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Cook 2
Todd Cook
010425296
Table of Contents:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Objective
Level 1 Requirements
Level 2 Requirements
Design Solutions
a. Antenna Problems
b. Grounding
5. Prototyping
6. Materials Trade-off Study
7. Subsystem Design
8. PCB Board
9. Block Diagram
10. Verification and Validation
11. Project Schedule
12. Cost Budget
13. Results
14. Future Project Improvements
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Objective:
The project objective is to build a portable transmitter and receiver to simulate larger
scale radio transmitters and consumer radios. The project FM transmitter will send out audio
signals through the FM waveform and picked up by a radio. The project FM receiver will be able
to receive FM radio frequencies. The project budget was created to be cost-effective for the
general consumer.
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Level 2: The devices will use an antenna to send a broadcast out or receive broadcasts.
Design solutions:
Antenna problems:
I received much feedback on fixing the problem of requiring a 10-foot antenna as the parts sizes
and power source have a large area. However, the cost of any large antenna was unreasonable for
intended consumers, and most cheap antennas did not stand on their own. Which means a cheap
wire or a long piece of copper wire may be necessary. My solution was to use a long 3-foot
copper enameled wire to act as an antenna. However, the main problem was the range of the
transmitter and the ability for the radio to catch a clear signal. That said, the copper wire was
acceptable for consumer use.
Ground problems:
There is a grounding problem with the transmitter and receiver because the devices use a
common ground with no ground source body touching the metal of the devices battery and audio
devices causing the circuit to short out. The solution was to use electric tape and isolate the
circuit from all metal contacts.
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L=
NN 0N rA
pi
1
A= d 2 N=5 turns l=1 cm d=5 mm f c =
l
4
2 pi LC
From the formula, the inductance of the coil is .05uH by using the current measurements, but
when using a multimeter, it was .15uH. The target frequency carrier is to be between 90-120Mhz
which on the radio is 90.0 -120.0 FM. So, my target capacitance based on the frequency equation
will be around 20-50 pF. Circuit shown below is the LC circuit used to obtain the carrier
frequency resonance.
My audio signal needs an initial amplifier stage fulfilled by the IPod and the connection
to the base of the transistor. Which then passes to the frequency oscillator using a simple LC loop
and connected to my antenna to send out a signal. An example is posted below of a class A single
transistor amplifier which I used to boost my input signal for the FM transmitter. (1)
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The first attempt at prototyping failed as the printed boards were incorrect and a mistake
were made in the pin hole diameter resulting in the boards being discarded.
The second attempt at prototyping resulted in a burned transmitter due to bad soldering.
The final prototype alleviated prior issues and mistakes and was put out as the final product.
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the more expensive name branded products like Radio Shack or Frys. Headphone jacks were
cheaper if I used my own wires to it, and cheap small double sided protoboards.
My transistors the 2N3904 was a replacement when researching radio systems. A
transistor BF494 was recommended for the FM radio frequency from 90-150 MHZ, but the
2N3904 can go up to 270MHZ and many of hobbyists debated over efficiency problems. On the
other hand, the 2N3904 is more common than the BF494 audio transistor although it has been
discontinued.
Subsystem Design:
PCB Design:
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Transmitter:
Receiver:
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Block Diagram:
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Project Status:
Project Schedule:
Cost Budget:
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Results:
The transmitter was tested with the variable capacitor to see if the transmitter can achieve
different frequencies. By adjusting the capacitance in the LC circuit resulting in the transmitter
achieving broadcast from 89.5 to 93.5 MHz or FM. The FM receiver achieved tuning to
frequencies between 105.5 to 107.5 picking up a blues station and a classic rock station. The
initial test had a potentiometer on the radio speaker which caused the speaker to output low audio
and increasing the resistance also reduced the volume. Results without the potentiometer causes
the speaker volume to be higher but due to the incoming signal not amplified enough caused the
speaker to have enough volume so the 8-ohm speaker can act as a headset speaker. Another
solution to have increased the sound was to use a larger speaker which in turn would be louder
but the use of the 8-ohm speaker may have a use which will be covered in future project ideas.
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