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Pri Pet Dy 4. Presoure drop in the condenser. Pe* Pees Pe ©. Irreversible adiabatic ce ye ayande,# 6, Fig.39. Actual Reheat Cycle With (One Stage of Reheatingsasion whieh is applicable to jy. oer 0 Pha Any prosence ofthe following conditions will male the idee ape 1am entering the bent eyeie an actual one, ’ steam entering of stforated liquid at one, = Paes ~ Pe # Ps
Pri Pet Dy 4. Presoure drop in the condenser. Pe* Pees Pe ©. Irreversible adiabatic ce ye ayande,# 6, Fig.39. Actual Reheat Cycle With (One Stage of Reheating= bohat (ee Bhar Tees. = Bhat 508s Mogg . fee = 4278.4 king * °968- 2801 % OW = omen 2 Bartaan? si fisting 068-2020 : Wie 2 Wo 305-1906 wang He ain ou * % = FO = 05 or sas x +a no” dee sam at 8.0MPa and 485°¢ opmapemaaeriann tants in | yw = sake hrarine sod NIE ugh a reenter. It renters yt ibe wt Bread 720 Exrannion now cosas Pe ety —he ar eg ie Port oe ane "2 Shor 268i + foes 5185 condenser y (0) Wye 204 (©) &. For the enging = 4286.5 keg, eam ernie (Soo () te sen low for an eng W192 Ship o 0000 o. = = Ge - onsen acon, 3600 3600 (0m = 2000 = 3600 18 ketch steam flow = (40,000 kw) (1.88 kg/kwh) = 75,200 kg or 20.89 kg/s (3-6) Areheat cycle has the following data: Throttle, 85 MPa at 400°C ‘Turbine exhaust, 0.06 MPa = hetS0MPaand 487°C = 2961 bivkg {deal eyele, determine the (a) work, (b) thermal Re Rel 14 Ma anele equal ios, = 2801 ike ected alate tie as tematodcioe Me ERM ae cack Rising [| Sits smmepentiog Fanbinn esi Wns te perceek t: Nanneumecitaie? fe improvement in engine heat rate of the reheat cycle from the Tg = vat 006 MPa = 00010064 mk eae We 2(y-P) = 0001006 000 ~6) = 8.05 keg bus y+ W, = 151.53 + 8.05 = 159.58 kiskgi egies psn et ge ats ie ce ieee elie. ig Ferre. ze g 5 2 babys boy 3128-2800 $ 9246 ~ 2500 10742 bkg Wa, 2 WW, = 1072-87 = 1065.5 hig OQ * by=byg ty, So Haase Yate - 2800 = S056 ug a, = Yes IOS 5 0.9924 or 33.24% 3206. = B00, 3600. Ohm = A= Tg74g = 895 kar Heat rate = ih “be = 395 (3128-2 - 350.86) = 92789 Sewh 0 by = hat 0.05 MPa and, equal to 9, «2220 hues By = bat 0.06 MPa = 308.88 kaykg vp =v; at 0.06 MPa = 0.0010331 mig W,= va (@,~p)= 00010881 @.500~60) = 8.7 ekg Ie Hee, 26086487308 6g 2°), R= dize2 ~ 2000-9002 kame W,= 908.287 = 6085 hike by, = 9128.2 3686 = 2759.6 kitkg Wea» 899.5. e, = Yt = PRBS = 0259 or 32.50% snkine engine steam rate = 3600 . 3600 (©) Rat rate = 360. - 3600. = 8.964 kefkwh Rankine engine heat rate = m(h,—h,) = (3.964) (8128.2 - 359.86) = 10,974 kilhewh Difference or reduction in heat rate = Rankine HR - Reheat HR = 10,974 ~ 9273.9 = 1700.1 keg 0.1549 or 15.49% 91ath two stages of reheating ig, an arenas gon titi? From 20 MPA and bart, com areendng it, MPa and 0.97 MPa, qc,My vith ete rege at 640°C. Condensation oc te ene on rhea ange of team find Qe ah eae! ie se re gor tm find Wand e at 20 MPa and SAO°C = 9969.5 kag Peer ieeret net tr bat SBMPa and S40°C = 2538.8 lekg ‘hat O97 MPs ands, equal tos, = 3100 keg hatOS7 MPa and S40°C = 3565.9 kg +h at 0.01994 MPa and s, equal to 8, = 2604 kikg tab 60 = 251.19 kg yak 6O% = 00010172 meg ¥p(by~p))= 00010172 (20,000 — 19.94) what hey 1+ W,=25118 + 2052 = 271.45 lg = Bb ehby hb, 39685-27145 + 2698,8 -2916 + 3565.9 - 3100 410038 kg (4180.8 keg) (1 = donee PF Serrrrry. byob hobs hon 5863.8 "216% aodaa shee 8- ab10 Sota s* s100 (4848.2 470) Cg 1848.2 kJ/e sigs ‘W-W, = 1848.2 ~ 20,32 = 1827.9 Kile + 3565.9 - 2604 Wa __18279 = et = FRE - 0.4987 oF 43.37% 1848.2 hae bbe hohe hob, Roe Rohs hos 3363.5 — 2016 + 3588.3 - 100 + 2608.9 — 251.13 4201.1 ki/kg ee B, = (4201.1 kI/cg) (1 kg/s) = 4201.1 kis Ww 1848.2 = EETHIED: = 0.4990 or 43.99% venuue (-8) Anideal double-reheat steam turbine receives 300,000 kghhof steam at 10 MPa and 400°C. ARer expansion from high pressure turbine shell, it is reheated twice from saturated vapor condition back to its initial temperature. The steam tnteringthe condenser is 97% dry. Determine (a) engine work, (engine thermal efficiency, and (e) steam rate. (€) Consider- {ng a generator output of 100 MW with 97% generator eff- dency, what are the combined heat rate, brake work, brake thermal efficiency, and pump power requirement. SOLUTION:= 3096.5 keg and AO arated = 2804 kagy eu (08 00°C = 3282 bali a uel 0 Pao gaturated = 2730 kajy wor ca gr = 3274 kee weed atenm in at 1.9 Mi cavetpayand 97% aualily ~ 2510 ky, rC, For @ generator output of 100 MW at 94% efficiency, ‘Chart p,= 0.0086 MPa jeuiate (a) the combined thermal efficiency, (b) the actual 96 MPa = 1842 ie cofaition of exhaust steam, (e) the thermal efficiency of the 362,500 kg/h of steam Steam le ese ae ae revo Seal engine, (@) ne enn NE ~Piag gs 10.1 = 194.3 keg yat 0.1 hike ae nigh Moet sats ho + 8274 —2510 iessie batt aot sala Srs0 + 9274 ~ 1042 = 3384.3 bike = 0.4012 or 40.12% to - 3600 (o Sauna = BB S60 251 keer (Conia ate, m= STOO Ee = 8.0 hs -(991B) oleh 8864 kg Cabin work, = 2600. = 2600. Brake work, Wy * eras Smeanay —* 1200- = 12371 hike Bre thermal ete, = pt = 22371 «9 31950r amp power = (a) W) = (300,000, (000 Keafh) (10.1 kee) = son foo no 841.7 kw 1¢ combined engine efficiency, and (@) tho ial thermal ceney of the ecle without preeeure op {through reheat OLUTION: 1h at 8.70 MPa and 410°C = 9152.6 kJ/kg hat 2MPa and 220°C (212.42 + 7.58) = 2821.7 kikg, 1b at 1.90 MPa and 410°C = 9271.2 kJ/kg hat 0.04368 MPa (p,, at 78°C) and s, equal to 5, 2480 keg bat 78°C = 926.51 kilkg vat 78°C = 0,0010278 m*rkg ‘Vg (By ~ Pp) = 0.010278 (8,700 — 43.68) = 8.9 kdkg, y+ W, = 926.51 + 8.9 = 395.41 kikg (a) Combined steam rate, m, = 962,500 ke/h__ 5.695 kg/kwh '100,000 kw 95= 8D = 25 7 981 Nag combined work. We: a nyghpt feast oer. 80.7 2 de contin tora iene = Me = gan s (9.3032 or 30.82% yan ting rma te r r by = het X hse. Sea ast) X= 0.959 oF 95.9% (6) For the ideal engine ‘hat 2MPa and, equal to 8, = 2804 ki/kg sis26— 2804+ 92714-2840 1140 eg B= bokeh, 2 sis2.8 ~ 2804" 5271.4 — 396.51 = 3203.5 ke = 10 e+ T= ABW = 0ste1 or ane1x ymbined engine efficiency, m = Sx « 20.32 _ @ Come 87.60% a Baer ~ 8760 {(@) Without pressure drop through reheater hh, = hat2MPa and 410°C = 3269.6 ki/ke hy = hat0.04368 MPa and, equal tos, = 2472 kJ/kg we = hy -hye hh, —W, 3152.6 - 2804 + 32¢9.6-2472-8.9 1137.3 kde hh, — gg + by — isa. 6 335.41'+ 3269.6 - 2804 = 3282.8 kikg ‘The Regenerative Cycle Introduction ‘The thermal efficiency ofa simple steam power plantis less than fity percent. This means that more than half of the heat, ‘added to the water in the boiler is just wasted and rejected in the condenser. In order to utilize some ofthese heats that would, have been wasted and rejected in the condenser, part of the throttle steam is extracted or bled for feedwater heating after it has partially expanded in the turbine. The extraction/bled points occur near the saturation state. The process of heating feedwater in this manner is called regeneration and the cycle governing itis the REGENERATIVE CYCLE. 7we Fecdwater Heating aoa sr to Fig. 3-10 anc tt oF gn eer (pete 2 tat - . coe ratin les are the same, i.e., x, (Rankine 1. ot gh, Cegenerave cyclo, Bar hermes MaRaniing am decreases in the regenerative cycle aa the result of the figeding Process. Therefore, the moisture content decroasen, ne Ideal Regenerative C; ycle With One: Ton for Feedwater Heat Hh One Btiage of Extrnc: ig.310, Rankine Cycle Fig.S-11- Regenerative Cycle with One Stage Extraction for Feedwater Heating sy anton = We Bxasnig the equation, te tay {see way pfancreaing he thermal efficiency are(a) by increasing Soa ee ee Theoet ewer and() by reauing the heat supplied. “One Stage of Extraction for Feedwater Heating. the pot rt nd ig 1D. Tho temperature ef 4 wwater entering the boiler in the regenerative cycle (ty) is Tither than that ofthe orginal Rankine cycle (t,), Since the feedwater enters the bile ata relative high temperature, « smaller quantity of best is needed to transform it to steam than without the regenerative feedwater heating. This in ef fect tend to increase the thermal efficiency. Itistrue thatthe net work done per kilogram of the throtle steam in the regenerative cycle is less than that of the Rankine ‘yee asthe consequence ofthe extraction of steam for feedwe ter heating. This tends to deerease the thermal efficiency. But ‘he rateofdereasedin the heat supplied, Q,, is faster than the ‘eduction rate in the net cycle work, W,,. ‘Therefore, the nét ‘onl ofthis is an ineeas in thermal eciency. af ce eacaseinthemisturecontent during the ater stage 98 Fig. 3-11, Repeated‘Heat from bled steam ca coast de Dae Sa hy) Tee condensate pany work is often small so that it ean bt seeced Neglecting oaderaate pump work, Itean now be said that for an : eolact type (open heaters), "Y “dwaterheaterusing direct se of bled steam ~ (mase of fedwater leaving the heater] ‘enthalpy of feed- 7 enthalpy of f ‘water leaving oe Sea oe Shee — eee Ipy leedwater centering the heater (General Equation) Fig. 3.13 Regenerative Cycle With Two-Stages of Extraction For Feedwater Heating 101Nesey c. Hont Rejected, Q, na pum? hina : ee he se equation for determining the , sity oad ‘so wml Ds “ he el ‘ D. Engine Work, W al =, al Br Ek -cmnew Wee by-mh,-C-mh, Ws b,—mh,— (mh, + = (hy -h)+ (om) hy- (em) ee Ws (b,-h)+(1-m)(h,—h,) Rot ‘Another method: Qohy = EY W = EW (stage work) = Wat We, = (bh) +(-m) (hb) 103ral Pomp woe EM sw, Wate » = tofu woo YS Shoe work pprsiate sl PUP sw, « vu? F, Not Cycle Work, Moa we WOM e chye mh h)-EW, 6, Thermal Biiener. ®, ct = y=) BW, ot eae ‘the Ideal Regenerative Engine Exgine Anas 1A Work, W Wee hy-h)+(l-m(h-h) B. Energy Chargeable, E, ‘The engine is charged with the enthalpy of ‘steam entering the engine and credited with the enthalpy of feedwater leaving the last heater as- suming thatall the bled steam are used for feedwa- ter eating E,= Enthalpy of steam Enthalpy of entering the turbine — feedwater leav- ing the last heater Fig. 3-14. Plant Layout of Actual Regenerative Cycle with One Stage of Extraction for Feedwater Heating. ‘Any presence ofthe following conditions will make an ideal oye an actual one. 1. Pressure drop in the boiler. P< Poe 2. Prossure drop in the steam line (11). Prep 10s105 eam lines (1-1) and (2"— 9) Heat losses in the turbine. Inefficient pum Float losses in the heaters. (ycle Analysis A. Heat Added, Qy Qe= Babar B, Heat Rejected, Qy Q= (1-m)@,-b) C. Mass of Bled Steam ms poe = ca D. Engine Work, W" W = (hy ~hy) +(1—m') (hy hy) B. Pump Work, W,, Ws IW, + Wt Wp = 5Walideaty ‘Pimp emerenay— Woe = -puipiitead F. Net Cycle Work, W,, Wa W-W, G. Thermal Efficiency, ¢, w-w, oo = MgMe 0 Sten Stand nn ng so Reardon seericeiaate Se natn rcpt gach ioe SOLUTION: bh, = hat 5.60 MPa 600°C = 9663.3 ki/kg hy = hat 0.6 MPa and s, equal tos, = 2987 ki/kg hy = hat 0.004496 MPa ands, equal to, = 2187 kitkg 107br Ribsea issue ny NT Bene oa toniced mas at ‘= (0.001 1006} 600) = 5 Sees ee TA5 BR guuets-omeaehan : : = = tat tle (1-m)¢hy-b) =m hy -b b, _ _ 610.56- 129.97 a+ Bo - = 011898 egg of throttle steam WwW, = b-bye-mG,-)- EW, = 3669.3 —2978 + (1 ~-0.1898) (2978 - 2187) - 542 = 1320.75 keg (0Q, = by ~b. = 9668.3 - 675.86 = 2987.44 ki/kg = Mea, i: set = RO 0442 or 44.2% 1% @v = MONtG-mayny = 3663.3~ 2978 + kikg = 1326.2 (1 ~ 0.1898) 2978 — 2187) w. . - 926.2 7B By ~ Baas Shag OMS or A498 3600 wm = Ysa6.5 ~ *71 kee (5-13), Steam at 62 MPa and 480°C ta masnerative engine. Extractions for feedwater hesting are nf) MPa and again at 1.4 MPa, with tho remaining steam ‘to 0.0065 MPa. For the ideal engine with a throttle $e of 84,500 kerb, find (a) the hourly quantities af stan ex WG) ih hon wok fk a toe er onc, an ideal eyde th isos Sieciate Q, and o, eh the same state, SOLUTION: txenen, oy (omy = bat 6.2 MPa and 480°C = 3971.8 keg = hat3 MPa and s, equal to, = 3150 ki/kg = bat 1.4 MPa ands, equal to, = 2856 ki/kg that 0.0065 MPa and s, equal to, = 2105 kik hat 0.0065 MPa = 157.67 bike fat 1.4 MPa = 890.30 keg 1081003.2 kag y= tat 2OMP og 2 0010009 cg br Hanes MS Goyaias mig = wat 3 MP4 = (0012165) (9000 - 1400) Wo SB qn» 1288 201037 y= Bet Wee 100010069) (8000-6.5) = 3.014 bye kn, iy 2 ef of} ~" 3150 - 830.30 — .0768 ke/keg throttle steam, meen mre] ogame fe ay Het bale mhyt(-m-m)h, = (-mJh aad =h) ™ 3h, 10 0.07168) (830, 30-187.67) 285615767 = 0222 ke/kg throttle steam, = (0.0788) (64,800) = 886 (215 (0222) (64,500) = 12.000'Kee wow (oy) +m (4,—9 6 a nt sore ‘a o.0Re8) cise wd 00168~ 0.225) 956" ° saeo (20882108) 2-6 w = (097.62) (54520) ~ 15,105 wats or 15.102 4W (o B= By by = 3971.8 — 1008.42 = 2968.98 kag Ww _ 997.62 _ PORE. = 0.4221 oF 42.21% (Qq = Bi—byy = 9371.8 1010.37 = 23614 kag - 54,500). (2361.4) ( 54500.) » 35,760 watts or 38.75 XW Wy = W-EW, = 907.62~3.014- 994.61 kite Wa - 294. et = SBR = oaaz or azz (3-12) An ideal regenerative cycle is exccuted with steam generation at 10.0 MPa and 600°C. Before condensation at 0.005 MPa, steam is extracted for feedwater heating first at 2.5 MPa and second at 0.6 MPa. On the basis of 1 kg of throttle steam, find (a) the quantity of steam extracted ateach point, (b) Qande, (c) W,e, and m, and (2) for a combined steam rate of 334 kg/ewh, what is n,? TTat 1000 MPa and 600°C = 3625 kJ/kg hat25 MPa and s, equal to 8, = 3172 lg ato MPa and equal os, = 2820 at 0005 MPa and s, equal 10s, = 2104 lfeg 1 0.005 MPa = 137.82 kg Prat 06 MPa = 670.56 keke Wat25 MPa = 962.11 hcg Vat 0.005 MPa = 0.0010053 m/kg Wyat 2.5 MPa = 0,0011973 meg Bq ~ P= 020011973) (10,000 ~ 2500) 8:08 kang 1+ Wyy= 96211 + 8.98 = 971.09 kakg ra (yy~ Py) = (0.0010063) (10,000 — 5) 1606 ag (@)Q-m)Q,-b) =m,4,—h) m= Dabs _ 96211-67056 “By “3172 - 670.56 = 0.11655 kghke (1m, ~m)(,-h)= mb, m a=m : ye CBI =ND C1 -0211695) (67056-19700 = 0.17547 ke/kg a 0) Q= Bo Ber= 3825 ~ 971.09 = 2683.91 Lang We Bot Gm) 084m, mh, —bo = 3625 ~ 3172 + (1 0.11655) (3172 — 2820) + (1 — 0.11655 0.17547) (2820 - 2104) = 1270.88 kifkg Waa = W— EW, = 1270.88 - 10.06 = 1260.82 keg W__ 1260.82 = B= Beg SE = 0.4751 or 47.518 (QW = 1270.88 king B, = hy —by = 3625 ~ 962.11 = 2662.89 klke = 1270.88 2662.89, 3600 000 2.89 keskwh a = = 0.4773 oF 47.73% m= 2000 my 0 3.34 @W.= 2002. 3600 «orn. 84g W, _ 1077. a, = Ye = i - 0.9481 or 84.81% (8-13) Aregenorative steam turbine has a throttle pressure of 38 MPa at 380°C and a condenser at 0.01 MPa. Steam are extracted at the following points: 2.0 MPa, 1.0 MPa and at 0.2 MPa. For the ideal cycle, find (a) thermal efficiency, steam rate n3= crt eam rates 563 kp) combing Save tho actual amount’ a fe ferent oSe0C OS hw using feedwater tampergt st ican er Be of Sry 200°C Assume NuSd work gga Sito ee SOLUTION: 7 seat balance: (1-9) 0h, “h) =m, 0, ~by hy . 908.79 ~ 762.81 m= BRE ETO 702.81. 0.065 keg of throttle wean 7 wy ome Lae h, SE ee CL = uL EELZOMs end a oqual toa, = : g hat LomPa and sequal to 2843 keg Heat balance: = hato2 3 and sgl os, = 2550 kag = hat 001 MPa ands, equal to, = 2131 kg : Are Ber patomnPast9t3 kinky (1—m,-m)(,-b)=m,0,-) By = byat02MPa 604-7edfcg Mr Mat Loss 16281 kg NE Hata Mes s0e79 tag by = vat 0.01 MPa = 0,0010102 mikg Yq = ¥,at2MPa = 00011767 akg : Wy ¥q(Py~P,) =(0.0011767) (3800 ~ 2000) i wean” . : vn Pay ~ Py) = (0,0010102) (3800 ~ 10) = 3.83 kg 0.103 kp/kg of throttle steam 1 usey ane é ™ Hat balance: -m,-m,-m) Y= BBD mye d-m-m) oR Il was 0109 RSE = 0.11 kg/kg of throttle steam oy = 8168.2 - 3000 + (1~ 0,065) (9000 ~ 2843) + (0.085 ~ 0.108) 2843 ~ 2550) + (10.085 — 0.108 - 0.11) (2550 ~ 2181) = 862.89 Khe Baar Dg nto 3a8= 859.06 kilkg Qe bbw, 2 Heo airs -212-= 205800 ike We = Te BAY - sh or 305, =m), —a)+ = 3800, _3600_ S00. FEO = 4172 kgfkwh ‘HRs m(h,. = 4.172 (31 sete the ae ea oo 16 wre =e Wee Ao Be= 91698-2191 « 1098. wag B= Mo 8=8169.8- 1919-2077 97 wag 8800 . _3600 me ~W ~ T038.6 ~ 2-465 keewh R= (om) E) = 8.465 2977.97) = 103205 ksykwh Form,= 5.63 kg/fewh and 0, = 95% mi, = n,m, = 0.95 (6.63) = 5.3485 ky/kwh 3600. , _3600 Mr “n, 7 35185" 0 Ne W, , 673 ays Wp GOB = 0.78 of 78% 7For hy ‘Heat balance: th, = hat 200°C = 852.45 kilkg. (=m) by —by) =, (hy — By) Sere Comat . . me = | ae ‘Heat balance: us a-8r BP Oem = (2 0.09961 ~ 0.208) 2047-1913 2670-1913 = 0.1084 ke/eg of throttle steam ‘The Reheat- Regenerative Cycle Inthia cycle, the rebeat cycle and the regenerative coabined to attain the following objectives a 1. Purther improvement in the overall thermal efficiency. 2 Further reduction in the mouture content of steam during the latter part of the expansion process. Cycle Analysis ‘The solution toa reheat regenerative cycle problem differs {rom that of the previous cycles namely: reheat cycle, Rankine de, and regenerative cycle. It does not follow fixed set of formulas nor there isa fixed pattern. Each problem requires # particular solution although the same laws, definitions, and Principles are still being used. Problems can best be solved by energy balance and mass balance. 9: Manse of Bled Steam, case). a rogenurative OFC: afer 5 o- Manta of Bled Steam, m 1 an ideal reheat FT pedwater heating, So Equation: ny at then expenuie a expansion, sta 8 om * fonbor expansion, there for (a) the quantity of steam =| jet of fede ae ake te eaeaOns the thermal econ id gan fe leaving the heater] ir, the et works Sn Sagram with named pang.” io a ar Recta eT haley of feedwater that oe ree steam + entering the heater ae) By Neglecting condensate pump work (Pump 1), gg “hy m= = 1b. Net Cycle Work, W, Engine Work, ‘First method Energy balance: = y Ey= Bay . he W +(-mhy = mh, + (lm, + mh, + ‘Fig. $18, Ts diagram of Case 1, We mca tanthy +B on 1Second method ww = EW ofetagen of expansion = Wat Waa Moe ecm, B) + om) bo Mmy ‘Total Pump Works EW, aw, = Wate : w= talou=B)tYe(Po-PP IW, teak pauls) Ppa W,, = Engine work Pump work = W-mH, [ees ¢. Thermal Efficiency, ¢ 7 te Heat Added Q, s m Par Py CASE. tion for facdatar henner th tention fish eauncerpee epee = as and write equations for) the qus hit Somat tanto eae Seca tho turbine work, and(c) the thermal efficiency, .' Sera insets ction Re Fig. 3-16. Plant Layout of Case 2. 3‘&. Mass of Bled Steam Fig.$-17. Ts diagram of Case 2, ‘Nogleeting condensate pump work and pump works botwoen heaters. By by b= By Baw Bye Last heater: if m4 “~ ays Re oy 6S b. Work Cycle Work, W,., om e— Bsan-ba Me GAMO, a= Be ros(Pa Pu? 2 by by = Coe Case avy (Pm- Po + A= BO—by ee =0-™,-™-=) O,-4) » Tata sheet the nt eye work based om Q, and Qa is Me = a & by = Ya p,)+(1—m,)(h,—b) = 4, hy) A+ G-m)h,= mb, +(-m)h, + mye mh +(-m,-m,-m)h,+W ns by + om) by ~ mh, — (ae, we Ge ian Shy Uma mh second Method: Wee Wit Mast We Wow, -89+ AM) O,—B) + oer +m) Oy) + Comemom,) Oh) ‘The same as Case 2 except that the three oxtrastion ints occur after the reheating. ee Fig. 3:18, Plant Layout of Case 3. m7ghird heater: nf ™=0-m,—. b, hmm B weg on Lee : fn Fig. 3:19. Ts diagram of Case 3. », Work cycle Work, W,, “| [- eal ee ao Second heater: = BA Bay BBW Qe BB shy oy ess ty} . eee (The same as in Case 2.) ua 9B,-Ee by+h, = hye mb, + mbt m,by+ mh, +(1—m,—m, =m) b,+W W = b+h,-th,+mb,+mb,+m,b, +Q-m,--m,-m)b] Another method Ws WWW We, W = (h-b)+(h,~h)+(-m)(,-b) +(-m,-m) (bb) +(1-m,-m,-m) bok) 10 ASE 4. fesse eel mbt recs otro ation pre he nse rng ego srt Pender a Satin aortas char ae es elon cosas then ecpaciag ie sae equations for (a) the quantity of steam extracted and(b) the oer on] Fig. 3-20. Plant Layout of Case 4 13Fig. 381. Ts diagram of Case 4, Mase of Bled Steam B= B (en beatar No.1 by+Gemph, = mb + omyh, + mbt (am pmJh, + W oe 7 ORD omy, Cm mh, We Wat Wty = (bj) +(-m)(yj-h) + (mm) O-b) Open heater No. 2: (8-14) Steam at 5 MPa and 365°C enters a turbine and expands until it becomes saturated. The steam is withdrawn and reheated to 330°C. After expansion in the turbine to ot 180°C, m, kg is extracted for feedwater heating. The remain- ing steam expands to the condenser pressure of 0.016 MPa. For 1kg of steam, find W,,,€, e,, and the ideal steam rate. ~~ Se oes La ie 133« WHEW, = 10605 - 5.06 1085.4 keg Qe RBar by ohy = 3108-55148 + 3110-2766 = 2875.5 kathy B= BB By = 3108-55148 + 3100-2786 = 2880.5 keg Wee. 10554 oc = Me = 14 026700620708 hhatS MPa and 365°C = 3108 keg , 5, and saturated = 2786 kal/e = We. 10605 | RIAN UResadiseesstiouine o. = E-ARRE - 0082 or 26 sam and 6, equal to 8, = 2762. Br = hat 150°C (028 MPs) and e, ay I atoo16 MPa and s, equal toa, = 2315 kag = 3600 9600 5 59 bone he hyat 0.016 MPa ane he = W 1060.5 = 9:99 ke/kwh Mat 028 MPa = 851.48 S.2 Seonte wre 00010147 meg (2-15) In. an ideal reat regenerative oye steam enters vee ypat 0.28 MPa = 0,0010709 meg the engine at 8 MPa and 400°C. After expansion to 280°C the -¥p(p, ~P,) = 0.010709 (5000 ~ 280) = 5.05 keg steam is withdrawn and reheated to 340°C. Extractions for Are W, 2 65148 + 5.05 = 556.5 kMkg feedwater heating occur at 1.6 MPa and 0.70 MPa and the . = 0.0010147 (5000 ~ 16) = 5.06 ky condenser pressure is 0.005 MPa. For the ideal cycle find (a) — . W,, and e,. For the ideal engine, find (b) W and e, Heater SOLUTION: ae ak B14 : We Q,-h)+(-b)+(-m)(b,—b) = (8108 ~2786) + (3110 - 2762) + (1 - 0.1264) (2762-2315) 10605 kil 1m 13s4100" = 9198 keg sore rin equal to, = 2020 a eyo = 82 Hig king pee at anda ogul = 2807 kg aad fequal lot, Par en 200g aa Oe pe s Ast o2 bake gore = 69722 KJ Pa = 85879 SR a ee Pe = 00010055 1g Wat 1.6 MPa = 0.0011687 mcg Yat M gTTE87 (80 1600) = 7.4 eg (Pe P 010089 (8000 — 8) = 8.04 reg Bio ylogy Masao 74 80519 Mike a-m)Q-2) = 0-8) = 0.07345 ke/kg: Gm m0-b) = mb) 2 Azan, (1.- 0.07345) (697.22 — 137.82) 2182 ~ 18782 = 0.1998 ke/ke (Ws bh +hj-b, +m) (jb) +(1-m,-m)(b-b) = 9138 ~2926 + 3082-2897 + (1 - 0.07345) (2897 ~2782) +(1 -0.07345 —0,1998) (2732 - 2024) te wy, oe Ee ABSA ~ 0.4351 or 40518 yw = 1064.4 keg B= Beh h—by 9198 + 9082 - 2926 ~ 858.79 = 2435.2 Wikg W. 1064.4 | eo EA Pee 704071 orate (@-16) An ideal reheat regenerative turbo-generator unit cones 90 MPa of throttle steam at 380°C, Retest out the first bleeding point of 3.40 MPa. The second and third ppiractions are at 0.98 MPa and 0.28 MPa, respectively. For a tondenser vacuum of 550 mm Hg, find (a) the eycle thermal ficiency and (b) the engine thermal efficiency. SOLUTION: 131= (8088 — 2859) + (1 ~0.1348)¢3201 — 25059 ht +(1~ 0.1348 ~ 0.07600) 2585 - 2544) ne +d -01348— ae (10.1848 ~ 0.07862 - 0.06075) 2544 2290) te = 939.3 keg we wie © WHEW, 990.3-9:160 9201 eateg ws aig By Bao + hm) (h,—hy toe ep oo1e2i4 mY Fee 00 $0) = 0.80 an #9088 - 1048.71 + (10.148) 2201-2686) Wat Yo Pe potent (000 ~ 28) = 9.16 keg ee Bir We 2e Loan. + 689 = 1088-71 kg . itera 3 ee ee = Merb QUE STERA » 0.1048 bag WE = Boba sC—m) Ob) _ ae = 3088 ~ 282.62 + (1 ~ 0.1348) (3201 - 2858) Hester No.2 2 5102.1 kik (=m, )0by-h) __(1-0.1348) (758.94-551.45 w a ‘2885 — 551.48 a. = = Bits - 0.2008 0 30.28% = 0.07692 kgkg Heater No.1 (8:17 Steam at 6.9 MPa and 470°C enters a turbine and tayands to 19 MPa where m, is extracted for feedwater m= G=B-mpy-b) ‘eating, the remainder is withdrawn and reheated to 360°C. Se Espantion then occurs to 045 MPa, where m, is extracted for teedwater beating. The remaining steam is withdrawn and = [01s — 0.07087 (55148 — 28202) ‘heated to 290°C Final expansion now eecur toa condeaser 2644 - 262.62 pressure of 0.014 MPa. For an ideal cycle and 1 kg of throttle ‘Neam, find (a) W_, and e,, For the ideal engine find (b) W and = 0.08975 kek 1,0 For an engine output of 33,500 kW, what is the steam (a) W = hb) + -m)(h,-h)+ (1m, -m)(b,-b) +(1-m,-m,-m,(h,-b) 138 9hat 69 MPa and 470°C = 9938.2 big ENTS MPa and a, equal tos, = 2978 keg hat 19 MPaand 360°C = 3101 keg hat O45 MPa and s, equal tos, = 2516 at oas MPa and 290°C = 3046 keg Bat 014 MPa and o, equal to 9,= 2415 hake bat 0.014 MPa = 218.99 kik yet 0.45 MPa = 629.25 kg Mat L9 MPa = 697.02 Kg Yat 0.014 MPa = 0.001013 meg Wat 1.9 MPa = 00011724 meg SoS FRPP EE EEE We lbu,~_) =0.0010134 (6900 — 14) = 6.98 keg mat by+ W., = 697.02 + 5.86 = 902.68 keg PO) = m,0h,-B) me — hy _ 897.02 - 623.25 ER ae ena = 0.1163 kp/kg (1-m,-m)-) = m(,-b) my y—h) ie 40 Ylpae~Py) = 0.001724 (6900 - 1900) = 5.86 lalheg + osama oe 2 BAD HOM OD eemempacyy 1 cene2-29™ tonsa roy (4-010 -018% abe-an) mae eee 1 gaan totam ecr-onsanaes aon 40316-0180 265 a = 2773.8 klk Q, 2h, —Bp,) + 1 —m,) (hy —h,) + (1m, ~m,) (hy) = (98982 ~ 902.88) + (1 -0.1168) 8161 ~ 2978) + (1 -0.1168 ~ 0.1378) (9045 ~2816) = 2767.9 keg W, = W-EW,=11353-698 = 1128.3 kiikg WW, = 11283 kilkg = Woy, 11283 e. = TY Frere: 7 04076 0 40.76% WW = 1185.3 kik - W113 “* Bars = 0.4098 or 40.93 413600 _ 3600 - 3.17 kg/kwh om = SBD 2 30, «BAT Ka sm = (83,500 kw) (8.17 kekwh) = 106,198 leery ne niacin 20000 br of sens a 8.20 Mim eager sor Se Sen i Bb Condenante loaves ae ageseoe Sa eed cen hana Mera sara be ed enrecon ory and teen Rorscunt jure the sao ortaonpezeureese reste doe ugh bets tubes by 0.8 Mr Sitaram of 25°C, Atel fedwater topo ee Siu Caleta tel enine thermal ee ta Fepateren eer eponti Be eel dceeitodneat rene aaa e eae ding Bake tetra Seth deine sng ik presen sides aed etre icon and oy? Tact ease ta gue ena ress ae isnt i pour. SOLUTION: ‘hat 9.20 MPa and 440°C = 3226.6 ki/kg hy = bat2.35 MPa and s, equal tos, = 2880 kikg hy = hat 235 MPa and 440°C « 3331 luJkg b= het 170 MPa and equal tos, = 3230 kg a qual to 8, and saturated = 2700 pat seas a at 0.009503 MPa and sy equal toa, = 227 Pigt 45°C = 188.45 keg 70 ales, bet 0.174 MPa = 485.9) Bet 1.70 MPa = 872.06 13) 33.85 MPa ~ 0.001 1913 fo Yo Cero Pw) = 0.0011913 (6200-2350) « 8.16 Lake Teen S= 00010099 (0200 3398) 9.844 Lr ferrrey ae pecpen beater no. 3 946,99 - 97.06, “2880 — 872.06 ~ ©0378 ke/kg of = (d-m) as = 0.1835 kg/kg of throttle steam =a- 212.06 ~ 485.9 10.0875) (£12.08 = 485.2 Foropen heater no. 1 485.9 rises 43= 0.098 ke/kg of throttle steam we b-bd t= BO+ A= OA, (-m,-m,-m)0-h) = 9226.6 ~2880 + (1 - 0.0878) (9831 ~ $230) , (1 -0.00879 - 0.1985) (9230 - 2700) +4 -0.0978 ~ 0.1985 ~ 0.098) (2700 ~ 2270) = 1965 kike Wy, =) W-EW, = 11965 - 9.2814 = 1187.2 kaeg oy) = 9226,6-946.97 + (1 - 00378) (8381 - 2880) = mass ung B= bby += = B,-Wp,= 2713.83 - 816 = 2705.67 kicg W. 11965 (oe = EFAS 04a orate e, = Nea = 1ST ai ee ee © ry peace 500.009. 4 Ke hew 7 7136,000 ~ 4 ¥ewhs ye HEBD = 2900 «200 ew at 215°C = 920.72 laikg bet YAL2.95 MPa and 260°C = 2919.6 kag Eo het 210 MPa and 440°C - 3996.2 kine hy-by _ 92062 872.06 oe MER BERS SEee - 06 ket of throttle steam Be by-by + —m,)(b,— hy) = 3226.6 - 920.62 + (1 - 0.016) (3394.2 - 2913.6) = 2719.85 kilkg (@or ideal cycle with pressure drop thru reheater tubes: M5b, = hat 9.20MPa and 440°C = 3226.6 kite hy = hat235 MPa and, equal to, = 2880 kalneg with pressure drop of 0.25 MPa thru reheater tubes = hat 2.10 MPa and 440°C = 3394.2 kikg = hat 1.70 MPa and s, equal tos, 3268 keg = hatt sequal to, and saturated = 2699 lalkg ‘at 0.609599 MPa and s, equal to, = 2286 lig = hyat 45°C = 188.45 kifeg hh, with by equal tob, = 464.6 kileg brat 1.70 MPa ~ 87206 kilkg Prrrrrr mye Q-myt ache oct nor ARO =A) = 0114 kg/kg of throttle 146 palance for heater no, p-nrae[ Sch] -c-anen-atg a (SASH TEEAS 1 = 0.0907 koteg of throttle steam ye Bott =m) 0,28) +m, mr, —by +0-m-m—m)0,—hy 2 3226.6 ~ 2880 + (1 ~ 0.0373) (9334.2 ~ 3268) + (0.0873 - 0.14) (9268 ~ 2693) + (1 -0.0373 — 0.34,- 0.0907) (2693 ~ 2286) = 1181.33 eg b,—hy + G-m) (a, -hy) 3226.6 — 946.97 + (1'~ 0.0373) (9334.2 - 2880) 2 2716.9 kikg 3600. . —3600— = 3.047 kefkwh wed 1181.33 HR = (m)(B) = (8.047) (2716) = 8278.4 kJMag 3600 _ _2600__ 9, - oS BOE - 01405 or 3.5 ¥, 900 oye 752 oF 75.2% ss w 1196.5 (without pressure drop) ¥, 900 - we. 0.762 oF 76.2% 7 WEL” (oh prenare dop) The Incomplete-Expansion Cycle “1Fig. 3-22, Incomplete-Expansion Cycle, ‘The ideal incomplete-expansion cycle is composed folowing proceso ‘isentropic expansion process in the engine, » = ¢ 23: constant volume rejection of heat process, engine, V=C ‘S34: constant pressure rejection of heat process in the condenser, p= C 4-B: reversible adiabatic pumping process, » = ¢ BL: constant pressure addition of heat process in the boiler, p=C Engine Work, W : ‘Recalling isentropic and isometric processes. Fig.3-23. lsentropic Process Fig. 3-24. Isometric Process 8 ; whee AP and AK, the area behind the curve onthe siebectnt te the work ofa steady flow process: area copie proces ‘behind the curve, area 1-2-e-b-1 Paes metre process: metres behind the curve, area 2-3-¢-4-2 a = ¥,(P:— Py) pcirlbnFonsonegoa wth sero desann Fig. $25. Incomplete-Expansion Engine We Wat Wy W=b-htv@-P) teat Added, Qy, 5 ig ’ 9Incomplete expansion engine almost always flow initial pressure, hence, the pump work ie geet wi that it can be neglected, e "Y ema t From the pump en ° FEY balangy she : ew, Ww, <0 y ‘The Incomplote Expansion Engine Buergy Chargeable, B, E,= bi-by ‘Thermal Bficincy, € ee WAKO wy z ae Mean Effective Pressure, mep oP {) Ideal Mean Eifective Pressure w. boku) t- 9 indicated Mean Effective Pressure, mep, wn ~ 3 20 Men tet Pe eon = YE ae m= Ye poten (ae oe ae ee =e gosdn sea 3600. a=W We ‘ternal Bficiency, © (a Indicated Thermal Efficiency, W, ane (0) Brake Thermal Efficiency, ¢, W, aE 1st(©) Combined Thermal Eficiency, a, ask we Jew Engine Efficiency, n ¥ (a) Indicated Engine Efficiency, m, tooo Indicated Power | We actual work Bo Noel Power gett Work, gar Wem Wy indleated work aH snorey balance: (©) Brake Engine Eficioncy,», b= Qt Why eo Baer a beeby- Qa Wi Teal Power" —Tdsal Woes — swoon Efficiencies and Steam Rates. a irstip Botwoon (©) Combined Engine Efficiency, m, mare = Combined Power . Combined Work Proofs = Ee ~ ‘deal Power ‘Ideal Work he : an aae'- aw (@) Mechanical Efficiency, n, mame we = Brake Power _ _Brake Werk Proof: = EP ™ Indicated Power” Indicated Work nen pe We Me WE * EB, (6) Generator Efficiency, n, Gaeme a ew Prt 92 BE wah We We amen Wh GE Approximate Enthalpy of Exhaust Steam, h,, Wa= 22,9, Prof: = 12,0, 182 153,(8-19) steam at 1.10 MPa and 206°C ia delivered to the throttle ofan engine. The seam expands to 0.205 MPa, where release cocus. Exhaust is at 0.105 MPa. A test of the engine ‘showed an indicated steam consumption of 13.28 kg/kwh and 4 mechanical efficiency of 85%. Find (a) the ideal work and ‘ideal thermal efficiency, (b) the ideal steam rate, (c) the brake and indicated works, () the brake thermal efiiency, () the brake engine efficiency, (the mep ofthe ideal engine and the indicated mep. 1s {sOMPa by = 2894.2 kee Pn por 8 0.6059 kg) 1e ‘tp, = 0.205 MPa jqi0s1s «B= 508.03 6, = 1.5586 ea Igy 2199.8 ty, = 5.5803 ye re aie ye bet hyp” 508.08 + (0.9188) (2199.8) = 2529.2 kg 2 tg? HA = 0.010613 + (0.9188) (0.86444) “ares whe y+ hye hyat 0.105 MPa = 423.24 ki/kg aW = h,-h, + ¥{p,—P,) = 2834.2 ~ 2529.2 + (0.7953) (205 - 105) = AS Wig 15swb 0. 9800 = 9,968 koe om = Ay sets 3600, 9600. = 272.1 bea wows 28> i320 (ag 0H) = (95) TD) = 290-4 cg 230.4 = 0.0956 Wyo gg 5-452 or 9.84 Ca + yey TS * Wy _ 2204. 0.5992 0F 59.92% ae We 3S Ww _ 3845 . 489.47 kPa (© Ideal mep = -y “0.7953 M.. 271 «340.88 kPa Indicated mep = -¥,-~ 9.7955 co) An acompet exaasion enn i upped wih suck 20 a incomple oPe Release oocura at 0.14 Me ‘and exhaust at 50°C. Test of the engine showed a brake steam aa anal eciony of 2.9%, Fak rast 122hgtrh and sje thermal olcency, (0) te deal steam rate, (¢) the indicated thermal efficiency, (4) the indicated engine efficiency, (e) the brake mep, and (f) the ideal tale an pte expan eye operating ‘under the same conditions. SOLUTION: P= 1.95 MPa Dy = 5248.5 kale 4 = 400°C 8, = 7.1397 kg) 0) Atp,=0.14 MPa vq = 0.001051 y= 45839 8 = 1.4109 vp 1.28555 Bye 2232.1 y= 8.8955, 2% _ 7.1397 — 1.4109 Efe tee ects opeved AURB eet .9817 hy = hg + by = 458.39 + (0.9817) (2292.1) = = 2649.6 kilkg Va = Yat 5%qq = 0.001051 + (0.9817) (1.23555) 1.214 mihkg hy = hy =byat 50°C = 209.38 kifkg P, = saturation pressure at 50°C = 0.012349 MPa 157y= 10.0010121) (3980 12.849) vate PO =O! we MW 21.96 Wee a ee ae cay We Bet _ 12.349) = 758.9 RA 758.9 » 0.2481 oF 24.81% at in eS 3600 6 4.775 kefewh ym = BB0= 7559 55 +196 = 211.5 Wikg 3248.5 -2049.6 + (1.214) (149 (Wy SBP Aa Wa, 295.1 5 957.7 akg Wie 1 0.825 Wy $82.7 0.1177 oF 11.77% = Te es - 2055 Wy. 350.7 2 0.4745 or 47.45% @a = Wri” We . 295.1 . 943.1 kPa (p= Vo Tae (0 Wax W-W, = 7539-196 = 7519 kag yaya hy= 92485 ~211.9 = 9087.2 kag Waa. 751.9 _ 0.2476 or 24.76% sen “anger omer (9-21) Steam engine with incomplete expansion receives saturated steam ot OU MBo, expands ito 0.105 MPa where release occurs. Exhaust is to a condenser at 40°C. The actual engine uses 6070 kgh of steam; it has a brake engine effi dency of 60% and a mechanical efficiency of 85%. The electric 188 freee A Wares nas cen tees i Ecaraegiatitha ey ham peter of 92%, a) Por the Sanat ae era eines med he See ties Sete he bei ok i ROY aod the Cited thermal naan Othe let wont fag Soarbined thereat aias ai ees gente, SOLUTION: kW and the P, = 1.04 MPa, saturated at 1.04 MPa = 279.6 ki/kg. t 1.04 MPa = 6.5729 kk) (K) ‘At py= 0.105 MPa o.o010443 bg= 429.24 ge 1.3181 6174 ya 2254 yy 0049 $3- 8a “ if = 08722 Ba coms 7 By = By + Mpa = 428.24 + (0.8722) (2254.4) = 2989.5 kg fn = Yat MMyq = 0.0010443 + (0.8722) (1.6174) A117 mg 159@ws it oi ass7 4087908)» 6279 Weg ae aT" Wo age ToraT ~ 0-208 oF 20.215, 0+ 5 HS -527.9_ = 373.9 kPa maps TAliT (avy = (0.00 (8279) = 916.7Ieg OW (316.7) (6070). 534.kW 3 - W,_ ___ S167 __ = 0.1212 or 4 = yaks 27796-16757 12.12% 6.7 cows Wee SSE ass bis = 58.2 628.2 kW * 0.85 7 w, 372.6 = thy” BIG 1oTET ~ 01426 oF 14.26% (@ W,= (W,) (generator efficiency) = (316.7) (0.92) = 2914 kg W, + eae = 0.1116 or 11.16% Qe * 2779.6 - 167.57 ~3600 . 3600 . Word” 25 kekwh (8-22) A compound steam engine with incomplete expan- sion receives saturated steam at 1.04 MPa, expands it t0 0.105 MPa where release occurs. Exhaust in to a condenser of 40°C. ‘The actual engine uses 1252 kg/hr of steam; it has a brake engine efficiency at 60% and a mechanical efficiency of 85%. ‘The electric generator which it drives has an efficiency of 92%. (a) For the ideal engine, find the thermal efficiency and mep. For actual engine, determine (b) the break work in kJ/kg ‘and kW output and the break thermal efficiency (e) the indi- cated work, thermal efficiency and steam rate, (d) combined thermal efficiency and steam rate. (e) What is the approxi- mate enthalpy of the actual exhaust steam? SOLUTION: =2779.6 kihke a= 42324 og= 1.8181 yp = 22544 y= 6.0249 Sine 65729-15181 _ %.0249 0.8722 161ga24 +(08722) 22644) = 2380.95), 4233 10499 + (0.8722) (1.6184) 0.001 n= hehe wows ome 105-7384) = ve algt ato w. , 528 = $73.8 kN/m* mop 2 = 74126 can = 0.60 (528) = 516.8 Kg 04-997 2772.8 2289.5 + C4159, 528 kike = 0:2021.0F 20.215 Omen W, (816.8). kW output = (0) gga = #52 S690 ? = 120.2 kw W868» 0.1213 0 12, a+ Belg? 76-16757 13%, W, 3168. g7a.7 bathe @ws moe wy, 3727. = = 0.1427 or © -E=h* 27796-16757 Mae (eg) (a, = (12.13) (0.92) = 11.16% = 30. __3600____ 12.35 ke/ewh ™* Wim)” G68) (052) [—+», by = hy -W,=2779.6— 372.7 = 2406.9 alg Bye hg + mgs = 167.87 + (x,) (2406.7) x, = Daaha . 2406.9 — 167.57. or 93.04% woo Dyce «2100 218 0.9904 or 99.04 (8-24) .200 kw team engine has the following data: ‘Throttle: 40 MPa, 208°C Stoam flow: 3020 ke/ae Release pressure: 0.24 MPa Exhaust pressure: 0.10 MPa Mechanical efficiency: 83% Determine (a) the enthalpy of the exhaust from the ideal engine, () the enthalpy and quality of the exhaust from the | actual engine, and (c) the lost work of actual engine. SOLUTION: 163bg = 52965 a= 1.593 = 001088 wee 067 wes Serhan neg Sits ene seo neta 86 (OID ETEA= 001 Ang ae rane aemions + os0r2 0748” = gm athe Pa = 417.46 bile by = hg = hat 10: p= 28166-2499. + (0.6723) ww = Robe (240-100) = 411.6 Lies or the ideal engine, from the fret law of Thermo. dynamics, B= Ban — ye} eee ie be hy -W = 2816.6-411.6 = 2405 kik (b) For the actual engine — [> w, im, 3000 mye = Saaee 15.1 kgfewh m= (a) (m,) = (0,83) (15.1) = 12.53 ke/kwh 164 ‘Superposition or Topping Seeman Foie 3600 w, = 2600 _ 2600 me = 2608 = 2973 13g By = Wy = 28166207. akg = 2529-3 eg ‘At O10 MPa: b,= 41746 big and hy « 2258 ee Bea brndy 2529.3 «417.48 + (2258) a = 2529-417, = SESS ANTS «96553 or 99.59% (© Loot Work = W—W, = 411.6- 287.3 = 124.3 kaihkg Sopra Pane ria ant Fig. 3-26. High-pressure Unit Superposed on Existing Plant. 165Pres ition oF tOPP ing eis sy8tem yitt Sortie adie te sroene hale tate wage {the iden oe replacing tbe ol ‘coated ‘As shown 3" jigh-pressi "Sip turbine or the topping unit is q Bes the new ad iia exhaust will be utilized by dhe Fr scrennure turbine (9-24) 2 20,000 EW existing Plant as the folowing throttle conditions: P, = 1.50MPa 67 Keflowh. An adait 1am rate of this plant is 5.67 Ke/kwh. An additionay 12,00 kw ie wanted, fom SP de and a moahend te average inaiated mF ig, eatimate te steam conditions wy the superposed plant. 4, = 260°C ‘SOLUTION h, = hat 1.5 MPa, 260°C = 2946.7 bike m, = (m,) (P,) = (6.67) (80,000) = 170,100 ke/hg. For the topping unit! me- -calfa~ SRP «rsa tern W, = 3800 - 3600. . 264.7 nme W __264.7 Ww, = fh = 2587 - 275.73 king We hak 215.73 = b, -2946.7 hy = 9222.43 = 0.78 ait 3. = 0.78 167(275.73) « 2868.98 eke. pens OD pn p= 2968.9 Kes then , = 652 HIME ot a0, 652 ks ‘Atpoint t n= 920243 KE amen pt= 60 MPa and = 426°C ving five 20,000 KW units using (3.0 plat vi ad steam rate of 89 kph” 15 MPa and 2 aay of the existing 10 oilers exact, The steaming PoC qguirements I this plant were topped atch the tt menaving am engine eicioncy of 77.6 by 10000 Se ney of 89% and a generate neta, ee termine (a) the initial stoam temporary nf 9 cam peseure,() the steam exhaustg, fom the topping turbine, and (¢) ‘the number of existing low. EEG pee et eae ce capacity of the plant. 1cKe SOLUTION: Bom 130 ake me GENERATORS m= (m,) (ew output) = (6.9) (20,000) = 118000 kg/ar ‘Total eteam flow: (no. of boilers) (ma) (5) (418000) bh, = hat 1.5 MPa, 260°C = 2946.7 kinkg (On Miller's Chart by cut and try method: Tey = 435°C 1h, = hat7.0 MPa, 435°C = 3250 ki/ke 1h, = hat 1.50 MPa and », equal to, = 2860 kivkg @n, = as subsituting the values 0.776 - — 8250 = 2946.7 approximately equal to —2250=2 ‘Therefore: & = 435°C 169,o topping unit, mm, eehaustatonm fom the Cy 9050 — 2046.7 = 908.9 IIe we AON age Oring? 10.000_, = me Peg a 34 kg/see OF 122.400 kp, generating a total of 690,000 kg/hr, (o) With 10 bare serrmre 99,000 kee. The new bolgh® Saar ho re ppg tine (0.99)(0.98) (908.8) = 204.26 yy, = 792 or rotain 8 boilers 70 Problems Rankine Cycle and Engine 1. Iman ideal Rankine cycle, steam ia generated at 4.1 MPa and 480°C. The condenser is at 32°C. Determine (a) the ideal pump work, (b) the cycle thermal efficiency, (c) For an ‘engine with the same end states, determine its thermal effi- ‘iency, steam rate, and mep. (d) Considering the engine only, ‘assume the brake engine efficiency to be 78%, the generator efficiency 92%, the steam flow rate 163,600 ke/he: compute the output of the combined unit. Ans. (a) 4.12 ki/kg, (b) 38.66%; (c) 38.73%, 2.85 ke/kwh, 51.92 kPa: (@) 41,227 kW 2. A Rankine cycle has the following operating condi- tions: Steam pressure, 2.5 MPa ‘Steam temperature, 280°C Exhaust presaure, 0.026 MPa Indicated steam rate, 5.45 kykwh Mechanical efficiency, 90% For ideal cycle and engine, calculate (a) the thermal effi- ciency, (b) the engine steam rate), (c) the actual condition of ‘exhaust steam, and (4) the steam flow rate in kg/h for 1 Mw {generator output at 94% efficiency. Ans. (a) 28.6%, 28.5%; (b) 4.69 ka/kwh; (€) 86.33%; (@) 6447 keh 8. A Rankine turbo-generator unit receives 27,000 kg/h of steam at 1.2 MPa and superheat by 122 degrees. Conden- sate leaves at 22°C. For a brake steam rate of 4.74 kg/kwh, mechanical efficiency of 80% and generator efficiency of 94%, determine (a) the ideal cycle thermal efficiency, (b) the indi ‘eated engine efficiency, (c) the condition of turbine actual ‘exhaust, and (a) the turbo-generator output in Kw. Ans. (a) 89%, (b) 85.7%, (c) 87%, (d) 5954.5 kw 4. ‘The condensing pressure for a Rankine engine is 1 bar. Calculate the net work for 1 kg of steam and the thermal efficiency when the steam at the beginning of expansion is at {50 bar and (a) saturated, (b) 350°C, and (c) 640°C. ‘Ans. (a) 627.2 kuvkg, 26.4%; (b) 727.3 kJ/kg, 27.5%; (0) 1079.49 kiskg, 32.95% 5, There are received 90,000 kg/h of steam at 2.15 MPa, 480°C by a Rankine engine; exhaust occurs at 0.10 MPa, For the engine find (a) W, (b) m, and (c) e, For the cycle find (a) m18,767.5 kW, (b) 4.8 kgf Hepat gat 24%, m™ to : ee? ombined steam rate Nee pat 0 he sons ga a ado oat bar Calle hh Eibied bat ae ined work te oe Oe to 6729 bans, @) 71%) abet cle andneine reheat cycle with two stages of reheating is execu wre ye 90 ar and S30 Tae treater pressures are 10 bar and 0.6 bar, and the steam, ire rcener etue Ming Gonenaan occurs at Sh bar. For an ideal cycle, find (a) Q, and e. (b) For the engine, har te pressure dop through the reheaters et the eng Gperate through the same states, and compute W and e, (c) peta tou oe an eng Opt cf 20060 BW? Ans. (a) 4657.5 ke, 44.31%; (0) 2072.6 kileg, 44.41%, o8 (O86 Aa seat trae wih oe stage of reheat re. ‘ceive steam at 8.0 MPa, 480°C. Reheat pressure is 0.83 MPa cage ea ure 2 007 Mi The work i 1559 fod a eT acy 11.00% Pd the atperatare ct ‘steam leaving the ‘Ans. 455°C Ee ea en at 18 MPa, SUC enters the cen To 56 ru At tha peat th stoma withdrawn and passed through a reheater. It renters the ‘engine at 540°C. Expansion now occurs to the condenser pressure of 0.0035 MPa. (a) For the ideal cycle, find e, (b) A Boas kw vari perates betwen the same state pnt tap tthe meas etre beater at 196 MPa” and ‘264FC, departs at 18 MPa and 540°C. The steam flow is 147,000 kg/hr; generator efficiency is 96%. For actual engine, find e,, m,, and n, (c) Determine the approximate enthalpy of ‘the exhaust steam ifthe heat lost through the turbine casing ist of te embed we wit (a) 46.1%, (b) 37.3%, 245 ke/kwh, 79.3%, (c) 2489.6 10. Steam at 200 bar, 760°C enters the throttle of a re- ‘beater engine and expands to 10 bar. At this point it leaves m the engine, enter the robeaer, and return at 9 bar, 600°, txpansion Uhon occu tote condenser prosoure 0 608 bet thn 188 ki) on the basin of Row ef hg stan Find w) W amide of the eye) W. and mfr the ideal engine (In te sign engine the stn sntar the reenter at 30 ba, 300 icnedenees; find W, e and m. cea eee (a) 2228°7 Lay 48.96%; b) 2246.7 Ue, 49.17% 1.6 kg; (¢) 2052.1 kJ/kg, 45.85%, 1.75 kp/kwh. . F Regenerative Cycle and Engine 11. There are received 68,000 kg/h of steam by an ideal regenerative engine, having only one heater, of which the hheater receives 15,400 kg/h; the condenser receives the re- ‘mainder at 0.007 MPa, If the heater pressure is 0.96 MPa, ind the state (quality or °SH) of the steam (a) at the heater tentrance and (b) at the condenser entrance. ‘Ans. (a) saturated, (b) 78.5% quality 12. A turbine with one extraction for regenerative feedwa- ter heating, receives steam with an enthalpy of 3373 ki*kg. land discharges it with an exhaust enthalpy of 2326 kkg. The ideal regenerative feedwater heater receives 11,338 kg/h of extracted steam at 345 kPa (whose h = 2745 kJ/kg). The eedwater (condensate from the condenser) enters the heater ‘with an enthalpy of 140 ki/kg and departs saturated at 345 KPa (h, = 582 ki/kg). Calculate the turbine output in kW. ‘Ang. 18,116 kW 413. A 10,000 kW turbo-generator operating at rated capac- ity receives 52,000 kg/h of steam at 2.90 MPa and 310°C, ‘exhaust is aat 0.007 MPa. At 1.20 MPa and 230°C, there are ‘etually extracted 20% of throttle flow for regenerative heat- ing of feedwater. The generator efficiency is 95%. For an ideal ‘engine, find (a) the quantity of steam extracted, kg/h (b) W ‘and (e) e. For the actual engine, find (d) the temperature of feedwater from the open heater, (e) n, and fi the approximate ‘enthalpy of exhaust steam and its quality. Ans. (a) 12.428 key bs; (b) 787.3 ki/kg,(c) 35.48%, (d) 167.5°C, (e) 87.9%, (1) 2143.8 14. A.25,000 kW turbo-generator is supplied with 128,000 kg/h of steam at 2.50 MPa and 400°C when developing it rated load. There are actually extracted 10,400 ky’h at 0.3 MPa and 173‘condenser pressure is 0.007 seb Ton Se oe Pa ler tarepntages of extracted steam ang (yy various Perea ce) the various percentages > ce For the actual enn. ye,,and (0m. (6) Find the appre” extracted steam, the exhaust if the generator efficiency mate entny of ng) (37.1%, O812, BABE, @) gat 2 ih 400 KE generative Cycle and Engine a1 006 0 Stal feed Reheat Ret regenerative engine receives steam at rsa shentrnere aE ban oe At at bar and 88°, Cero areheater and reentes che turbing Ean tn heh te ober 9EeC a wee a ee eam ia bled for focdwater heating. Exhaust oceuiry Fi a ent thee cata ran Fee ane b= s0100 hy = 9205.4 by = 38025, = 1694 hy = 3229 by = 723.59 hy = 2308.1 hy = 742.83 “or ideal engine, sketch the events on the Ts plane and for alent rein ie Te lane ta ‘work, (c) the efficiency, and (@) the steam rate. In the actual case, water enters the boiler at 171°C and the brake engine efficiency is 75% (e) determine the brake work and the brake thermal efficiency. (9 Let the pump efficiency be 65%, esti- mate the enthalpy ofthe exhaust steam. ‘Ans. (a) 0.19 kek, (b) 1685.1 keg, (c) 49.26%, (€) 2.14 ke dowh, (e) 1268.8 kl, 87.55; (9 2742 keg 16, In a 35,000 kW turbo-generator that receives steam at 69 MPa and 370°C, 119 of the throttle steam is actually extracted at 2 MPs, 215°C; with the remainder being re- femted to 18 MPa and 315°; then 20% ofthe throttle steam ually extracted at0 724 MPa, each extraction serving an m4 open feedwater heater. The engine exhaust to a condenser pressure of 0.005 MPa and the temperature of the feedwater from the last heator is 205°C. The combined steam rate of the turbe-generator unitn is 4.898 kp/ewh and the generator eff ciency is 85%. For the total throttle Now to an ideal engine, find (a) extracted steam for the last heator, (b) W, (e)e. For tho actual engine, find (4) ,(e)m,. ) What is the enthalpy of the Setual exhaust when the putnp efficiency 1s 60%? Ans, (a) 16,303 leg/n; (b) 1018 k/eg; (e) 42%: (@) 40%; (o) 72.2%; (D 2560 kia 17. There are developed 25,000 kW by a reheat-regenera- tive engine (turbogenerator) which receives steam at 42 MPa, 205°C and exhaust at 0.007 MPa. At 1.90 Ma and 214C. part of the steam is extracted for feedwater heating and the mainder is withdrawn for reheating. ‘The reheated steam enters the turbine at 1.8 MPa and 270°C and expands to 138 MPa, where more stoam ie extracted for feedwater heating ‘and the remainder expands to the condenser pressure of 0.007 MPa and an actual quality of 90%. Feedwater leaves the last heater ata temperature of 207°C. The generator has an cfficiency of 95%, For the ideal engine, find (a) the percent- ages of the extracted steam, (b) W, and (e) e. Let the actual, extracted steam be 85% of those for the ideal engine and for {he actual engine, find (2) the total throttle flow, if the break ‘work equal the fluid work, (e) e, and (0 2, ‘Ans. (a) 0.035, 0.234; (b) 893 kak; (0) 37.2% (e) e, and (D) 14- (@) 147,000 keh; (@) 27.5%; (0 73.6% Incomplete-Expansion Cycle and Engine 18. A steam engine receives saturated steam at 260°C. Steam is released when its specific enthalpy is 2200 ki/kg. Condensate leaves at 0°C. For ideal engine find, (a) the worle and the thermal efficiency and (b) mep. ‘Ans. (a) 680.6 kd/icg, 27.64% (b) 631.5 kPa 19. An ideal incomplete-expansion cycle uses steam gener- ated at 1.85 MPa. Release condition is dry and saturated. Exhaust steam is at 0.03 MPa and has 10.58% quality. The actual engine uses 1000 kg/h nof steam. The brake engine efficiency is 60% and the mechanical efficiency is 85%. (a) For the ideal engine, calculate the thermal efficiency and mep. 175sine, calculate ror tel areata ond tbe brake thermal gm, { neg indicated therm oe nie, + approximate enthalpy of the exhq ie Compa oer pat ta heat e800 engine perks oCS¥8, soa, cy) 92.5 KW, () 18.85%, 25,059 al efficioncy and the indicated hogy ee Sill ep aneann te sore Sebo and the release is at 118°C. ‘nthe basi of 1K finda) and the rai che quality of exhaust steam, and (e) thy AG ace aa a ee ety shal een pe ae ih cent Serie dro oat inert ek. ty 60%, what re BP ec er cng ‘brake steam rate? et cg, (2) 2084.71 lag, (©) 298.4 Ia eg (8) Sea BE ne ores area Bre wigine with incomplete expansion is supplied with steam at 2.76 MPa and 260°C. Release Occurs at 0.35 MPa stotiine condenser temperature ia 42°C. (a) Ifthe brake en- ine efficiency is OO and if 1225 kg/hr of steam are used, hat is the brake power in kW? (b) If the mechanical eff. ‘Gency is 87%, what is tho indicated thermal efficiency, the indicated work in kivkg, angspe indicated steam rate? (c) If rule? maaey ‘Ans, (a) 111.7 RW, oY 314 Males, 13.87, 9.53 keg W-he (011%, 11.9 gh Wee 15 LON . || Topping el 22, The capacity of a power plant is to be increased by superposing a high-pressure addition on the existing 1.85 ‘MPa plant. Existing turbines are rated to take 370,000 kg/h ‘at 290°C. Assume average indicated engine efficiency of su 16 perposed turbine will be 76%, mechanical-electrical eff Giency, 93%. What initial steam conditions would suffice to ‘add 26,000 kW to the plant capacity/ Ans. 7.2 MPa, 448°C 23. An existing plant receiving 364,000 kg/h of 1.50 MPa and 250°C steam is to be superposed with a high-pressure turbine to receive steam at 11.0 MPa and 510°C. Nine percent of the topping turbine flow is extracted at 3.0 MPa and 340°C. For a mechanical-electrical efficiency of 98%, determine the KW output of the topping unit. Ans. 46,391 kW. 7OF TANAUAN Chapter 1 Properties of Steam : Definition of Terms. Changes of Phase at Constant Pressure. The pv and Ts planes for Water. Properties of Wet Mixture. Mollier Diagram. 2 Processes of Vapors 25 Constant Pressure Process. Constant Volume Process. Isothermal Process. Adiabatic Process. Polytropic Process. Throttling Process. 3 Power Cycles 59 Ideal Rankine Cycle. Ideal Rankine Engine. ‘Actual Rankine Cycle. Actual Rankine Engine. Tdeal Reheat Cycle. Ideal Reheat Engine. Actual Reheat Cycle. Actual Reheat Engine. Ideal Regenerative Cycle. Ideal Regenerative Engine. ‘Actuzi Regenerative Cycle. Reheat-Regenerative Cycle. Incomplete-Expansion Cycle. Incomplet- Expansion Engine. Topping.