Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
U. S. Department of Commerce
National Bureau of Standards
I. Introduction
In a previous paper 1 the transmission of reverberant sound tlu'ough homogeneous single
walls was investigated theoretically and experimentally. The attenuation of an obliquely incident plane sound wave upon transmission through
a single wall was computed, and using the customary reverberant sound field statistics the attenuation was integrated over all angles of incidence
to give the average transmission loss. A similar
technique is employed in this paper in studying
the transmission of sound through a double wall
consisting of two identical single walls . The
materials comprising the double walls are the
same as were used in the single walls, i. e., aluminum, plywood, and plasterboard. From the exI
R ~sed rcb
perimental results obtained in RP1998, an expression for the wall impedance, Z w, for each
material was determined, this ex'})res ion containing terms that include the effects of the mass, dissipation or resistance, and flexural motion of the
wall. This value of Zwis used in the double wall
theory to compute the transmission loss for a
double wall.
77
(2)
and at x= d
x=d
)(=0
1. Geometrical ?'elation between in cident and
refl ected wave in space (1 ); standing wave in airs pace of
double wall , space (2); and tmnsmitted wave in space (3).
F IGU R E
P reiwt-ik( -
.1:
x::S O
(1 )
wher e
and
(5)
. =i (OPl) = cos () (P
7] x~ O:>.
PW
_ i
7] x~d - --
PW
w= 27r X frequen cy
k = 27r/}..= w/C, }.. b eing the wavelength, C the velocity of sound in ail'.
The four ratios Pr/P i , P+/P i , P _/P i , and P t/P ;
may b e d etermined from the two boundary condi tions, the continuity of the x-compon ent of
velocity at x = O, and x = d , and the two equa tions
of mo tion, one for each partit ion. In deriving
t h e equ ations of motion it is only n ecessary to
consider a small area of th e panel upon which th e
projection of th e wave fron t h as practically
78
v X
x ~O
(OP3)
-
OX x~d
pC
_ P ) iwt-ikll Bin 0
ire,
_ cos
()p tei w t-ik(d
-
COB
0+11
Bi n
0)
pC
(6)
(7)
P _e
iR" - P te - i{J -- Z w cos ~ P te -i{J
P +e-iR+
"
pC
(9)
'
wher e
{3 = kcl cos ().
(10)
Journal of Research
Let
/' =
Z w cos (J
2pc
(11)
I A I ~, m= 1 +
4a 2 (cos b- a sin
W,
(1 7)
where
(12)
(13)
and also
(14)
a cos (Jsin{3)2,
Z W- llol m
(15)
where a = wm/2pc.
(16)
(18)
(19)
(20)
or when
For cases where {3 is small (el}..) tan ,8 may be
replaced by {3. Using eq 16, there results an
expre sion for the frequ ency le, for which a wave
incident at angle (J, will be perfectly transmitted
in the case where each wall acts as a pure mass.
10
271' cos (J
(2pC2
mel
)t.
(21)
79
which results in
d cos O=n"A/2, n = l , 2, 3,
. . "'
(23 )
I A I ~ _ o = l + 4p 2V2(COS bv-pv
as the expression for the frequencies , or wavelengths, at which higher-order minima occur.
Here too, for a reverberant field , considerations
similar to those discussed in connection with fo
apply.
Equation 12, which gives the attenuation, A,
for a double wall may readily be compared with
the attenuation, a, for a single wall given by eq
1.6 of RP199S or its identity eq 13. Since"y is
ordinarily much larger than unity, a~"y, and
(24)
or
"y
Z,o2pc
cos
(1 -~ sin
o}
= R + . cos 8 (P.)
1 -r. sm 0 ,
Z w= c;: O+iwm
0
~a
(25)
(32)
Inasmuch as the second member on the righthand side of eq 32 is always positive, it will be
seen that the attenuation of a double wall , each
component of which has dissipation or resistance,
is always greater than for the case in which each
component is dissipationless.
2. Average Attenuation of a Double Wall in a
Reverberant Sound Field
dv
IA lz'
'1 V
(33)
wh ere v= cos o.
The integral in eq 33, unfortunately, is highly
intractable. It was not possible to evaluate it
other than by numerical integration. This has
been done for a number of different constructions
on which experimental r esults were obtained and
will be discussed in section II, 3. However, for
the special case where it is assumed that each
single wall has a mass reactan ce only, the integral
has been computed 3 for a wide range of values
in a systematic manner. For the mass r eactance
case we may set R = O and f Jjc= O, whence, 29
red L1 ces to 15 and 33 assumes the following form
(1
v dv
Td= 2 Jo 1 + 4a 2v2 (cos bv-av sin bV)2'
(31 )
or an equivalent form is
Ta=2
(3 0)
(26)
sin bv)2.
(34)
(R =O,Jlf,=O)
80
(29)
Journal of Re5earch
---- 1
60
I< =0.00 1
50
b pd
}J-= -2a =-=-m '
(35)
./
.0
",' 40
'"'3
and
x-i=~'
(36)
15
(:37)
u = 2av
and 34 becomes
30
/"
~ 20
<{
0::
.-
I-
10
"
( R ~ O.J/J, ~ O)
du
-u- .- -)"2
cos }J-u- 2 sm )lU
U
1 +u-
? (
(38)
It is of interest to compare the transmission
loss, 10 log (l!Td), computed from eq 38 with
that which one obtains for a single wall when it is
assumed that the wall has a mass reactance only.
An expression for the latter transmission loss is
given by eq 3.2 of RP 1998. If we replace a2 by
its equivalent expression in terms of X and )l, i. c.,
(39)
eq 3.2 of RP 1998 may b e written
(1)
X2)].
(40)
In figure 2, the computed transmission loss for a
single and double wall, having mass reactance
only, i. e., 7,w= iwm, have been plotted for three
different values of the parameter}J-. It will b e
seen that on this basis the predicted improvement
of a double wall over a single wall is small and
in fact may actually b e n egative. This astonishing behavior results from the fact tllat for a double
wall there is some angle of in cid ence for which the
transmission is perfect and in the integrated
effect of all angles of in cidence, this minimum
Sound Transmission Through Double Walls
.-'-
"
o ~0.2
0.5
~ )- "
4'
l,.t<'
J;c-
// t/
.~ 1>--1<
" :-:.:1.--
/'
V--
)<' 0.01,
U)
,,"~
0.1
"
,,"
1.0
2.0
5.0
x f / f 0
10.0
20 .0
50.0
100.0
FIGURE
__ Ri ngle
}J- J'x,(2f;,.
Td = X 2 0
"A
'"~
"
l7 1,- /
'0
81
SINGLE PANELS OF
DOUBLE PARTITION
SOURCE
ROOM
RECEIVING
ROOM
CONCRETE WALLS
OF TEST ROOM S
FIG URE 3.
82
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20
iii
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z<>: 30
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FIGU RE
Journal of Research
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Ul
Ul
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b.~
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Ul
Ul
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83
60
50
..-- -
<J>
040
iii
<J>
<J>
2
<:
II:
....
........
- - r-
--- --- --
--
30
'"
20
FIGURE
, Double wan 3in. airspace; .... , single wall; / = 4,0% cis; j,= 1,885 cis.
84
p.,
50
,,
,
t>- .....
45
40
~\
/v
35
~
p'
~p
-' V-
Q.
,../
A
30
.0
."
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~~
-I:>:
.; 40
..J
;:;rcr
35
~30
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<{
25
II:
/J
""'d'
.... 20
, Q.
-'1=>-- -
I/)
45
40
35
~'
,P'
30
:f/
/ J
~ f--?--'
25
_ -0.... ... ...
20
100
50
,0
' 'tf
200
500
1000
2000
50 00
FREQUENCY . CI S
FIG URE
8.
Journal of Research
c-
ONSET OF
FLE XURE
110
100
.0
"0,
T~ 2fl~
90 r-----
(f)
(f)
Vi
80
Q
(f)
(f)
1Ad l2
~l~
70
r--
~
I L 7IT
(f)
~ 60
>-
50
IT
0. 2
78.5
F I G 1' R E
I
\II
0.0
02
b"
9.
0.4
0.6
~
b
4"
Ir b
0.4
;'ill
b"'l
0.6
L 6;
ONSET OF
.,/" FLEXURE
O.B
1.0
36.1
V,
lOx 10-9
FIG U RE
0.0
90
1IT
b
3 IT
b1
40
_L
2 rr
0.8
.21!
b
1.0
66.4
53.1
e" DEGREES
]0.
T he fi gure s hows the variation of 10 log ( l iT') with 0, where tbe integra tiou
occurs from a ya ria hle lower limit of integra tion, 0" to 0= 0 . As the wave
packets in the re\"erbcrant soundfield are con fin ed to a cone for which 0 , is
decreasing, a sudden in crease in transmission loss occurs when the angle of
in cidence correspondi ng to fl exure is excluded, showing t hat most of the
t ransmiss ion of sound occurs as the result of fl ex ural waves.
!JI.
100
JOI'
90
.0
'0
BO
(f)"
(f)
,/
70
iii
(/)
60
...-?
f-
(f)
a:: 50
----
40
D
A
30
0 .0
FIG u R E
0. \
p-
I-
3-
(f
- f--
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 .7
LOWER LIMIT OF INTEGRATION ,vQ
O.B
0 .9
85
60
--- fl,
55
50
.D
"0
45
'"0
40
z
9
35
of)
)f
tl .
of)
</)
<1
' I=>
25
~~
20
~~ P<
ex:
.,
fC ' 4096~
'
30
f-
,P
.J
i</)
lP P-
fC ' 2048~
:;,-1<"
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FREQUENCY , C I S
FIe UR E
Cl
0--
60
...J
~ 45
iii
<Il
~ 40
. ,(
_.0'
<Il
,~~~~
<t
ex: 35
,,
f-
30
25
b.'x ~
20
. 50
100
200
1000
500
2000
FI GU R E
'Wcigh t
- - - - - --- - ----------- - -I
~- i ll . plaster board double walL. _____ .. __________
I-in. p las terboard double walL. .. ____ __ __ __ ___ __ _
2-in . plaster board d ouble walL. ___ .. ____________ _
~i n . gypsum plaster on w ood lath on 2 b y 4
studs.
%in. gyps um plaster on metal lath on 2 by 4
staggered wood studs, 4-in. airspace__ ________
D ouble wall consisting of t wo 2in . solid plas ter
single walls resting on l-in . corkpad , 3-in .
airspace .. _______________ .. _.......... _____ ....
db
lblfl '
45.2
55.5
59.6
3i .5
4.2
8.3
16.6
Ii. 1
7~
..a
".
p
,
f/)
55
Z
0
50
45
iii
</)
f/)
II:
54. 1
19.8
li .2
,f':
,/"
I-
60
,-fY
p-"
<Il
...J
<1
4~.
A , D ou ble wall 3-in . airspace; B , single wall; __ __, experimen tal; t heore t ical R ~ 1O . 5, f,~ 7 68 cis .
65
A \j.7,ge
5000
FREQUEN CY . CI S
1.
D escription
p--- --p
l=- I--
~~
70
T A BLE
,y
gJ 50
~
~
~,
..a
.., 55
<Il
65
,/
40
r/-'/
./
~~.J::.
35
30
~, ~
~V
... "C
.~
25
'For data of tbis kind see: Building M aterials and Structures R eport
B MS17 an d two supplemen ts, Sound insula tion of wall a nd floor constructions, available from the Superintendeut of D ocuments, Go\"ernme nt Prin ting Office, W ashiugton 25, D . C. at a to tal cost of 35; also T echnical R eport
on Build iug M aterials, T RB M-44, F ire resistan ce a nd sound-insulation
ratings for walls, partitious, and fl oors, free u pon request at X ation al B ureau
of Standards, 'Wash ington 25, D . C.
86
I
I
L_
50
100
200
~oo
1000
2000
5000
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FIGU RE
Journal of Research
2.
Average improvement
db
9. 6
3. 0
3.5
5 . Con clusions
~ac hr .
87
88
Journal of Research