. Emergency Plan
af.
possible damage. Once the earthquake caused gas pipeline leakage, we can
gather preparedness information immediately and guide emergency
operation workers to adopt effective emergency measures. The emergency
plan contains
1. emergency organization
2. hazard identifying and risk assessment
3. notification procedure and alarm system
4. emergency equipment and facilities
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33
In the causes of the explosion of LPG, there are many reasons beside the
mistake by the peoples that have explained above. Lets focus on the equipment of
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LPG. First, the peoples doesnt realize that their regulator have a poor quality.
Some regulator even doesnt have the SNI standard. This kind of regulator is
doesnt cover the tube well, so that the gas from the tube is leak outside. When the
gas is leak outside, the risk of explosion that can occur is high, because the
concentration of C3 and C4 gas in the air is rising.
Second, peoples also doesnt take a look to another equipment in LPG, that
is the hose. The hose can cause the explosion. Its not only because of the hose
that maybe have a poor quality. The hose can leak the gas out to the air, because of
the rats. The rats are like to bite the hose. The risk of this disruption of the rats is
high enough, because the LPG must have placed in the bottom. At the result, the
chance of explosion is rise because the leak of the hose.
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(Source: img.bisnis.com)
The characteristic of good hose that fulfill the standard is consists of three
layers, the outer layer is a fire-resistant teflon, the middle layer is a layer from
yarn that has be oiled by rat poison, and the inner layer is a layer that has designed
to withstand the pressure of the gas. Please note that use of the hose located at the
back of the stove is very prone to be damage due to exposure to hot oil spilling or
bitten by the rats.
Also, the hose also must clean from another gas or air that trapped inside the
hose. Another gas or air inside the hose can become impurities to the LPG gas.
Then, the impurities can affect the quality of the hose, especially if theres some
water inside the hose, because it can make corrosion to the hose. The hose can be
broken by these impurities because the hose is designed specifically only for LPG
gas. Also, these impurities can affect the quality of the gas combustion in the
stove to be imperfect.
There is also one important thing that the peoples miss it when started using
the LPG at their home, there is the ventilation. The ventilation is very important
for the safety aspect of using the LPG. Because, the ventilation inside the house,
especially in kitchen is prevent the gas to be accumulated, so that the chances for
explosion that can occur is getting higher. The good ventilation when using LPG
is not only on the top, but also in the bottom of the room, because the molecular
mass of the gas in LPG (C3 and C4) is little bit heavy.
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The accident of fuel gas, especially by the use of LPG is still high in
Indonesia. The example of that bad habit and the bad quality of the equipment of
LPG can increase the chances of accident, the fuel gas can blazed and explode,
because a wildfire that destroy their asset and property, injured the peoples, even
cause the peoples killed. The peoples like to do anything arbitrarily while use the
fuel gas, without pay attention about the safety aspect.
In the focus of CNG accident, in Indonesia the Trans Jakarta Bus is using
CNG for their fuel. But, sometimes the Trans Jakarta Bus suffers a fire accident.
The causes of bus fire by the fire sources are:
Electricity System
Commonly, the broken electricity system is happens in the room of
battery/accu, alternator, or AC compressor.
Friction
In the tyres because of its leak, or the worn-out brakes
Engine components
Because the leaks of fuel gas, lubricants, the broken in exhaust/turbocharger,
or the overheated components.
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educate the peoples how to use the fuel gas safely, in the result to depress the
number of fuel gas explosion accidents that occur. The specific target of HSE
publication is the peoples that often use the LPG, such as housewives and food
trades, the drivers that use the CNG, and the gas station staffs.
For the common peoples like the housewives and the drivers, Pertamina is
use the advertisement on the television. The television is used because the range
and scope of its very large the peoples. Over years ago, there is an advertisement
from the government. The advertisement was explained the safety use of LPG 3
kilograms. But unfortunately, now the advertisement is no longer in television.
This decision is very pity because the advertisement is useful, have a good content
about the safety of using LPG 3 kilograms.
The government, in this case is Pertamina, also have made the poster about
the safety instruction to use the LPG 3 kilograms. In this example, the poster is
have a four main content, such as the safety preparation before using LPG, how to
use a stove gas correctly, how to do when the LPG is exhausted or how to change
the LPG, and the warning about any dangerous action when using LPG. These
main contents in the poster are very good to explain to the peoples, but
unfortunately, this poster is very rarely found among the society.
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3. 3. Implementation of Regulation
The government in Indonesia has focused to implement the safety regulation
of fuel gas to the LPG and CNG. The common target by the government is the
producer, distributor, and the consumer or the peoples that use the fuel gas. The
authorities that have a right to regulate the regulation of the LPG and CNG are the
central government (Pemerintah RI), province government (Pemprov), and district
or city government (Pemkab or Pemkot). They make the regulation, while the
direct supervision is due by the inspectors of HSE, specialist of steam engines and
pressure vessels.
The implementation of regulation based on the constitution must have
principle to be preventive, systematic, and comprehensive. The regulation from
the government is set the fuel gas (LPG and CNG) in the society by the three
principles above, such as:
a) Plan and design
b) Production and manufacture
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c)
d)
e)
f)
Installation
Selling
Usage and maintenance
Reparation and modification
For the LPG, the government have set a standard quality (SNI) for LPG
equipment, such as tube, hose, regulator, etc. The standard quality is very
important to be applied, because to make sure the peoples is safe by using high
quality equipment. Standard quality is applied not only for the domestic
equipment suppliers, but also for the foreign suppliers that want to enter their
product to Indonesia. But sometimes, equipment that not have a standard quality
is wriggle out to the society. Lets check to the distribution and commercialization
channel of LPG.
In the distribution of LPG, especially 3 kilograms, the government has
authorities to monitored LPG distribution channels. The distribution of LPG must
through a number of phases which maintained its quality control. Monitoring of
LPG only up to the agents.
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41
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3. 4. Peoples Opinion
We as a group have internal or mini survey by question our family to take
a look to the society about their opinion of fuel gas; all of them are talk about
LPG. The entire respondent is have used the fuel gas over 10 years ago. The fuel
gas that they use now is various, between the 3 kg and 12 kg. All of them also
already know about how to use the LPG correctly. But, they got the information
about this from the gas sellers, not from the government.
40%
60%
3 Kg
12 Kg
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Surprisingly, evidently all of them ever have the experienced when the leak
of gas from the tube is occur after smells the odour substance of gas. One of them
even has a kind of little explosion of the gas, and fortunately dont have any
serious injuries because of that. All of them have similar countermeasures to the
leak gas tube, by remove the hose, bring the tube outside home, and keep the tube
away from the fire sources.
Ever
Never
80%
Figure 3.14. Most of Our Respondent is Never Had Fuel gas Accident
Related to the publication of HSE of fuel gas, they hope the government is
more often publicize and spread the information and explanation about how to use
the fuel gas safety to the peoples. Also, they hope the government use and utilize
the media that can spread the information widely to many peoples. One of the
media that they want is the television, because its easy to watch. The government
also can place the publication on social media like YouTube, using advertisement
before the video. Publication from posters and brochure is also effective.
Figure 3.15. The Animation Video Can Spread Widely by Use YouTube Ad.
(Source: blastmedia.com)
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The peoples want the animation video that attractive, and dont have a bored
plot. Because of that, this animation video product will be designed with a cute
characters and funny story plot. The most important thing is peoples want the
video that explain the causes of exploding gas and the HSE aspect. So, the video
will be contained the contents explain the fuel gas uses deeply, such as the fuel
gas combustion, what can makes the fuel gas can explode, the most important,
how to use the fuel gas with safety aspect, all with easy explanation.
CHAPTER IV
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
4. 1. Background
After the first assignment explain about the technical of fuel gas combustion
and its causes, this chapter will explain about specifications, concept and technical
manufacturing of our product, HSE of fuel gas animation video. In the preparation
of the specifications, concept and technical products we made, there are
considerations that we take, which are the level of difficulty each type of video,
available times to complete the video, and the most powerful and comprehensive
way to make sure the video can be entered and easily understood by the public.
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Storytelling
Stories, fables and tales of all kinds have been used to teach, explain
new things and communicate for thousands of years. And in all of them,
theres a key element that connects these stories: the use of characters.
Characters are the ones that make stories unfold: things happen to them
and they act in consequence.
Storytelling (and therefore the characters) makes an animated video
fun and entertaining to watch, driving enough time for you to explain your
idea and lead people to recall your video and your brand.
Its proven that an animated video embedded on a website boosts
visit time by 2 minutes on average. This helps the site rank higher on
search engines (Google, Yahoo!, Bing) by considering it as of interest and
helps increase sales by 20% on average.
4. 2. 1. 2.
Audience Identification
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natural to feel empathy with other peoples feelings, but in order to get that
with your video, your characters must be really well animated: they must
look alive. If they cant be lively, the desired effect is missed.
4. 2. 1. 4.
Humor
Conversions
Living Object
Characters from living things are usually in the form of humans and
animals. This character type is generally not necessary to add other organs
that describes that character's "life", such as the ears, mouth, eyes, hands,
and feet. The viewer can directly assume this type of character is able to
think and communicate with each other's way, so they can directly bring
the storyline of the video.
4. 2. 2. 2.
Inanimate Object
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While, the side character that will be displayed on the videos are a
human as the operator of other inanimate objects. The human characters only
role as a supporting character to clarify a step or process that will be shown on
the storyline.
4. 3. Duration
4. 3. 1. The Ideal Explainer Video Length
The length of the explainer video depends on goals. The main problem is
to explain something, but without boring the viewer. Generally a 90-second
video is OK, but sometimes it might not be the best choice. Again, it all
depends on the goals. Maybe a 30-second video is a great idea if the
explanation isnt so complex to describe; or perhaps really need a 2-minute
video because it cant explain your products new features in a shorter time.
These are some tips in other to learn the ideal video length
30-second videos are OK if:
Your product or service is really easy to explain.
Your leading need is to create brand awareness.
You primary marketing objective is to be shared on social media.
90-second videos are OK most of the time, because:
Theyre perfect in order to explain any idea without boring anyone.
You have also plenty of time to tell a compelling story.
Viewers still watch the video all the way through.
Over-90-second videos are OK if:
Your product or service is more complex than average ones.
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Your product or service has state-of-the-art features and you need extra
product or service. Its not plain TV advertising, so dont make it too short.
Dont be excessive though, if your video runs over 3 minutes youd better start
chopping off a few seconds, because people dont usually stay that long to
watch an animated video, no matter how awesome your product or service is.
4. 3. 2. The Duration of The Fuel gas Video
The duration of each animation video of fuel gas usage that will be made
is less than 3 minutes. It is because all the videos that we will made are
socialization video. It mostly contains the explanations about how to use fuel
gas properly and safely, so it takes a longer time to deliver.
This video duration is no more than 3 minutes because of our target
viewer. The viewer will be the general public who need the simple
explanation. If the video take too long time, it will make the viewer being
bored. The long duration of the video will also increase the burden in
production, because it would require a large enough memory for storage and
need hardware as well as software that powerful enough to make it.
4. 4. Language
Language is a key staple for a human life, because of the language, a person
can interact with each other. The function of language is to express thoughts and
ideas. Language also serves to express feelings so it have social roles to interact
with others.
In the animated video creation, the use of language is very important to do,
so the messages that contained in the video can be delivered. Language selection
cann't be separated from the viewers of video. In making the health and safety of
fuel gas animation video, the desired target viewer is the general public, especially
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housewives and the user of fuel gas transportation in Indonesia, So that the choice
of language must be considered.
The language that will be used in the animation video is a polite Indonesian
daily language but not rigid. The language used to attract the attention of the
viewer and not be boring. The form of sentence that used is an informative and
persuasive sentence, so that the viewer is expected to increase their knowledge
and start to applying the instruction that delivered on the video.
4. 5. Content and Narration
After evaluating character, duration, language and also information about fuel gas
that we wrote in assignment 1, we can filter and specify the content of the video
into some important points that we think the viewer should know and aware
about. The content cant be too complicated since we target our viewer to be
housewives and the user of fuel gas transportation in Indonesia. All the points will
be the same for both videos, except about the types of fuel gas and their usage.
4. 5. 1. Types of Fuel Gas
In this point, the narration will explain about fuel gas in general, which
is a substance that can chemically react with oxygen and produce heat energy.
Fuel gas most important elements are carbon and hydrogen, and sometimes a
small amount of sulfur. Then, each video will explain about one of the most
common fuel gases in everydays use, which is Liquified Petroleum Gas
(LPG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). LPG main elements are contains
of propane and butane, whereas CNG contains of methane and ethane. There
will be a brief explanation about the physical of these gases and why they are
dangerous. Also, there will be an explanation of where viewer commonly use
these fuel gases, which are for cooking and transportation.
4. 5. 2. Fuel Gas Accidents and its Causes
There will be several common accidents shown in the video, and the
causes of the accidents. From the accidents, viewer can see how dangerous it
is if the fuel gases did not use properly and why those accidents could happen.
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It will increase their awareness of how dangerous fuel gases are and they will
continue watching the video to know how to prevent and overcome it.
4. 5. 3. Fire Triangle
In order to understand how accidents happen, the viewer needs to know
first a little bit about fire. There are three things must be present at the same
time in order to produce fire, which are oxygen to sustain combustion, heat to
raise the material to its ignition temperature and fuel or combustion material.
From those three things, usually called the fire triangle, there will be chemical
reaction that is exothermic and will cause fire. After the viewer know about
these things, they will understand more about how fire can happen and they
will avoid those three things listed in the fire triangle.
4. 5. 4. Government Regulation about Fuel Gas Usage
This point will be brief, since the viewer doesnt need to know a lot
about the exact regulation. The most important thing is that they follow the
regulation and implement it in the real life. In the video, there are only few
lists of regulations to show the viewers that government has made lots of
regulations about fuel gas usage to keep the people safe and use fuel gas
properly.
4. 5. 5. How to Use LPG and CNG Properly
There will be explanation about how to use LPG for cooking in the first
video, and how to use CNG for transportation in the second video. Each video
will demonstrate on how to use LPG and CNG properly to avoid accidents
like how to install and change the gas, what to do with the regulator and where
should they put it.
4. 5. 6. Leakage Prevention
This point will explain more about the components in the LPG and CNG
tank. On how each component should be examine before using to prevent any
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leakage that may occur. Tank, regulator, hose, placement and all factors will
be explained here in a very simple way so that everyone can understand.
4. 5. 7. Fuel Gas Maintenance
It is not only suppliers responsibility to keep the tank safe, but also the
consumer. So in this point there will be an explanation about how important it
is for a fuel gas tank maintenance. Also, there will be steps on how viewer
could do the maintenance regularly.
4. 5. 8. Notes for Viewer
This is just a note saying the importance of following the steps given by
the government. Because in the end, it is for their safety.
CHAPTER V
CONCEPT GENERATION
5. 1. Existing Concept
A film, also called a movie, is a series of still images which when shown on
screen creates moving images illusion. A film is created by photographing actual
scenes with a motion picture camera, by photographing drawings/miniature
models using traditional animation techniques, by computer animation (CGI, etc.),
or by a combination of some or all of these techniques. This sub-chapter will
explain about existing concept of video or film that has been aired widely.
5. 1. 1. Groups of Film
Apart from genres, with terms of cast form, basically film or video
divided by three large groups, such as non-animated (real), animated, and
combination of both.
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Non-animated
Groups of
Film
Animation
Combination
5. 1. 1. 1.
Non-animated film
5. 1. 1. 2.
Animation Film
The second is animation film. Animation film is the film that created
by photographing drawings/miniature models using traditional animation
techniques or by computer animation (CGI, etc.). Usually this film genre
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has a sub-genre that almost same as the main genre of non-animated films,
has a various storyline, and sometimes should impress some jokes. Also,
animated films are often dramatized the effect and the plot, or more
unrealistic than non-animated film. The animation is rooted in the world of
drawings, which is illustrated graphic design or visual communication
design.
Figure 5.3. Toy Story (1999), One of the Most Successful Animated Film
in History
(Source: cloudfront.net)
5. 1. 1. 3.
Film
And the third is combination of animation and non-animation film.
This film type combines the motion picture camera, photographing
drawings, and computer animation. For the characters, this type using
animated characters beside the real characters, in a real life background
usually. This combination has been used widely by many films nowadays.
The combination is created to expand more the plot and storyline, and
offered more varied plot and interesting storyline that can developed from
it. With the base of non-animated film, his type actually appears to enrich
it.
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2D Animation
Animation
video/film
3D Animation
Stop motion
Animation
5. 1. 2. 1.
2D Animation
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5. 1. 2. 2.
3D Animation
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object that seen from all angles/sides. As well as the real doll, but the
object is created digitally using special software.
5. 1. 2. 3.
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Figure 5.8. Shaun the Sheep, One of the Most Popular Stop Motion
Animation
(Source: vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net)
5. 2.
New Concept
5. 2. 1. New Concept of LPG Video
New concept that we find is few unique and funny character. This
concept will be entertain and tutoring at once, also the way explain hazard of
LPG that not drab to viewers. As we know, that animation video of explosion
or fire caused by LPG accident is so scary to watched. Those video containing
mechanism of explosion step by step with the charcter is human like a real
occurance. It will raise fear for viewers and finally viewers will not watch it
anymore because it is not attractive. Although, its good from image quality
aspect because they used 3D animation and give knowledge deeply about
hazard of LPG.
Other new concept that we have is Indonesian language. We think that
our product will more liked by viewers while target of this video viewers is
Indonesian citizen, especially housewives that less understood English.
5. 2. 2. New Concept of CPG Video
New concept that has been mentioned above, unique and funny character
and Indonesian language. Beside that, new concept which we have is content
of video. Content of this video give viewers information and knowledge about
what is actually happening on the busway burnt. Simply, the content of this
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video explain causes of busway burnt is not because CNG as fuel gas for
transportation but few mechanical problem. Not causes only, hazard,
prevention, and countermeasures include on this video All this time, video
animation of busway burnt just showed mechanism of busway burning and the
effects for passangers and people around. Not how to prevent and overcome if
that condition occured. It make passengers over worried to riding the busway
that use CNG as its fuel gas.
5. 3. Concept Screening
5. 3. 1. Concept Screening for LPG Video
Since we focused on an animated video, we have three candidate left,
that is 2D animation, 3D animation, and stop motion animation. 2D Animation
is possible to made by us because the proccess will spend less time than 3D
animation. For housewives, 2D animation will be good enough for watched. It
performance which is interest will get much more viewers and spread faster.
3D animation has more good specification from image aspect, etc but we have
to study more and its complexity will take longer time. Last candidate is stop
motion animation. Stop motion animation need very much images for the
making proccess, more than 2D and 3D animation. We dont choose this
animation video because duration of making images spend much time and
combining proccess between photography and animation require us to
understand how to combine it. Study to understand combining proccess need
more time.
5. 3. 2. Concept Screening for CNG Video
We will make same type of animated video for production proccess LPG
and CNG video. Because the target is driver, crew, and passangers of the
busway who dont need too good image quality. So, we choose 2D animation
(flat animation).
5. 4. Selected Concept Description
5. 4. 1. LPG Video
We choose 2D Animation because for the duration and object or target of
this video animation, we think that 2D animation is attractive and interest
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enough. Beside that, production proccess this animation which is easier than
3D and stop motion animation, 2D animation also is not lost on image and
sound quality. We used Indonesian language so that Indonesian housewives as
viewers can understand easily. The phrase used is also commonly used phrase
in everyday life so that this video more easy to understood and attract more
viewers.
5. 4. 2. CNG Video
For CNG video, we choose 2D animation too, use Indonesian language
that commonly used in transportation system and few explanation about terms
which is not understood by commoner (passangers).
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CHAPTER VI
PRODUCT PLANNING
To create the animation video about safety aspects regarding the usage of
fuel gas, we must first create a fixed plan so that we wont get lost in our progress
to create the animation video. This planning can be done by creating a flowchart
containing each and every step we need to do and accomplish in the future. These
steps must be done accordingly and cannot be skipped, to ensure that everything
goes effectively and efficiently. Mainly, the plan can be divided into 2 steps,
which are the Concept Stage and the Production Stage. The concept stage
must be done thoroughly before doing the production stage, in order to minimize
the case where new concept suddenly appears and interchange with the already
existing concept, and thus interfering with the production stage which will lower
the time efficiency. Each of the stages will be explaned below along with the steps
on how to do it.
6. 1. Concept Stage
In this stage, we will discuss about any ideas that need to be constructed and
expanded, so that it can finally be shown in the animation video. The purpose of
this stage is to direct our efforts in the production stage towards a predetermined
goal, making it more focused. Thus, any unnecessary effort and trial can be
minimized and we can manage the time given in a more efficient way. It can be
said that the concept stage will form the backbone of the animation video itself.
Therefore, it is important to thoroughly decide all concepts and ideas in this stage,
so that sudden change of one or more concepts wont happen in the production
stage. The concept stage can be divided further into some steps, which is shown in
the Figure 6.1 below.
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Production Stage
In this stage, we will discuss about more technical matters regarding the
animation creation as well as the creation process itself. For this animation video,
we decided to create a modified flowchart which is based of the Japanese
animation creation flowchart in creating animation video. The reason of this
modification is because of the limited manpower, the short duration, and the type
of animation which has been decided to introduce simple-designed characters.
Based on the references that we obtained regarding the animation creation, we
decide our modified production plan which is shown on the flowchart below.
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6. 2. 1. Determining Software
For the first step, we decide which software we will use to create the
animation project. This step is very important, because we will need to learn
quickly about the software which we will be using soon. The criteria which we
decided in determining the software is the ability to create animated projects
as well as good video rendering features. An easy-to-understand interface will
also be a good thing to demand.
For this animation project, we have decided to use Adobe After Effects
CS5 as the basic software for our animation video project. Adobe After Effects
CS5 is one of the multimedia software created by Adobe Corporation which
has the purpose to assist its users in creating compositions and editing short
movie projects. Actually, Adobe has developed another application which can
serve similar purposes, which is named Adobe Flash Professional CS5. But we
decided to use Adobe After Effects because the original purpose of Adobe
Flash Professional is to assist in creating an interactive project which can be
opened in a PC. This point is different from what we want in our goal, which
is to provide an animation video for the public to watch. So, the creation of an
interactive project is a little bit irrelevant. Therefore, is it decided that we will
use Adobe After Effects CS5 for our project. Other software such as Adobe
Photoshop or Manga Studio may be used to assist in drawing the objects
needed for the animation video.
6. 2. 2. Scenario Writing and Storyboard Creation
In this step, we will write a detailed scenario about the animation content
which we will create later. This step will also give specific details about the
characters appearing in the animation as well as their physical features and
roles. We must also keep our eyes to the original goal, so that no characters are
being created in vain. Because our target consists of Indonesian people in
general, the characters must be made simple and not over-detailed, while still
being able to catch the publics eyes. After the characters, we will create the
scene in which the characters play each of their parts in the animation. This
part must be thought carefully, so that in the animation, all of the information
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intended to be exposed can be caught by the public eye clearly with least
miscommunication. This part will also decide how many scenes need to be
created in the animation. The other important factor to consider is the total
time of the animation itself. The total time must not be too long so that people
wont get bored when they are watching the animation. But the time must be
long enough to make sure that all the information can be explained thoroughly
to all the viewers.
For this animation video, we have decided to set a narrator as the leading
character. The purpose of this setting is to guide the viewers throughout the
animation easier. This way, we can save time explaining all the contents of the
animation rather than making an on-screen character guide the viewers
throughout a setting, which can take up more time while not explaining
enough information. Then, we will use some on-screen characters in form of
dead object personification and humans with little detail, in order to give the
viewers eyes less burden when watching the animation.
6. 2. 3. Layout Design
In this step, we will construct the main layout for each scenes and cuts. A
layout consists of the background and the characters playing in it. From this
layout, we can proceed into key animation step for the characters as well as
line construction for the narrator. Because our animation is in form of flat
animation, the background design consists of flat colors only. For some
scenes, the background can contain some static objects such as buildings,
roads, or factories. The other factor which must be considered is the transition
between cuts, which must be created in a simple but attractive way. Because
this is a flat animation, the scenes usually only take up short time, so many
layouts must be made for each scene.
6. 2. 4. Main Dubbing and Timing
In this step, we will do a dubbing session for the narrator in order to get
a good grasp of timing when creating the key animation. The lines for the
narrator must already be finished by the time the dubbing session commences.
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We will assign one person with a good voice, and record his/her voice when
reading the lines which has been prepared. After that, we will do the detailed
timing according to the narrators voice.
6. 2. 5. Key Animation Creation and Compositioning
In this step, we will create the frame-to-frame animation of the
characters for each scene and cuts. This step can be assisted with the software
we chose earlier, so that we might not need to draw every frame ourselves.
After the key animation and the background have been finished, the next step
is to unite them all in one place, and see them animated. We can also add
effects in order to add more detail to the scenes.
6. 2. 6. Post-Production
The post-production step consists of some sub steps which includes
applying background music and video rendering. Final touches of editing can
also be done in this step.
CHAPTER VII
CONCLUTION
Fuel gas is a gaseous substance which can chemically react with oxygen and
produce heat energy. The type of fuel gas that is often to used is LPG (Liquefied
Petroleum Gas) and Natural Gas in the form of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas).
Each type of fuel gas has different content and different characteristics of
combustion. This affects to the difference in the amount of energy produced from
combustion in any type of fuel gas. The hazard of the use of LPG and CNG are
also different, but generally CNG safer to use than other fuels gas.
The government has set the regulations of use of LPG and CNG as well as
any system that supports the installation of that fuel usage. But the accidents in
the use of LPG or CNG are still going on. To minimize the occurrence of
accidents, there are the steps and important points that must be considered in order
to prevent and cope with the accidents due to the use of fuel gas.
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Most accidents that occur on LPG usage were caused by the public
ignorance to use it properly and safely. While in case of the accidents on fuel gas
public transport, largely due to the electrical system, friction, or the engine,
instead of the fuel gas used.
The Government of Indonesia has conducted numerous publications about
the use of fuel gas, such as posters, counseling, and the advertisements on
television. The government has also set a distribution and safety standard process
installation of fuel gas in Indonesia. From the small survey that was conducted
showed that the public's understanding of the use of fuel gas is still low, so the
socialization of the use of fuel gas properly and safely is really need to do. So, the
animation video of health and safety on fuel gas usage is one of the alternatives to
do the socialization, because it can be more interactive and easily to spread
through many media. The video will also be in two different topics, since the
viewers is also different.
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