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Dofinition of terms Saturation Temperature : ‘Saturation temperature is the temperature at which liq- Uids start to boil or the temperature at which vapors begin to condense. The saturation temperature of a given substance depends upon ita existing pressure. It is directly proportional to the prossure, ie, it increases as the pressure is incre: ‘and decreases as the pressure is decreased. Examples: ‘& Water boils at 100°C at atmospheric condition (201.328 kPa) b, Water boils at 179.91°C at a pressure of 1000 kPa. © Steam condenses at 311.06°C at 10 MPa. 4. Stoam condenses at 39°C at 0.0070 MPa. Subcooled Liquid A subcooled liquid is one which has a temperature lower ‘than the saturation temperature corresponding to the exist- ing pressure. Example: Liquid water at 60°C and 101.825 is a subcooled liquid. Why? From the steam tables, the saturation temperature at 101.825 kPa is 100°C. Since the actual temperature of liquid water of 60°C is less than 100°C, therefore, it is a subcooled liquid. Compressed Liquid ‘A compressed liquid is one which has a pressure higher than the saturation pressure corresponding to the existing ‘temperature. _ uestiont eet uld water at 110 kPa and 100°C a compre Fe eat oer ToD = LOL 8 i utd we remar o 110 KP than Peat 100°C Pherae a compreand te “8 guy Saturated Liquid ‘A natorated liquid is a liquid at the saturations (ay, tion temperature or anturation pressure) which has weet ture equal to the boiling point corrouponding to the eri pressure. Its a pure liquid, i,t has no vapor conten Bxamples: ‘a. Liquid water at 100°C and 101.325 kPa, Bb. Liquid water at 233,90°C and 3 MPa. fe. Liquid water at $24.75°C and 12 MPa, ‘From Steam Tables ‘ty at 101.825 kPa = 100°C. tZat $ MPa = 233.90°C tiiat 12 MPa = 924.75°C ee Vapor ‘Vapor is the name given to a gaseous phase that isin contact with the liquid phase, or that is in the vicinity of, state where some of it might be condensed. Saturated Vapor ‘A saturated vapor is a vapor at the saturation conditions (saturation temperature and saturation pressure). It is 101% | vapor, i.e., has no liquid or moisture content. Examples: a. Steam (water vapor) at 100°C and 101.325 kPa. b. Steam at 212.42°C and 2 MPa. ¢. Steam at 352.37°C and 17 MPa. Superheated Vapor tomporature ig to the i havin ‘A superheated vapor iv @ vapor MAYO in .uration tomperatu lee: 7 sn at 200°C and 101.328 KP. Ste ne Coat 101 326 kPa ® 100°C) ee _— botween the ‘The degrees of superhoat is the difference t acten! temperature of superheated vapor and the saturation {Smporature forthe existing pressure. In equation for a “SH = Actual superheated temperature ~ t,, at existing pressure Example: ‘Determine the degrees of superheat of superheated steam ‘at 200°C and 101.325 kPa. From steam tables: ty at 101.325 kPa = 100°C. 8H = 200 - 100 = 100 ¢* Degrees Subcooled, °SB ‘The degrees subcooled of a subcooled liquid is the differ- fence between the saturation temperature for the given pres- sure and the actual subcooled liquid temperature. °SB=t,, at given p—actual liquid temperature Bele: ‘Determine the degrees subsooled of liquid w: and 101.325 kPa. Hawid water at oor ‘From steam tables: te at 101.325 KPa = 100°C *SB = 1oo-e —90°S = 10 ce Wet Vapor A wot vapor is a combination of saturated liquid. ee an Quality, x ‘The quality of wet vapor or wet steam is the weight that is saturated vapor. ieee Percent Moisture, ¥ ‘The percent moisture of wet vapor is the. i that is saturated liquid. sg ieee Let m = mass of wet vapor ‘m, = mass of the saturated vapor content of wet vapor m, = mass of the saturated liquid content of wet. vapor ‘Then, m=m, +m, Following the definitions of quality (x) and percent mois- ture (y), x = 200) y = Beco) For saturated liquid: y = 100% x = 0% For saturated vapor: x = 100% y = 0% Bute y21 in decimal form ‘Lotent Heat of Vaporization cof a pare substanes oe ntnt hea of vaporiation £4 Er btance : efor to sat amount of Beat ae ogg iquidisaturated oT ining fo convert it from Sot iid with the temperature (ature OF wiapyenrtes pra = Se example of water at: tion *Devermine the latent heat of vaporizat (a) 100°C, (b) 200°C, and () 300°C. From Sa sie epoumne Gihaieee - msnoune genes 2 eran critical it represents the highest pressure and highest teaperatare at wnich liquid and vapor can coexist ia ‘equilibrium. The state of water at critical conditions whether $i saturated liquid or saturated vapor is unknown. Hence, ‘the latent heat of vaporization of water at this conditions is either sero or undefined. Sensible Heat _Bostthat eats change intemperate without a change Examples: a. “Heat added in raising the temperature of steam from 100°C at 101.325 kPa to 150°C. b. Heat removed in lowering the temperati oe ring perature of water Latent Heat Heat that causes change in phase wit temperature. phase without a change in Brample: Se sores alr i curing Lo mater at 1900 Change of Phase at Constant Pressure |_| Le ea Lz Fig. 1-1. Heating at Constant Pressure. Let the piston-ylinder arrangement contains subcooled liquid water at 30°C and 101.325 kPa (Fig. a). Then let heat ‘be added continuously at constant pressure. First, the water seis warmer, The addition of (sensible) heat causes an in- ‘creased in water temperature, say, from 30°C to 70°C (Fig. b). Further addition of (sensible) heat causes a further increased in water temperature until it reaches 100°C, the boiling a saturation temperature at 101.325 kPa. Water at this point is st saturated liquid state (Fig. c). Then as more (latent) heat is ded tothe now saturated liquid water causes same of it to converted to saturated vapor with the temperature re- maining at 100°C. Water is now a mixture of saturated liquid meaininseated vapor. Hence, iv is now in wet vapor state (YE. gra tahr addition of (tent) heat causes the transforma Define romaining saturated liquid water to saturated He ane mE 100°C. Water is now at the saturated vapor we Gia. Finally, as more (sensible) heat is added vo the sete eal rater vapor at 100°C ite temperature rio 68 sat rntttachoe 110°C, Water ia now at the superheated vapor state (Pig. 0. ori Fig. 1-2, The pv and To Planes for Wator Properties of Wet Steam Subseripts Used/Symbols Us f represents properties of saturated liquid & — represents properties of saturated vapor fg — represents to a change by evaporation y= specifie volume, m/kg 5 = spocific entropy, keg. & — specific internal energy, keg yey + wewc Bee hy + by me R= hy tet hy Sa hs aot a i 7 Fig. 1-3. Specific Volume of a Wot Mixture. y= spocifie volume of its saturated liquid content + specific volume of ite saturated vapor content via yt, . —ketiquid .__m*__s m? We" “Egimixture ° —Kgliquid— ~ “kg mixture ee ee i From v= yyt%¥, But y = 1-x Then v = (1-x)¥,43¥, = ytaty,-V) V+ 3¥q «oasis v= yy t(l-yNy = ¥-¥0,-¥) ames) Similarly, Mir hemy or ok = See eo goes re a ‘At anturated conditions, p at sett therefore, are. coneid = tty coul 1ot be lower than O%. Fig. 1-4. Specific Entropy of « Wet Mixture. (1-1) Specify whether the steam is wet, dry, or super heated for the following conditions: fa) t= 200°C, p= 1.44 MPa (o)t = 220°C, p= 2.318 MPa. (© p = LOMPa, s = 6.672 kifkgeK @p = 3.0MPa, (e)t = 250°C, v= 54.2x10° mi/kg (0 p = 11.0 MPa, h = 2805 kJ/kg () p = 4.0MPa, 8 = 5.897 kiskgeK (h)p = 15.0MPa, t= 310°C SOLUTION: t 1.44 MPa = 196.39°C Since 200°C > t,,, at 1.44 MPa, the steam is super- heated. (8) 9 220°C. caret 2818 MPA, the steam ig g, saturated. anit MPa = 6.5865 kk" © tO NGTD kilkgrK > #, at 2.0 MPa, the a superheated. team ig (2) thy at 3.0 MPa = 289.90°C ato eG > t, at 3.0 MPa, the steam is eupy, heated. 50°C = 50.13x109 mike (e) vzatt= ae yu 54 2x107kg > v, at 250°C, the steam ig superheated. pe 4.0 MPa = 6.0701 ki/kg*K ‘Since # = 6.897 kifkg* K< is.a wot mixture. 16.0 MPa = 342.24°C Since t = 310°C aobes" ws = ONT my 2h 280424 = 2524S xy = 0.002; -v = 0.4077 + 0.002 = 0.4097 m/kg, w= 4% he 29579449 = 2062.8 Keg x, = 0.0004; = 7.1983 + 0.0094 =7.2077 kIKKE KO (1-7) A 0.0856-m* drum contains saturated water and saturated vapor at 370°C. (a) Find the mass of each if their Sélumes are equal. What is the quality? (b) Find the volume ‘occupied by each if their masses are equal. SOLUTION: LetV, = the volume of saturated vapor the volume of saturated liquid ‘mi, = the mass of saturated vapor m,= the mass of saturated liquid vat 370°C = 0.004925 milk vfat 370°C = 0.002213 mig 13 o “ 7 ities i= my, = 0.004925m, Vo=my=0.002213m, substituting in equation (2), (0.004925m, + 0.002213m, = 0.0856 (9.001925m, + 0.002213m, = 0.0856 m= 11.99 ke m= 11.99 ke vz = my, = (1.90)(0.004925) = 0.05905 8° Vi = my, = (11.99)(0.002218) = 0.02659 =” (1-8) A.60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided sore ran parts A and B by a partition. On one S48 i steam inte Mia, 170°C; on the other side is ston? esved and thorough mixing Occurs: Sng the thick- 310°C. The partition is re Determine the equi Dpeas of the partition. jorium state (P, t) neglecting From Steam Tables: hh, = hat 0.68 MPa and 170°C = 2777 ki/kg vi = wat0.68 MPa and 170°C = 2582.9 kk, Vat 0.68 MPa and 170°C = 285.5x10° m* hat 4MPa and 370°C = 3141.7 ki/kg hat 4 MPa and 370°C = 2864.6 kJ/kg hatd MPa and 370°C = 69.29x10° mg ‘A Law of consorvation of mass tnitil stored mass = Final stored mass a Ms = 0.030. = 0.105 ke Ba a” 0.2885 Ma 2030-5 0499 y= 37 gagsns ” ONE = 0,105 + 0.433 = 0.538 ke, 'V, + Vy = 60 L = 0.060 m* 060. nes = OQ = 0.1115 ming ‘Therefore, Me Ver Specifie volume, Ve = for 111.5210? mks, First law of Thermodynamics: Initial stored energy = Final stored energy U,+ Uy= U, my + Maly = Melle ae me 10.105) (2582.9) + (0.433) (2864.6) ie = 2809.62 kg Heat balance: ‘Heat lost by Steam B = Heat gained by Steam A methyl) =m¢lty-t) mei, + met, = (m, + my) ety maby +mhy = mehy he = toe ate (0.433) 141.7) + (0.105) G77) = 3070.52 bike By definition, he= Uc + Poe Se = 2339.9 kPa = 234MPa From the Mollier Chart t= (t at 3070.52 kJ/kg and 2.34 MPa) = 324°C (1.9) Steadily flowing streams of steam A and B meet ‘and taix, then flow in a steady state in a pipe C, all under Adiabatic conditions, Stream A is at 5.5 MPa, 370°C and flows 145 ke/s; stream B is saturated vapor at 5.5 MPa and flows 160 kg/s. (a) Determine the state of the mixture Cif AKE = Oand APE = 0. (b) Ifthe speed of the fluid in C is 30 m/s, what is the pipe diameter? 7 Law of conservation of ass: B= +m Be mgs 45+ 160= 205 kals Fint law of Thermodynamics: B= Ba B+ By= Be yt nAVat Us + PaVa=PeVe + Ue H,+Hy =H, mh, + mgby = Me mbt ay tee Br = 45)(3109.6) + (160) 2789.65 205 2850.88 kJ/kg Te nterin the ate of Compare h,with hg at, = 55 {fh,atp.=5.5 MPa] = 2789.65 kikg 8 since he > b, at Pe» therefore, the state of the mixture is superheated "From the Superheat Tables 55 MPa ‘ ts . abs aashs saade10* ‘ este 280 388° ssiboxi0 (0) By interpolations: 4, = 2er300 $1 BShb+ mine xc eed nate i 205) 0.003849) as Ome 0.02630 m* A= ED 3 AS (4) (0.02630) ® 0.183 m or 183 mm 19 Fig. 15, Enthalpy-Entropy Steam. (Mollier) Diagram for The as a Mollior dingram, in m chart on which enthalpy ix 1 Stainnte and entropy the abscissa. This chart ean be found at the beck of Stam Tables by Keonan, Keyor, {tis prosented in skeleton form on Fig. 1.5. On t ‘of conatant prossure lines, m seri Moisture and superheat lines, and a series of constant tem- forature lines are plotted. The constant temperature lines co- Pecide with the constant pressure lines in the wet region {below the saturated vapor line) but bend toward the right (ray from the constant pressure lines in the superhoat re- ion. 801-10) Determine the h, #, °SH of stoam at 0.09 MPa and 10°C. SOLUTION: Locate the intersection of 0.09 MPa constant pressure line with 370°C constant temperature line, Their intersection rep- Tesents the condition/state of steam. a and temporature of sta cap bonis th ens inane um mosmon A cn th = 28 HE tw sete a cn 2 Set o = entrony PSE ‘Answers: p= 040MPa = 283°C (2:12) Dotormine the, t, and s of saturated steam at 0.10 MPa. SOLUTION: ‘Locate the intersection of 0.10 MPa constant pressure line with the saturated vapor line, 10 a 100/ gi ‘m0 Angvors: = 2675 xs/ t= Too 8 736 kingexe (2-19) Determine the p and h of steam at y = 49% and t = ‘The isothermal lines and isobaric lines coincide in the wet region. Answers: bh = 2515 kirk P = 0.020 MPa 23 Problems ay Steam at a temperature of 250°C has a specific volume eat are the pressure, specific internal of 0.15436m'/ke- W! in 01 ialpy, and entropy? Ans. 148 MPa, 2606 ha/eg, oon kites, 6.717 Kllege K 2a nec a prosmure of 3.5 MPa is known to have q specie nelune of 0x10" mY, What sta specie enthalpy? ‘Ros 2581.59 See "a rigid vessel contains 2 kg of steam at 6.35 MPa ang Determine ts enthalpy in Bd sing wan tables only Ang, $208.15 ane exactly one kilogram of water conain. sng {iguid ane vapor in equilibrium at MPa. Ifthe liquig ad one ccupy one-half the volume of the tank, what and vaPet py of the contente of the tank? Ans. 7744 kalkg ae oo namt ata temperature of 210°C has a specific entropy or Lig? ktkge. Determine the pressure, internal energy, oe Talgy and volume. Ans. 0.49 MPa, 2877.3 kil/kg, 2659.7 lelikg, 0.4467 mV "és Gaturated steam vapor at 250°C moves along its ixoth. ‘era‘ntil the preseure becomes 1 MPa. Locate the end stato ccata on the Moller chart and for each kilogram of steam Doiteered determine (a the inital pressure, (b) the change of Prthalpy, and) the change ofentropy. Ans. (a)4 MPa, (b) 144 Ielleg, (6) 0.90 keg K ‘G) Steam undergoes an isentalpic (h = C) process from 1.5 MPa, 350°C to 10 MPa. Find the final temperature using the ‘Mollier chart. Ans. 418°C (8) Consider 1 kg of water that is heated at constant sure (0.50 MPa) from a wet state (x, = 85%) to 400°C. Locate the end state points on the Mollier chart and deter- mine (a) the change of enthalpy and (b) the change of entropy. ‘Ans, (a) 739 kg, (b) 1.70 kg 2 Processes of Vapors Introduction Although vapors and ideal gases have similarity in forma and in their proceaen all of te equations that are based on Se Seracerneenutn of etn avo ondoul instance, are aot generally applicable to vapors. But the general energy equation, fe PK, +U,+Wy+QaPys Uys Wye W patiaenhethtty tapeton, Q=u,-U,+W, are not based on any Tinitations concerning the substance ‘They are applicable, therefore, to processes of vapors as well tu of gsss, Therefor in Si chaplar; compare tno aqaatioDs obtained with analogous one for a gas. This way we can avoid. the improper application of a perfect gas equation to a vapor. Constant Pressure Process (a) The process on the pv and Ts planes. enna FY AEH an ad Ye ONIN Ny Pe gt Teer” hai WAR aie erent Sere Thee at, tein mate Tee Te ANNA an hom inte rtm ate Renae sani Sted Ae hm the ety pene oe an enpor cure A prea op oe cmon tht alae rneraly a Recon a eapeatare a pram Tie" nonitow cOnaLANL DreaRury Pant it or aned hy ne mR; The ork OF a rove pre W, «J pdv is the arva on tha py plane undor the constant proanirw procoaa, Ape, W,='p [ve piyy=y) funlt mass) or stendy low procs, the work W, la Wak + Q Woh, WR HS 6) Taint heats a oom the ste wien gy want a eat nna [Por atonity Mow and wonton pcennen, Qe eee w sucess soeN whereby = hy © hay my IFthe change in apecific intemal anergy te desired, we use ‘the relation, BoB y= Hd thy PV? (21) Steam with @ apecifle volume of 0.00600 m*Zkg ried a conatANE prosmtire procoae AL 170 MDa until dhe specie volume becomes 0.13706 m’7h. What are (a) the final tamperature, (b) Au, (e) W, (2) Aa, anid (e) Q? SOLUTION: Stoum at a prosure of 1.70 MPa and with a apecifie volume of 0.096015 m*/ky in a wot-mixtura, the xpucific volume of saturated stoum at 1.70 MPa in 0.11673 mig. Atp, = 1.70 MPa Yq * 9.0011634 up, = 870.09 hy = 872.06 my = 2.3718 Yq 91107 ug) = 727.2 hy, 3923.8 my, 40282 Vg 0.11673 up = 2807.9 hy’ 2796.7 ag! « 6.400 0.001634, 011667 = 0.8203 Ya «0.085 50 Uo %n. 00089 2 “ea70.00 + (0.8208) 1737.2) = 2206.9 beg 1 gr2.06 + (0.6208) (1923.6) = 2450.0 kiveg os 4c) = BATE MES of 70¢Paand a pecte lume of 13706 sat. tbe oben i wy tn ae arate aqme yo abr adr ayn OAR; ty = 280 + 642 = 26SEC oer aye 11077 + 0.86 = 2717.6 beg spe 1284; by 25903 6 1284 = 2962.1 KIN sex 002389; 4 = 66849 + 0.02380 « 6.7008 IKKE) TO (a) = 288.40 ayn 27176-22069 = 490.7 Ie =) = 1700 (0.13796 ~ 0.09606) = 71.4 keg ) dus Weply, ose 24,0, = 6.2088 - 5.6761 « 1.0827 Khe) EO (e) Q hb, = 20821 - 2450.0 502.1 big KE (2-2) Steam with an enthalpy of 2843.6 ki/kg undergoes 2 constant pressure process at 0.9 MPa until the enthalpy becomes 2056.1 kikg. What are (a) the initial temperature OF quality, (b) 4u, (€) W, (€) da, and (o) @. SOLUTION: ‘Stoam with an enthalpy of 2843.5 ki/kg at a pressure of 0.90 MPa is a superheated vapor. i Atp,=0.90 MPa jf imas “eld, ose hdg sonnet lg 2356.9 215!" orbea JS veda. 5 7 Tb + adie - Wy- wots 200+4.2 = 204.20 3,2 42:t, = 0.00259; v, = 0.2303 + 0.00259 = 0.2529 mikg x= 7.6; u,= 2626.3 +7.6 = 2633.9 ki/ke x, = 0.0206; 8, = 6.7522 + 0.0206 = 6.7728 kIAkg) (K) Steam with an enthalpy of 2056.1 ki/kg at a pressure of 0.90 MPa is a wet mixture, ‘Atp,=0.90MPa =0.0011212 hg = 742.83 5 = 2.09046 ug = 741.83 4g 702139 by 2031.1 = 4.5280 uy, = 1838.6 20215 bya 2779914,=66 0, = 25805 20661-74283. 9 6466 7 0 20a 9.0011212 + (0.6468) (0.2199) = 0.1394 miteg eT a:8s + (0.6468) (1858.6) = 1990.7 ecg (0.6466) (4.5280) = 6.0224 kIMke) CK) ty tet te apenas BOE soy eure eo 703.2 kIkg (au = 0 — uy = 198027 2698.9 = ,) = 900 (0.1994 0.2529) = 84.15 keg (@) We Pry 1=5,0224 - 6.7728 = ~1.7505 kJMkg) (K) aseae = 2006.1 ~ 2649.5 = ~787.4 HIKE (Qeb- Constant Volume Process (a) The process on the pv and Ts planes. = Fig.2-8. Reversible Constant Volume (Isometric) Process. x ec ectah ithe seria recon i pet 8 a te wot YOY Mat Mie (b) Work of the nonflow process, Wn. W,=0 (©) Transferred heat, Q. Q=u,-u, + W, (unit mass] a= 4, (b, - Pv) (2-3) One kg of steam at 260°C and with an enthalpy of 1861 kJ/kg is confined in a rigid container. Heat is applied until the steam becomes saturated. Determine (a) @, (b) Ab, (@)4s, and (@) the final temperature. SOLUTION: | ys 2 i Sy ‘The enthalpy of saturated vapor at 260°C is 2796.9 kJ/kg, point 1 is a wet-nixture. 31 ig # 1128.89 by = 119487 y= 2.6838 7 1662.5, = 8.1181 6.0019 vq" 0.001278 vq # 0.0408848 -0.04221 gs 7 16708 Bae 4, #2500.0, hy = 27089 aye tg by #112889 + (04971) 1470.6) # 2771.2 cg 2.8888 + (0.4971) (3.1181) = 4.2467 Akg) (K) 85% Fi vgn = 0019168 meg wap, wine dso Soe ea otha’ alr 0.000125 20001 6 A= T= = oder 204; 4 =807+ 042 074°C = 25511 bale 207; u,= 2551.80. 209; by =2794.3-0.9 = 2733-4 kilkg 0.0082; 2, = 5.6479 ~ 0.0032 = 8.6447 kiJM{kg) (K) (e) Q=1,—u, = 2551.1~1771.2= 779.9 kalkg 2 (2-4) © Ove kg of steam at 121°C and 10% moisture undernoce 9 constant volume process until the pressure bo- comes 0.28 MPa. Determine (a) the final temperature and (b) @. (©) At what pressure was the final condition saturated? SOLUTION: y= 10% x, = 00% Att = 1210 Yq =0.0010612 ug = 607.74 gn = 0.8648388 = 2022.6 y= 0.8659 uf = 2530.3 Y12 Yn 4 2iqy = 0.0010612 + (0,90) (0.864838) = 0.7794 m*/kg 1 = Ug + ty = 807.74 + (0.90) (2022.6) = 2928.1 kag ‘Steam at a pressure of 0.28 MPa and with a specific volume of 0.7794 m’/kg is a superheated vapor. P,= 0.28 MPa nf S08 0.7794 mike ‘oon 0172) 0.794 0.7855 oon ‘oor * T* 65; t= 200+65 = 206.5°C x,= 10.1; u,=2651.4 + 10.1 = 2661.5 kilke (a) t, = 206.6°C (©) Q=uy—u, = 2661.5 - 2928.1 = 339.4 kileg (©) v,=0-7794 mig 3 920s 07853 “| aces slp OTT 00139 0.0139 os arn BI 0.0139 ais * 001 Le 23, AOSD? tank cig sterated seam at 900 KPa Heian unt he pressure rate 100 KPa Deter a) the beat transferred, b) the final tem; (e) the final steam quality ee SOLUTION: = 030 MPa, saturated vapor 15,3030 MPa = 0.6058 hg. =U, at 030 MPa = 2543.6 kg y, we Le 050 ogy Wr * ease *O8%H be a 110 MPR, y= ¥, = O6058 me, thie in w wot = 00010432 ete Mat A736 kg veg 1008 mig agg = 2088.7 RIM vg 1604 mee agg = 2508.1 0.6058 - 0.0010432_ _ 9.3572 Scarred eS cariCatte y= 1163.4 kes ape tg Hale = 417.96 + (0.3672) (2088. = (0.6254) (1169.5 - 2543.6) = — 1159.2 Kd (e) Qe m(a,- 4) (o) t= 99.68°C (© x= 95.72% LS (2.6) To what temperature must a rigid tank contalran dry saturated steam at 127°C be cooled to yield a mixture of 25% quality? SOLUTION: yyayyat 120°C = 0.7277 ig 0.7277 meg x, = 25% yey yea Mee ath Yan") at Nahe (b) Work of a nonflow process, W., From the simple energy equation, W, = Q-4u (unit mass) (©) Transferred heat Q from the Ts plane. Q= TA (unit mass} = Te-0) and By n+ xi x, oom (@) Work of steady flow process, Wa T7010 20.22; t= 04 40.22 = 84.220 We = Q-ah—aK (2-7) There are 2.27 ke/min of steam undergoing an isothermal proces from 27 Sbar, 316°C to 6.8 bar, Determine Isothermal Process (a) 4S, (b) Q, (€) W for nonflow, and (d) W for steady flow wit the py and Ts planes AP = 0, 6K = 42 kJ/min, (1 bar = 100 kPa) (a) The process on the PY . SOLUTION: a ‘The initial and final conditions are superheated. The saturation temperature at a pressure of 2.75 MPa is 229°C and at 0.68 MPa is 164°C. » R : K SFR [S Fig. 24. Reversible Isothermal Process, * 37 227748 + 11.2= 2786 KE 5 = 30404 kes (0.0247 = 6.6568 kIAkg) (1) x= 12 ayo 145; by = 9025.04 14 y= 00247; 0,» 66821 + Atp,= 068MPa 310 28155), oh ret), | 2 fae a | ee me 5 Ses sm ose} sora | 78896__| 6 taste = oof rier ay + vob. 6; wy = 2818.6 + 96 = 2625.2 bike x y= 125;h, = 9080.5 + 12.5 = 3098.0 bike 1, = 00013;4, = 73481 + 0.0219 = 7.9694 kA) ©) 6176 k/ (min) () 4S = mis,-1,) = 2.27 (7.3694 ~ 6.6568) «) (b) Q=T (AS) = (816 + 273) (1.6176) = 952.8 kJ/min #8 (© AU = m(uy~ a) = 2.27 (2828.2 — 2786) = au 88.98 ki/min 2.8 ~ 88.98 = 863.8 kmin (@ aH my) = 2.27 (2093 - 9040.4) = 119.4 kali W,=Q-aK-aH = 952.8 42-1194 = 791.4 kJ/min 4) Sint to tery a Bat cael sane ES ieeenaae es SOLUTION: ot angaim wrth an entropy of 5.6105 kftke) (K) at 200°C is a Steam under a pressure. : heated vapor. ‘of 0.515 MPa at 200°C is a super. KG Att, = 200°C Yq = 00011865 uy = 850.65 by = 85245 9, = 2.8309 Ye = 012620 y= 1744.7 hy, = 1940.7 Yq = 0.12736 Sq 2 4.1014 uy, = 2595.3 hy #27982 9, = 64323 a2 Ut metre (0.001183 + (0: ake 880.65 + (0. 2 852.45 + pert ae » 2 0.20; = 26421 + 0.20 « 26423 bg ayn O%; y= 28543 + 03 = DHE RI * (a) 3S = mia, 1 0.0045; 4, «7.0094 + 0.00495 = 7.0444 kak) CK) = 57.0444 ~ 5.6105) = 7.1695 kK ‘BH = mh, by) = 42854.6 ~ 2404.2) = 2252 bd BU = ~w,) = 526423 ~ 2245.7) = 1983 (0) Q= TAS) = (473) (7.1698) = 3391.2 W,=Q-AU = 3991.2 - 1989 » 1408.21 to Qe30012bd « W,=Q-AH (AK = 0) W, = $091.2 ~ 2282 « 1139.2 kd 7996) (0.12620) = 0.30207 7996) (1744.7) = 2248.7 beg, (0.7996) (1940°7) = 2408.2 kg Adiabatic Processes of Vapor (a) The reversible process on the py and Ts planes. a EE Fig. 2.8. Reversible Adiabatic Process. Arve ihe proce pre ws te ono eet psa? in aninetope pn nee teafrred ‘the change in entropy of the sul ‘pals neva 20) iene iy ot wtans wae ma SO Q=au+W,=0 (unit mass) W,=-au Wau-a ‘and for steady flow process, with AP = 0 K+b,+Q=K obo W, with Q=0, W,=h,-h,-K with aK = 0, Wyehj-hy a 726. ere te ibe oes os one ee eae re eS abate process (actual rcean Fw he reversle ‘expansion! = Ma a poaflow process with Q = 0, Qe one’ + W, (unit mass] W,=-30 hy — hy it known as proces internal reheat andy — lity of the process ee onpresion oa be ase Emecy of ompretion n= =P x 1008 (29) One kg of steam expands isentropically from 2.1 Mpa and 374°C to 95°C. Find the final quality and the work for noo-flow and steady flow processes. SOLUTION: ‘The saturation temperature corresponding to a pressure of 2.1 MPais 214.9°C, therefore, the initial condition is super- heated. “a ° fo ae) 8 [Shes mM | 10 : son) son.r_| 19000 petra ook aye ht wo 28907 668 = 26995 AE 9 91884 bike aye 85; = 91795 0B (0.0197 = 7.0154 kalAkg) ss 01ST; 2, = 70017 + ay=9,2 7.0158 uit ayes an eo eT ZS RING ote , 1014-12271 a aie eosin cee ayetigt y= 98946 + (0.9915) (2108-7) = 2953.7 king yah # hg = 389.54 + (0.9915) 2275.4) = 2509.1 keg W, = uu, = 28995 ~2355,7 = 545.8 kia W,=h, hy = 31884 - 2500.1 = 679.3 keg 210) Steam fows isentropically through a nozzle from 1500 kPs, 285°C to 960 kPa. For 454 gfs determine (a) ty) AV, (CW, and (@) aK. “4 SOLUTION: ‘Steam at a temperature of 288°C under a pressure of 1.60 MPa is superheated, ince the saturation tomporat 1,50 MPa ia 198°C. eee ACD, = 1.50 MPa, 280 o.t6z7i) |_ area.) ] 290077) >) ve gate 5 L290 oresa1_} aves} soss_| 627 * vodas ~ TPs ~ ais = volo x, = 0.0028; v, = 0.16271 + 0.0028 = 0,16551 mi/kg » 8 3,219.8; v= 27486 + 13.8 = 27624 kik x2 18.4; by = 2992.7 + 18.1 = 3010.8 kalkg 1, = 0.0923; 8, = 6.8381 + 0.0323 = 6.8704 kJMtkg) (1) ‘The final condition, p, = 0.960 MPa and s, = 6.8704 kJ(Tkg) B,, is superheated. The entropy of saturated vapor at a pressure of 0.960 MPa is 6.6005 ki(kg) (K). Atp, = 0.960 MPa 0.2374 J 2694.1 Uber "Ib 7 Wats © Te" “aa 0.0441 4 26 = 232.6700 sy226; 4 200 * 2 oo gc ogsin + 00016 = 02359 AE 20 ie = 2681.4 WIRE +45 1, = 26769 2455 y= 2s006 + = 20054 HIE 258 26°C @y= (0) V= mtv, —¥) = 0484 (0.2988 - 0.16581) = 0.0808 mits @w=o (@ aH = mth, hy) G=aH+ K+ W 454 (2905.4 ~ 9010.8) = -47.85 kis = 47.85 kis AK == AH = () (A785) (2-11) A steam turbine receives 0.52 MPa of steam at 300°C. Then expand in an irreversible adiabatic process to & pressure of 0.012 MPa. Ifthe exhaust steam is dry and satu- ‘ated, calculate (a) the work of an irreversible process and (b) ‘the efficiency of the proces. ry SOLUTION: AT p,= 0.52 MPa and t, = 300% #20026 Like bh, = 3065.7 kifeg 8, = 74411 king“ At py=0.012 MPa, dry and saturated hy =h, at 0012 MPa = 2591.1 kite (2) W, =, = 9068.7 - 2501.1 = 472.7 keg ® = 504 eee TAAL = 06923 + 5,(7.99) ~0913, y= bg + my = 208.82 + 0.913 2984.2) = 2388.6 ike W, = b,—hy = 9069.7 2988.6 = 680: kheg = We ~ ABE x 100% = 00.5% 47 Polytropie Process (a) The process on the PY PANE Fig. 27. Reversible Polytropie Process, (0) Work ofthe nonflow process, W, Polytropic proces is defined by the equation, pr= = ¢ (©) Transtorred heat, Q Q= aur, Oa wane EE (d) Work of stoudy flow process, We . W, = Q-ah-aK Ase, Wye ofp « MBP « (Wry (2-12) Expand 2 kg of g recon to 100°C iy Sete st 1 bar, 200°, no the wt determine (a) yay (b) AH, (0) ads Oy een enere PVE = C, Bernina aS tic ay ey ae SOLUTION: For a pressure p, = 1.5 the steam is superheated. Th pressure of 1.5 MPa is 198°C, MPa and temperature t, = 300°C, turation temperature for a 16966 mig 1b, = 9087.6 kicg 8, = 6.9179 kite) (K) ‘At t,© 100°C, the saturation pressure, p, = 0.10135 MP: u, = 2783.1 kag Pvt mI th wey Bl = ss it * 1.5790 ming Att = 100°C Yq" 00010435 uy=418.94 hy = 419.04 5, = 1.9069 Ma 18719 y= 2087.8 yy = 22570 04, = 6.0480 a7 16729 uy = 25085 hy = 2676.1 94 = 7.3549 Y= Ya, 1.8790 - 0.0010855, tye Tew LTO Oe. w o.n402 Uy Ug + Xpyy * 418.94 + (0,9402) (2087.6) = 2381.7 Kikg. hy = hy + Kaba # 419.04 + (0.9402) (2267.0) = 2541.1 kJ/eg. By hy + %q™ 1.3060 + (09402) (6,0480) = 6.9992 kIKkg)(K) "9 At p,=0.9 MPa 0.2839 2695.9] | 2904.4) | eons’) | 24d (a) y,= 5.98% ol 0.2564 tle. btle ‘lelg °F (py aH = m(h, — hy) = 22541.1 ~ 3037.6) = ~ 999 ae SS fee lea Te (o a5 (s,s) = 26.9992 - 6.9179) = 0.0753 RIK |_02596 anz7 | 20463 | eo7e7_| 250 _| S808 = aE = oly = aise = Sp x)= 745 Uy = 2695.9 + 7.4 = 2708.3 kirkg = 905.48 W, = (a) (W,) = 2.21) (905.4) = 1095.5 BI = 9.6; by = 2924.4 + 9.6 = 2934 kirkg. (e) AU = m(u, — u,) = 22981.7 - 2783.1) = -802.8 kT x, = 0.0186; 9364 + 0.0186 = 6.955 kIig.K x2 44; = 20444 = 244400 Is (y= 244.40 Q = AU + W, = ~ 802.8 + 905.4 = 1026 KI (2:18) Five kg per second of seam at 5.9 MPa and 500°C ‘expand to 0.9 MPa in a polytropic process where pV' = C, Find (a) x, ort, AH, AU, 4S, () W for nonflow, and (c) W for steady flow if 3K = 40 kis. (@) Find Q from steady flow and also from nonflow energy equation. SOLUTION: Ata pressure of 5.9 MPa and a temperature of 500°C, the steam is superheated. 05766 m,ke by = 3423.3 kilkg = 9088.1 kaleg = 6.8892 kiM(kg) (K) AH = m(h,-h) = (2934 - 3423.3) = -2446.5 kd/s st (yas = = 7.143 6.8331 = 0.81 kak moter receives 28m from i calieterheated by 10 dosrees ft Deir drum a¢ 0 11M Gp Pa, what the GUality op the ean generated bythe baler (2-15) A throttling eal SOLUTION: At p,= 0.11 MPa, t,, = 102.31°C 2 t+ °SH = 10231+10 1230 1h, = 2700 kJ/kg. (by interpolation) 2700 = 851.92 + x, 1941.2) X= 95.20% freer 01 Gea Set larneirrcsives stam fom a pipe st Othe quali or tne aageBi steam premure of SMP hat SOLUTION: Abb, = 0.1 MPa, hy = 2676.5 kukg hy = bg +6, (SH) = 2675.5 + (2)(20) = 27155 Atpy = 2MPa,hy = 908.79 ki/kg and hy, = 1890.7 ki/cg daha tay 2115.5 = 908.79 + x, (1890.7) x, = 95.56% 35 sizam at 700 kPa ang inder containin’ 1s until the quali, 1, A Bitega a constant presets Pret done, (b) the hese sunderg0eo a Be Betonnin per Bloc) tT energy, ad (A) the transferred, () the change OT Ig; (b) B10 kg) 1420 SH ject 1973.39 and win eau, deleraine (a hit it et cane PIE wo, a eR am hn thy (rye twa final conditk tar ant pressure hn 6600 Ii ened a prenoure ofthe process and () 0 sare Fi iy tea. A. 0) 0:22 MPa, Segue one tained at 150 kPa and 99 4. Fro ket nl enlonue, Calculate the heat erent ay ede to jst proce 8 saturated Te swith remus ba ora pron Ans, 1015 ip kg of we oteam at O4 MPa, oe ee eas kd the scam has pressure of 20, hain of TOO. Deterine the initial intr. MPa and arc vole ofthe seam. Ans. 1859.3 ue Soa ee water mixture at 1.0MPais contained in an uievbe'task Heat is added until the pressure rises to ar Mite and the temperdture 1 400°C. Determine the heat added. Ans. 1978.71. a "7. Water vapor at 100 KPa and 150°C is contained in a i vaat temperature will the vapor start to a shen thecntainer icone low? How much heat. ‘wil have to be removed per kilotram in this cooling process? is a aya 5 MPs and 0070 ie heated at constant temperature up to 2 quality of 80%. Find (a) the quantity of heat received by the water, (b) the change in internal energy, ‘and (¢) the work of a nonflow process. Ans. (a) 2025.7 keg; ‘h) 1396.5 kif; (c} 629.17 kllkg. 6 9. ‘Three kilograms of steam temporature of 310°C have 2460 Ly erat 28 MPA and m zea per Kilogram? Ane, A steam engine isentropica steam from 0.68 MPs, 220°C. the amare nts ees of rated. Determine (a) the work of a nonflow process (b) the finaltemperature, and (c) the work of steady flow process ‘Ana, (a) 641.05 kJ/sec; (b) 131.9°C) (e) 888.98 10. 12 Three kg of steam has an initial enthalpy of 7200 kJ at 0.145 MPa, Isentropic compression gives a final pressure of 0.29 MPa. Find (a) the initial and final temperatures and (b) the work of a steady and nonflow processes, Ans. (a) 110,4°C, 132.4°C; (c) -288.5 kJ, ~295.8 ky. 13. Saturated steam at 0.16 MPa is compressed in an irreversible adiabatic process with an efficiency of 80.24%, For a final pressure of 0.45 MPa, determine (a) the final and fntial entropies and the ideal and actual temperatures of compressed steam. Ans. (a) 7.2 ki/kgeK, 7. °K; compressed WkgeK, 7.3 ki/kgeK; (b) 14. Wet steam at 200°C and 20% moisture is compressed in an irreversible adiabatic process to a pressure of 2.30 MPa and a temperature of 225°C. Determine (a) the work of com- pression, (b) the compression efficiency, (c) the irreversibility ‘of the process, and (d) the compression internal reheat. Ans. (a) ~413.49 kJ/kg; (b) 93.3%; (c) 0.71018 ki/kg*K; (d) 275.73 deg. 15 Steam at 5 MPa and 400°C expands polytropically to LOMPa according to pV"? C,Detoraiae the work ef nondiow and steady flow, the heat transferred, 4h, and As. Ans. 298.9 ‘Kdheg, 388.6 kJ/kg, ~7.6 kJ/kg, -396.2 kJkg, -0.0127 kJ/kg*K. 16, Determine the heat and the work of the polytropic expansion of steam from 2.8 MPa at 340°C to 0.76 MPa at 200°C. Ans, ~3000 kifkg, ~8012.5 ki/kg 17, Steam at 173.46°C and with a specific entropy of 6 kil/ ‘kgeK undergoes a polytropic process with n = 1.18 until the 7 aera) What te ial tempera = eee Peay ott = an ence EM EP AE aes naam a nh Wet fet 01 ee ie a sa OG, what 8 the aa i 08 red to 02 MPs i 8 2 dearoe a ay of ote steam ity ta) Wha uate etaly oe roc Rio (a) 97.6%; (0) 2713 aS 8 3 Power Cycles — ‘The Rankine Cycle Fig. 8-1. Ding \grammatic Layout for Steam a Fig. 3-2, Rankine Cycle 59 of steam leaving the ‘an te ideal exe, the sre the same a3 Well as the and entering the 08 a Roergy balance: EL, 7 d= ew s Wedan CCoosidering the changin kinetic energy, b+ K=h+K+w W = bb +K,-K, Webbe tiat D. Pump Work, W, os 2 s 1, Bxact Pump Work, Energy balance: a — tom ew = We hna ‘2 Approximate Pump Work ‘The state of feedwater leaving the pump is that of a compressed liquid. Very often, compressed liq- uid tables are not available, hence, the properties of ‘compressed liquid are noteasily obtainable. There- fore, the exact pump work is difficult to determine. ‘The following assumptions are made in the determination of the approximate pump work. ee sicaiy a7 neoprene Hguig. Sener it Delete, co Wate re ve change in iat ot ‘energy balance neh wee Wo 9 We ewer % w, = Wa“ Wo W,> Pare W, = 6(%4-P? we W-¥, Wat BM the net 1+ method of determining poof the Tigra ‘cycle work is ob taining it Rankine Cycle Woe ara ID Bel ‘+ ton (1-¢-b-B-1) ~ arva (2-S-b-e-2) = &-@ = Gb) -a,—ny = Boh thy ay = h-2,-W, F, Thermal Efficiency, , ‘Steam rate is the mass of steam used to perform a unit work or the mass flow rate of steam consumed to produce a unit of power. For good design, a lower value of steam rate is desired. A lower value of steam rate means that a smaller quantity of steam is needed to develop the desired power output. Let P = power output, kW 'W = work done by a kg of steam, kil/kg m = steam rate, kg/kwh By definition steam rate = BA8s flow rate ‘outpui PO . mass Tew rate teh power, kw but Power = (mass ow rate, 8) W, HD) ging = Limass flow rate) (W) jay 3600 Ke mass flow rate, ‘Thon, m * Grass Now rate) W), Ka 3600 6 ‘The Ideal Rankine Engine Rank either a steam turbine or ane engine is . sine det Tee erence between an dea! Rankine enging engine, The diferntie i that an ideal engine doca nee ie concerned only with al HP ey taause the engane On the other hand, the See pomp work because the pump it eal Ore che cumpleven a the eve AND FOR THE pee ORE IDEAL THE EXPANSION PROCESS SHOULD, BE ISENTROPIC. Engine Analysis A Work, W wWeb-b B. Thermal Efficiency. ¢, ‘The definition of thermal efficiency does not directly applies to an engine because no heat is added to it Instead its charged with the enthalpy of steam enter. ing the engine and credited with the enthalpy of satu. raed guid a the condensing temperature ‘When applied to an engine the thermal efficiency, ¢ =WQ, becozese « WE, where E, isenergy chargeable against the engine E, = enthalpy of steam entering the engine - enthalpy of saturated liquid atthe condensing temperature Ee AWA ~ throttle steam how rate ‘engine power output D. Heat Rate, HR, (mate Dow rate, 3 ce, 45 (ease tow rie, ow, ES. ag = (3500) (Be) my = m,(h, —b,) . Relation between e, and HR. ww a-¢ EB, = HRW) : 3600 he Actual Rankine C7? can be sae 0 teat ata rch the mer ermal Tey jure drop in the steam geneTstey, Prev the condenser : ore grep ne erate line (B — BD. he tartans ene Meat loc Sanat expanuon an the turbine, Tnefficent PEBP Subcooied condensate Al (aa fy a = equation, = hy proportional te the anveratly PrPheat rate the hy he lower Upper the heat rate’ conditions will transform th Bi aos Hw Fig. 3-3. Actual Rankine System Cycle Analysis A Heat Added, Q, Qe bby B. Heat Rejected, Q. a2 bey c. Engine Work, W" 1, Irreversible adiabatic — Web ok oe ye < BE i home wea | Wah D. Pump Work, W, w, = ideal pump work chase aie pomp mcnaacal niece E, Actual Cycle Thermal Efficiency, e, ‘The Actual Rankine Engine If during the expansion process the steam undergoes @ process other than isentropic process, the engine is said to be ‘an actual one. o soon Ma a Works wee ben Be Chargeable Against the Engine, B, Ener Bye byw be cg, towrmal Bion, wks aE Definition of Terms - is a generator driven by a turbine, ‘Turbogenralr the work done by the steam di Ideal work, WS fgansion process in the turbine, t eerie a al uid work, W or W, i the work dong, se tan during an irreversible adiabatic expansion or py sitapansion process in the turbine. ror erPvrk W, is tho useful work, i.e, the available way 1 the es ork W, othe electrical energy availablest ie spoerta olla ‘Thermal Eficioncion 4, Weal Thermal Eficoncy, ¢ o- 8 z . Indicated Thermal Eaiency, oe ¢ Brake Thermal Eficiency, -e 4. Combined Thermal Efficiency, 0, e Note: > 9> > Steam Rates ‘& Tdeal Steam Rate, m m= 2600 Ww Db. Indicated Steam Rate, m, a ¢. Brake Stean Rate, m, a 4. Combined Steam Rate, m, 3600 me 4. tubinoBagine Mechanical Efficioney,n,_ a ‘e. Generator Efficiency, My an We Hat Rates a. Téeal Heat Rate, HR BR (m)(E) 1b. Indicated Heat Rate, HR, HR = (mE) ¢ Brake Heat Rate, HR, HR, = (mE) 4. Combined Heat Rate, HR, HR, = (m) (Eo) (3-1) Stoam in generated a tion cccurs at 0-108 aby, “1° MPA and 440°C and (@) For # Rankine engino operating botwe compute the thermal efficiency and the hent rater (b) Considering that a Rankine cycle occurs between the sae Wat maa fa a Meme 828 © ase flow ie se a not ou 30,000 kW? required st output of SOLUTION: P, = 410MPa 1h, = 8908.7 hike = 440°C 8, = 6.8911 kikg) (K) Atp, = 0.105 MPa hy = 423.24 keg, Digg = 22544 ecg Sq = 18181 kI/kg) (K) qq = 6.0249 kiMtkg) (1) Senta, 68911-15181 _ ast Mois 0.925 hag + Hybyg = 428.24 + (0.925) (2254.4) bat 0.105 MPa = 423.24 keg 2508.6 keg vvpat 0.105 MPa = 0.010443 m¥kg n ' opro4ssr 4400-208) = 4.27 . i atte gst (3600 = 4.516 ke/ewh, a Pe HT (4.516) (2882.5) = 13,0; ht Tk ee yobs # SORT ATTA = 2878.3 keg queh-by #286 42824 = 2085-4 Ig Wee Q- Qe 25783-20854 = 792.9 kag ¥, a2 = 0.2755 or 27.55% 130,000 KW_ 30,000 kl/s (0 Stam low te eg * 75 Tag = STAI (3-2) A turbo generator has a combined steam rate of 55 ofkwh titrated output of 20,000 kW. The steam is at ‘MPa, 300 C, and the exhaust is at 0.01 MPa. Calculate (a) the ‘combined heat rate,(b) the combined thermal efficiency, adic: the combined engine efficiency. n SOLUTION: pyehTMPa y= 90921 kik m= 5.85 kg/h 4-900 5, = 6.8528 kIMKg) 0) Atp,=0.01 MPa ig= 191.83 kag 9g = 0.6493 FaMtkg) (KD Iiye= 2392.8 1g yy = 7.5009 kag) (1) S=% . 68528 -0.6495 ar 7.5009” 877 Ihy= Dg + yg = 191.85 + (0.827) (2982.8) = 2170.7 hcg (@) Combined heat rate = (m,)(h,~hy) = (6:5) (9082.1 — 191.85) = 15,195 kifewh () W, = 3600. $800 = 672.9 kiMeg 2672.9 _ > mpohy tomar (mm ore (©) W=h —b, = 3092.1 -2170.7 = 861.4 kifkg (6109-07712 08 78.12% newt MPa, 400°C expands in q Ma kala of steam, deter ®*%k, os) sate ‘and the steam rate (2 ek roa ee an actual Surbine with hee team rat 80 ke/kwh ant en einey of Se peravre of actual EXRAUSt agg’, py=S2MPa b= 3192.0 kilkg jedi, = 66236 IM) CR) Atp,= 0036 MPa b= S705 kihg 9, = 0.9956 kiM(kg) (K) bys 2US6 kg y= 6.7104 Keg) CK) neice, — ‘= 0.8387 %e e104, a heoha + syhye= 0705 + (08987 (2525.5) = 2257.4 kTkg 4=hyat 0096 MPa = 307.05 kag Ya Vr8t 0.086 MPa = 0.0010249 ming W, = Va (Ps ~P,) = (0.0010249) 5200 ~ 36) = 6.29 kites yy + W, = 907.05 + 5.29.2 512.3 sag (a) Rankine cycle Wea = bby W, = 2192.0 2257.4 ~ 5,29 = 929.5 bag '= (929.3) (136) = 126,585 have or 126,385 kW Q = Bi—by= 192.0312.» 2679.7 sks 9293 0 = Yt = S285 = 03027 or s2.27% m= BD - 8800 3674 ketewh (&) Rankine engine W = h,—h,=3192-2957.4 = 934.6 bike. (934.6) (136) = 127,106 kale or 127,106 KW Sow igstgnai © Gta; arene sores 05é or 824 m = 3800 - 3600 . 595 keiewh ow 8k (© Actual engine -3600 . 2600 « 750 ea Wie a, 7480 sad Wy. _150_ 2 026 or 26% = Boh, Geno - 30705 ory Mpc ie = 0.8005 oF 89.25% nee cn = 2009) 1) eno mee v= 94801 oF 360 = on) 1020-750 = 2442 bg we nb eM hyetg he 2440 = 108 4% (29255) xp 0st or 1.81% " at 10 MPa, 6o0 turbine resives steam 00 3, ea Aa ab. (0) For te ideal Ranking i a Oo gata rate, tbermal efficiency, ange ier evot ioe oats etic Fett diven generator eicicy is 93% ange wecfupuche generator ie 30 MW. Estimate he onthay the enerseare) of the exhaust. Compute sod ually ( ned heat ate, and the total Ubrtte qt forthe rated power. ‘SOLUTION: 1 = 9625.3 kag = 6.9029 keg) (K) Atp202Mr— Ye" 00010605 y= 50470 a, w1.5501 Yen 0844 hyn 22019 425.5970 Sz. sam. aa C70, Oe b= Ba + hae 504.70 + (0.959) (2201.9) = 2610.3 keg Ya= Yo Avqa= 0.000605 + (0.9500) 0.08464) = 0.8802 meg GW = bby = 36255-26183 « 1007 kang m = -3600 . 3600 | G00 = S600 = 3.575 ke/kwh = O.7 1017, Pa Voy ~ e502 ~ 44kPa, (©) Wy = (2) OW) = (0.84) (1007) = 845.9 kag 1h = hy — W, = 9625.3 ~ 845.9 = 2779.4 Ike Ts wl Le 160 2789.3 Atp,=0.2MPa, ty = 150 + 5:22 155.2°C sncy)= (845.9) (0.98) = 786.7 sor kn 24.576 kg/kwh ot (an) (Beg) = 4-576) (9625.3, = 14,280 bleh, 190000) (4.576) = 187,280 ke” 80474 coabines best a0 Fig.35. Rankine Cycle Fig. 346, Reheat Cycle ‘Moisture is harmful to the blades of the turbine. It causes, ‘erosion and cavitation of the turbine blades. As have been observed in the previous cycle (see Fig. 3-5), the moisture content increases during the later stages of the expansie ‘Process. One solution to this problem is by reheating the steam ‘after partial expansion in the turbine (see Fig. 3-6). Reheating the ecees ar etecontentand at ‘the same time increases iciency cycle. Steam is usually withdrawn and ‘beated few degrees before the saturation point. ® he Ideal Reheat Cycle ‘Fig. 3-8. Reheat Cycle With One stage of Reheating » with one stage O° reheating ig reat <7ee ‘To ee wring Poses pond piespanson i the Ling pa ant pie empuperheating in the = the —. gunn Mei net re heat in te Sees, molt Ce ee ofheat inthe bete, adi ydditic boil Pat se SB Seat Coyne Analysis ‘A. Heat Added, Qu yy Energy balance: B= Ea, Qrhy=h, « = hy-hy { steam Generator Energy balance: : s an + By = hy Qa = By ae Quah by + By —by For a given number of stages of reheating, A= Prat FQ where: n = number of reheaters B. Heat Rejected, Q, ‘Another means of determining engine work is by getting the sum of the work done by the steam during the different stages of expansion. We Wat Wy, We ba-heh-d 8 B, Net Cycle Work, Waa wie, Engin work Pomp work = 8h,~by By hy ~ fh) by-b,+h,—b, ~(hy— hy) A-hehh-w, G. Steam Rate, m, 3600 a= I kent ‘The Ideal Reheat Engine ‘The ideal reheat engine ignores the pressure drop in the reheater. The engine is an ideal one whether there is or there {sno pressure drop in the reheater for as long as the expansion process is an isentropic one. Engine Analysis ‘AL Work, W We b-by+h,b, B. Steam Rate, m, = 3600 mW C. Energy Chargeable Against the Engine, E, 83 sasion whieh is applicable to jy. oer 0 Pha Any prosence ofthe following conditions will male the idee ape 1am entering the bent eyeie an actual one, ’ steam entering of stforated liquid at one, = Paes ~ Pe # Ps

Pri Pet Dy 4. Presoure drop in the condenser. Pe* Pees Pe ©. Irreversible adiabatic ce ye ayande,# 6, Fig.39. Actual Reheat Cycle With (One Stage of Reheating sasion whieh is applicable to jy. oer 0 Pha Any prosence ofthe following conditions will male the idee ape 1am entering the bent eyeie an actual one, ’ steam entering of stforated liquid at one, = Paes ~ Pe # Ps

Pri Pet Dy 4. Presoure drop in the condenser. Pe* Pees Pe ©. Irreversible adiabatic ce ye ayande,# 6, Fig.39. Actual Reheat Cycle With (One Stage of Reheating = bohat (ee Bhar Tees. = Bhat 508s Mogg . fee = 4278.4 king * °968- 2801 % OW = omen 2 Bartaan? si fisting 068-2020 : Wie 2 Wo 305-1906 wang He ain ou * % = FO = 05 or sas x +a no” dee sam at 8.0MPa and 485°¢ opmapemaaeriann tants in | yw = sake hrarine sod NIE ugh a reenter. It renters yt ibe wt Bread 720 Exrannion now cosas Pe ety —he ar eg ie Port oe ane "2 Shor 268i + foes 5185 condenser y (0) Wye 204 (©) &. For the enging = 4286.5 keg, eam ernie (Soo () te sen low for an eng W192 Ship o 0000 o. = = Ge - onsen acon, 3600 3600 (0m = 2000 = 3600 18 ketch steam flow = (40,000 kw) (1.88 kg/kwh) = 75,200 kg or 20.89 kg/s (3-6) Areheat cycle has the following data: Throttle, 85 MPa at 400°C ‘Turbine exhaust, 0.06 MPa = hetS0MPaand 487°C = 2961 bivkg {deal eyele, determine the (a) work, (b) thermal Re Rel 14 Ma anele equal ios, = 2801 ike ected alate tie as tematodcioe Me ERM ae cack Rising [| Sits smmepentiog Fanbinn esi Wns te perceek t: Nanneumecitaie? fe improvement in engine heat rate of the reheat cycle from the Tg = vat 006 MPa = 00010064 mk eae We 2(y-P) = 0001006 000 ~6) = 8.05 keg bus y+ W, = 151.53 + 8.05 = 159.58 kiskg i egies psn et ge ats ie ce ieee elie. ig Ferre. ze g 5 2 babys boy 3128-2800 $ 9246 ~ 2500 10742 bkg Wa, 2 WW, = 1072-87 = 1065.5 hig OQ * by=byg ty, So Haase Yate - 2800 = S056 ug a, = Yes IOS 5 0.9924 or 33.24% 3206. = B00, 3600. Ohm = A= Tg74g = 895 kar Heat rate = ih “be = 395 (3128-2 - 350.86) = 92789 Sewh 0 by = hat 0.05 MPa and, equal to 9, «2220 hues By = bat 0.06 MPa = 308.88 kaykg vp =v; at 0.06 MPa = 0.0010331 mig W,= va (@,~p)= 00010881 @.500~60) = 8.7 ekg Ie Hee, 26086487308 6g 2°), R= dize2 ~ 2000-9002 kame W,= 908.287 = 6085 hike by, = 9128.2 3686 = 2759.6 kitkg Wea» 899.5. e, = Yt = PRBS = 0259 or 32.50% snkine engine steam rate = 3600 . 3600 (©) Rat rate = 360. - 3600. = 8.964 kefkwh Rankine engine heat rate = m(h,—h,) = (3.964) (8128.2 - 359.86) = 10,974 kilhewh Difference or reduction in heat rate = Rankine HR - Reheat HR = 10,974 ~ 9273.9 = 1700.1 keg 0.1549 or 15.49% 91 ath two stages of reheating ig, an arenas gon titi? From 20 MPA and bart, com areendng it, MPa and 0.97 MPa, qc,My vith ete rege at 640°C. Condensation oc te ene on rhea ange of team find Qe ah eae! ie se re gor tm find Wand e at 20 MPa and SAO°C = 9969.5 kag Peer ieeret net tr bat SBMPa and S40°C = 2538.8 lekg ‘hat O97 MPs ands, equal tos, = 3100 keg hatOS7 MPa and S40°C = 3565.9 kg +h at 0.01994 MPa and s, equal to 8, = 2604 kikg tab 60 = 251.19 kg yak 6O% = 00010172 meg ¥p(by~p))= 00010172 (20,000 — 19.94) what hey 1+ W,=25118 + 2052 = 271.45 lg = Bb ehby hb, 39685-27145 + 2698,8 -2916 + 3565.9 - 3100 410038 kg (4180.8 keg) (1 = donee PF Serrrrry. byob hobs hon 5863.8 "216% aodaa shee 8- ab10 Sota s* s100 (4848.2 470) Cg 1848.2 kJ/e sigs ‘W-W, = 1848.2 ~ 20,32 = 1827.9 Kile + 3565.9 - 2604 Wa __18279 = et = FRE - 0.4987 oF 43.37% 1848.2 hae bbe hohe hob, Roe Rohs hos 3363.5 — 2016 + 3588.3 - 100 + 2608.9 — 251.13 4201.1 ki/kg ee B, = (4201.1 kI/cg) (1 kg/s) = 4201.1 kis Ww 1848.2 = EETHIED: = 0.4990 or 43.99% venuue (-8) Anideal double-reheat steam turbine receives 300,000 kghhof steam at 10 MPa and 400°C. ARer expansion from high pressure turbine shell, it is reheated twice from saturated vapor condition back to its initial temperature. The steam tnteringthe condenser is 97% dry. Determine (a) engine work, (engine thermal efficiency, and (e) steam rate. (€) Consider- {ng a generator output of 100 MW with 97% generator eff- dency, what are the combined heat rate, brake work, brake thermal efficiency, and pump power requirement. SOLUTION: = 3096.5 keg and AO arated = 2804 kagy eu (08 00°C = 3282 bali a uel 0 Pao gaturated = 2730 kajy wor ca gr = 3274 kee weed atenm in at 1.9 Mi cavetpayand 97% aualily ~ 2510 ky, rC, For @ generator output of 100 MW at 94% efficiency, ‘Chart p,= 0.0086 MPa jeuiate (a) the combined thermal efficiency, (b) the actual 96 MPa = 1842 ie cofaition of exhaust steam, (e) the thermal efficiency of the 362,500 kg/h of steam Steam le ese ae ae revo Seal engine, (@) ne enn NE ~Piag gs 10.1 = 194.3 keg yat 0.1 hike ae nigh Moet sats ho + 8274 —2510 iessie batt aot sala Srs0 + 9274 ~ 1042 = 3384.3 bike = 0.4012 or 40.12% to - 3600 (o Sauna = BB S60 251 keer (Conia ate, m= STOO Ee = 8.0 hs -(991B) oleh 8864 kg Cabin work, = 2600. = 2600. Brake work, Wy * eras Smeanay —* 1200- = 12371 hike Bre thermal ete, = pt = 22371 «9 31950r amp power = (a) W) = (300,000, (000 Keafh) (10.1 kee) = son foo no 841.7 kw 1¢ combined engine efficiency, and (@) tho ial thermal ceney of the ecle without preeeure op {through reheat OLUTION: 1h at 8.70 MPa and 410°C = 9152.6 kJ/kg hat 2MPa and 220°C (212.42 + 7.58) = 2821.7 kikg, 1b at 1.90 MPa and 410°C = 9271.2 kJ/kg hat 0.04368 MPa (p,, at 78°C) and s, equal to 5, 2480 keg bat 78°C = 926.51 kilkg vat 78°C = 0,0010278 m*rkg ‘Vg (By ~ Pp) = 0.010278 (8,700 — 43.68) = 8.9 kdkg, y+ W, = 926.51 + 8.9 = 395.41 kikg (a) Combined steam rate, m, = 962,500 ke/h__ 5.695 kg/kwh '100,000 kw 95 = 8D = 25 7 981 Nag combined work. We: a nyghpt feast oer. 80.7 2 de contin tora iene = Me = gan s (9.3032 or 30.82% yan ting rma te r r by = het X hse. Sea ast) X= 0.959 oF 95.9% (6) For the ideal engine ‘hat 2MPa and, equal to 8, = 2804 ki/kg sis26— 2804+ 92714-2840 1140 eg B= bokeh, 2 sis2.8 ~ 2804" 5271.4 — 396.51 = 3203.5 ke = 10 e+ T= ABW = 0ste1 or ane1x ymbined engine efficiency, m = Sx « 20.32 _ @ Come 87.60% a Baer ~ 8760 {(@) Without pressure drop through reheater hh, = hat2MPa and 410°C = 3269.6 ki/ke hy = hat0.04368 MPa and, equal tos, = 2472 kJ/kg we = hy -hye hh, —W, 3152.6 - 2804 + 32¢9.6-2472-8.9 1137.3 kde hh, — gg + by — isa. 6 335.41'+ 3269.6 - 2804 = 3282.8 kikg ‘The Regenerative Cycle Introduction ‘The thermal efficiency ofa simple steam power plantis less than fity percent. This means that more than half of the heat, ‘added to the water in the boiler is just wasted and rejected in the condenser. In order to utilize some ofthese heats that would, have been wasted and rejected in the condenser, part of the throttle steam is extracted or bled for feedwater heating after it has partially expanded in the turbine. The extraction/bled points occur near the saturation state. The process of heating feedwater in this manner is called regeneration and the cycle governing itis the REGENERATIVE CYCLE. 7 we Fecdwater Heating aoa sr to Fig. 3-10 anc tt oF gn eer (pete 2 tat - . coe ratin les are the same, i.e., x, (Rankine 1. ot gh, Cegenerave cyclo, Bar hermes MaRaniing am decreases in the regenerative cycle aa the result of the figeding Process. Therefore, the moisture content decroasen, ne Ideal Regenerative C; ycle With One: Ton for Feedwater Heat Hh One Btiage of Extrnc: ig.310, Rankine Cycle Fig.S-11- Regenerative Cycle with One Stage Extraction for Feedwater Heating sy anton = We Bxasnig the equation, te tay {see way pfancreaing he thermal efficiency are(a) by increasing Soa ee ee Theoet ewer and() by reauing the heat supplied. “One Stage of Extraction for Feedwater Heating. the pot rt nd ig 1D. Tho temperature ef 4 wwater entering the boiler in the regenerative cycle (ty) is Tither than that ofthe orginal Rankine cycle (t,), Since the feedwater enters the bile ata relative high temperature, « smaller quantity of best is needed to transform it to steam than without the regenerative feedwater heating. This in ef fect tend to increase the thermal efficiency. Itistrue thatthe net work done per kilogram of the throtle steam in the regenerative cycle is less than that of the Rankine ‘yee asthe consequence ofthe extraction of steam for feedwe ter heating. This tends to deerease the thermal efficiency. But ‘he rateofdereasedin the heat supplied, Q,, is faster than the ‘eduction rate in the net cycle work, W,,. ‘Therefore, the nét ‘onl ofthis is an ineeas in thermal eciency. af ce eacaseinthemisturecontent during the ater stage 98 Fig. 3-11, Repeated ‘Heat from bled steam ca coast de Dae Sa hy) Tee condensate pany work is often small so that it ean bt seeced Neglecting oaderaate pump work, Itean now be said that for an : eolact type (open heaters), "Y “dwaterheaterusing direct se of bled steam ~ (mase of fedwater leaving the heater] ‘enthalpy of feed- 7 enthalpy of f ‘water leaving oe Sea oe Shee — eee Ipy leedwater centering the heater (General Equation) Fig. 3.13 Regenerative Cycle With Two-Stages of Extraction For Feedwater Heating 101 Nesey c. Hont Rejected, Q, na pum? hina : ee he se equation for determining the , sity oad ‘so wml Ds “ he el ‘ D. Engine Work, W al =, al Br Ek -cmnew Wee by-mh,-C-mh, Ws b,—mh,— (mh, + = (hy -h)+ (om) hy- (em) ee Ws (b,-h)+(1-m)(h,—h,) Rot ‘Another method: Qohy = EY W = EW (stage work) = Wat We, = (bh) +(-m) (hb) 103 ral Pomp woe EM sw, Wate » = tofu woo YS Shoe work pprsiate sl PUP sw, « vu? F, Not Cycle Work, Moa we WOM e chye mh h)-EW, 6, Thermal Biiener. ®, ct = y=) BW, ot eae ‘the Ideal Regenerative Engine Exgine Anas 1A Work, W Wee hy-h)+(l-m(h-h) B. Energy Chargeable, E, ‘The engine is charged with the enthalpy of ‘steam entering the engine and credited with the enthalpy of feedwater leaving the last heater as- suming thatall the bled steam are used for feedwa- ter eating E,= Enthalpy of steam Enthalpy of entering the turbine — feedwater leav- ing the last heater Fig. 3-14. Plant Layout of Actual Regenerative Cycle with One Stage of Extraction for Feedwater Heating. ‘Any presence ofthe following conditions will make an ideal oye an actual one. 1. Pressure drop in the boiler. P< Poe 2. Prossure drop in the steam line (11). Prep 10s 105 eam lines (1-1) and (2"— 9) Heat losses in the turbine. Inefficient pum Float losses in the heaters. (ycle Analysis A. Heat Added, Qy Qe= Babar B, Heat Rejected, Qy Q= (1-m)@,-b) C. Mass of Bled Steam ms poe = ca D. Engine Work, W" W = (hy ~hy) +(1—m') (hy hy) B. Pump Work, W,, Ws IW, + Wt Wp = 5Walideaty ‘Pimp emerenay— Woe = -puipiitead F. Net Cycle Work, W,, Wa W-W, G. Thermal Efficiency, ¢, w-w, oo = MgMe 0 Sten Stand nn ng so Reardon seericeiaate Se natn rcpt gach ioe SOLUTION: bh, = hat 5.60 MPa 600°C = 9663.3 ki/kg hy = hat 0.6 MPa and s, equal tos, = 2987 ki/kg hy = hat 0.004496 MPa ands, equal to, = 2187 kitkg 107 br Ribsea issue ny NT Bene oa toniced mas at ‘= (0.001 1006} 600) = 5 Sees ee TA5 BR guuets-omeaehan : : = = tat tle (1-m)¢hy-b) =m hy -b b, _ _ 610.56- 129.97 a+ Bo - = 011898 egg of throttle steam WwW, = b-bye-mG,-)- EW, = 3669.3 —2978 + (1 ~-0.1898) (2978 - 2187) - 542 = 1320.75 keg (0Q, = by ~b. = 9668.3 - 675.86 = 2987.44 ki/kg = Mea, i: set = RO 0442 or 44.2% 1% @v = MONtG-mayny = 3663.3~ 2978 + kikg = 1326.2 (1 ~ 0.1898) 2978 — 2187) w. . - 926.2 7B By ~ Baas Shag OMS or A498 3600 wm = Ysa6.5 ~ *71 kee (5-13), Steam at 62 MPa and 480°C ta masnerative engine. Extractions for feedwater hesting are nf) MPa and again at 1.4 MPa, with tho remaining steam ‘to 0.0065 MPa. For the ideal engine with a throttle $e of 84,500 kerb, find (a) the hourly quantities af stan ex WG) ih hon wok fk a toe er onc, an ideal eyde th isos Sieciate Q, and o, eh the same state, SOLUTION: txenen, oy (omy = bat 6.2 MPa and 480°C = 3971.8 keg = hat3 MPa and s, equal to, = 3150 ki/kg = bat 1.4 MPa ands, equal to, = 2856 ki/kg that 0.0065 MPa and s, equal to, = 2105 kik hat 0.0065 MPa = 157.67 bike fat 1.4 MPa = 890.30 keg 108 1003.2 kag y= tat 2OMP og 2 0010009 cg br Hanes MS Goyaias mig = wat 3 MP4 = (0012165) (9000 - 1400) Wo SB qn» 1288 201037 y= Bet Wee 100010069) (8000-6.5) = 3.014 bye kn, iy 2 ef of} ~" 3150 - 830.30 — .0768 ke/keg throttle steam, meen mre] ogame fe ay Het bale mhyt(-m-m)h, = (-mJh aad =h) ™ 3h, 10 0.07168) (830, 30-187.67) 285615767 = 0222 ke/kg throttle steam, = (0.0788) (64,800) = 886 (215 (0222) (64,500) = 12.000'Kee wow (oy) +m (4,—9 6 a nt sore ‘a o.0Re8) cise wd 00168~ 0.225) 956" ° saeo (20882108) 2-6 w = (097.62) (54520) ~ 15,105 wats or 15.102 4W (o B= By by = 3971.8 — 1008.42 = 2968.98 kag Ww _ 997.62 _ PORE. = 0.4221 oF 42.21% (Qq = Bi—byy = 9371.8 1010.37 = 23614 kag - 54,500). (2361.4) ( 54500.) » 35,760 watts or 38.75 XW Wy = W-EW, = 907.62~3.014- 994.61 kite Wa - 294. et = SBR = oaaz or azz (3-12) An ideal regenerative cycle is exccuted with steam generation at 10.0 MPa and 600°C. Before condensation at 0.005 MPa, steam is extracted for feedwater heating first at 2.5 MPa and second at 0.6 MPa. On the basis of 1 kg of throttle steam, find (a) the quantity of steam extracted ateach point, (b) Qande, (c) W,e, and m, and (2) for a combined steam rate of 334 kg/ewh, what is n,? TT at 1000 MPa and 600°C = 3625 kJ/kg hat25 MPa and s, equal to 8, = 3172 lg ato MPa and equal os, = 2820 at 0005 MPa and s, equal 10s, = 2104 lfeg 1 0.005 MPa = 137.82 kg Prat 06 MPa = 670.56 keke Wat25 MPa = 962.11 hcg Vat 0.005 MPa = 0.0010053 m/kg Wyat 2.5 MPa = 0,0011973 meg Bq ~ P= 020011973) (10,000 ~ 2500) 8:08 kang 1+ Wyy= 96211 + 8.98 = 971.09 kakg ra (yy~ Py) = (0.0010063) (10,000 — 5) 1606 ag (@)Q-m)Q,-b) =m,4,—h) m= Dabs _ 96211-67056 “By “3172 - 670.56 = 0.11655 kghke (1m, ~m)(,-h)= mb, m a=m : ye CBI =ND C1 -0211695) (67056-19700 = 0.17547 ke/kg a 0) Q= Bo Ber= 3825 ~ 971.09 = 2683.91 Lang We Bot Gm) 084m, mh, —bo = 3625 ~ 3172 + (1 0.11655) (3172 — 2820) + (1 — 0.11655 0.17547) (2820 - 2104) = 1270.88 kifkg Waa = W— EW, = 1270.88 - 10.06 = 1260.82 keg W__ 1260.82 = B= Beg SE = 0.4751 or 47.518 (QW = 1270.88 king B, = hy —by = 3625 ~ 962.11 = 2662.89 klke = 1270.88 2662.89, 3600 000 2.89 keskwh a = = 0.4773 oF 47.73% m= 2000 my 0 3.34 @W.= 2002. 3600 «orn. 84g W, _ 1077. a, = Ye = i - 0.9481 or 84.81% (8-13) Aregenorative steam turbine has a throttle pressure of 38 MPa at 380°C and a condenser at 0.01 MPa. Steam are extracted at the following points: 2.0 MPa, 1.0 MPa and at 0.2 MPa. For the ideal cycle, find (a) thermal efficiency, steam rate n3 = crt eam rates 563 kp) combing Save tho actual amount’ a fe ferent oSe0C OS hw using feedwater tampergt st ican er Be of Sry 200°C Assume NuSd work gga Sito ee SOLUTION: 7 seat balance: (1-9) 0h, “h) =m, 0, ~by hy . 908.79 ~ 762.81 m= BRE ETO 702.81. 0.065 keg of throttle wean 7 wy ome Lae h, SE ee CL = uL EELZOMs end a oqual toa, = : g hat LomPa and sequal to 2843 keg Heat balance: = hato2 3 and sgl os, = 2550 kag = hat 001 MPa ands, equal to, = 2131 kg : Are Ber patomnPast9t3 kinky (1—m,-m)(,-b)=m,0,-) By = byat02MPa 604-7edfcg Mr Mat Loss 16281 kg NE Hata Mes s0e79 tag by = vat 0.01 MPa = 0,0010102 mikg Yq = ¥,at2MPa = 00011767 akg : Wy ¥q(Py~P,) =(0.0011767) (3800 ~ 2000) i wean” . : vn Pay ~ Py) = (0,0010102) (3800 ~ 10) = 3.83 kg 0.103 kp/kg of throttle steam 1 us ey ane é ™ Hat balance: -m,-m,-m) Y= BBD mye d-m-m) oR Il was 0109 RSE = 0.11 kg/kg of throttle steam oy = 8168.2 - 3000 + (1~ 0,065) (9000 ~ 2843) + (0.085 ~ 0.108) 2843 ~ 2550) + (10.085 — 0.108 - 0.11) (2550 ~ 2181) = 862.89 Khe Baar Dg nto 3a8= 859.06 kilkg Qe bbw, 2 Heo airs -212-= 205800 ike We = Te BAY - sh or 305, =m), —a)+ = 3800, _3600_ S00. FEO = 4172 kgfkwh ‘HRs m(h,. = 4.172 (31 sete the ae ea oo 16 wre =e Wee Ao Be= 91698-2191 « 1098. wag B= Mo 8=8169.8- 1919-2077 97 wag 8800 . _3600 me ~W ~ T038.6 ~ 2-465 keewh R= (om) E) = 8.465 2977.97) = 103205 ksykwh Form,= 5.63 kg/fewh and 0, = 95% mi, = n,m, = 0.95 (6.63) = 5.3485 ky/kwh 3600. , _3600 Mr “n, 7 35185" 0 Ne W, , 673 ays Wp GOB = 0.78 of 78% 7 For hy ‘Heat balance: th, = hat 200°C = 852.45 kilkg. (=m) by —by) =, (hy — By) Sere Comat . . me = | ae ‘Heat balance: us a-8r BP Oem = (2 0.09961 ~ 0.208) 2047-1913 2670-1913 = 0.1084 ke/eg of throttle steam ‘The Reheat- Regenerative Cycle Inthia cycle, the rebeat cycle and the regenerative coabined to attain the following objectives a 1. Purther improvement in the overall thermal efficiency. 2 Further reduction in the mouture content of steam during the latter part of the expansion process. Cycle Analysis ‘The solution toa reheat regenerative cycle problem differs {rom that of the previous cycles namely: reheat cycle, Rankine de, and regenerative cycle. It does not follow fixed set of formulas nor there isa fixed pattern. Each problem requires # particular solution although the same laws, definitions, and Principles are still being used. Problems can best be solved by energy balance and mass balance. 9 : Manse of Bled Steam, case). a rogenurative OFC: afer 5 o- Manta of Bled Steam, m 1 an ideal reheat FT pedwater heating, So Equation: ny at then expenuie a expansion, sta 8 om * fonbor expansion, there for (a) the quantity of steam =| jet of fede ae ake te eaeaOns the thermal econ id gan fe leaving the heater] ir, the et works Sn Sagram with named pang.” io a ar Recta eT haley of feedwater that oe ree steam + entering the heater ae) By Neglecting condensate pump work (Pump 1), gg “hy m= = 1b. Net Cycle Work, W, Engine Work, ‘First method Energy balance: = y Ey= Bay . he W +(-mhy = mh, + (lm, + mh, + ‘Fig. $18, Ts diagram of Case 1, We mca tanthy +B on 1 Second method ww = EW ofetagen of expansion = Wat Waa Moe ecm, B) + om) bo Mmy ‘Total Pump Works EW, aw, = Wate : w= talou=B)tYe(Po-PP IW, teak pauls) Ppa W,, = Engine work Pump work = W-mH, [ees ¢. Thermal Efficiency, ¢ 7 te Heat Added Q, s m Par Py CASE. tion for facdatar henner th tention fish eauncerpee epee = as and write equations for) the qus hit Somat tanto eae Seca tho turbine work, and(c) the thermal efficiency, .' Sera insets ction Re Fig. 3-16. Plant Layout of Case 2. 3 ‘&. Mass of Bled Steam Fig.$-17. Ts diagram of Case 2, ‘Nogleeting condensate pump work and pump works botwoen heaters. By by b= By Baw Bye Last heater: if m4 “~ ays Re oy 6S b. Work Cycle Work, W,., om e— Bs an-ba Me GAMO, a= Be ros(Pa Pu? 2 by by = Coe Case avy (Pm- Po + A= BO—by ee =0-™,-™-=) O,-4) » Tata sheet the nt eye work based om Q, and Qa is Me = a & by = Ya p,)+(1—m,)(h,—b) = 4, hy) A+ G-m)h,= mb, +(-m)h, + mye mh +(-m,-m,-m)h,+W ns by + om) by ~ mh, — (ae, we Ge ian Shy Uma mh second Method: Wee Wit Mast We Wow, -89+ AM) O,—B) + oer +m) Oy) + Comemom,) Oh) ‘The same as Case 2 except that the three oxtrastion ints occur after the reheating. ee Fig. 3:18, Plant Layout of Case 3. m7 ghird heater: nf ™=0-m,—. b, hmm B weg on Lee : fn Fig. 3:19. Ts diagram of Case 3. », Work cycle Work, W,, “| [- eal ee ao Second heater: = BA Bay BBW Qe BB shy oy ess ty} . eee (The same as in Case 2.) ua 9 B,-Ee by+h, = hye mb, + mbt m,by+ mh, +(1—m,—m, =m) b,+W W = b+h,-th,+mb,+mb,+m,b, +Q-m,--m,-m)b] Another method Ws WWW We, W = (h-b)+(h,~h)+(-m)(,-b) +(-m,-m) (bb) +(1-m,-m,-m) bok) 10 ASE 4. fesse eel mbt recs otro ation pre he nse rng ego srt Pender a Satin aortas char ae es elon cosas then ecpaciag ie sae equations for (a) the quantity of steam extracted and(b) the oer on] Fig. 3-20. Plant Layout of Case 4 13 Fig. 381. Ts diagram of Case 4, Mase of Bled Steam B= B (en beatar No.1 by+Gemph, = mb + omyh, + mbt (am pmJh, + W oe 7 ORD omy, Cm mh, We Wat Wty = (bj) +(-m)(yj-h) + (mm) O-b) Open heater No. 2: (8-14) Steam at 5 MPa and 365°C enters a turbine and expands until it becomes saturated. The steam is withdrawn and reheated to 330°C. After expansion in the turbine to ot 180°C, m, kg is extracted for feedwater heating. The remain- ing steam expands to the condenser pressure of 0.016 MPa. For 1kg of steam, find W,,,€, e,, and the ideal steam rate. ~~ Se oes La ie 133 « WHEW, = 10605 - 5.06 1085.4 keg Qe RBar by ohy = 3108-55148 + 3110-2766 = 2875.5 kathy B= BB By = 3108-55148 + 3100-2786 = 2880.5 keg Wee. 10554 oc = Me = 14 026700620708 hhatS MPa and 365°C = 3108 keg , 5, and saturated = 2786 kal/e = We. 10605 | RIAN UResadiseesstiouine o. = E-ARRE - 0082 or 26 sam and 6, equal to 8, = 2762. Br = hat 150°C (028 MPs) and e, ay I atoo16 MPa and s, equal toa, = 2315 kag = 3600 9600 5 59 bone he hyat 0.016 MPa ane he = W 1060.5 = 9:99 ke/kwh Mat 028 MPa = 851.48 S.2 Seonte wre 00010147 meg (2-15) In. an ideal reat regenerative oye steam enters vee ypat 0.28 MPa = 0,0010709 meg the engine at 8 MPa and 400°C. After expansion to 280°C the -¥p(p, ~P,) = 0.010709 (5000 ~ 280) = 5.05 keg steam is withdrawn and reheated to 340°C. Extractions for Are W, 2 65148 + 5.05 = 556.5 kMkg feedwater heating occur at 1.6 MPa and 0.70 MPa and the . = 0.0010147 (5000 ~ 16) = 5.06 ky condenser pressure is 0.005 MPa. For the ideal cycle find (a) — . W,, and e,. For the ideal engine, find (b) W and e, Heater SOLUTION: ae ak B14 : We Q,-h)+(-b)+(-m)(b,—b) = (8108 ~2786) + (3110 - 2762) + (1 - 0.1264) (2762-2315) 10605 kil 1m 13s 4100" = 9198 keg sore rin equal to, = 2020 a eyo = 82 Hig king pee at anda ogul = 2807 kg aad fequal lot, Par en 200g aa Oe pe s Ast o2 bake gore = 69722 KJ Pa = 85879 SR a ee Pe = 00010055 1g Wat 1.6 MPa = 0.0011687 mcg Yat M gTTE87 (80 1600) = 7.4 eg (Pe P 010089 (8000 — 8) = 8.04 reg Bio ylogy Masao 74 80519 Mike a-m)Q-2) = 0-8) = 0.07345 ke/kg: Gm m0-b) = mb) 2 Azan, (1.- 0.07345) (697.22 — 137.82) 2182 ~ 18782 = 0.1998 ke/ke (Ws bh +hj-b, +m) (jb) +(1-m,-m)(b-b) = 9138 ~2926 + 3082-2897 + (1 - 0.07345) (2897 ~2782) +(1 -0.07345 —0,1998) (2732 - 2024) te wy, oe Ee ABSA ~ 0.4351 or 40518 yw = 1064.4 keg B= Beh h—by 9198 + 9082 - 2926 ~ 858.79 = 2435.2 Wikg W. 1064.4 | eo EA Pee 704071 orate (@-16) An ideal reheat regenerative turbo-generator unit cones 90 MPa of throttle steam at 380°C, Retest out the first bleeding point of 3.40 MPa. The second and third ppiractions are at 0.98 MPa and 0.28 MPa, respectively. For a tondenser vacuum of 550 mm Hg, find (a) the eycle thermal ficiency and (b) the engine thermal efficiency. SOLUTION: 131 = (8088 — 2859) + (1 ~0.1348)¢3201 — 25059 ht +(1~ 0.1348 ~ 0.07600) 2585 - 2544) ne +d -01348— ae (10.1848 ~ 0.07862 - 0.06075) 2544 2290) te = 939.3 keg we wie © WHEW, 990.3-9:160 9201 eateg ws aig By Bao + hm) (h,—hy toe ep oo1e2i4 mY Fee 00 $0) = 0.80 an #9088 - 1048.71 + (10.148) 2201-2686) Wat Yo Pe potent (000 ~ 28) = 9.16 keg ee Bir We 2e Loan. + 689 = 1088-71 kg . itera 3 ee ee = Merb QUE STERA » 0.1048 bag WE = Boba sC—m) Ob) _ ae = 3088 ~ 282.62 + (1 ~ 0.1348) (3201 - 2858) Hester No.2 2 5102.1 kik (=m, )0by-h) __(1-0.1348) (758.94-551.45 w a ‘2885 — 551.48 a. = = Bits - 0.2008 0 30.28% = 0.07692 kgkg Heater No.1 (8:17 Steam at 6.9 MPa and 470°C enters a turbine and tayands to 19 MPa where m, is extracted for feedwater m= G=B-mpy-b) ‘eating, the remainder is withdrawn and reheated to 360°C. Se Espantion then occurs to 045 MPa, where m, is extracted for teedwater beating. The remaining steam is withdrawn and = [01s — 0.07087 (55148 — 28202) ‘heated to 290°C Final expansion now eecur toa condeaser 2644 - 262.62 pressure of 0.014 MPa. For an ideal cycle and 1 kg of throttle ‘Neam, find (a) W_, and e,, For the ideal engine find (b) W and = 0.08975 kek 1,0 For an engine output of 33,500 kW, what is the steam (a) W = hb) + -m)(h,-h)+ (1m, -m)(b,-b) +(1-m,-m,-m,(h,-b) 138 9 hat 69 MPa and 470°C = 9938.2 big ENTS MPa and a, equal tos, = 2978 keg hat 19 MPaand 360°C = 3101 keg hat O45 MPa and s, equal tos, = 2516 at oas MPa and 290°C = 3046 keg Bat 014 MPa and o, equal to 9,= 2415 hake bat 0.014 MPa = 218.99 kik yet 0.45 MPa = 629.25 kg Mat L9 MPa = 697.02 Kg Yat 0.014 MPa = 0.001013 meg Wat 1.9 MPa = 00011724 meg SoS FRPP EE EEE We lbu,~_) =0.0010134 (6900 — 14) = 6.98 keg mat by+ W., = 697.02 + 5.86 = 902.68 keg PO) = m,0h,-B) me — hy _ 897.02 - 623.25 ER ae ena = 0.1163 kp/kg (1-m,-m)-) = m(,-b) my y—h) ie 40 Ylpae~Py) = 0.001724 (6900 - 1900) = 5.86 lalheg + osama oe 2 BAD HOM OD eemempacyy 1 cene2-29™ tonsa roy (4-010 -018% abe-an) mae eee 1 gaan totam ecr-onsanaes aon 40316-0180 265 a = 2773.8 klk Q, 2h, —Bp,) + 1 —m,) (hy —h,) + (1m, ~m,) (hy) = (98982 ~ 902.88) + (1 -0.1168) 8161 ~ 2978) + (1 -0.1168 ~ 0.1378) (9045 ~2816) = 2767.9 keg W, = W-EW,=11353-698 = 1128.3 kiikg WW, = 11283 kilkg = Woy, 11283 e. = TY Frere: 7 04076 0 40.76% WW = 1185.3 kik - W113 “* Bars = 0.4098 or 40.93 41 3600 _ 3600 - 3.17 kg/kwh om = SBD 2 30, «BAT Ka sm = (83,500 kw) (8.17 kekwh) = 106,198 leery ne niacin 20000 br of sens a 8.20 Mim eager sor Se Sen i Bb Condenante loaves ae ageseoe Sa eed cen hana Mera sara be ed enrecon ory and teen Rorscunt jure the sao ortaonpezeureese reste doe ugh bets tubes by 0.8 Mr Sitaram of 25°C, Atel fedwater topo ee Siu Caleta tel enine thermal ee ta Fepateren eer eponti Be eel dceeitodneat rene aaa e eae ding Bake tetra Seth deine sng ik presen sides aed etre icon and oy? Tact ease ta gue ena ress ae isnt i pour. SOLUTION: ‘hat 9.20 MPa and 440°C = 3226.6 ki/kg hy = bat2.35 MPa and s, equal tos, = 2880 kikg hy = hat 235 MPa and 440°C « 3331 luJkg b= het 170 MPa and equal tos, = 3230 kg a qual to 8, and saturated = 2700 pat seas a at 0.009503 MPa and sy equal toa, = 227 Pigt 45°C = 188.45 keg 70 ales, bet 0.174 MPa = 485.9) Bet 1.70 MPa = 872.06 13) 33.85 MPa ~ 0.001 1913 fo Yo Cero Pw) = 0.0011913 (6200-2350) « 8.16 Lake Teen S= 00010099 (0200 3398) 9.844 Lr ferrrey ae pecpen beater no. 3 946,99 - 97.06, “2880 — 872.06 ~ ©0378 ke/kg of = (d-m) as = 0.1835 kg/kg of throttle steam =a- 212.06 ~ 485.9 10.0875) (£12.08 = 485.2 Foropen heater no. 1 485.9 rises 43 = 0.098 ke/kg of throttle steam we b-bd t= BO+ A= OA, (-m,-m,-m)0-h) = 9226.6 ~2880 + (1 - 0.0878) (9831 ~ $230) , (1 -0.00879 - 0.1985) (9230 - 2700) +4 -0.0978 ~ 0.1985 ~ 0.098) (2700 ~ 2270) = 1965 kike Wy, =) W-EW, = 11965 - 9.2814 = 1187.2 kaeg oy) = 9226,6-946.97 + (1 - 00378) (8381 - 2880) = mass ung B= bby += = B,-Wp,= 2713.83 - 816 = 2705.67 kicg W. 11965 (oe = EFAS 04a orate e, = Nea = 1ST ai ee ee © ry peace 500.009. 4 Ke hew 7 7136,000 ~ 4 ¥ewhs ye HEBD = 2900 «200 ew at 215°C = 920.72 laikg bet YAL2.95 MPa and 260°C = 2919.6 kag Eo het 210 MPa and 440°C - 3996.2 kine hy-by _ 92062 872.06 oe MER BERS SEee - 06 ket of throttle steam Be by-by + —m,)(b,— hy) = 3226.6 - 920.62 + (1 - 0.016) (3394.2 - 2913.6) = 2719.85 kilkg (@or ideal cycle with pressure drop thru reheater tubes: M5 b, = hat 9.20MPa and 440°C = 3226.6 kite hy = hat235 MPa and, equal to, = 2880 kalneg with pressure drop of 0.25 MPa thru reheater tubes = hat 2.10 MPa and 440°C = 3394.2 kikg = hat 1.70 MPa and s, equal tos, 3268 keg = hatt sequal to, and saturated = 2699 lalkg ‘at 0.609599 MPa and s, equal to, = 2286 lig = hyat 45°C = 188.45 kifeg hh, with by equal tob, = 464.6 kileg brat 1.70 MPa ~ 87206 kilkg Prrrrrr mye Q-myt ache oct nor ARO =A) = 0114 kg/kg of throttle 146 palance for heater no, p-nrae[ Sch] -c-anen-atg a (SASH TEEAS 1 = 0.0907 koteg of throttle steam ye Bott =m) 0,28) +m, mr, —by +0-m-m—m)0,—hy 2 3226.6 ~ 2880 + (1 ~ 0.0373) (9334.2 ~ 3268) + (0.0873 - 0.14) (9268 ~ 2693) + (1 -0.0373 — 0.34,- 0.0907) (2693 ~ 2286) = 1181.33 eg b,—hy + G-m) (a, -hy) 3226.6 — 946.97 + (1'~ 0.0373) (9334.2 - 2880) 2 2716.9 kikg 3600. . —3600— = 3.047 kefkwh wed 1181.33 HR = (m)(B) = (8.047) (2716) = 8278.4 kJMag 3600 _ _2600__ 9, - oS BOE - 01405 or 3.5 ¥, 900 oye 752 oF 75.2% ss w 1196.5 (without pressure drop) ¥, 900 - we. 0.762 oF 76.2% 7 WEL” (oh prenare dop) The Incomplete-Expansion Cycle “1 Fig. 3-22, Incomplete-Expansion Cycle, ‘The ideal incomplete-expansion cycle is composed folowing proceso ‘isentropic expansion process in the engine, » = ¢ 23: constant volume rejection of heat process, engine, V=C ‘S34: constant pressure rejection of heat process in the condenser, p= C 4-B: reversible adiabatic pumping process, » = ¢ BL: constant pressure addition of heat process in the boiler, p=C Engine Work, W : ‘Recalling isentropic and isometric processes. Fig.3-23. lsentropic Process Fig. 3-24. Isometric Process 8 ; whee AP and AK, the area behind the curve onthe siebectnt te the work ofa steady flow process: area copie proces ‘behind the curve, area 1-2-e-b-1 Paes metre process: metres behind the curve, area 2-3-¢-4-2 a = ¥,(P:— Py) pcirlbnFonsonegoa wth sero desann Fig. $25. Incomplete-Expansion Engine We Wat Wy W=b-htv@-P) teat Added, Qy, 5 ig ’ 9 Incomplete expansion engine almost always flow initial pressure, hence, the pump work ie geet wi that it can be neglected, e "Y ema t From the pump en ° FEY balangy she : ew, Ww, <0 y ‘The Incomplote Expansion Engine Buergy Chargeable, B, E,= bi-by ‘Thermal Bficincy, € ee WAKO wy z ae Mean Effective Pressure, mep oP {) Ideal Mean Eifective Pressure w. boku) t- 9 indicated Mean Effective Pressure, mep, wn ~ 3 20 Men tet Pe eon = YE ae m= Ye poten (ae oe ae ee =e gosdn sea 3600. a=W We ‘ternal Bficiency, © (a Indicated Thermal Efficiency, W, ane (0) Brake Thermal Efficiency, ¢, W, aE 1st (©) Combined Thermal Eficiency, a, ask we Jew Engine Efficiency, n ¥ (a) Indicated Engine Efficiency, m, tooo Indicated Power | We actual work Bo Noel Power gett Work, gar Wem Wy indleated work aH snorey balance: (©) Brake Engine Eficioncy,», b= Qt Why eo Baer a beeby- Qa Wi Teal Power" —Tdsal Woes — swoon Efficiencies and Steam Rates. a irstip Botwoon (©) Combined Engine Efficiency, m, mare = Combined Power . Combined Work Proofs = Ee ~ ‘deal Power ‘Ideal Work he : an aae'- aw (@) Mechanical Efficiency, n, mame we = Brake Power _ _Brake Werk Proof: = EP ™ Indicated Power” Indicated Work nen pe We Me WE * EB, (6) Generator Efficiency, n, Gaeme a ew Prt 92 BE wah We We amen Wh GE Approximate Enthalpy of Exhaust Steam, h,, Wa= 22,9, Prof: = 12,0, 182 153, (8-19) steam at 1.10 MPa and 206°C ia delivered to the throttle ofan engine. The seam expands to 0.205 MPa, where release cocus. Exhaust is at 0.105 MPa. A test of the engine ‘showed an indicated steam consumption of 13.28 kg/kwh and 4 mechanical efficiency of 85%. Find (a) the ideal work and ‘ideal thermal efficiency, (b) the ideal steam rate, (c) the brake and indicated works, () the brake thermal efiiency, () the brake engine efficiency, (the mep ofthe ideal engine and the indicated mep. 1s {sOMPa by = 2894.2 kee Pn por 8 0.6059 kg) 1e ‘tp, = 0.205 MPa jqi0s1s «B= 508.03 6, = 1.5586 ea Igy 2199.8 ty, = 5.5803 ye re aie ye bet hyp” 508.08 + (0.9188) (2199.8) = 2529.2 kg 2 tg? HA = 0.010613 + (0.9188) (0.86444) “ares whe y+ hye hyat 0.105 MPa = 423.24 ki/kg aW = h,-h, + ¥{p,—P,) = 2834.2 ~ 2529.2 + (0.7953) (205 - 105) = AS Wig 15s wb 0. 9800 = 9,968 koe om = Ay sets 3600, 9600. = 272.1 bea wows 28> i320 (ag 0H) = (95) TD) = 290-4 cg 230.4 = 0.0956 Wyo gg 5-452 or 9.84 Ca + yey TS * Wy _ 2204. 0.5992 0F 59.92% ae We 3S Ww _ 3845 . 489.47 kPa (© Ideal mep = -y “0.7953 M.. 271 «340.88 kPa Indicated mep = -¥,-~ 9.7955 co) An acompet exaasion enn i upped wih suck 20 a incomple oPe Release oocura at 0.14 Me ‘and exhaust at 50°C. Test of the engine showed a brake steam aa anal eciony of 2.9%, Fak rast 122hgtrh and sje thermal olcency, (0) te deal steam rate, (¢) the indicated thermal efficiency, (4) the indicated engine efficiency, (e) the brake mep, and (f) the ideal tale an pte expan eye operating ‘under the same conditions. SOLUTION: P= 1.95 MPa Dy = 5248.5 kale 4 = 400°C 8, = 7.1397 kg) 0) Atp,=0.14 MPa vq = 0.001051 y= 45839 8 = 1.4109 vp 1.28555 Bye 2232.1 y= 8.8955, 2% _ 7.1397 — 1.4109 Efe tee ects opeved AURB eet .9817 hy = hg + by = 458.39 + (0.9817) (2292.1) = = 2649.6 kilkg Va = Yat 5%qq = 0.001051 + (0.9817) (1.23555) 1.214 mihkg hy = hy =byat 50°C = 209.38 kifkg P, = saturation pressure at 50°C = 0.012349 MPa 157 y= 10.0010121) (3980 12.849) vate PO =O! we MW 21.96 Wee a ee ae cay We Bet _ 12.349) = 758.9 RA 758.9 » 0.2481 oF 24.81% at in eS 3600 6 4.775 kefewh ym = BB0= 7559 55 +196 = 211.5 Wikg 3248.5 -2049.6 + (1.214) (149 (Wy SBP Aa Wa, 295.1 5 957.7 akg Wie 1 0.825 Wy $82.7 0.1177 oF 11.77% = Te es - 2055 Wy. 350.7 2 0.4745 or 47.45% @a = Wri” We . 295.1 . 943.1 kPa (p= Vo Tae (0 Wax W-W, = 7539-196 = 7519 kag yaya hy= 92485 ~211.9 = 9087.2 kag Waa. 751.9 _ 0.2476 or 24.76% sen “anger omer (9-21) Steam engine with incomplete expansion receives saturated steam ot OU MBo, expands ito 0.105 MPa where release occurs. Exhaust is to a condenser at 40°C. The actual engine uses 6070 kgh of steam; it has a brake engine effi dency of 60% and a mechanical efficiency of 85%. The electric 188 freee A Wares nas cen tees i Ecaraegiatitha ey ham peter of 92%, a) Por the Sanat ae era eines med he See ties Sete he bei ok i ROY aod the Cited thermal naan Othe let wont fag Soarbined thereat aias ai ees gente, SOLUTION: kW and the P, = 1.04 MPa, saturated at 1.04 MPa = 279.6 ki/kg. t 1.04 MPa = 6.5729 kk) (K) ‘At py= 0.105 MPa o.o010443 bg= 429.24 ge 1.3181 6174 ya 2254 yy 0049 $3- 8a “ if = 08722 Ba coms 7 By = By + Mpa = 428.24 + (0.8722) (2254.4) = 2989.5 kg fn = Yat MMyq = 0.0010443 + (0.8722) (1.6174) A117 mg 159 @ws it oi ass7 4087908)» 6279 Weg ae aT" Wo age ToraT ~ 0-208 oF 20.215, 0+ 5 HS -527.9_ = 373.9 kPa maps TAliT (avy = (0.00 (8279) = 916.7Ieg OW (316.7) (6070). 534.kW 3 - W,_ ___ S167 __ = 0.1212 or 4 = yaks 27796-16757 12.12% 6.7 cows Wee SSE ass bis = 58.2 628.2 kW * 0.85 7 w, 372.6 = thy” BIG 1oTET ~ 01426 oF 14.26% (@ W,= (W,) (generator efficiency) = (316.7) (0.92) = 2914 kg W, + eae = 0.1116 or 11.16% Qe * 2779.6 - 167.57 ~3600 . 3600 . Word” 25 kekwh (8-22) A compound steam engine with incomplete expan- sion receives saturated steam at 1.04 MPa, expands it t0 0.105 MPa where release occurs. Exhaust in to a condenser of 40°C. ‘The actual engine uses 1252 kg/hr of steam; it has a brake engine efficiency at 60% and a mechanical efficiency of 85%. ‘The electric generator which it drives has an efficiency of 92%. (a) For the ideal engine, find the thermal efficiency and mep. For actual engine, determine (b) the break work in kJ/kg ‘and kW output and the break thermal efficiency (e) the indi- cated work, thermal efficiency and steam rate, (d) combined thermal efficiency and steam rate. (e) What is the approxi- mate enthalpy of the actual exhaust steam? SOLUTION: =2779.6 kihke a= 42324 og= 1.8181 yp = 22544 y= 6.0249 Sine 65729-15181 _ %.0249 0.8722 161 ga24 +(08722) 22644) = 2380.95), 4233 10499 + (0.8722) (1.6184) 0.001 n= hehe wows ome 105-7384) = ve algt ato w. , 528 = $73.8 kN/m* mop 2 = 74126 can = 0.60 (528) = 516.8 Kg 04-997 2772.8 2289.5 + C4159, 528 kike = 0:2021.0F 20.215 Omen W, (816.8). kW output = (0) gga = #52 S690 ? = 120.2 kw W868» 0.1213 0 12, a+ Belg? 76-16757 13%, W, 3168. g7a.7 bathe @ws moe wy, 3727. = = 0.1427 or © -E=h* 27796-16757 Mae (eg) (a, = (12.13) (0.92) = 11.16% = 30. __3600____ 12.35 ke/ewh ™* Wim)” G68) (052) [—+», by = hy -W,=2779.6— 372.7 = 2406.9 alg Bye hg + mgs = 167.87 + (x,) (2406.7) x, = Daaha . 2406.9 — 167.57. or 93.04% woo Dyce «2100 218 0.9904 or 99.04 (8-24) .200 kw team engine has the following data: ‘Throttle: 40 MPa, 208°C Stoam flow: 3020 ke/ae Release pressure: 0.24 MPa Exhaust pressure: 0.10 MPa Mechanical efficiency: 83% Determine (a) the enthalpy of the exhaust from the ideal engine, () the enthalpy and quality of the exhaust from the | actual engine, and (c) the lost work of actual engine. SOLUTION: 163 bg = 52965 a= 1.593 = 001088 wee 067 wes Serhan neg Sits ene seo neta 86 (OID ETEA= 001 Ang ae rane aemions + os0r2 0748” = gm athe Pa = 417.46 bile by = hg = hat 10: p= 28166-2499. + (0.6723) ww = Robe (240-100) = 411.6 Lies or the ideal engine, from the fret law of Thermo. dynamics, B= Ban — ye} eee ie be hy -W = 2816.6-411.6 = 2405 kik (b) For the actual engine — [> w, im, 3000 mye = Saaee 15.1 kgfewh m= (a) (m,) = (0,83) (15.1) = 12.53 ke/kwh 164 ‘Superposition or Topping Seeman Foie 3600 w, = 2600 _ 2600 me = 2608 = 2973 13g By = Wy = 28166207. akg = 2529-3 eg ‘At O10 MPa: b,= 41746 big and hy « 2258 ee Bea brndy 2529.3 «417.48 + (2258) a = 2529-417, = SESS ANTS «96553 or 99.59% (© Loot Work = W—W, = 411.6- 287.3 = 124.3 kaihkg Sopra Pane ria ant Fig. 3-26. High-pressure Unit Superposed on Existing Plant. 165 Pres ition oF tOPP ing eis sy8tem yitt Sortie adie te sroene hale tate wage {the iden oe replacing tbe ol ‘coated ‘As shown 3" jigh-pressi "Sip turbine or the topping unit is q Bes the new ad iia exhaust will be utilized by dhe Fr scrennure turbine (9-24) 2 20,000 EW existing Plant as the folowing throttle conditions: P, = 1.50MPa 67 Keflowh. An adait 1am rate of this plant is 5.67 Ke/kwh. An additionay 12,00 kw ie wanted, fom SP de and a moahend te average inaiated mF ig, eatimate te steam conditions wy the superposed plant. 4, = 260°C ‘SOLUTION h, = hat 1.5 MPa, 260°C = 2946.7 bike m, = (m,) (P,) = (6.67) (80,000) = 170,100 ke/hg. For the topping unit! me- -calfa~ SRP «rsa tern W, = 3800 - 3600. . 264.7 nme W __264.7 Ww, = fh = 2587 - 275.73 king We hak 215.73 = b, -2946.7 hy = 9222.43 = 0.78 ait 3. = 0.78 167 (275.73) « 2868.98 eke. pens OD pn p= 2968.9 Kes then , = 652 HIME ot a0, 652 ks ‘Atpoint t n= 920243 KE amen pt= 60 MPa and = 426°C ving five 20,000 KW units using (3.0 plat vi ad steam rate of 89 kph” 15 MPa and 2 aay of the existing 10 oilers exact, The steaming PoC qguirements I this plant were topped atch the tt menaving am engine eicioncy of 77.6 by 10000 Se ney of 89% and a generate neta, ee termine (a) the initial stoam temporary nf 9 cam peseure,() the steam exhaustg, fom the topping turbine, and (¢) ‘the number of existing low. EEG pee et eae ce capacity of the plant. 1cKe SOLUTION: Bom 130 ake me GENERATORS m= (m,) (ew output) = (6.9) (20,000) = 118000 kg/ar ‘Total eteam flow: (no. of boilers) (ma) (5) (418000) bh, = hat 1.5 MPa, 260°C = 2946.7 kinkg (On Miller's Chart by cut and try method: Tey = 435°C 1h, = hat7.0 MPa, 435°C = 3250 ki/ke 1h, = hat 1.50 MPa and », equal to, = 2860 kivkg @n, = as subsituting the values 0.776 - — 8250 = 2946.7 approximately equal to —2250=2 ‘Therefore: & = 435°C 169 ,o topping unit, mm, eehaustatonm fom the Cy 9050 — 2046.7 = 908.9 IIe we AON age Oring? 10.000_, = me Peg a 34 kg/see OF 122.400 kp, generating a total of 690,000 kg/hr, (o) With 10 bare serrmre 99,000 kee. The new bolgh® Saar ho re ppg tine (0.99)(0.98) (908.8) = 204.26 yy, = 792 or rotain 8 boilers 70 Problems Rankine Cycle and Engine 1. Iman ideal Rankine cycle, steam ia generated at 4.1 MPa and 480°C. The condenser is at 32°C. Determine (a) the ideal pump work, (b) the cycle thermal efficiency, (c) For an ‘engine with the same end states, determine its thermal effi- ‘iency, steam rate, and mep. (d) Considering the engine only, ‘assume the brake engine efficiency to be 78%, the generator efficiency 92%, the steam flow rate 163,600 ke/he: compute the output of the combined unit. Ans. (a) 4.12 ki/kg, (b) 38.66%; (c) 38.73%, 2.85 ke/kwh, 51.92 kPa: (@) 41,227 kW 2. A Rankine cycle has the following operating condi- tions: Steam pressure, 2.5 MPa ‘Steam temperature, 280°C Exhaust presaure, 0.026 MPa Indicated steam rate, 5.45 kykwh Mechanical efficiency, 90% For ideal cycle and engine, calculate (a) the thermal effi- ciency, (b) the engine steam rate), (c) the actual condition of ‘exhaust steam, and (4) the steam flow rate in kg/h for 1 Mw {generator output at 94% efficiency. Ans. (a) 28.6%, 28.5%; (b) 4.69 ka/kwh; (€) 86.33%; (@) 6447 keh 8. A Rankine turbo-generator unit receives 27,000 kg/h of steam at 1.2 MPa and superheat by 122 degrees. Conden- sate leaves at 22°C. For a brake steam rate of 4.74 kg/kwh, mechanical efficiency of 80% and generator efficiency of 94%, determine (a) the ideal cycle thermal efficiency, (b) the indi ‘eated engine efficiency, (c) the condition of turbine actual ‘exhaust, and (a) the turbo-generator output in Kw. Ans. (a) 89%, (b) 85.7%, (c) 87%, (d) 5954.5 kw 4. ‘The condensing pressure for a Rankine engine is 1 bar. Calculate the net work for 1 kg of steam and the thermal efficiency when the steam at the beginning of expansion is at {50 bar and (a) saturated, (b) 350°C, and (c) 640°C. ‘Ans. (a) 627.2 kuvkg, 26.4%; (b) 727.3 kJ/kg, 27.5%; (0) 1079.49 kiskg, 32.95% 5, There are received 90,000 kg/h of steam at 2.15 MPa, 480°C by a Rankine engine; exhaust occurs at 0.10 MPa, For the engine find (a) W, (b) m, and (c) e, For the cycle find (a) m 18,767.5 kW, (b) 4.8 kgf Hepat gat 24%, m™ to : ee? ombined steam rate Nee pat 0 he sons ga a ado oat bar Calle hh Eibied bat ae ined work te oe Oe to 6729 bans, @) 71%) abet cle andneine reheat cycle with two stages of reheating is execu wre ye 90 ar and S30 Tae treater pressures are 10 bar and 0.6 bar, and the steam, ire rcener etue Ming Gonenaan occurs at Sh bar. For an ideal cycle, find (a) Q, and e. (b) For the engine, har te pressure dop through the reheaters et the eng Gperate through the same states, and compute W and e, (c) peta tou oe an eng Opt cf 20060 BW? Ans. (a) 4657.5 ke, 44.31%; (0) 2072.6 kileg, 44.41%, o8 (O86 Aa seat trae wih oe stage of reheat re. ‘ceive steam at 8.0 MPa, 480°C. Reheat pressure is 0.83 MPa cage ea ure 2 007 Mi The work i 1559 fod a eT acy 11.00% Pd the atperatare ct ‘steam leaving the ‘Ans. 455°C Ee ea en at 18 MPa, SUC enters the cen To 56 ru At tha peat th stoma withdrawn and passed through a reheater. It renters the ‘engine at 540°C. Expansion now occurs to the condenser pressure of 0.0035 MPa. (a) For the ideal cycle, find e, (b) A Boas kw vari perates betwen the same state pnt tap tthe meas etre beater at 196 MPa” and ‘264FC, departs at 18 MPa and 540°C. The steam flow is 147,000 kg/hr; generator efficiency is 96%. For actual engine, find e,, m,, and n, (c) Determine the approximate enthalpy of ‘the exhaust steam ifthe heat lost through the turbine casing ist of te embed we wit (a) 46.1%, (b) 37.3%, 245 ke/kwh, 79.3%, (c) 2489.6 10. Steam at 200 bar, 760°C enters the throttle of a re- ‘beater engine and expands to 10 bar. At this point it leaves m the engine, enter the robeaer, and return at 9 bar, 600°, txpansion Uhon occu tote condenser prosoure 0 608 bet thn 188 ki) on the basin of Row ef hg stan Find w) W amide of the eye) W. and mfr the ideal engine (In te sign engine the stn sntar the reenter at 30 ba, 300 icnedenees; find W, e and m. cea eee (a) 2228°7 Lay 48.96%; b) 2246.7 Ue, 49.17% 1.6 kg; (¢) 2052.1 kJ/kg, 45.85%, 1.75 kp/kwh. . F Regenerative Cycle and Engine 11. There are received 68,000 kg/h of steam by an ideal regenerative engine, having only one heater, of which the hheater receives 15,400 kg/h; the condenser receives the re- ‘mainder at 0.007 MPa, If the heater pressure is 0.96 MPa, ind the state (quality or °SH) of the steam (a) at the heater tentrance and (b) at the condenser entrance. ‘Ans. (a) saturated, (b) 78.5% quality 12. A turbine with one extraction for regenerative feedwa- ter heating, receives steam with an enthalpy of 3373 ki*kg. land discharges it with an exhaust enthalpy of 2326 kkg. The ideal regenerative feedwater heater receives 11,338 kg/h of extracted steam at 345 kPa (whose h = 2745 kJ/kg). The eedwater (condensate from the condenser) enters the heater ‘with an enthalpy of 140 ki/kg and departs saturated at 345 KPa (h, = 582 ki/kg). Calculate the turbine output in kW. ‘Ang. 18,116 kW 413. A 10,000 kW turbo-generator operating at rated capac- ity receives 52,000 kg/h of steam at 2.90 MPa and 310°C, ‘exhaust is aat 0.007 MPa. At 1.20 MPa and 230°C, there are ‘etually extracted 20% of throttle flow for regenerative heat- ing of feedwater. The generator efficiency is 95%. For an ideal ‘engine, find (a) the quantity of steam extracted, kg/h (b) W ‘and (e) e. For the actual engine, find (d) the temperature of feedwater from the open heater, (e) n, and fi the approximate ‘enthalpy of exhaust steam and its quality. Ans. (a) 12.428 key bs; (b) 787.3 ki/kg,(c) 35.48%, (d) 167.5°C, (e) 87.9%, (1) 2143.8 14. A.25,000 kW turbo-generator is supplied with 128,000 kg/h of steam at 2.50 MPa and 400°C when developing it rated load. There are actually extracted 10,400 ky’h at 0.3 MPa and 173 ‘condenser pressure is 0.007 seb Ton Se oe Pa ler tarepntages of extracted steam ang (yy various Perea ce) the various percentages > ce For the actual enn. ye,,and (0m. (6) Find the appre” extracted steam, the exhaust if the generator efficiency mate entny of ng) (37.1%, O812, BABE, @) gat 2 ih 400 KE generative Cycle and Engine a1 006 0 Stal feed Reheat Ret regenerative engine receives steam at rsa shentrnere aE ban oe At at bar and 88°, Cero areheater and reentes che turbing Ean tn heh te ober 9EeC a wee a ee eam ia bled for focdwater heating. Exhaust oceuiry Fi a ent thee cata ran Fee ane b= s0100 hy = 9205.4 by = 38025, = 1694 hy = 3229 by = 723.59 hy = 2308.1 hy = 742.83 “or ideal engine, sketch the events on the Ts plane and for alent rein ie Te lane ta ‘work, (c) the efficiency, and (@) the steam rate. In the actual case, water enters the boiler at 171°C and the brake engine efficiency is 75% (e) determine the brake work and the brake thermal efficiency. (9 Let the pump efficiency be 65%, esti- mate the enthalpy ofthe exhaust steam. ‘Ans. (a) 0.19 kek, (b) 1685.1 keg, (c) 49.26%, (€) 2.14 ke dowh, (e) 1268.8 kl, 87.55; (9 2742 keg 16, In a 35,000 kW turbo-generator that receives steam at 69 MPa and 370°C, 119 of the throttle steam is actually extracted at 2 MPs, 215°C; with the remainder being re- femted to 18 MPa and 315°; then 20% ofthe throttle steam ually extracted at0 724 MPa, each extraction serving an m4 open feedwater heater. The engine exhaust to a condenser pressure of 0.005 MPa and the temperature of the feedwater from the last heator is 205°C. The combined steam rate of the turbe-generator unitn is 4.898 kp/ewh and the generator eff ciency is 85%. For the total throttle Now to an ideal engine, find (a) extracted steam for the last heator, (b) W, (e)e. For tho actual engine, find (4) ,(e)m,. ) What is the enthalpy of the Setual exhaust when the putnp efficiency 1s 60%? Ans, (a) 16,303 leg/n; (b) 1018 k/eg; (e) 42%: (@) 40%; (o) 72.2%; (D 2560 kia 17. There are developed 25,000 kW by a reheat-regenera- tive engine (turbogenerator) which receives steam at 42 MPa, 205°C and exhaust at 0.007 MPa. At 1.90 Ma and 214C. part of the steam is extracted for feedwater heating and the mainder is withdrawn for reheating. ‘The reheated steam enters the turbine at 1.8 MPa and 270°C and expands to 138 MPa, where more stoam ie extracted for feedwater heating ‘and the remainder expands to the condenser pressure of 0.007 MPa and an actual quality of 90%. Feedwater leaves the last heater ata temperature of 207°C. The generator has an cfficiency of 95%, For the ideal engine, find (a) the percent- ages of the extracted steam, (b) W, and (e) e. Let the actual, extracted steam be 85% of those for the ideal engine and for {he actual engine, find (2) the total throttle flow, if the break ‘work equal the fluid work, (e) e, and (0 2, ‘Ans. (a) 0.035, 0.234; (b) 893 kak; (0) 37.2% (e) e, and (D) 14- (@) 147,000 keh; (@) 27.5%; (0 73.6% Incomplete-Expansion Cycle and Engine 18. A steam engine receives saturated steam at 260°C. Steam is released when its specific enthalpy is 2200 ki/kg. Condensate leaves at 0°C. For ideal engine find, (a) the worle and the thermal efficiency and (b) mep. ‘Ans. (a) 680.6 kd/icg, 27.64% (b) 631.5 kPa 19. An ideal incomplete-expansion cycle uses steam gener- ated at 1.85 MPa. Release condition is dry and saturated. Exhaust steam is at 0.03 MPa and has 10.58% quality. The actual engine uses 1000 kg/h nof steam. The brake engine efficiency is 60% and the mechanical efficiency is 85%. (a) For the ideal engine, calculate the thermal efficiency and mep. 175 sine, calculate ror tel areata ond tbe brake thermal gm, { neg indicated therm oe nie, + approximate enthalpy of the exhq ie Compa oer pat ta heat e800 engine perks oCS¥8, soa, cy) 92.5 KW, () 18.85%, 25,059 al efficioncy and the indicated hogy ee Sill ep aneann te sore Sebo and the release is at 118°C. ‘nthe basi of 1K finda) and the rai che quality of exhaust steam, and (e) thy AG ace aa a ee ety shal een pe ae ih cent Serie dro oat inert ek. ty 60%, what re BP ec er cng ‘brake steam rate? et cg, (2) 2084.71 lag, (©) 298.4 Ia eg (8) Sea BE ne ores area Bre wigine with incomplete expansion is supplied with steam at 2.76 MPa and 260°C. Release Occurs at 0.35 MPa stotiine condenser temperature ia 42°C. (a) Ifthe brake en- ine efficiency is OO and if 1225 kg/hr of steam are used, hat is the brake power in kW? (b) If the mechanical eff. ‘Gency is 87%, what is tho indicated thermal efficiency, the indicated work in kivkg, angspe indicated steam rate? (c) If rule? maaey ‘Ans, (a) 111.7 RW, oY 314 Males, 13.87, 9.53 keg W-he (011%, 11.9 gh Wee 15 LON . || Topping el 22, The capacity of a power plant is to be increased by superposing a high-pressure addition on the existing 1.85 ‘MPa plant. Existing turbines are rated to take 370,000 kg/h ‘at 290°C. Assume average indicated engine efficiency of su 16 perposed turbine will be 76%, mechanical-electrical eff Giency, 93%. What initial steam conditions would suffice to ‘add 26,000 kW to the plant capacity/ Ans. 7.2 MPa, 448°C 23. An existing plant receiving 364,000 kg/h of 1.50 MPa and 250°C steam is to be superposed with a high-pressure turbine to receive steam at 11.0 MPa and 510°C. Nine percent of the topping turbine flow is extracted at 3.0 MPa and 340°C. For a mechanical-electrical efficiency of 98%, determine the KW output of the topping unit. Ans. 46,391 kW. 7 OF TANAUAN Chapter 1 Properties of Steam : Definition of Terms. Changes of Phase at Constant Pressure. The pv and Ts planes for Water. Properties of Wet Mixture. Mollier Diagram. 2 Processes of Vapors 25 Constant Pressure Process. Constant Volume Process. Isothermal Process. Adiabatic Process. Polytropic Process. Throttling Process. 3 Power Cycles 59 Ideal Rankine Cycle. Ideal Rankine Engine. ‘Actual Rankine Cycle. Actual Rankine Engine. Tdeal Reheat Cycle. Ideal Reheat Engine. Actual Reheat Cycle. Actual Reheat Engine. Ideal Regenerative Cycle. Ideal Regenerative Engine. ‘Actuzi Regenerative Cycle. Reheat-Regenerative Cycle. Incomplete-Expansion Cycle. Incomplet- Expansion Engine. Topping.

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