Design, Control and 2D-FEM Validation for an

Double Stator Winding Induction Generator

Lucian Nicolae Tutelea1 , Sorin Ioan Deaconu2 , Ion Boldea1, Nicolae Budian1
Electrical Engineering Department, 2 Electrical Engineering and Industrial Informatics Department
Politehnica University of Timisoara
Timisoara, Romania
luci@lselinux.upt.ro, sorin.deaconu@fih.upt.ro, boldea@lselinux.upt.ro, nicolae.budisan@aut.upt.ro
1

AbstractThis paper will present the key design equations

and control design model of the Double Stator Winding Induction
Generator (DSWIG) to achieve wide-speed-range operation with
reduced capacity of the static power controller for low power
wind or hydro applications. The proposed induction generator
consists of a standard squirrel-cage rotor and a stator with two
separate windings wound for a similar number of poles.
Moreover, the system control strategy using the stator flux
orientation is consequently proposed. A 2D finite-element analysis
with specialized software is given to prove the effectiveness of the
design equations and find the main characteristics of the machine.
Keywordscontrol design; induction generators; double stator
winding; capacitor; FEM analysis; low speed; wind energy; hydro
energy

I.

INTRODUCTION

The dual-stator-winding squirrel-cage induction machine is

the most recent innovation in the family of induction machinery.
There are broadly two designs: the first type has two stator
windings wound for the same pole numbers with similar or
dissimilar phase numbers, and the second design has two stator
windings with dissimilar pole numbers with the same or unequal
phase numbers [1], [2]. There is also the brushless doubly fed
induction machine that has two stator windings wound for
dissimilar pole numbers and a specially designed nested loop
rotor structure that couples the two airgap flux linkages derived
from the two stator windings. The synchronous mode of
operation of this the machine appears to be the most profitable,
particularly for converter-based drive control [3]-[5].
The research in this domain is apparently reorienting, from
permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) towards the
three-phase/multi-phase/single-phase multi-winding stator,
squirrel cage rotor induction generators, chiefly dual-stator
generators, to overcome the drawbacks of named synchronous
generators, namely [6]-[9]:
- difficulties to obtain magnetic induction sinusoidal
distribution along the machine air gap and, consequently, the
appearance of voltage and current distortions, that determine
increase losses and efficiency decrease;
- construction difficulties and low safety level insertion
technology of PMSG;
- cogging torque, that complicates the start up of generator
sets (e.g. in the case of unregulated blades wind generators);
- demagnetization risk due to thermal phenomenon
determined by Foucault currents in the poles material;
- high cost of a large number of poles of low rated rotation
speed generators;

978-1-4799-0224-8/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE

- limited short-circuit safety-braking torque;

- difficulties of excitation control, and thus lack of
optimization possibility at variable load currents, opposite to
optimization opportunities of the induction machines.
Induction generators have been employed to operate as
wind turbine generators and small hydroelectric generators in
isolated power systems [10], [11], due to the practical
advantages related to low maintenance cost, better transient
performance, ability to operate without dc power supply for
field excitation, and brushless construction. In a split-wound
machine, the stator winding consists of two similar but separate
three-phase windings wound for the same number of poles.
Both stators are fed with the same frequency and the rotor is a
standard squirrel cage. The two stator windings are mutually
coupled and small unbalances in the supplied voltages generate
circulating currents. Furthermore, because of the low
impedance to harmonic currents there is a high level of
circulating currents when a no sinusoidal voltage source supply
is used, adding losses and demanding larger semiconductor
device ratings [6]-[9], [12].
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2: proposed
DSWIG phase coordinate model and design results, Section3:
control model and dynamic simulations, Section 4: 2D-FEM
validation parameters and characteristics, Section 5:
conclusions.
II. COORDINATE MODEL AND DESIGN RESULTS
Figure 1 present the proposed power generation system
which have an active rectifier in the main winding and direct
connected capacitances in excitation winding. In the proposed
scheme the power electronics (active rectifier) is placed in the
main windings while in the equivalent variable capacitor, [13] it
is used on the excitation winding. The main advantage of active
rectifier is the induction generator voltage boosting at low speed
while with equivalent variable capacitor this is not possible.
mw

Active
rectifier
(Inverter)

AG

ew

C
C
C

Fig.1. Dual stator winding induction generator with a rectifier

(proposed scheme).

2732

VDC
Cf

The magnetizing effect of the main current and that the best
arrangement of excitation and main windings are at = - /2, that
is equivalent with the situation when the machine rotates against
the space displacement of the main winding versus excitation one
(with for slots) and 8/9 short step at the main winding in our case.
In this case the mutual magnetic decoupling of the three-phase
windings, simplification of generator mathematical model, and
consequently, an easy control of energy conversion system
equipped with such generator [14], [15]. The preliminary
parameters of the prototype design are given in Table I [16].
TABLE I.

d dr
= Vdr R r i dr + (b r ) qr ,
dt
d qr
= Vqr Rr i qr (b r ) dr .
dt

15 Hz
8 poles
0.35 mm
230 mm
72
58
3 KW
1
250 rpm

Dso
Dsi
hss
hrs
Dri
UDC
Uf
layersm
Phase conn.

268.2 mm
180 mm
30.5 mm
31.5 mm
60 mm
310 V
220 V
2
Y

eq

md =

mq =

84.9
0.75
68

84.95
0.73
58.4

84.79
0.72
55.4

84.18
0.7
51.8

84.01
0.69
48.8

10
0.35
5.61
386

23.8
0.35
6.05
409

12.8
0.35
6.19
484

8.9
0.35
6.31
519

6.8
0.35
6.54
533

10.2
0.35
6.56
594

139.3

107.1

72.0

65.1

60.2

55.3

0.85
16.22

0.85
15.31

0.83
15.94

0.81
15.0

0.81
14.45

0.73
13.07

2
2

Am cos() + Bm cos
+

3 .(8)
3

+ Cm cos +

m
Q

1200

1200

Ae

120 ,
1200

Bm

Cm
Ce
Fig. 2 Main, excitation, d-q and - winding diagram.

Analog results the equations for curents (Ied, Ieq, Imd, Imq) and
voltages (Ued, Ueq, Umd, Umq). For = 0 the , model is equal
with d, q model.

III. CONTROL MODEL AND DYNAMIC SIMULATION

The voltage are [15]:

d d
= Vd R s i d + b q ,
dt
d q
= Vq R s iq + b d ,
dt

2
2

Am sin() + Bm sin
+

3
3

,(7)
2

+ Cm sin +

Be

8
12
16
18
20
24
15
24
32.5
36.5
40.5
49
512.8 425.1 399.1 398.8 384.7 403.3
1478 1385.3 1355.8 1367.7 1399.7 1431.2
84.83
0.81
88.8

2
3

Am

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DSWIG DEPENDING ON POLES

NUMBER

Poles number
2p
Base frequency [Hz]
Fabrication cost [USD]
Objective function
(total cost) [USD]
Efficiency
etan
Power factor cosphin
Weight active materials
[kg]
Optimization time [s]
Air-gap height [mm]
Rated current I1n [A]
Outer stator diameter
[mm]
Length of stator
laminations pack [mm]
Air-gap flux density [T]
Specific mmf [kA/m]

Ae cos ( ) + Be cos 3 +

,(5)

+ Ce cos +

2
2

= Ae sin ( ) Be sin

3
3

,(6)
2

Ce sin +

ed =

Using the optimization program, the variation of the initial

cost and total expenses for the machine was observed (for 10
years of functioning) for a number of different poles: 8, 12, 16,
18, 20, and 24. These expenses along with other characteristics
are shown in Table II [16]. Analyzing the results which were
obtained, it can be stated that the cheapest machine is the one
with 20 poles , the one with the lowest expenses it the one with
16 poles ( which has the highest efficiency) , the lightest is the
machine with 24 poles, the machine with 8 poles has the best
power factor ,etc. Depending on the data presented there it has
to be decided which option to use for the experimental model.
TABLE II.

(4)

From this equations and from phase diagram (figure 2) we have:

RATED PARAMETERS AND MACHINE DESIGN DIMENSIONS

f
p
hag
li
Nss
Nsr
Pn
layerse
n

(3)

2
1
1

e = 3 Ae 2 Be 2 Ce

2 3
3

e =

Be
Ce
3 2
2

(1)
(2)

2733

(9)

2
3
3
Bm +
Cm
m =

3 2
2
.

2
1
= 1
m 3 Am 2 Bm 2 Cm

L me + L m

A = L Mt I 3 +
L me

(10)

A = L Mt I 3 + L ,

Magnetic core saturation is very important for induction

generator with capacitor excitation because otherwise the
system is unstable. Further, deep saturation occurs when a
variable speed induction generator with capacitor reactive
power compensation is used so the induction generator
mathematical model should consider the saturation through an
analytical approximation. An analytical continuous and
differentiable function, LM(i0), is a good approximation for
magnetization inductions, for a large current range, only if the
following affirmations are true: the function is positive, the
magnetic flux is finite (an additional constant term could
consider slowly flux increase at very large current), the
transient induction LMt is positive, and the functions LM and
LMt could have a single maximum when the current are
increasing from zero to infinity.

L M = f (i md + i ed + i D ) + i mq + i eq + i Q
2

di md

dt
di
A ed
dt
di
D
dt
di mq

dt
di eq
A
dt
di Q
dt

) ] ,(11)

LM + Lme
LM imd
md LM + Lme + Lm

LM + Lme + Le
LM ied ,
ed = LM + Lme

LM
LM
LM + Lr iD
D

From dependence:

(16)

LM = f (i0 ) > 0 ,

(18)

where i0 is the magnetization current and LM (i0 ) i0 is

bounded i0 0 :

i0 =

(imd

+ ied + i D )2 + imq + ieq + iQ

)2

,(19)

the transitory magnetization inductance is:

LMt =
With notation:
L Mt + L me + Lm

A = L Mt + Lme

L Mt

LM
i0 + LM > 0 .
i0
L Mt + L me
L Mt + L me + Le
L Mt

(20)

,
+ L r

L Mt
L Mt
L Mt

R e i ed + b eq
= C .(24)

R D i D + ( b r ) Q

R m i mq b md

Re i eq b ed
= D , (25)

RQ iQ ( b r ) D

1
,
= A C

(26)

i mq

i eq = A 1 D .

iQ
The inductance LM has the form:

(27)

1 + ai0n 1
.
1 + b1 i0n 1 + b2 i0n

(28)

where LM0 is initial value of magnetization inductance and a, b1

and b2 are constants. The coefficients of the function (28) are
strict positive and they could be chosen to satisfy the condition
(18) and also to approximate the experimental (or design
computed) inductance given in several points. The polynomial
degree, n, is chose as small as it is possible and still have
enough function curvature variation.
1
the
LM0 is the inductance around zero current,
nb
2

(15)
(17)

(23)

R m i md + b mq

LM = LM 0

(13)
(14)

i0 = i s + ir ,

0 , (22)
L r

d
dt

(12)

mq LM + Lme + Lm
LM + Lme
LM imq

LM + Lme + Le
LM ieq ,
eq = LM + Lme

LM
LM
LM + Lr iQ
Q

U md
= U
ed
0

U mq

= U eq
0

i md
d
i ed
dt
iD

m = L M + (is + i r ) + R cos() ,
i 0 = i s + i r ,
m = LM + i s + i r + R sin() ,

L me
L me + L e
0

bending current point, the LMo

a
ratio represent the saturated
b2

flux (maximum value) and finally b1 controls the maximum of

the inductances curve (for enough larger value of the b1 there
is no maximum) and guard positive transients inductance.
A good approximation of magnetization inductance is shown
in fig.3 where LM is analytical approximation, LM FEM are points
from design using finite element computation LMt analytical
approximation of transient inductance and LMtd is transient
inductance computed by digital derivative from LM FEM..
The LM, function (28) coefficients are: n=3, LM0=0.392H,
a=0.03 A-1/2, b1=0.0137 A-1/2, b2=0.0036 A-1/3.
The fluxes in rotor Q and D are:

Q = (L M

(21)

2734

LM

LM

i mq

+ L r ) ieq
iQ

(29)

Cmin =

1
=
(LM 0 + Lme + Le )
1
2

(31)

( p)2 (LM 0 + Lme + Le )

Inductance LM (H)

The capacitor is dimensioned to produce all reactive energy

necessary at rate load, so the active rectifier is designed only
for rated active power. From the reactive energy balance the
capacitor values is Cn=71.5F. The dynamic model which
include the winding losses prove that self excitation starts
slowly with a 58 F capacitor, a value that is notably larger
that for ideal generator (given in fig.6). With the Cn capacitor
self excitation starts at 23.4rad/s.

Fig.. 3 Comparison results from analytical and FEM calculation of

magnetization inductances

LM

LM

200
180
160

(30)

Cmin (uF)

D = (L M

i md

+ Lr ) ied
i
D

220

The principle of DSWIG control is presented in fig. 4.

X

80
60
Imq

Control

Inverter

40

Reg
+

Imd
C
-K

vwind

Model of
wind
turbine

1
s

1
(J m + J t ) s

vm

Im

ve

Ie

12

14

16

18
20
22
24
Mechanical speed (rad/s)

26

28

The no-load self excitation process at rated speed and Cn

capacitor is shown in fig. 7. At time 3.947 s, the generator is
sudden charged with the rated load (load resistance is reduced
from 4840 to a 48.4 .
Using a controlled converter the speed range will be
extended from 12 rad/s to 26 rad/s. The controlled converter will
be used to boost the voltage, to provide the extra magnetization

Tem

P*

Fig. 4 Principle of DSWIG control

The control strategy for self excitation case is illustrated in

fig. 5 via a real block diagram with saturated model and
remanence model of DSWIG implemented.
Cexcitation

Rload
im

Tshaft

Input
speed

30

Fig. 6 The minimum value of the capacitor versus speed

DSWIG

120
100

VDC

IDC

140

ie

Vm

Main
winding

Ve

Excitation
winding

Short circuit
rotor winding

Fig. 5 Block diagram of DSWIG drive self excitation case

The minimum value of the capacitor which is able to start self

excitation depends on the speed and for no load, ideal (no losse)
generator; it was computed with (31) and shown in fig. 6.

Fig. 7 Main phase voltages, excitation phase voltages, main currents,

excitation currents and torque self excitation case

2735

current at low speed. The active power is decreasing with cube

of speed, and the torque with square of speed which means the
active current trough active rectifier is decreasing and there is
possible to introduce a reactive component.
Three phase
active rectifier
(Inverter)
iDC
Cexcitation

im

VDC

ie

Main
winding

Excitation
winding

Fig. 11 Output power, input power, efficiency and speed variation

Tshaft

Input
speed

Rectifier
control

IV. 2D-FEM VALIDATION PARAMETERS AND

CHARACTERISTICS

Short circuit
rotor winding
DSWIG electrical model

Fig. 8 Block diagram of DSWIG drive with active rectifier

In this case the control strategy is illustrated in fig. 8 and

dynamic simulations are presented in fig. 9, 10 and 11 for
speed variation.

Finite element analysis of the machine was done on the

FEMM 4.2 software platform. When applied to electrical
machines, the described problem is usually reduced to cover
only one pole or one pole pair with the help of boundary and
symmetry conditions in order to reduce the computation time.
In addition, it is often sufficient to reduce the problem to a 2D
plane and use the finite element analysis (FEA). The mesh has
47758 nodes and 95129 elements.
In figure 12 are presented the air-gap flux density
(produced by main and excitation currents) and in figure 13 the
flux density space harmonics. The linkage fluxes (Ae produced
by excitation current in excitation winding and Am produced
by excitation current in main winding) are presented in figure
14 and in figure 15 are presented the inductances versus current
(Le1 excitation phase inductance, Lm1 main phase inductance,
Led excitation d axes inductance, Lmq main q axes, Lem, Lme
coupling inductances between excitation and main winding
computed in two ways: linkage flux produced by excitation
current in main winding divided by excitation current
respectively linkage flux produced by main current in
excitation winding divided by main current).
The difference between Lem and Lme are smaller than
0.3% and they are in FEM accuracy.
Air-gap flux density
1
Ie
Im
0.8

0.6

0.4

Flux density (T)

Fig. 9 Main phase voltages, main phase currents, excitation current and torque

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

Fig. 10 Magnetization and transient magnetization inductances

100

200

300

400
Angle (deg)

500

600

700

Fig. 12 The normal component of air-gap flux density [16]

2736

800

controlled converter. The active controller is also used to adjust

the active power flow in order to extract the maximum energy for
a given speed wind.
In this paper was presented a new type of dual stator winding
induction machine operating in generator mode (84 % efficiency
at 170 Nm and 250 rpm, 3kW for 1.93 Nm/kg at 8 poles and 3.48
Nm/kg at 24 poles). The main advantage of the DSWIG is its
improved capability to operate at variable low speed for wind or
hydro power plants. These preliminary results prove the concept
quantitatively but further studies, which are already under way, in
relation to prototyping are needed to fully prove the practicality of
the proposed system.

Flux density - space harmonics

0.6

Ie
Im

Flux density magnitude (T)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper was supported by the project "Microgrid
integrated small power renewable energy hybrid systems"
PCCA 36/2012, PN-II-PT-PCCA-2011-3.2-1519, Funding
Application for Joint Applied Research Projects.

0
0

10
12
Harmonic order

14

16

18

20

Fig. 13 The flux density space harmonics at IAm = 4.5A respectively IAe=4.5A
Linkage flux versus current
2.4
Ae
2.2
Am

REFERENCES

[1]

1.8

Flux (Wb)

1.6

[2]

1.4

1.2

[3]

0.8

[4]

0.6

0.4
1

1.5

2.5

3.5
4
Peeck current (A)

4.5

5.5

[5]

Fig. 14 The linkage fluxes [16]

Inductances versus current

[6]

0.41
Le1
Led
Lem
Lm1
Lmq
Lme

0.4

[7]

Inductances (H)

0.39

[8]
0.38

[9]
0.37

0.36

[10]

0.35
1

4
Peeck current (A)

[11]

Fig. 15 The inductances versus current [16]

V. CONCLUSIONS
A mathematical perfectly saturated model should be
implemented in flux rotating frame coordinate and then the
transients and steady state magnetization inductance could be
considered in the model. In our application a long time simulation
is required, without fast transients and than a little simplification of
the model using stator frame coordinate is used with the lack of
using only the steady state magnetization inductance. The model
and simulation results are still accurate from despite of large
difference between steady state inductance and transient
inductances, because the magnetization current magnitude is
rather constant during the fundamental currents and voltages.
The dynamic simulation proves that the induction generator is
able to start and run with full load without any control and with

[12]

[13]
[14]

[15]
[16]

2737

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