2nd edition High-Yield Embryology Ronald W. Dudek, Ph.D. Full Professor Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine Greenville, North Carolina ae LipPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS AWolters Kluwer Company Philadelphia + Baltimore » New York + London Buenos Aires + Hong Kong + Sydney + TokyoContents Preface 1 Prefertilization Events .....-+.0000+005 1. Gametes 1 U. Meiosis 1 IL. Female garnetogenesis (oogenesis) IV. Hormonal control of the female reproductive eyele V. Male gametogenesis (spermatogenesis) 3 Vi. Clinical correlations 4 @ Wecek-1 (Days 1-7) 03 60050. 043 oes eee 1. Overview 6 W. Fercilization 6 ML. Cleavage 6 IW. Blastocyst Formation 7 V. Implantation 7 VL. Clinical Correlations 7 3 Weck 2 (Days 8-14)... 020s. ee eee eeee 1. Embryoblase 11 U. Trophoblast LL ML. Extraembryonic Mesoderm WW. Clinical Correlations 11 u 1 4 Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8) ........ 00 es cee ee cece eee eee L. Introduction 14 H, Gastrulacion 14 ML. Clinical Correlations 14 5 Placenta, Amniotic Fluid, and Umbilical Cord ...........+-20005 1 I. Placenta 18 M, Placental Membrane 20 ML Amniotic Fluid 22 WV, Umbilical Cord 22 V. Vasculogenesis (de novo Blood Vessel Formation) 22 vl vi Fetal Circulation 25 Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation) 23 6 Cardiovascular System 20.6.0. 0.0ceeeeeceeeeeceeeeeeeees 1. Development of the Primitive Heart Tube I. Development of the Heart Se, ML. Development of the Arterial IV. Development of the Venous $ ptae stem 26 31 2 26 11 14 18 26Contents ix I, Development of Other Eye Structures 85 ML. Clinical Correlations 86 15 Body Cavities ... Formation of the Intraembryonic Coclom 89 I, Partitioning of the Intraembryonic Coelom 89 Positional Changes of the Diaphragm 89 WV. Clinical Correlations $9 Sete eee eersneteseseeessseeesssesees 89 16 Integumentary System 2,-6.0 ..5.secceecseeeceeeeecrecss 2 bSkin 92 Hair and Nails 93 ML. Mammary, Sweat, and Sebaceous Glands 96. W. Teeth 97 17 Skeletal System... 06. 6.e0eeeeeeeee 1. Skull 98 IM. Vertebral Column 99 ML Ribs 103 IW. Stermum 103 V. Bones of the Limbs and Limb Girdles 103 ‘VI. Osteogenesis 105 Vil, General Skeletal Abnormalities 105 48 Muscular System. =. ...geseee+ reer soreeee seis aa ofcteeretiede » 106 1. Skeletal Muscle 106 IM. Smooth Muscle 107 Ml. Cardiac Muscle 107 IV. Clinical Correlations 108 AD Upper Limb 2... oo. .s veosedees anv vase comeeiemmeny 109 1. Overview of Development 109 4, Vasculacure 109 ML. Skeletal Components 111 IV. Musculacure 112 V. Nerves (Brachial Plexus) 112 Wi Rotation 113 m0 Lower Limb) 5. nse ema ay ine reeennniey > 1, Overview of Development 114 MW. Vasculature 114 ML. Skeletal Components 115 I. Muscularure "115 V. Nerves (Lumbosacral Plexus) 115 Vi. Rotation 117 119 sede Premnancyies/ss.na4 etn fa ce eee I. Endocrinology of Pregnancy 119 M, Pregnancy Dating 120 ML Pregnancy Milestones 120 IV. Prenatal Diagnostic Procedures 121 V. Fetal Distress During Labor (Intrapartum Fetal Distress) 122 Vi. Apgar Score 122 Vil. Puerperium 122 VIM. Lactation 123