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Unit I
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
To deal with the above situations, we need to know
about engineering mechanics
Mechanics is the foundation of most engineering
sciences and is an indispensable prerequisite to their
study.
Mechanics is the science which describes and
predicts the conditions of rest or motion of bodies
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under the actionS.ThangaKasiRajan,
of forces.
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Branches of Engineering
Mechanics
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Engineering Mechanics
Mechanics:
Mechanics
IN EQUILIBRIUM
Velocity=0
Velocity=
constant
OUT OF EQUILIBRIUM
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Velocity
changing
with time
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Dynamics:
Kinematics:
Study of motion without reference to
forces producing motion: Relations between position,
velocity, acceleration and time.
Kinetics: Relations between unbalanced forces and
the changes in motion they produce.
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Basic Laws of
Newtons First Law: If theMechanics
resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle will remain at rest
or continue to move in a straight line.
Newtons Second Law: A particle will have an acceleration proportional to a nonzero
resultant applied force.
F ma
Newtons Third Law: The forces of action and reaction between two particles have the same
magnitude and line of action with opposite sense.
Newtons Law of Gravitation: Two particles are attracted with equal and opposite forces,
F G
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Mm
r2
W m g,
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GM
R2
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Parallelogram Law
If two vectors acting at a point be represented in
magnitude and direction by the adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then their resultant is represented in
magnitude
and
direction
by
the
diagonal
of
the
Parallelogram Law
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Triangle Law
If two vectors acting at a point are represented by the
two sides of a triangle taken in order, then their resultant
is represented by the third side taken in opposite order
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A
B
X
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A2 B 2 X 2 2 BX cos
B 2 A 2 X 2 2 AX cos
X 2 A 2 B 2 2 AB cos
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Principle of Transmissibility
According to this law the state of rest or motion of
the rigid body is unaltered if a force acting on the
body is replaced by another force of the same magnitude
and direction but acting anywhere on the body along the
line
of action
of the -replaced force.
Principle
of Transmissibility
Conditions of equilibrium or motion are
not affected by transmitting a force along
its line of action.
NOTE: F and F are equivalent forces.
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Coordinate System
Coordinate system: used to describe the
position of a point in space and consists of
1. An origin as the
reference point
2. A set of coordinate
axes with scales and
labels
3. Choice of positive
direction for each
axis
4. Choice of unit
vectors at each
point in space
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Application of Vectors
(1) Vectors can exist at any point P in space.
(2) Vectors have direction and magnitude.
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30
OX = F cos
OY = F sin
Examples
15 N
y
42
y
62
35 N
X = 35 Cos 62 16.4 N
=
Y = -35 Sin 62 = - 30.9 N
y
x
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10 N
32
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F
cos
F
cos
F
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F
sin
F
cos
F
sin
F
sin
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F
cos
1. It is convenient to
have
Fx = F cos
Fy = F sin
and Always measure
angle from horizontal
reference(acute
angle).
2. Assume force
pointing Right and Top
as positive otherwise
negative
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Procedure
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Problems
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Problem No 1
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Problem No 1 (contd)
Graphical solution - A parallelogram with sides
equal to P and Q is drawn to scale. The
magnitude and direction of the resultant or of
the diagonal to the parallelogram are measured,
R 98 N 35
Graphical solution - A triangle is drawn with P
and Q head-to-tail and to scale. The magnitude
and direction of the resultant or of the third
side of the triangle are measured,
R 98 N 35
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Problem No 1 (contd)
Trigonometric solution - Apply the triangle rule.
From the Law of Cosines,
R 2 P 2 Q 2 2 PQ cos B
R 97.73N
From the Law of Sines,
sin A sin B
Q
R
sin A sin B
Q
R
sin 155
A 15.04
20 A
35.04
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60N
97.73N
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Problem No 1 (contd)
Sl. No.
Fx
Fy
1.
+ 40 cos20
+ 40 sin20
2.
+ 60 cos 45
+ 60 cos 45
80.01
56.10
R = 97.72 N
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Fy =
56.01
tan = ()
Fx =
80.01
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= 35
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Problem 2
A barge is pulled by two tugboats.
If the resultant of the forces
exerted by the tugboats is a 25 kN
directed along the axis of the
barge, determine
a) the tension in each of the ropes
for = 45o,
b) the value of for which the
tension in rope 2 is minimum.
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Problem 2
T1
T2
25 kN
T1 18.3 kN T2 12.94 kN
T1 18.5 kN T2 12.8 kN
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Problem 2
The angle for minimum tension in rope 2 is
determined by applying the Triangle Rule
and observing the effect of variations in .
The minimum tension in rope 2 occurs when
T1 and T2 are perpendicular.
T2 25 kN sin 30
T2 12.5 kN
T1 25 kN cos 30
T1 21.7 kN
90 30
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Problem 3
Knowing that the tension in cable BC
is 725-N, determine the resultant of
the three forces exerted at point B of
beam AB.
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Problem 3
SOLUTION:
Resolve each force into rectangular components.
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Fig 2
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Equilibrium of a Particle
When the resultant of all forces acting on a particle is zero, the particle is
in equilibrium.
Newtons First Law: If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle will
remain at rest or will continue at constant speed in a straight line.
R F 0
Fx 0
Fy 0
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Cables AB and
AC carries the
spool of weight
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Problem 4
Given: Sack A weighs 20 N.
and geometry is as
shown.
Find:
1. Apply Equilibrium
condition at Point E and
solve for the unknowns
(TEG & TEC).
2. Repeat this process at C.
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Problem 4
Note that the assumed directions
for the forces in the two cables EG
and EC are tensile in nature.
F
=
T
cos
30
T
sin
45
y
EG
EC
Solving these two simultaneous
20 N = 0
equations
for the two unknowns, we get
TEC = 38.6 N
TEG = 54.6 N
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Problem 4
Now move on to the point
C and consider equilibrium
at C
TCD = 34.2 N
and
WB = 47.8 N .
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Problem 5
SOLUTION:
Choosing the hull as the free body,
draw a free-body diagram.
Express the condition for equilibrium
for the hull by writing that the sum of
all forces must be zero.
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Problem 5
SOLUTION:
Choosing the hull as the free body, draw a
free-body diagram.
tan
7m
1.75
4m
60.25
tan
1.5 m
0.375
4m
20.56
R T AB T AC T AE FD 0
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Problem 5
Resolve the vector equilibrium equation into
two component equations. Solve for the two
unknown cable tensions.
r
r
r
TAB
200N sin 60.26 i 200N cos60.26 j
r
r
173.66Ni 99.21 N j
r
r
r
r
173.66 0.3512TAC F D i
r
99.21 0.9363TAC 300 j
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Problem 5
R0
F
F
TAC 214.45 N
FD 98.35 N
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Problem 6
A sailor is being rescued using a
boatswains
chair
that
is
suspended from a pulley that can roll
freely on the support cable
ACB and is pulled at a constant
speed by cable CD. Knowing that a =
25 and b = 15 and that the tension
in cable CD is 80 N, determine (a)
the
combined
weight
of
the
boatswains chair and the sailor, (b)
in tension in the support cable ACB.
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Problem 6
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Forces in Space
The vector F is
contained in the
plane OBAC.
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Resolve F into
horizontal and vertical
components.
Fy F cos y
Fh F sin y
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Resolve Fh into
rectangular components
Fx Fh cos
F sin y cos
Fy Fh sin
F sin y sin
46
Forces in Space
F Fx i Fy j Fz k
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Problem 6
SOLUTION:
Based on the relative locations of the
points A and B, determine the unit
vector pointing from A towards B.
Apply the unit vector to determine the
components of the force acting on A.
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Problem 6
SOLUTION:
Determine the unit vector pointing from A
towards B.
AB 40 m i 80 m j 30 m k
AB
40 m 2 80 m 2 30 m 2
94.3 m
40 80 30
i
j
k
94
.
3
94
.
3
94
.
3
F F
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Problem 6
Noting that the components of the unit vector are
the direction cosines for the vector, calculate the
corresponding angles.
x 115.1
y 32.0
z 71.5
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Problem 7
A crate is supported by
three cables as shown.
Determine the
weight of the crate
knowing that the
tension in cable AB is
3750 N.
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Problem 7
Net Force acting at point A is
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Problem 7
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References
1. Ferdinand P Beer & E.Russell Johnston VECTOR
MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS STATICS & Dynamics,
(Ninth Edition) Tata McGraw Hill Education Private
Limited, New Delhi.
2. Engineering Mechanics Statics & Dynamics by
S.Nagan, M.S.Palanichamy, Tata McGraw-Hill (2001).
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Thank you
Any Queries contact
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