1.2 Solved Problems Limits at Infinity - EN

BUILDING UP VIRTUAL MATHEMATICS
LABORATORY
Partnership project LLP-2009-LEO-P-09, MP 09-05414
Solved Problems
on Limits at Infinity, Asymptotes and
Dominant terms
------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------
1/24
General technique
for finding limits with singularities
In all limits at infinity or at a singular finite point,
where the function is undefined, we try to apply the
following general technique.
This has to be known by heart:
The general technique is to isolate the
singularity as a term and to try to cancel it.
2/24
Problem 1. Find the limit
x
lim
x 2 x + 1
Solution. The numerator and denominator are growing

to infinity at x . The singular point is x=.
x
x
1
lim
lim
=
= lim
1
1
x 2 x + 1 x
x
x(2 + )
(2 + )
x
x
1
1
1
=
= =
1
(2 + lim ) (2 + 0) 2
x x
3/24
lim
x 2 3x + 1
3x 2 2 x
Solution. We apply the general technique:

3 1
x (1 + 2 )
2
x 3x + 1
x x
=
lim
lim
2
x 3 x 2 2 x
x
2
x (3 )
x
3 1
lim (1 + 2 )
1 0 0 1
x
x x
=
= =
2
30
3
lim (3 )
x
x
2
4/24
lim
x
7 x2 + 1 .
Solution. The singular point is x = .

x
=
lim
x 7 x 2 + 1
x
x
=
lim
lim
x
x
1
1
2
2
x (7 + 2 )
x (7 + 2 )
x
x
1
1
x
x
lim = lim = =
x
x
1
1
1
7
x (7 + 2 )
7 + lim 2
(x) 7 + 2
x x
x
x
5/24
lim
1
x +1 x 1
Solution. The singular point is x = . It is not difficult

to observe that the denominator approaches 0 at x.
To isolate this singularity we rationalize the
denominator by using the formula
A2 B 2 = ( A + B )( A B )
6/24
lim
lim
1
= lim
x + 1 x 1 x
x +1 + x 1
x +1 x 1
)(
x +1 + x 1
x +1 + x 1
x +1 + x 1
x +1 + x 1
=
= lim
lim
2
2
x x + 1 ( x 1)
x
2
x +1 x 1
) (
Now apply the general technique

x
x
1
1
1
1
lim
1 lim
1 + + =
1 + lim + 1 lim
x 2
x x
x x
x
x x 2
x
=lim
x 2
x
1 + 0 + 1 0 =lim
(1 + 1) =lim x = .
x 2
x
7/24
Problem 5. Find the asymptotes of the function

3x + 2
f ( x) =
x 1 .
Solution. The domain of definition is for all x 1 , or

x (,1) (1, ) .
Horizontal asymptotes at x :
3x + 2
lim =
x x 1
3x + 2
lim
=
x x 1
2
1
x 3 + 3 + 2 lim
3+ 0
x x
x
lim
=
= = 3
1
1
x
1 0
x 1
1 xlim
x
x
2
1
x 3 + 3 + 2 lim
3+ 0
x x
x
lim
=
= = 3
1
1
x
1 0
x 1
1
lim
x
x
x
8/24
We obtained that there is a horizontal asymptote y = 3 .

Vertical asymptotes. A finite singular point is x = 1
where the function is undefined.
The left-sided limit, when x 1, x < 1 is:
3x + 2
3.1 + 2
5
=
=
=
lim
lim ( x 1) [ 0]
x1 x 1
x1
The right-sided limit, when x 1, x > 1 is:

3x + 2
5
5
lim
=
=
=
lim ( x 1) [ +0]
x1+ x 1
x1+
The function has two-sided vertical asymptote x = 1 .

9/24
Oblique asymptotes. We look for the existence of

two numbers k and b, such that at x
f ( x)
k = lim
=
b lim ( f ( x) kx )
and
(or at x ).
x x
x
y kx + b is an oblique asymptote of f (x).
Then the line =
x (3 + 2 / x )
f ( x)
3x + 2
= lim= lim 2
lim
x x
x x ( x 1) x x (1 1/ x )
3 + 2 / x)
(
1
=
lim
. lim
0
x x x (1 1/ x )
The same is for x .

Therefore there is no an oblique asymptote.
10/24
Problem 6. Draw the graph of the function

3x + 2
f ( x) =
x 1 .
y8
Using the asymptotes

from Problem 5 we
obtain the graphics in
Fig. 1.
f(x)
4
y =3
2
10
5
2
1
x=1
10
x
3x + 2
f
(
x
)
=
Fig. 1 Graphics of the function
x 1 with its
asymptotes (in blue color).
11/24
Problem 7. Find the asymptotes of the function

f ( x) =
2 x 4 x 2 25 .
Solution. The domain of definition is

x (, 2.5] [ 2.5, ) .
4 x 2 25 0 ,
or
First look for horizontal asymptotes. At x :
lim 2 x
(
4 x 25 ) =
lim
2
)(
2 x 4 x 2 25 2 x + 4 x 2 25
2 x + 4 x 2 25
4 x 2 4 x 2 + 25
25
lim
= lim
x
x
2 x + 4 x 2 25
2 x 1 + 1 25 / 4 x 2
12/24
25
1
1
25
1
1
25
1
lim . lim
lim . = =
lim
0
=
2 x x x 1 + 1 25 / 4 x 2
2 x x 1 + 1 0 4 x x
There is a horizontal asymptote y = 0 at x .
At x :
25
2
lim 2 x 4 x =
25
lim 2 x 4 x 1 2
x
x
4
x
25
25
= lim 2 x 2 x 1 2 =
lim 2 x + 2 x 1 2 =
x
4 x x
4x
2
25
=lim 2 x. 1 + 1 lim
2
x
x
4
x
There is no horizontal
4. lim x =
=lim 2 x. 1 + 1 0 =
x
x
asymptote at x .
13/24
There is no finite singular points and no vertical

asymptotes.
We look for oblique asymptotes at x
k
25
2x 2x 1 2
2
f ( x)
2 x 4 x 25
4x
=
= lim
lim
lim
x x
x
x
x
x
25
25
2 x 1 + 1 2
2x + 2x 1 2
4x
4
x
lim
lim
=
=
x
x
x
x
25
= 2 lim 1 + 1 2 = 2.2 = 4
x
k = 4.
4x
14/24
=
b
=
lim
kx )
( f ( x) =
lim 2 x 4 x 2 25
lim 2 x 4 x 2 25 4 x
).
As there is [ ] we will rationalize the numerator
(
lim
)(
2 x 4 x 2 25 2 x + 4 x 2 25
2 x + 4 x 2 25
25
lim
=
x 2 x + 2 x 1 25 / x 2
) = lim
4 x 2 25 4 x 2
2 x + 4 x 2 25
25
lim
=
x 2 x 2 x 1 0
25
=
lim
0
x 4 x
b = 0.
We obtained the oblique asymptote y = 4x at x .
15/24
Problem 8. Draw the graph of the function

f ( x) =
2 x 4 x 25 .
2
We find
f (2.5) =
5, f (2.5) =
5 .
Using the asymptotes

from Problem 5 we
obtain the graphics in
Fig. 2.
10
-2.5
f(x)
2.5
5
y =0
10
f(x)
y =4x
10
x
20
30
40
2
f
(
x
)
=
2
x
4
x
25
Fig. 2 Graphics of the function
with its asymptotes (in blue color).

16/24
Problem 9. Find the asymptotes and draw graphics of

the function
f ( x) =
2 x3 4 x 2 + 15
3 x 2 12
Solution.
2
3
x
12 0 , or
The domain of definition is:
x (, 2) (2, 2) (2, ) . The singular points of the
2, x2 =
2.
function are x1 =
Horizontal asymptotes. We compute the limits at
infinities:
17/24
2 x 4 x + 15
3
lim
3 x 2 12
= lim
x 2 4 / x + 15 / x
3
x 2 3 12 / x 2
)=
2
lim x =
x 3
.
This means the absence of the horizontal asymptotes.

Vertical asymptotes. We find the limits at the
singular points:
lim
2 x3 4 x 2 + 15
3 x 2 12
x 2+
lim
2 x3 4 x 2 + 15
x 2
lim
x2+
3 x 2 12
15
= lim
=
x2+ [ +0]
15
= lim
=
x2 [ 0]
2 x3 4 x 2 + 15
3 x 2 12
17
= lim
=
x2+ [ +0]
18/24
2 x 4 x + 15
17
lim
= lim
=
2
x2 3x 12
x2 [ 0]
2, x =
2 are
We can conclude that the lines x =
3
two
sided vertical asymptotes.

Oblique asymptotes. For both
k
f ( x)
lim
=
x x
2 x 4 x + 15
3
lim
x 3 x 2 12
x3 2 4 / x + 15 / x 2
2
lim
=
x
3
x3 3 12 / x 2
2
k=
19/24
2 x3 4 x 2 + 15 2
=
kx ) lim
x
b lim ( f ( x)=
2
x
x
3
3
x
12
2 x3 4 x 2 + 15 2 x3 + 8 x
4 x 2 + 8 x + 15
4
= lim
= lim
=
2
2
x
3
3 x 12
x 3 x 12
4
b=
3 .
2
4
=
y
x
3
3
is an oblique asymptote at infinity

The line
and negative infinity.
20/24
Representation of
the graphics of the
function
f ( x) =
2 x 4 x + 15
3
3 x 2 12
and its asymptotes:

x = 2 , vertical twosided asymptotes;
y = 2/3x -4/3, oblique
asymptote at x,
see Fig. 3.
20
x=- 2
10
f(x)
10
-2
10
10
x
x=2
y =2/3x- 4/3
20
Fig. 3 Graphics of the function f ( x) =
2 x3 4 x 2 + 15
3 x 2 12
(red
color) with its asymptotes (blue color).
21/24
Problem 10. Find the dominant terms of the function

f ( x) =
2x 4x + 3
3
x2 + 1
Solution. We divide the polynomials of the numerator

and denominator to obtain the entire part and the
remainder:
2 x + 7
2x 4x + 3 : x +1 = 2x 4 + 2
x +1
3
2x + 2x
3
4 x 2 2 x + 3
4 x 2 4
2x + 7
22/24
Here the term 2 x 4 is the entire part and 2 x + 7 is the

remainder.
This way we obtained the representation of the function
with its dominant terms:
f ( x) =
2 x3 4 x 2 + 3
= 2x 4 +
2 x + 7
.
Having the dominant terms it is easy to observe, that
x +1
2
f ( x) 2 x 4
x2 + 1
for large x, and
lim f ( x) =
23/24
Further reading:
[1] G. B. Thomas, M. D. Weir., J. Hass, F. R. Giordano,
Thomas Calculus including second-order differential
equations, 11 ed., Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2005.
[2] http://www.wolframalpha.com/
24/24

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BUILDING UP VIRTUAL MATHEMATICS

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

Problem 1. Find the limit

Solution. The numerator and denominator are growing

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

Problem 2. Find the limit

Solution. We apply the general technique:

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

Problem 3. Find the limit

Solution. The singular point is x = .

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

Problem 4. Find the limit

Solution. The singular point is x = . It is not difficult

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

Now apply the general technique

Problem 5. Find the asymptotes of the function

Solution. The domain of definition is for all x 1 , or

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

We obtained that there is a horizontal asymptote y = 3 .

The right-sided limit, when x 1, x > 1 is:

The function has two-sided vertical asymptote x = 1 .

Oblique asymptotes. We look for the existence of

The same is for x .

Problem 6. Draw the graph of the function

Using the asymptotes

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

Problem 7. Find the asymptotes of the function

Solution. The domain of definition is

First look for horizontal asymptotes. At x :

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

There is no finite singular points and no vertical

As there is [ ] we will rationalize the numerator

Problem 8. Draw the graph of the function

Using the asymptotes

with its asymptotes (in blue color).

Problem 9. Find the asymptotes and draw graphics of

This means the absence of the horizontal asymptotes.

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

sided vertical asymptotes.

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

is an oblique asymptote at infinity

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

and its asymptotes:

Fig. 3 Graphics of the function f ( x) =

color) with its asymptotes (blue color).

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

Problem 10. Find the dominant terms of the function

Solution. We divide the polynomials of the numerator

Here the term 2 x 4 is the entire part and 2 x + 7 is the

for large x, and

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

------------------ Snezhana Gocheva-Ilieva, Plovdiv University ---------------------

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