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Introduction
On construction projects it is often
necessary to modify the existing ground
levels to create platforms to build on.
Accurately calculating the volumes of
soil that must be removed (cut) or added
(fill) to create the final ground levels is
an essential part of the planning
process.
In this article we are going to describe
how these volumes can be calculated.
We will take an example project, and
use three of the most common methods
to estimate cut and fill volumes. The
three methods that we will go through
are:
The examples described in this article have been worked through for each of these three
method with an excel spreadsheet which is available here. You may wish to download this
spreadsheet and work through the examples yourself to aid understanding of the methods
described. The spreadsheet also contains a number of formulas which automate certain
aspects of these methods described below, so you may find it useful for implementing
these methods on your own project.
Kubla Ltd
12 Sept 2014
Cross-Section Method
The cross section method involves plotting cross sections of the existing and proposed
levels at regular intervals across the project site. For each of the cross sections, the cut
area and the fill area is determined. The volume between each pair of sections is estimated
by multiplying the average cut or fill area of the two sections by the distance between them.
Once these volumes have been calculated for each pair of sections the total cut and fill
volumes are obtained by adding them all together.
There are several different methods used
to determine the areas of cut and fill once
the sections have been plotted. Perhaps
the simplest (but most time consuming)
method is to plot the sections on gridded
paper and count the grid cells of the cut
and fill areas. Multiplying the cell count by
the area represented by each of the grid
cells gives the cut or fill area for the
section. Other methods include drawing
the sections in CAD and exporting areas or
calculating areas mathematically using the
trapezoidal rule. The spreadsheet included
with this article includes formulae which
have automated the process of calculating
section areas using the trapezoidal rule.
This can save a great deal of time if you
are using the cross section method.
Kubla Ltd
12 Sept 2014
Grid Method
The grid method involves drawing a
uniform grid onto a plan of the
earthworks project, and taking off the
existing and proposed ground levels at
each node of the grid. With these values
the average depth of cut or fill required
on each cell of the grid is calculated, and
the volume for each cell is obtained by
multiplying the depth by the cell area. By
adding the volumes for each cell
together the total cut and fill volumes for
the project can be estimated.
The average cut or fill depths are determined for each cell
in the grid. From these depths the volumes of each grid
cell can be calculated, and by adding the cell volumes
together the total cut and fill volumes are obtained
Kubla Ltd
12 Sept 2014
Software
Modern computer software allows
earthworks volumes to be calculated
quicker and more accurately than
either of the two manual methods
described above. There are a
number of software products
available for this purpose. These
products vary greatly in terms of
complexity and price.
The first stage of producing an
estimate using software is to import
the existing terrain. Once this is
done the proposed terrain is drawn,
and the software automatically
calculates the cut and fill volumes
required.
Kubla Ltd
12 Sept 2014
Summary
There are a number of methods available for estimating cut and fill quantities, three of
which are described here. The best method for a particular organisation will depend on a
number of factors, including:
The number and complexity of the projects which you need to estimate
This article is written by an employee of Kubla Ltd. who are the makers of Kubla Cubed, a software
product which is mentioned in this article.
This article, including the images, are the copyright of Kubla Ltd. They may be used by educators
provided attribution is given. In all other cases you must contact Kubla before using this
copyrighted material.
The topographic data used in the example in this article is provided courtesy of the NOAA.
If you have any feedback on this article please email l.woods@kublasoftware.com
Kubla Ltd
12 Sept 2014