Engineering Practices Laboratory

GE6162 ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY
LAB MANUAL
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Semester: I Semester
Anna University, Chennai 600 025.
Regulation: 2013
Sri Eshwar College Of Engineering

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University
Kondampatti, Coimbatore - 641202
GE6162
ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY
LTPC 0 0 3 2
OBJECTIVES:
To provide exposure to the students with hands on experience on various basic
engineering practices in Civil, Mechanical, Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
GROUP A (CIVIL & MECHANICAL)
I
CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
Buildings:
(a) Study of plumbing and carpentry components of residential and industrial buildings. Safety
aspects.
Plumbing Works:
(a) Study of pipeline joints, its location and functions: valves, taps, couplings, unions,
reducers, elbows in household fittings.
(b) Study of pipe connections requirements for pumps and turbines.
(c) Preparation of plumbing line sketches for water supply and sewage works.
(d) Hands-on-exercise:
Basic pipe connections Mixed pipe material connection Pipe connections with different
joining components.
(e) Demonstration of plumbing requirements of high-rise buildings.
Carpentry using Power Tools only:
(a) Study of the joints in roofs, doors, windows and furniture.
(b) Hands-on-exercise: Wood work, joints by sawing, planing and cutting.
II MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
Welding:
(a) Preparation of arc welding of butt joints, lap joints and tee joints.
(b) Gas welding practice
Basic Machining:
(a) Simple Turning and Taper turning
(b) Drilling Practice
13
Sheet Metal Work:

(a) Forming & Bending:
(b) Model making Trays, funnels, etc.
(c) Different type of joints.
Machine assembly practice:

(a) Study of centrifugal pump
(b) Study of air conditioner
Demonstration on:
(a) Smithy operations, upsetting, swaging, setting down and bending. Example
Exercise Production of hexagonal headed bolt.
(b) Foundry operations like mould preparation for gear and step cone pulley.
(c) Fitting Exercises Preparation of square fitting and vee fitting models.
Content beyond the syllabus
thread cutting operation in lathe
reaming operation in drilling machine
Outcomes
Ability to fabricate carpentry components and pipe connections including plumbing works.
Ability to use welding equipments to join the structures.
Ability to fabricate electrical and electronics circuits.
REFERENCES:
1. Jeyachandran K., Natarajan S. & Balasubramanian S., A Primer on Engineering
Practices Laboratory, Anuradha Publications, 2007.
2. Jeyapoovan T., Saravanapandian M. & Pranitha S., Engineering Practices Lab Manual,
Vikas Puplishing House Pvt.Ltd, 2006.
3. Bawa H.S., Workshop Practice, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2007.
4. Rajendra Prasad A. & Sarma P.M.M.S., Workshop Practice, Sree Sai Publication, 2002.
5. Kannaiah P. & Narayana K.L., Manual on Workshop Practice, Scitech Publications, 1999.
LIST OF EXERCISES
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
NAME OF THE EXERCISE
PAGE NO.
MARKS
SIGNATURE
OBTAINED
18
19
20
21
22
LIST OF EXERCISES
S.NO
NAME OF THE EXERCISE
Study on welding
Make Lap joint using Arc welding on the given work piece
Make Butt joint using Arc welding on the given work piece
Make T Fillet joint using Arc welding on the given work piece
Study on sheet metal
Make a Rectangular tray from the given sheet metal
Make a Frustum of cone from the given sheet metal
Study on basic machining
Facing and turning
10
Step turning and chamfering
11
Taper turning and knurling
12
Drilling
13
Study on plumbing
14
Exercise on pipe connections
15
Study on carpentry
16
Joining of wooden pieces by T/+/Corner joint method.
17
Demonstration on Smithy operations
18
Demonstration on Foundry operations
19
Demonstration on Fitting
20
Study on centrifugal pumps
21
Study on air conditioner

Content beyond the syllabus
1. Thread cutting
2. Reaming operation
22
Workshop:
It is a place where human efforts, machines, materials and tools together manufacture the
products.
Safety Aspects:
1) The shop floor should be kept clean and free from dirt of any kind.
2) Always wear tight fit clothing with tucked in.
3) Never wear chapplas in the workshop. Always wear leather shoes.
4) Do not wear watches, metallic bangles, neck chains and any ornaments while working in the
workshop.
5) Never operate the machines without taking prior permission.
6) Always walk in the Aisle space provided in the workshop.
7) Do not keep the tools at the edge of the table.
8) All the tools should be handled with proper precautions.
9) Tools which are not used should be kept proper places.
10) Ensure sufficient lightning and ventilation to avoid accidents.
11) Never carry any sharp tool in the pocket.
12) Use safety devices like Apron, Goggles, Gloves, Shields and Tongs while welding.
13) Do not spill the oil and grease. If it is spilled, it should be cleaned immediately to avoid
slipping.
14) Always operate machines at a safe distance.

15) Use Scissors and Cutters properly while working with the sheet metal.
16) Avoid unnecessary talking and discussions while working and concentrate on the work.
17) Incase if you find any difficulty of any nature, report immediately to the workshop supervisor.
18) Do not shift the speed gears while machine is functioning.
19) Use coolant while machining and wherever necessary.
STUDY ON WELDING
Introduction
Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or
thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the work pieces and adding a
filler material to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to become a strong joint,
with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This is in
contrast with soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower-melting-point material between the
work pieces to form a bond between them, without melting the work pieces
Types of Welding:
The two types of welding most prevalently in use are
1. Arc welding
1. Gas welding
2. Gas Arc welding.
the use of a combustible mixed with oxygen to create a flame for weldingis used extensively
in repair and maintenance work.
2 .Arc welding
the use of a conductive arc to create heat and accomplish a weldis the most basic and often
used form of welding in industry.
Gas welding produces a wide, imprecise flame that can result in poor quality welds. In Arc
welding, an electric current creates an arc between a conductor called an electrode that is contained in
the welder's torch tip and the material to be welded. This arc generates the heat necessary to complete
the weld and gives the welder greater control over the welding process.
Welding Applications
Welding has traditionally been viewed as a heavy manufacturing process. The shipbuilding,
automobile manufacturing, construction and oil industries have benefited greatly from the expediency
of welding. These industrial applications still employ the majority of welding practices in use today.
ARC WELDING
From welding thick steel beams together to repairing the hulls of ocean tankers, welding is the
join technology of choice. Welding has also branched out into areas like electronics, aerospace, medical
device manufacture, instrumentation, and photonics. Welding is being used on rocket fuel tanks, glass
sealing of electronic packages, nano-wire assemblies and glass to metal or silicon joining of sensors.
Today's welding processes involve plastic, glass, fiberglass, and ceramic in addition to metal.
GAS WELDING
Oxy Acetylene Welding Principle of Operation:
When acetylene is mixed with oxygen in correct proportions in the welding torch and ignited,
the flame resulting at the tip of the torch is sufficiently hot to melt and join the parent metal. The
oxyacetylene flame reaches a temperature of about 3200C and thus can melt all commercial metals
which, during welding, actually flow together to form a complete bond.
A filler metal rod is generally added to the molten metal pool to build up the seam slightly for
greater strength. Oxyacetylene welding does not require the components to be forced together under
pressure until the weld forms and solidifies.
Gas welding equipment:

The apparatus used in gas welding consists basically of an oxygen source and a fuel gas source
(usually cylinders), two pressure regulators and two flexible hoses (one of each for each cylinder), and
a torch. The cylinders are often carried in a special wheeled trolley.
1. Oxygen Cylinder:
Oxygen cylinder is usually painted in black colour. In this cylinder, oxygen is stored under a
pressure of 1550 N/m
2.
The common cylinder is 1.8 m
3,
3,
3,
3.5 m 7 m etc.,
2. Acetylene Cylinder:
Acetylene cylinder is usually painted in maroon colour. In this cylinder, acetylene is stored
2.
3,
3,
3,
under a pressure of 175 N/m The common cylinder is 1.6 m 2.8 m 8.4 m etc.,
3. Regulator:
The regulator is used to control pressure from the tanks by reducing pressure and regulating
flow rate.
4. Gas hoses:
The hose is usually a double-hose design, meaning that there are two hoses joined together. The
oxygen hose is green and the fuel hose is red. The type of gas the hose will be carrying is important
because the connections will have different threads for different types of gas. Fuel gases (red) will use
left-hand threads and a groove cut into the nut, while the oxygen (green) will use right-hand threads.
This is a safety precaution to prevent hoses from being hooked up the wrong way.
5. Non-return valve:
Between the regulator and hose, and ideally between hose and torch on both oxygen and fuel
lines, a flashback arrestor and/or non-return valve should be installed to prevent flame or
Oxygen-fuel mixture being pushed back into either cylinder and damaging the equipment or
making a cylinder explodes.
6. Check valve:
A check valve lets gas flow in one direction only.
A check valve is usually a chamber
containing a ball that is pressed against one end by a spring: gas flow one way pushes the ball out of the
way, and no flow or flow the other way lets the spring push the ball into the inlet, blocking it.
7. Torches:
The torch is the part that the welder holds and manipulates to make the weld. It has a
connection and valve for the fuel gas and a connection and valve for the oxygen, a handle for
the welder to grasp, a mixing chamber (set at an angle) where the fuel gas and oxygen mix,
with a tip where the flame forms.
The top torch is a welding torch and the bottom is a cutting torch
a) Welding torch:
A welding torch head is used to weld metals. It can be identified by having only
one or two pipes running to the nozzle and no oxygen-blast trigger and two valve knobs at
the bottom of the handle letting the operator adjust the oxygen flow and fuel flow.
b) Cutting torch:
A cutting torch head is used to cut metal. It is similar to a welding torch, but can be
identified by having three pipes that go to a 90 degree nozzle and by the oxygen-blast
trigger. Only iron and steel can be cut using this method.
8. Other Accessories:
a) Filler rod / Welding rod:
Filler rod is a metal which is used in gas welding to supply additional metal to make
the joint.
b) Flux is used in oxy-acetylene gas welding to prevent oxidation and also to remove
impurities. The flux may be either in powder or liquid form.
9. Safety devices:
a) Goggles
b) Leather goggles
c) Apron
ARC WELDING
Principle of Operation:
In arc welding, the intense heat needed to melt metal is produced by an electric arc.
The arc is formed between the actual work and an electrode (stick or wire) that is
manually or mechanically guided along the joint. The electrode can either be a rod with the
purpose of simply carrying the current between the tip and the work. Or, it may be a
specially prepared rod or wire that not only conducts the current but also melts and supplies
filler metal to the joint. Most welding in the manufacture of steel products uses the second
type of electrode.
An arc is created across the gap when the energized circuit and the electrode tip
touches the work piece and is withdrawn, yet still with in close contact. The arc produces a
temperature of about 6000C at the tip. This heat melts both the base metal and the
electrode, producing a pool of molten metal sometimes called a "crater." The crater
solidifies behind the electrode as it is moved along the joint. The result is a fusion bond.
Arc Welding Equipment:
a) Power Supply:
The Main equipment used for electric arc welding is the transformer. It may be AC/
DC. Arc welding may be done with direct current (DC) with the electrode either positive or
negative or alternating current (AC). The choice of current and polarity depends on the
process, the type of electrode, the arc atmosphere, and the metal being welded. The figure
shows AC arc welding set up using transformer. The transformer steps down the usual
supply voltage (220 v to 440 v) to the open circuit voltage required for the welding which is
40 v to 80 v.
b) Electrode:
If an electrode is consumable, the tip melts under the heat of the arc and molten droplets are
detached and transported to the work through the arc column. This type of electrodes is made up of
steel, copper, brass bronze or aluminum.
If an electrode is non consumable, the tip of the electrode may not get melted. This type of
electrodes is made up of carbon and graphite. Here filler rod has to be used.
c) Electrode Holder:
It is used to hold or secure the electrode. It should be light, strong and easy to handle. It allows
the shortest electrode possible to be used, ensuring rigidity and lack of deflection
d) Ground Clamp:
It is connected to the end of the ground cable and is clamped to the work or welding table to
complete the electric circuit.
e) Chipping Hammer:
It is chisel shaped one and it is used to remove slag from the weld beads.
f) Wire Brush:
It is used to clean the surface to be welded and it is also used to clean the weld.
g) Face Shield or Screen:
It is used to protect the eyes of the welder from the radiations. There are two types
(i) Hand type and (ii) Helmet type.
h) Goggles:
It is used to protect eyes of the welder from the light sparks produced during welding.
i) Hand Gloves:
It is used to protect the hands of the welder from the effect of ultra violet rays, infra red rays,
heat and sparks.
LAP JOINT
Aim:
To make a Lap joint using arc welding on the given work pieces.
Material required:
1. Mild Steel (M.S) plate of size 50 x 40 x 06 mm 02 Nos.
Tools required:
1. Power supply (AC)
2. Welding torch
3. Electrodes
4. Tongs
5. Chipping hammer
6. Wire brush
7. Gloves
8. Apron
9. Shield
10. Goggles
11. Earth clamp
Procedure:
1. First of all, the workpieces must be thoroughly cleaned to remove any rust, scale and other
foreign materials by filing.
2. Then the given workpieces are placed in such a way that it forms a V and an inverted V
shape when the plates butt each other (as shown in Fig.).
3. Appropriate power supply should be given to the electrodes and the workpiece.
4. Now, the welding current output may be adjusted as necessary.
5. When the current is passed, arc is produces between the electrode and the workpieces.
6. Set the work pieces in correct position and maintain the appropriate gap of 1-2 mm and
start tack welding at both the ends of the work pieces.
7. The welding is carried out throughout the length.
8. Now, the partially welded plates are inverted and the welding is carried out again
throughout the length.
9. As soon as the welding process is finished, the current supply is switched off.
10. Leave the work piece untouched in air for at least 10 minutes for cooling.
11. Slags are removed by chipping process with the help of chipping hammer.
12. Finally using wire brush, welded portions are cleaned.
Result:
Thus, the desired Lap joint is obtained using arc welding.
BUTT JOINT
Aim:
To make a double V-butt joint using arc welding on the given work pieces.
Material required:
Tools required:
2. Welding torch
3. Electrodes
4. Tongs
5. Chipping hammer
6. Wire brush
7. Gloves
8. Apron
9. Shield
10. Goggles
11. Earth clamp
Procedure:
Result:
Thus, the desired Double V-butt joint is obtained using arc welding.
T- FILLET JOINT
Aim:
To make a T- fillet joint using arc welding on the given work pieces.
Material required:
Tools required:
2. Welding torch
3. Electrodes
4. Tongs
5. Chipping hammer
6. Wire brush
7. Gloves
8. Apron
9. Shield
10. Goggles
11. Earth clamp
Procedure:

Result:
Thus, the desired T- fillet joint is obtained using arc welding.
STUDY ON SHEET METAL
INTRODUCTION
Sheet metal work is the working on the metal of 16 gauge to 30 gauge with hand tools and simple
machines into different forms by cutting, forming into shapes and joining.
APPLICATION OF SHEET METAL
It is used for making hoppers, funnels, various ducts chimneys, ventilating pipes, machine tool
guards, boilers etc. It is extensively used in major industries like air craft manufacturing, ship building,
automobile body building and fabrication of ducts in air conditioning equipments.
PRINCIPLE INVOLVED
Generally all sheet metal work patterns are based on the development of the surfaces of a number
of geometrical models like prism, cylinder, pyramid and cone. Besides development of surfaces,
geometrical projections are also used for sheet metal work.
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR SHEET METAL WORK
The exact size and shape of the sheet to be cut is given by the development of the concerned object. The
development is drawn on a flat sheet metal and then the sheet is cut. Then it is folded or rolled to the
required shape before the joints are made by welding or any other form of fastening.
SPECIFICATION OF SHEET METAL
The sheets are specified by standard gauge numbers. Each gauge designates a definite thickness. The
gauge number can be identified by standard wire gauge or SWG.
SWG
Thickness (mm)
10
3.2
12
2.6
14
2.0
16
1.6
18
1.2
20
0.9
22
0.7
24
0.6
26
0.4
30
0.3
METALS USED IN SHEET METAL WORK

The most commonly used sheet metals are
a. Black iron used for making tanks, pans and stove pipes etc.
b. Galvanized iron used for making pans, buckets, furnaces, heating ducts, cabinets etc.
c. Stainless steel domestic appliances such as vessels since it is anticorrosive, it is well suited for
handling of liquid helium, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen that exists at cryogenic state.
d. Copper used for making cutters, expansion joints, roof flashing and hoods.
e. Aluminium used for making house hold appliances, refrigerator trays, vessels used in chemical
and food industries, electrical industries, structural applications etc.
f. Tin plate used for making roofs, food containers, dairy equipments, furnace fittings, cans and
pans etc.
g. Lead used for lining in tank, flooring in chemical plants. And also in battery paltes.
TOOLS USED IN SHEET METAL WORK
I.
Cutting tools
a. Chisels
They are used for cutting sheets, rivets, bolts and chipping operations. Though there are
many types of chisels available, round nose chisel and flat nose chisel are used for sheet
metal work.
b. Snips or Shears
Snips are hand shears; varying in length from 200mm to 600mm. 200mm to 250 mm
length is most commonly used. Straight end and curved snips are mostly used for cutting
along outside curves and straight lines, trimming along inside curves respectively.
II.
Striking tools
a. Hammers
They are used for hollowing, stretching, leveling, riveting, strengthening of sheet metal
joints etc. the mostly used hammers are ball peen hammer, straight peen hammer, riveting
hammer, mallet etc.
b. Punches
It is used for marking out work locating centers etc. the widely used punches are dot
punch, hollow punch and center punch.
III.
Supporting tools
Stakes
They are the sheet metal workers anvil used for bending, hemming, seaming, forming etc,
using hammers or mallet.
IV.
Bending tools
Pliers: They are used for bending the sheet metal to the required shape. It also used for
holding and cutting the sheet metal. Flat nose pliers and round nose pliers are used in the sheet
metal work for forming and holding.
V.
Layout tools
Steel rules: It is used for measuring and laying out small work. It can measure with an
accuracy of upto 0.5mm.
Scriber: It is long wire steel with its one end sharply pointed and hardened to scratch line
sheet metal for laying out patterns.
Dividers: It is used for drawing circles or arcs on sheet metal. They are used to mark a desired
distance between two points and to divide lines into equal parts.
Sheet Metal gauge: It is used to find the thickness of the sheet metal. The various gauges are
standard wire gauge, Birham wire gauge and American wire gauge.
VI.
Other Tools
a. Groover: The process of joining two sheet metal jobs, their ends are grooved with the help
of grooving tools and this is known as grooving.
b. Hand dolly: It is a steel bock rectangular in shape and fitted with a handle in the bottom
of the block.
SHEET METAL OPERATIONS

The major types are
Shearing, Bending, Drawing, Squeezing.
Shearing:
Bending:
It means that the metal is stressed beyond the elastic limit. So that the metal is bent into right angle and
forming occurs when complete items or parts are shaped. It incorporates angle bending, roll bending, and
roll forming and seaming.
Drawing:
It is the operation of producing cup shaped components from the sheet metal by many number of
punching strokes. It is performed by placing a metal blank over a stationary die and exerting a calculated
pressure from a punch against the blank.
Squeezing:
It is the one of the methods of forming ductile material. Riveting, cold heading and rotary swaging are
very common process of squeezing. Rivets are used to join two or more sheets of metal together.
SHEET METAL JOINTS

Sheet metal working incorporates a wide variety of hems and seams.
HEM: a hem is an edge or border made by folding.

Types of Hem: single hem, double hem, wired edge.
Double Hem
SEAM: A seam is a joining made by fastening two edges together.
Types of seam: Single Seam, Double Seam, Grooved Seam.
SHEET METAL PATTERN DEVELOPMENT METHODS

In order to fabricate an object out of sheet metal it is necessary to know the exact shape and size of the
sheet metal required. For that a pattern which is the flat outline of the object should be prepared. The
objects like cylinder, cone, prism, pyramids etc. are developed from the development of surfaces.
The following are methods used to make patterns in the sheet metal
1. Parallel line method
2. Radial line method
3. Triangulation method
Development of cylinder using parallel line method
Cylinder is wrapped around the paper. When the paper is opened, it is rectangular of size.
Radial line method
It is used for the development of cones and pyramids in which the apex is taken as center and its slant
edge or generator as the radius for its development.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. Heavy sheets must be handled by using gloves.
2. Check whether head portion of the mallet and hammer should be tightly
fixed to the handle.
3. Respective snips should be used according to the sheet thickness.
4. Burrs should be removed in the edges of the sheet metal after the cutting
process.
5. Do not let sheet metal slip through your hands.
6. While cutting operation, blade should be perpendicular to the job and
along the marking line.
7. Adequate care should be taken while folding, hemming, seaming
operations.
8. Waste materials should be cleaned by using wire brush.
9. Necessary sheet metal working tools should be collectively selected and
handled because that avoids confusion.
10. High force should not be applied while leveling the plate because that
leads to malleability state of sheet metal.
RECTANGULAR TRAY
Aim:
To make a rectangular tray from given sheet metal as per the given dimensions.
Material required:
1. 185 mm x 135 mm of 26 gauge G.I (Galvanized Iron) sheet.
Tools required:
1. Steel rule
2. Trammel
3. Scriber
4. Snips
5. Punch
6. Shears
7. Vice
8. Anvil
9. Stakes
10. Mallet
11. Cross peen hammer
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The size of the given sheet is checked for its dimensions using a steel rule.
Then the sheet is leveled on the leveling plate using a mallet.
Develop the sheet metal as per the dimension of the tray.
The dimensions are marked as shown in fig.
The sheet is cut as per the marked dimensions by straight snips.
Then a single hemming is made on the four sides of the tray as shown in figure.
These four sides of the tray are bent to 90 using stakes anvil.
Finally all the corners of the tray are joined by riveting.
Result:
Thus the required shape of tray is obtained from the given sheet metal.
FRUSTUM OF CONE
Aim:
To make a Cone frustum from given sheet metal as per the given dimensions.
Material required:
1. 26 gauge G.I (Galvanized Iron) sheet.
Tools required:
1. Steel rule
2. Trammel
3. Scriber
4. Snips
5. Punch
6. Shears
7. Vice
8. Anvil
9. Stakes
10. Mallet
11. protractor
Procedure
1. The size of the given sheet is checked for its dimensions using a steel rule
2. The required shape is first produced in a paper which is used for reproducing the exact size on the
sheet metal
o
3. The slanting angle of the sector is calculated by using the formula 360 x (R/L). where, R is a
base circle radius and L is a slant height
4. The required shape is cut from the paper
5. Then the exact shape of the paper cut is placed on the GI sheet, so that the same size can be
reproduced on the sheet metal using scriber
6. Then the sheet is folded using funnel stake to make cone shape
7. Then the edge of the folded portion are joined together by seaming process using groover
.
Result:
Thus the required shape of Cone frustum is obtained from the given sheet metal.
STUDY ON BASIC MACHINING
Introduction
The lathe is an ancient tool, dating at least to the Egyptians and known and used in Assyria,
Greece, the Roman and Byzantine Empires. The origin of turning dates to around 1300BC when the
Egyptians first developed a two-person lathe. One person would turn the wood work piece with a rope
while the other used a sharp tool to cut shapes in the wood.
During the industrial revolution, mechanized power was applied to the lathe via steam engines
and line shafting, allowing faster and easier work. The design of lathes diverged between woodworking
and metalworking to a greater extent than in previous centuries. Metalworking lathes evolved into
heavier machines with thicker, more rigid parts. The application of lead screws, slide rests, and gearing
produced commercially practical screw-cutting lathes. Between the late 19th and mid 20th centuries,
individual electric motors at each lathe replaced line shafting as the power source. Beginning in the
1950s, servomechanisms were applied to the control of lathes and other machine tools via numerical
control (NC), which often was coupled with computers to yield computerized numerical control (CNC).
Today manually controlled and CNC lathes coexist in the manufacturing industries.
Working Principle:
In a lathe work piece is held and rotated about its axis. A cutting force is applied on the work
piece by a single point cutting tool and hence the material is removed from the work piece. The amount
of material removed from the work piece, in unit time is based on the depth of cut and feed. The single
point cutting tool used in a lathe is made up of High Speed Steel (HSS), cemented carbides and polycrystalline diamonds (PCD).
Parts of Lathe:
a) Lathe Bed
b) Head stock
c) Tail stock
d) Carriage : (i) Apron (ii) Saddle (iii) Cross slide (iv) Compound rest (v) Tool post
e) Feed rod
f) Lead screw.
FACING OPERATION
TURNING OPERATION
a) Lathe Bed:
It is the base of the machine. On its left side, the head stock is mounted. The tail stock which is
moveable on the bed, mounted on the right side. The bed is made up of cast iron in order to resist the
vibrations occurring during the machining operations.
b) Head stock:
The head stock is permanently fastened on the inner ways at the left hand end of the bed. It
serves to support the spindle and driving arrangements. All lathes receive their power through the head
stock, which may be equipped with a step-cone pulleys or a geared head drive. The modern lathe is
provided with all-geared head stock to get large variation of spindle speeds.
c) Tail stock:
The tail stock is the counter part of the head stock and is situated at the right hand end of the
bed. It is used for supporting the work when turning on centers or when a long component is to be held
in a chuck. It is also used for holding and feeding the tools such as drills, reamers, taps, etc.,
d) Carriage:
In its simplest form the carriage holds the tool bit and moves it longitudinally (turning) or
perpendicularly (facing) under the control of the operator. The operator moves the carriage manually
via the hand wheel or automatically by engaging the feed shaft with the carriage feed mechanism. This
provides some relief for the operator as the movement of the carriage becomes power assisted.
(i)Apron: It is fastened to the saddle and hangs over the front of the bed. It contains gears, clutches
and levers for operating the carriage by hand and power feeds. The apron had wheel can be turned to
move the carriage longitudinally back and forth by hand.
(ii)Saddle: It is an H-shaped casting that fits over the bed and slides along the ways between the head
stock and tail stock.
(iii)Cross slide: The cross-slide stands atop the carriage and has a feed screw that travels
perpendicular to the main spindle axis. This permits facing operations to be performed, and the
depth of cut to be adjusted. This feed screw can be engaged, through a gear train, to the feed shaft to
provide automated
'power feed' movement to the cross-slide. On most lathes, only one direction can be engaged at a time
as an interlock mechanism will shut out the second gear train.
TAPER TURNING OPERATION
(iv) Compound rest: The compound rest (or top slide) is the part of the machine where the tool post is
mounted. It provides a smaller amount of movement along its axis via another feed screw. The
compound rest axis can be adjusted independently of the carriage or cross-slide. It is utilized when
turning tapers, to control depth of cut when screw cuts or precision facing, or to obtain finer feeds
(under manual control) than the feed shaft permits.
(v) Tool post: The tool bit is mounted in the tool post which may be of the American lantern style,
traditional 4 sided square style, or in a quick change style such as the multifix arrangement pictured.
The advantage of a quick change set-up is to allow an unlimited number of tools to be used (up to the
number of holders available) rather than being limited to 1 tool with the lantern style, or 3 to 4 tools
with the 4 sided type.
e) Feed rod:
Feed rod is long shaft which gets power from the head stock spindle through large number of
gears located in the feed box. It is used for the longitudinal movement of the carriage (or) cross feed
movement of the cross slide
f) Lead screw:
A lead screw also known as a power screw or translation screw, is a screw designed to translate
radial motion into motion. It is a long threaded shaft which is used during thread cutting operations.
Lathe Operations
a) Turning: It is the operation of reducing the diameter of workpiece.
b) Facing: It is the operation of reducing the length of the work piece.
c) Chamfering: It is the operation of removing the sharp corners of the work piece to protect the edges
of the job from getting damaged. It is done by keeping the tool at an angle of 45 degree to the lathe
axis.
d) Taper Turning: It is the operation of making uniform change in the diameter of the work piece
along its length or producing conical surface on the work piece.
e) Drilling: It is the operation of making hole in the work piece. This can be achieved by fixing the
drill bit in tail stock and fed in to the rotating work piece.
f) Boring: It is operation of enlarging the already drilled hole.
g) Knurling: It is the operation of making rough surface to get the get grip on the work piece.
FACING AND TURNING
Aim:
To obtain the required shape and size out of the given workpiece by different lathe
operations.
Material required:
1. Cylindrical work piece of diameter ___ mm and length ____ mm mild steel rod.
Tools required:
1. Centre lathe
2. Cutting Tool
3. Steel rule
4. Vernier Caliper
5. Vernier Height gauge
6. Surface plate
7. Angle plate
Procedure:
1. The given work piece is checked for its dimensions.
2. The work piece is held in the three-jaw chuck and with the help of chuck key tightens
the work piece firmly. Ensure the job is fully centered.
3. The single point cutting tool is held in the tool post and tightens the nuts using
spanner.
4. Facing is done with cutting tool moving from the center of work piece towards
outside. It is done until the required length of the job is obtained. i.e. movement of the
cutting tool is perpendicular to lathe axis
5. Turning is done to reduce the diameter of the job. Sufficient depth of cut is given and it is done until the
required diameter of the job is obtained. i.e. movement of the cutting tool is parallel to lathe axis.
6. Chamfering is done on the edges to avoid sharp edges. For that the tool is held 45 to
the lathe axis and fed against the rotating work piece.
7. Finally, the dimensions of the work piece are again checked.
Result:
Thus the required size and shape of the given work piece is obtained and checked for
its dimensions.
STEP TURNING AND CHAMFERING
Aim:
To obtain the required shape and size out of the given workpiece by different lathe operations.
Material required:
Cylindrical work piece of diameter ___ mm and length____ mm mild steel rod.
Tools required:
1. Centre lathe
2. Cutting Tool
3. Steel rule
4. Vernier Caliper
6. Surface plate
7. Angle plate
Procedure:
spanner.
outside. It is done until the required length of the job is obtained. i.e. movement of the
Cutting tool is perpendicular to lathe axis
5. Turning is done to reduce the diameter of the job. Sufficient depth of cut is given and it is done until the
required diameter of the job (different diameter in different length
segments) is obtained. i.e. movement of the cutting tool is parallel to lathe axis.
6. Chamfering is done on the edges to avoid sharp edges. For that the tool is held 45 to the lathe axis
and fed against the rotating work piece.
Result:
its dimensions
TAPER TURNING AND KNURLING

Aim:
To obtain the required shape and size out of the given workpiece by different lathe
operations.
Material required:
Cylindrical work piece of diameter____ mm and length ___ mm mild steel rod.
Tools required:
1. Centre lathe
2. Cutting Tool
3. Steel rule
4. Vernier Caliper
6. Surface plate
7. Angle plate
Procedure:
spanner.
outside. It is done until the required length of the job is obtained.
5. Turning is done to reduce the diameter of the job. Sufficient depth of cut is given and
it is done until the required diameter of the job is obtained.
6. Taper Turning (changing diameter along the length) is done on the work piece, as per
the Taper angle already calculated. Then the compound rest base is swiveled and set
at half taper angle. Cutting tool is moved at an angle to the lathe axis. Tool is moved
Dd
tan 1
by compound rest hand wheel. The taper angle=
2L
Here D Major diameter, d Minor diameter and L is length of taper turning.
7. Chamfering is done on the edges to avoid sharp edges. For that the tool is held 45 to
the lathe axis and fed against the rotating work piece.
8.Knurling operation is done using knurling tool
Result:
its dimensions.
DRILLING
AIM:
To obtain the required shape and size of the hole in work piece by drilling operations .
MATERIAL SUPPLIED
Square work piece of width ___mm and length ___mm mild steel.
TOOLS REQUIRED
1. Drilling machine
2. drilling Cutting tool
3. Vernier Caliper
WORKING PROCEDURE
2. The work piece is held in the machine vice. Chuck key is used to tighten the tool
firmly.
3. Drilling is done with cutting tool moving from the top to the required drilling depth.
4. Finally, the dimensions of work piece are again checked.
RESULT
Thus the required size and shape of the given work piece is obtained .
10 x 4holes
25
25
DRILLING
40 SQR
STUDY ON PLUMBING
Introduction:
Plumbing also refers to a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution
of potable water and the removal of waste water. Plumbing is the skilled trade of working with pipes,
tubing and plumbing fixtures for drinking water systems and the drainage of waste. A plumber is
someone who installs or repairs piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment such as water
heaters. The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed economy due to the
need for clean water, and proper collection and transport of wastes. In addition to the straight pipe or
tubing, many fittings are required in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions.
Plumbing Tools:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pipe wrench
Pipe vice
Pipe cutter
Die set
Hack saw
1. Pipe wrench:
The pipe wrench is an adjustable wrench used for turning soft iron pipes and fittings
with a rounded surface. The design of the adjustable jaw allows it to rock in the frame, such that any
forward pressure on the handle tends to pull the jaws tighter together. Teeth angled in the direction of
turn dig into the soft pipe.
2. Pipe vice:
The pipe vice is used to hold the pipes rigidly in position during thread cutting and fitting of
bends, valves, couplings etc. it consists of fixed jaw and movable jaw to hold the work piece and a
screw rod with handle is used for an adjustment. This vice is fixed on the work bench.
3. Pipe cutter:
A pipe cutter is a type of tool used by plumbers to cut pipe. Besides producing a clean cut, the
tool is often a faster and more convenient way of cutting pipe than using a hacksaw, although this
depends on the metal the pipe is made out of. There are two types of pipe cutters. Plastic tubing cutters,
which really look much like a pair of pruning shears, may be used for thinner pipes and tubes such as a
Sprinkler pipe. Then there is a pipe cutter with a sharp wheel and adjustable jaw grips for use on thicker
pipes. These are used by rotating it around the pipe and repeatedly tightening it until it.
4. Die set:
A die head is a threading die that is used in the high volume production of threaded
components. They may be used for either cutting a thread or rolling a thread. They may also be used for
internal or external thread cutting.
5. Hack saw:
A hacksaw is a fine-tooth saw with a blade under tension in a frame, used for cutting materials
such as metal. Hand-held hacksaws consist of a metal arch with a handle, usually a pistol grip, with
pins for attaching a narrow disposable blade. A screw or other mechanism is used to put the thin blade
under tension. The blade can mounted with the teeth facing toward or away from the handle, resulting
in cutting action on either the push or pull stroke.
Pipes & Pipe Fittings:
Pipes: Threaded pipe is often used in plumbing and pneumatic applications. Because pipe joints must
form a seal, the threaded portion is slightly conical rather than cylindrical. As a result, threaded pipe
requires specialized taps and dies. A modified form of the basic pipe thread shape is the Dry-Seal
thread. The Dry-Seal thread is formed so that during assembly, the tips of the male threads are slightly
crushed into the roots of the female threads, affecting, in theory, a liquid-tight fit.
The pipes may be made up of different types like Plastic pipe, Galvanized Iron (GI) pipe, Mild
steel pipe, Cast iron pipe, Copper pipe, Brass pipe, Lead pipe, Rubber pipe, Fiber pipe, Polythene pipe.
Pipe f ittings:
Fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections, to
adapt to different sizes or shapes, and to regulate fluid flow.
a) Elbow:
A pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change of direction,
usually 90 or 45. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded. When the two ends differ in
size, it is called a reducing or reducer elbow.
GATE VALVE
Pipe vise
b) Tee:
A tee is used to either combine or split a fluid flow. Most common are tees with the same inlet
and outlet sizes, but 'reducing' tees are available as well.
c) Cap:
A type of pipe fitting, often liquid or gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe. A cap has a
similar function to a plug.
d) Plug:
A plug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the fitting.
e) Nipple:
Short stub of pipe, usually threaded iron, A nipple is defined as being a short stub of pipe which
has two male ends. Nipple is commonly used for plumbing and hoses, and second as valves for funnels
and pipes.
f) Coupling:
A coupling connects two pipes to each other. If the material and size of the pipe are not the
same, the fitting may be called a 'reducing coupling' or reducer, or an adapter.
g) Union:
A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient
disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement.
h) Valve:
A valve is a device that regulates the flow of a fluid (gases, fluidized solids, slurries, or liquids)
by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Plumbing valves, such as taps for hot
and cold water are the most noticeable types of valves. Valves may be operated manually, either by a
hand wheel, lever or pedal.
i) Wrench:
A wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide a mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn
bolts, nuts or other items designed to interface with a wrench.
j) Flange:
Flanges are largely used for pipe joints. Flange joint may be made with flanges which are cast
integral with the pipes (or) loose flanges which are welded (or) screwed with pipes.
k) Bush:
It is a short sleeve like piece which is used to reduce the size of a threaded opening.
Applications of Plumbing
The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:
Potable cold and hot water supply
Traps, drains, and vents
Septic systems
Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage
Fuel gas piping
PREPARATION OF PIPE LINE FROM A WATER TANK

Aim:
To prepare a pipe line from a water tank to a bottom water usage
Fittings and Components Required:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gate valves
Connecting pipes of different lengths.
Flexible pipes for inlet and drain.
Pipe fittings like tee-joint, elbow
Tools required:
Pipe wrench, Hack saw, Die set, Hammer and measuring tape.
Sequence of Operation:
a. Selection of pipes of required length.
b. Threading the ends of pipes as required.
c. Connection of the water tank to wash basin.
Working Steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mark the location of wash basin and fix it properly

Fix the tap on the wash basin in the required position properly
Draw the pipeline sketch to connect the wash basin tap with the water tank.
Connect the water tank and the wash basin tap using required length of pipes and
pipe fittings.
5. Fix the flow control valve near the wash basin tap and connect its outlet with the tap
using flexible pipe.
6. Fix the flexible drain pipe from the wash basin to the common drain outlet.
Result:
Hence the pipeline to from the over head water tank is made.
PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR OVERHEAD TANK

DOUBLE LINE DIAGRAM
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
PREPARATION OF PIPE LINE FROM A WATER TANK TO

WASHING MACHINE
Aim:
To prepare a pipe line from a water tank to washing machine
Fittings and Components Required:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Washing Machine
Gate valves
Connecting pipes of different lengths.
Flexible pipe for inlet and drain for washing machine.
Pipe fittings like tee-joint, elbow, reducer and coupling.
Tools required:
Pipe wrench, Hack saw, Die set, Hammer and measuring tape.
Working Steps:
1. Mark the location of water heater and the pipe line diagram is prepared accordingly.
2. Connect the water tank and the washing machine using required length of pipes and
pipe fittings.
3. Fix the flow control valve near the washing machine.
4. Connect the gate valve outlet and the washing machine inlet using a flexible pipe.
5. Fix the flexible drain pipe from the washing machine to the common drain outlet.
Result:
Hence the pipeline to the washing machine from the water tank is made.
PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR WASHINGMACHINE

DOUBLE LINE DIAGRAM
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
STUDY ON CARPENTRY
Introduction
A carpenter (builder) is a skilled craftsperson who performs carpentry. Carpenters
work with wood to construct, install and maintain buildings, furniture, and other objects. The
work may involve manual labor and work outdoors.
Types of wood:
The wood is generally classified into three types; Soft, Hard and Plywood
1. Soft wood: It has straight fibers and it is weak but easy to work. Example: Deodar,
Kail, Chir
2. Hard wood: It is closed structure, heavy in weight, dark in colour, more durable. It is
difficult to work. Example: Teak, Sal, Mango, Maple, Oak.
3. Plywood: It has three layers i.e., Top face plys layer, Core layer and Bottom face plys layer.
The top and bottom layers are called face plys layers. These two layers are bonded to the center
core, which is thick and not of good quality.
Wood Seasoning:
Wood Seasoning is the process of removal of moisture from Timber. This can also be
termed as the drying process of timber. Fresh timber has a very high quantity of moisture and
hence is not useful for use in construction or for manufacture of furniture. In the seasoning
process the moisture of the wood is brought down in the range of 8 - 15% based on the end
application.
Following are the advantages of Seasoning:

1. No risk of fungal decay
2. Reduces weight
3. Improvement in Strength Properties
4. Increase in Nail and screw holding capacity

5. Improves Gluing capacity
6. Helps in Preservative Treatment
7. Wood exhibits better electrical and thermal Insulation properties
C-Clamp
BENCH VICE
MARKING GAUGE
METAL JACK PLANE
Carpentry Tools:
1. A Ball Peen hammer:
A ball-peen hammer is a type of peening hammer used in woodworking. It is distinguished from
a point-peen hammer or chisel-peen hammer by having a hemispherical head. Ball-peen hammers are
divided into two classes: hard-faced and soft-faced. The head of a hard-faced hammer is made of heat
treated forged high-carbon steel or alloy steel; it is harder than the face of a claw hammer. The softfaced hammers are made from brass, lead, tightly wound rawhide, or plastic. These hammers usually
have replaceable heads or faces, because they will deform, wear out, or break over time. They are used
when there is the danger of damaging a striking surface.
2. Mallet:
A mallet is a kind of hammer, made of wood, with a relatively large head. Wooden mallet,
usually used in carpentry to knock wooden pieces together or to drive dowels or chisels. A wooden
mallet will not deform the striking end of a metal tool, as most metal hammers would, but it also
reduces the force available to drive the cutting edge of a chisel.
3. Chisel:
They are particularly useful for cutting purpose with the help of mallet. It also has a
strengthening piece called a ferrule which prevents the handle from splitting at the bottom when it is hit
repeatedly by a mallet.
Types of Chisels
Chisels have a wide variety of uses. Many types of chisels have been devised, each specially
suited to its intended use.
a) Mortise Chisel:
Thick, rigid blade with straight cutting edge and square sides to make mortises and similar
joints.
b) Dovetail Chisel:
Made specifically for cutting dovetail joints. The different being the thickness of the body of the
chisel, as well as the angle of the edges, permitting easier access to the joint.
c) Bevel Chisel:
Edged chisels are slightly undercut making them easy to push into corners. They are normally
used for finishing dovetail joints.
d) Firmer Chisels:
They have a blade with a rectangular cross-section. This means that they are stronger and can be
used for tougher/heavier work.
4. Try square:
It is used for testing the flatness of the surfaces or whether the adjacent surfaces are at right
angles to each other or not.
5. Vice:
A vice is a mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or clamping a work piece to allow
work to be performed on it with tools such as saws, planes, drills, mills, screwdrivers, sandpaper, etc.
6. C- Clamp:
A C-clamp is a type of clamp device typically used to hold a wood or metal work piece, and are
often used in, but are not limited to, carpentry and welding. These clamps are called "C" clamps
because of their C shaped frame.
7. Saw:
A saw is used to cut the wood into pieces. It has different types as follows:
a) Mitre saw :
It is often referred to a large backsaw (20-30 inches or 60-90 cm) used either in a wooden mitre
box or in a metal frame which allowed cutting mitres of any specified angle.
b) Tenon saw:
It has a parallel blade of width 60 mm to 100 mm, length 250 mm to 400 mm and 12 to 20
points or teeth per 25 mm length. The teeth are shaped like a cross cut saw, in form of an equilateral
triangle.
c) Rip Saw:
It is used for cutting along the grains of wood. Its blade is about 700 mm long, and has 3 to 5
points or teeth per 25 mm length. The teeth of the rip saw have a series of chisel edge.
8. Steel Rule:
Steel rules, also called rulers, are essential for linear measurements in any shop. They can also
be used as guides for laying out lines, and if rigid enough, for cutting. The thinner, more flexible rules
can also be used to measure rounded or cambered work.
9. Marking Gauge:
A marking gauge is used in woodworking and metalworking to mark out lines for
cutting or other operations. In metalworking it can be known as a scratch gauge. The purpose
of the gauge is to scribe a line parallel to a reference edge or surface. It is used in joinery and
sheet metal operations.
10. Jack Plane:
It is used to make the surface of wood smooth to get good surface finish. A large
range of planes are available and they are used for different purposes. The body of a plane
is made from high grade cast iron with the cutters being tungsten made from vanadium steel.
Mainly there are two types: Wooden Jack Plane and Metal Jack Plane. Note that Metal
Jack plane is used to get better surface finish.
JOINING OF WOODEN PIECES BY T/PLUS/CORNER JOINT METHOD

AIM
Joining of wooden pieces by T/ PLUS / CORNER joint method and demonstrate
accuracy in fitting to the desired dimensional values
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Two wooden pieces of size and material suitable to get the required joint.
GIVEN WORK PIECE DIMENSIONS:
First piece: . mm x .mm x .mm
Second piece:mm xmm xmm
TOOLS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Jack plane
Try square
Marking gauge
Tenon saw
Carpentry vice
Steel rule
Firmer chisel
Mallet
Ripsaw
WORK INSTRUCTION
1. Check the given wooden pieces for its dimensional values and quality
2. Analyze the given drawing for the required specifications and ensure the suitability of the
given material to make the required joint
3. Identify the type of wooden joint to be made
4. Carry out planning operation using jack plane on all the surface of the work piece along
its axis by holding the work piece firmly in the clamp
5. Ensure proper cross sectional area and surface finish
6. Mark the portion to be removed on each work piece in order to facilitate making parts
and counter part for the required wooden joint
7. Clamp one of the work piece firmly in the vice such that the portion to be removed may
be chiseled
8. Remove the marked portion from the work piece by chiseling. Use mallet and firmer
chisel to remove the excess wood by chiseling or use tennon saw to cut and remove the
excess wood
9. Complete the counterpart also in the same manner as per the specification
10. Press fit the two parts to make joint as per specification
11. Check the obtain joint against specification using try square and steel rule
12. Carryout small correction in work piece if required
13. Record the obtained dimensional values and compare it with desired values
RESULT
Thus the joining of wooden pieces by T/ PLUS / CORNER JOINTS has done by the
desired dimensional values
DEMONSTRATION ON SMITHY
INTRODUCTION
Smithy is one of the manufacturing process in which the metals are processed to get the desired
size and shape by applying mechanical force or by heating the metal and then applying smaller
amount of force.
Normally, the heating of metal is done in open fire or hearth (it is like a small furnace).The fuel
used for furnace may be coke/coal or charcoal.
TOOL USED IN SMITHY SHOP
Tools used in smithy are broadly classified as follows:
Supporting tools
Striking tools
Holding tools
Cutting tools
Finishing and Shaping tools
SUPPORTING TOOLS
Anvil
It is the most often used smithy tool without which we cannot carry out any smithy
process.
It is used as a support when hammering is performed. It is made up of solid wrought iron

or cast iron.
The top surface of the anvil has some square and other round shaped holes. This is used
when the hot pieces are inserted into them to get the required shape. In particular; it is used for
bending operation.
The round hole called pierced hole is used for bending small work pieces and the hardies
hole is used to hold square shank tools like hardies, swages and fullers.
Swage Block
It is also a supporting tool used in a forge shop.
It is made up of Cast Iron or Cast Steel.
It is used for squaring, sizing, heading, bending, and forming operations.
It may be used either flat or edgewise in its position.
For general applications, width of the swage block is 0.25 m or slightly more than 0.25
m.
STRIKING TOOLS
There are two different types of Hammers are used in forging operations.
The Hand hammer used by smith.
The sledge hammer used by the striker.

Hand hammer
These hammers are classified as
Ball peen hammer
Straight peen hammer
Cross peen hammer
These hammer heads are made up of cast steel and ends are hardened and tempered.
Sledge hammer
It is used for heavy work only. It has flat ends on both sides .The weight varies from 4.5 to 5.5 kg
for ordinary work and around 9 kg for heavy works, the handle being about one meter long.
Handle is made up of either cast iron or wood.
HOLDING TOOLS
Generally tongs are used for holding purpose. It is made up of mild steel.
Types of Tongs
Flat Tong
Gad Tong
Ring Tong
Straight lip Fluted Tong
CUTTING TOOLS
It is used for cutting and necking metal prior to breaking. Two types of Chisels are
normally used.
1. Cold Chisel
2. Hot Chisel
Cold Chisel
It is made up of tool steel with a cutting angle of about 60 and its edge is hardened and
tempered.
Hot chisel
It is made up of low carbon steel and has a cutting angle of 30.Its edge does not require
hardening.
FINISHING AND SHAPING TOOLS

These tools are used to give the desired forms and shapes.
Swages
It is made up of high carbon steel. Swages are used for work which has to be reduced and
finished to round, square or hexagonal form. The swage may be in separate top and bottom
halves.
Flatter
The Flatter is used after the job has been forged into shape with a Hammer and the hammer
marks can be seen on the job surface. Flatter is used to achieve better surface finish especially
when the surface area is large. It is used to provide smoothness and accuracy to job or work.
Fullers
Fullers are a set of two tools, the top tool and the bottom tool. The top tool is provided with a
handle and the bottom tool has a square shank which fits into the square hole of the anvil. Fullers
are used to form grooves. They spread the metal and can reduce the thickness of the work piece
Set hammers
A set hammer is used fro finishing off surfaces to a good smooth surface in restricted areas such
as corners, undercuts. A set hammer is useful for working hot metal forcing it into corners and
narrow place.
Punch
Punch is used to make holes in the heated component. Holes of any shape such as round, oval, or
square shapes may be made with punches of different shapes.
Drift
Once the punch has made a hole in the heated metal work piece, the drift can be employed to
enlarge this hole to a particular shape and size.
COMMON SMITH FORGING OPERATIONS
So many operations can be carried CUE by means of heating the work pieces and
hammering operations.
The typical smith forging operations are
1. Upsetting or Jumping
3. Setting down
5. Bending
7. Cutting
2. Drawing down
4. Punching and drifting
6. Forge welding
8. Fullering
1. Upsetting or jumping: It is one of the processes of increasing the thickness of the job and
reduces the length by the application of hammering operation
2. Drawing down: It is the operation of increasing the length of the bar or job by reducing the
thickness.
3. Setting down: It is the process of local thinning down of the work piece by hammering.
4. Punching and drifting: Punching is the process of making holes on the work piece. After
punching, hole can be enlarged by hammering a tapered drift into the hole until the required bore
size is reached.
5. Bending: It is one of the main operations to bend the work pieces we required. It is carried out
on the anvil by hammering.
6. Forge Welding: It is one of the methods of joining the metals or bars by heating and
hammering.
7. Cutting off: Cutting off is a form of chiseling operation whereby piece of stock is cut into
several specified lengths.
8. Pullering: It is one of the processes of spreading the metal along the length of the bar of work
piece by hammering and in which the job is kept between fullers
TYPES OF FORGING
Based on the machine used for operations, forging is classified into three
1.
2.
3.
Hand Forging
Machine Forging
Drop Forging
i) Hand Forging
In which the metals are processed to get the desired shape and size by it with a hammer is
called hand forging or smithing or blacksmithing.
ii) Machine Forging
In which the process of forging is carried out by using forging machine is called machine
forging.
iii) Drop Forging
In which the top die is raised to certain height through mechanical device and dropped it
to hit the hot metal piece kept at the bottom die. Wrench and other tools are made by drop
forging.
Based on the temperature prevailing in the operations, forging is classified into two types,
1.
Cold forging
2.
hot forging
1) Cold Forging: It is the process of making desired shape of the metal by hammering but
without heating is called cold forging. But it is applicable only for soft metals.
2) Hot Forging: It is the process of making desired shape of the metal by hammering the metal
after heating is called hot forging. Using this process, hard materials also can be forged.
FORGING TEMPERATURES FOR DIFFERENT METALS

The following table shows the forging temperatures for various metals.
Metal /Alloy
Forging temperature C
Starting
Finishing
1. High carbon steel
1150
825
2.Aluminum and Magnesium alloys
500
350
3.Mild steel
1300
800
4.Copper,Brass and Bronze
950
600
5.Medium carbon steel
1250
750
6.Wrought iron
1275
900
APPLICATIONS OF SMITH FORGING
It is used to fabricate components like bolts, nuts, hooks, keys, tongs, wrenches, springs
etc.
It is also used to fabricate agricultural tools and links used in various mechanisms.
ADVANTAGES OF SMITH FORGING
The smith forging components have high strength and give great resistance to impact and
fatigue loads.
It improves the grain structure of the metal so that its mechanical properties are also
improved.
Better surface finishing can be easily achieved.
Raw material loss is almost nil.
DISADVANTAGES OF SMITH FORGING
It is very difficult to achieve the accurate dimensions and tolerances.

Some metals may break while forging.
There is some limitation to achieve the shape and size of the job.
SMITH FURNACE
The following open hearth furnace is generally used for blacksmithing applications.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR SMITHY

1. work slow and always be aware of your audience
2. Separate the audience from your area as much as possible. Use a rope barrier, display
table, or something to make a boundary. People tend to move closer and as they get
involved in watching. Most demonstrators try to keep at least ten feet distance between
the forging area and the audience.
3. Always wear your safety glasses, and if possible have your viewers wear them also.
4. Preferably, keep your audience in front of you instead of on the sides.
5. Wear an apron. Not only is it nostalgic, but it could prevent injury.
DEMONSTRATION ON FOUNDRY
Instructional Objectives
The purpose of this lecture is to outline various casting processes, several defects that
appear in casting and corresponding remedial measures, and general recommendations to achieve
a good quality casting.
Casting Processes
The casting process involves pouring of liquid metal in to a mold cavity and allowing it
to solidify to obtain the final casting. The flow of molten metal into the mold cavity depends on
several factors like minimum section thickness of the part, presence of corners, non-uniform
cross-section of the cast, and so on. The casting processes can be broadly classified into
expendable mold casting and permanent mold casting processes.
Expendable Mold Casting
Expendable mold casting is a generic classification that includes sand, plastic, shell,
plaster, and investment (lost-wax technique) molds. All these methods use temporary, nonreusable molds. After the molten metal in the mold cavity solidifies, the mold is broken to take
out the solidified cast. Expendable mold casting processes are suitable for very complex shaped
parts and materials with high melting point temperature. However, the rate of production is often
limited by the time to make mold rather than the casting itself. Following are a few examples of
expendable mold casting processes.
Sand Casting
Sand casting is widely used for centuries because of the simplicity of the process. The
sand casting process involves the following basic steps: (a) place a wooden or metallic pattern in
sand to create a mold, (b) fit in the pattern and sand in a gating system, (c) remove the pattern,
(d) fill the mold cavity with molten metal, (e) allow the metal to cool, and (f) break the sand
mold and remove the casting. The sand casting process is usually economical for small batch size
production. The quality of the sand casting depends on the quality and uniformity of green sand
material that is used for making the mold. Figure 3.2.1 schematically shows a two-part sand
mold, also referred to as a cope-and-drag sand mold. The molten metal is poured through the
pouring cup and it fills the mold cavity after passing through downsprue, runner and gate.
Thecore refers to loose pieces which are placed inside the mold cavity to create internal holes or
open section. The riser serves as a reservoir of excess molten metal that facilitates additional
filling of mold cavity to compensate for volumetric shrinkage during solidification.
Sand castings process provides several advantages. It can be employed for all types of
metal. The tooling cost is low and can be used to cast very complex shapes. However sand
castings offer poor dimensional accuracy and surface finish.
DEMONSTRATION ON FITTING
CUTTING AND FILING OPERATION ON MS PLATES FOR SQUARE / V / L JOINT.

AIM:
Fitting of two given MS flat plates by Square / V / L type joints as indicated in the
diagram.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Two Mild steel plates (two nos) with its dimensional values that is marginally higher
than the required dimensions. GIVEN WORK PIECE DIMENSIONS: First piece: mm
X mm X .. mm and Second piece: mm X mm and .. mm)
TOOLS REQUIRED:
1. Bench Vice
2. Try Square, Steel rule
3. Prick punch ,
4.Ball peen hammer
5. Hacksaw
6. Files
7. Surface plate
8. Surface gauge
WORKING PROCEDURE
(This fitting operation is carried out using material removal process)
1. Study the given work piece dimension and also the required dimension.
2. Plan the portion of the work piece to be removed.
3. The given work piece is clamped in between the jaws of the bench vice with the surface to be
filed remains horizontal and also at the top.
4. The height of projection of the work piece above the clamp is not to exceed 5 mm in order to
minimize/avoid vibration and noise during filing operation.
5. Use flat file (rough) for removing excessive material and flat (smooth) file for finishing
operation.
6. Carry out filing operation on this top surface of the work piece without any irregularity in
7. material removal and ensure a perfect flat surface. This new flat surface will be used as one of
the reference plane (say X axis) for marking the required dimensions.
Unclamp the work piece from the bench vice and clamp it again after tilting the work piece to 90
degrees such that this new surface comes on top, for filing operation. This new surface will be
the reference plane in Y axis. Carry out filing operation on this new top surface and ensure
flatness.
8. Using Tri square check the two right angled surfaces that are machined for perpendicularity.
Carry out further filing on these two surfaces if required to ensure perpendicularity of its
surfaces.
9. Mark the required geometry in the work piece (middle/corner of work piece as per the
geometrical requirement) using steel rule and scriber and punch.
10. Finish carrying out filing operation of the other two unfinished surfaces. Ensure the new
surfaces are parallel to the reference X axis and Y axis respectively and to the required
dimensions.
11. Use hacksaw frame fitted with sharp blade to remove the excessive material and get a work
piece with undercut and another work piece with projection as required (Square/V/L)
12. Fix the new surfaces created by cutting operation suitably for filing operation and get
required size of the undercut and projected portion.
13. Mate the undercut and projected portion and ensure perfect fitting.
14. Measure the dimensional values of the finished work pieces and compare it with the standard
/ required values for accuracy.
RESULT
Thus the Fitting has done on two given MS flat plates by Square / V / L type
joints as per given dimensions.
STUDY ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Centrifugal Pump Classification
Centrifugal pumps can be classified based on the manner in which fluid flows through the
pump. The manner in which fluid flows through the pump is determined by the design of the
pump casing and the impeller. The three types of flow through a centrifugal pump are radial
flow, axial flow, and mixed flow.
Radial Flow Pumps
In a radial flow pump, the liquid enters at the center of the impeller and is directed out
along the impeller blades in a direction at right angles to the pump shaft
Axial Flow Pumps
In an axial flow pump, the impeller pushes the liquid in a direction parallel to the pump
shaft. Axial flow pumps are sometimes called propeller pumps because they operate
essentially the same as the propeller of a boat.
Mixed Flow Pumps
Mixed flow pumps borrow characteristics from both radial flow and axial flow pumps.
As liquid flows through the impeller of a mixed flow pump, the impeller blades push the liquid
out away from the pump shaft and to the pump suction at an angle greater than 90o
Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pumps
A centrifugal pump with a single impeller that can develop a differential pressure of more
than 150 psid between the suction and the discharge is difficult and costly to design and
construct. A more economical approach to developing high pressures with a single centrifugal
pump is to include multiple impellers on a common shaft within the same pump casing. Internal
channelsin the pump casing route the discharge of one impeller to the suction of another
impeller. The water enters the pump from the top left and passes through each of the stage
impellers in series, going from left to right. The water goes from the volute surrounding the
discharge of one impeller to the suction of the next impeller. A pump stage is defined as that
portion of a centrifugal pump consisting of one impeller and its associated components. Most
centrifugal pumps are single-stage pumps, containing only one impeller. A pump containing
seven impellers within a single casing would be referred to as a seven-stage pump or, or
generally, as a multi-stage pump.
IMPELLERS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Pumps
Impellers can be open, semi-open, or enclosed.
The open impeller consists only of blades attached to a hub.
The semi-open impeller is constructed with a circular plate (the web) attached to one side of the
blades.
The enclosed impeller has circular plates attached to both sides of the blades.
impellers are also referred to as shrouded impellers
Enclosed
Impellers of pumps are either Single-Suction and Double-Suction Impellers based on the
number of points that the liquid can enter the impeller and also on the amount of
webbing between the impeller blades. Impellers can be either single- suction or
double-suction. A single-suction impeller allows liquid to enter the center of the blades
from only one direction. A double-suction impeller allows liquid to enter the center of
the impeller blades from both sides simultaneously
The impeller sometimes contains balancing holes that connect the space around the hub to the
suction side of the impeller. The balancing holes have a total cross-sectional area that
is considerably greater than the cross-sectional area of the annular space between the wearing
ring and the hub. The result is suction pressure on both sides of the impeller hub, which
maintains a hydraulic balance of
Diffuser
Some centrifugal pumps contain diffusers. A diffuser is a set of stationary vanes that
surround the impeller. The purpose of the diffuser is to increase the efficiency of the
centrifugal pump by allowing a more gradual expansion and less turbulent area for the
liquid to reduce in velocity. The diffuser vanes are designed in a manner that the liquid exiting
the impeller will encounter an ever- increasing flow area as it passes through the diffuser. This
increase in flow area causes a reduction in flow velocity, converting kinetic energy into flow
pressure.
Centrifugal pumps can also be constructed in a manner that results in two distinct volutes, each
receiving the liquid that is discharged from a 180o region of the impeller at any given
time. Pumps of this type are called double volute pumps (they may also be referred to a split
volute pumps). In some applications the double volute minimizes radial forces imparted to the
shaft and bearings due to imbalances in the pressure around the impeller.
W Rings
Centrifugal pumps contain rotating impellers within stationary pump casings. To allow
the impeller to rotate freely within the pump casing, a small clearance is designed to be
maintained between the impeller and the pump casing. To maximize the efficiency of a
centrifugal pump, it is necessary to minimize the amount of liquid leaking through this clearance
from the high pressure or discharge side of the pump back to the low pressure or suction side.
Some wear or erosion will occur at the point where the impeller and the pump casing nearly
come into contact. This wear is due to the erosion caused by liquid leaking through this
tight clearance and other causes. As wear occurs, the clearances become larger and the rate
of leakage increases. Eventually, the leakage could become unacceptably large and
maintenance would be required on the pump. To minimize the cost of pump maintenance, many
centrifugal pumps are designed with wearing rings.
Wearing rings are replaceable rings that are attached to the impeller and/or the pump casing to
allow a small running clearance between the impeller and the pump casing without causing
wear of the actual impeller or pump casing material. These wearing rings are designed
to be replaced periodically during the life of a pump and prevent the more costly
replacement of the impeller or the casing
Cavitation
The flow area at the eye of the pump impeller is usually smaller than either the flow area
of the pump suction piping or the flow area through the impeller vanes. When the liquid being
pumped enters the eye of a centrifugal pump, the decrease in flow area results in an
increase in flow velocity accompanied by a decrease in pressure. The greater the pump flow
rate, the greater the pressure drop between the pump suction and the eye of the impeller. If the
pressure drop is large enough, or if the temperature is high enough, the pressure drop may be
sufficient to cause the liquid to flash to vapor when the local pressure falls below the saturation
pressure for the fluid being pumped. Any vapor bubbles formed by the pressure drop at the eye
of the impeller are swept along the impeller vanes by the flow of the fluid. When the bubbles
enter a region where local pressure is greater than saturation pressure farther out the impeller
vane, the vapor bubbles abruptly collapse. This process of the formation and subsequent
collapse of vapor bubbles in a pump is called cavitations. Cavitations in a centrifugal pump
has a significant effect on pump performance. Cavitations degrade the performance of a
pump, resulting in a fluctuating flow rate and discharge pressure. Cavitations can also be
destructive to pumps internal components. When a pump cavities, vapor bubbles form in the low
pressure region directly behind the rotating impeller vanes.
STUDY ON AIR CONDITIONER
Introduction:
Air conditioner is a device used to condition the air according to human comfort. Air
is consisting of humidity, temperature, dust etc. The presence of these constituents makes the
people to feel discomfort and reduces the efficiency of persons. Therefore air has to be
conditioner depending upon the requirement. Generally in coastal areas the humidity level is
more hence wet air prevails, so air has to be dehumidified using air conditioner. In the tropical
areas dry air prevails hence air has to be humidified using air conditioner. Thus air conditioner
may be classified according to season as Summer Air Conditioner & Winter Air Conditioner.
Types of Air Conditioner:
1. Window Air Conditioner
2. Spilt type Air Conditioner
WINDOW AIR CONDITIONER:

Working Principle:
The refrigerant vapour at high pressure and temperature is supplied by the
compressor to the
condenser. A propeller type fan is used to draw air from atmosphere and to circulate
through the condenser coil. The air cools the refrigerant vapour and it becomes liquid.
Refrigeration cycle
The refrigeration cycle consists of the following processes
1) Condensing coil
2) Expansion valve,
3) Evaporator coil,
4) Compressor.
Initially, a heat pump transfers heat from a lower-temperature heat source into a
higher- temperature heat sink. Heat would naturally flow in the opposite direction. This is
the most common type of air conditioning. A refrigerator works in much the same way, as
it pumps the heat out of the interior and into the room in which it stands.
.Window Air Conditioner
Split Type Air Conditioner

.
The most common refrigeration cycle uses an electric motor to drive a compressor.
Since evaporation occurs when heat is absorbed, and condensation occurs when heat is
released, air conditioners use a compressor to cause pressure changes between two
compartments, and actively condense and pump a refrigerant around. A refrigerant is

pumped into the cooled compartment (the evaporator coil), where the low pressure causes the
refrigerant to evaporate into a vapor, taking heat with it. In the other compartment (the
condenser), the refrigerant vapor is compressed and force through another heat exchange
coil, condensing into a liquid, rejecting the heat previously absorbed from the cooled space.
Air conditioning equipment usually reduces the humidity of the air processed by the system
and hence produces the effect.
COMPONENTS:
The refrigeration systems consists of :
a) Compressor
The compressor used in window air conditioner is of hermetic type. The refrigerant
vapour is compressed to high pressure and temperature in the condenser.
b) Air-cooled condenser
It is used to cool the high pressure high temperature refrigerant vapour. It is
continuous coil made of copper tubing. A propeller type fan is used to draw the necessary air
from atmosphere to cool the refrigerant.
c) Capillary tube
It is an expansion device. It is used to reduce the pressure and temperature of the
refrigerant.
d) Evaporator
It is cooling coil made of copper. A centrifugal blower is installed behind the coil to
deliver cool air from the evaporator to the room. The blower also sucks warm air from the
room and sends it to the evaporator through a Filter.
Applications:
1) Used in offices, hotels, buses, cars, aero planes for human comfort.
2) Used in textile industries to control moisture.
3) Used in printing press, food industries, chemical plants etc.,
Window air conditioner is also known as room air conditioner, and is usually fitted in the
window or any opening made in the wall of suitable dimensions. This is then packed with
insulating material like thermo coal to achieve better efficiency
SPLIT TYPE AIR CONDITONER:

Introduction:
Split air conditioners are used for rooms and halls, usually in places where window air
conditioners cannot be installed. However, these days many people prefer split air
conditioner units even for places where window air conditioners can be fitted.
The split type room air conditioner is comprised of two parts.
1) The outdoor unit,
The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the
compressor, condenser and expansion valve.
2) The indoor unit.
The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. The
split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.
OUTDOOR UNIT :
This unit houses important components of the air conditioner like the compressor,
condenser coil and also the expansion coil or capillary tubing. This unit is installed outside
the room or office space which is to be cooled.
It consists of the following parts :
a) Compressor is the main component of the system and is used to compress the
refrigerant. b) Condenser Coil is used to reject heat from the refrigerant to the out
side air.
c) Condenser Fan is used in air-cooled condenser to help move the air molecules over
the surface of the condensing coil, hence rejecting the heat form the indoor to
the space outside the building.
d) Condenser Motor is located here. The motor usually has two to three speeds. Smaller
unit may have only one speed of control and turns on/off simultaneously with the
compressor.
INDOOR UNIT :
The indoor unit houses the evaporator coil or the cooling coil, a long blower and the
filer. After passing from the expansion coil, the chilled Freon fluid enters the cooling coil. The
blower sucks the hot, humid and filtered air from the room and it blows over the cooling
coil. As the air passes over cooling coiling its temperature reduces drastically and also loses
the excess moisture comfortable conditions of around 25 to 27 C as per the standard
requirements. It can be mounted on the ceiling, wall or simply as a console unit on the floor.
It consists of the following parts :
a)
Evaporator coil is where the heat exchange is done with the room. It consists of fins
and tubes.
b)
Control Panel is where user control the functions of the air conditioner. Displays at
the panel may indicate the mode of operation, timer, on/off status, fan speed and other
special functions.Most newer units have remote control feature built into the system
c)
Air Filter is located in front of the evaporator coil to trap any dust or particles before
going into the evaporator. This is usually washable and re-useable. Users are advised to clean it
at least once in three months or more regularly if the environment is dirty.
d)
Supply and Return Air Grills are where the air enters and discharge from the indoor
unit.
e) Fan blower together with its motor are used to control the fan speed of the unit. High,
medium.Low and Ultra low speeds are usually designed for users to select.
f)
Capillary tube is used as an expansion device where the flow of the refrigerant
depends on the tube internal diameter, shape and its length. The tube is usually used in smaller
units. Larger units use thermostatic expansion valve which has a controlling valve to
regulate the flow of refrigerant with greater precision.
WORKING :
A copper connection pipe and electrical wiring connects the indoor unit to the
outdoor unit of the split air conditioning.
Gas refrigerant is pumped from the outdoor condenser coil and compressor
through the connection pipe to the indoor unit(s).
A fan then quietly distributes cool air drawn across the units evaporator coil.
THREAD CUTTING
AIM:
To obtain the required shape and size of the work piece by thread cutting operations.
MATERIAL SUPPLIED
Cylindrical work piece of dia ___mm and length ___mm mild steel rod.
TOOLS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lathe
Single point Cutting tool
Scriber
Vernier Caliper
WORKING PROCEDURE
2. The work piece is held in the chuck. Chuck key is used to tighten the job firmly, ensuring centering
of the work piece.
3. The single point cutting tool is held in the tool post and tightens the nuts using spanner.
4. Facing is done with cutting tool moving from the centre of work piece towards outside. It is done
until the required length of the job is obtained.
5. Turning is done to reduce the diameter of the job. Sufficient depth of cut is given and it is done until
the required diameter of the job is obtained.
RESULT
Thus the required size and shape of the given work piece is obtained.
M25
25
75
REAMING
AIM:
To obtain the required shape and size of the hole in work piece by reaming operations.
MATERIAL SUPPLIED
square work piece of width ___mm and length ___mm mild steel.
TOOLS REQUIRED
1. Drilling machine
2. drilling Cutting tool
3. Reaming tool
4. Vernier Caliper
WORKING PROCEDURE
2. The work piece is held in the machine vice. Chuck key is used to tighten the tool firmly.
3. Drilling is done with cutting tool moving from the top to the required drilling depth.
RESULT
Thus the required size and shape of the given work piece is obtained.
10 x 4holes
25
25
REAMING
40 SQR

Engineering Practices Laboratory

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Engineering Practices Laboratory

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

GE6162 ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

Sri Eshwar College Of Engineering

Kondampatti, Coimbatore - 641202

ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Sheet Metal Work:

Machine assembly practice:

NAME OF THE EXERCISE

NAME OF THE EXERCISE

Study on sheet metal

Make a Rectangular tray from the given sheet metal

Make a Frustum of cone from the given sheet metal

Study on basic machining

Facing and turning

Step turning and chamfering

Taper turning and knurling

Exercise on pipe connections

Joining of wooden pieces by T/+/Corner joint method.

Demonstration on Smithy operations

Demonstration on Foundry operations

Study on centrifugal pumps

Study on air conditioner

14) Always operate machines at a safe distance.

2. Gas Arc welding.

Gas welding equipment:

The common cylinder is 1.8 m

A check valve is usually a chamber

Arc Welding Equipment:

7. The welding is carried out throughout the length.

STUDY ON SHEET METAL

METALS USED IN SHEET METAL WORK

SHEET METAL OPERATIONS

SHEET METAL JOINTS

HEM: a hem is an edge or border made by folding.

SHEET METAL PATTERN DEVELOPMENT METHODS

STUDY ON BASIC MACHINING

TAPER TURNING OPERATION

FACING AND TURNING

STEP TURNING AND CHAMFERING

TAPER TURNING AND KNURLING

Potable cold and hot water supply

Traps, drains, and vents

Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage

Fuel gas piping

PREPARATION OF PIPE LINE FROM A WATER TANK

Mark the location of wash basin and fix it properly

PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR OVERHEAD TANK

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

PREPARATION OF PIPE LINE FROM A WATER TANK TO

PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR WASHINGMACHINE

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

Following are the advantages of Seasoning:

4. Increase in Nail and screw holding capacity

METAL JACK PLANE

JOINING OF WOODEN PIECES BY T/PLUS/CORNER JOINT METHOD

Finishing and Shaping tools

It is used as a support when hammering is performed. It is made up of solid wrought iron

It is also a supporting tool used in a forge shop.

It is made up of Cast Iron or Cast Steel.

It is used for squaring, sizing, heading, bending, and forming operations.

It may be used either flat or edgewise in its position.

The Hand hammer used by smith.

The sledge hammer used by the striker.

Ball peen hammer