Geology

Natural Resources Ressources naturelles
CanadaCanada
Centre for Remote
Sensing, Natural Resources Canada
Canada
Geological Applications
Outline
SAR and Geology
Terrain relief and SAR
Look direction
Environments (Tropical, Polar, Desert)
Data Integration
Stereo image pairs
Applications
Geological mapping
Mineral exploration
Hazards mapping
Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada
Terrain Relief and SAR

Low relief environment (~ 100 m)
backscatter controlled by changes in local incident
angle and surface roughness
Surface roughness controlled by
weathering process of the bedrock
reworking processes of unconsolidated surficial
deposits (e.g., fluvial sorting, glacial action, wind
erosion)
Comparison of RADARSAT Viewing Geometry

of Low Relief Terrains at Morden, Manitoba
Singhroy V. , R. Saint-Jean, 1999.

Effects of relief on the selection of
RADARSAT-1 incidence angle for
geological applications; Canadian
Journal of Remote Sensing ,
Vol. 25, No. 3, 1999, pp. 211-217
Standard Mode
Beam S2 Ascending
Orbit
Canadian Space Agency 1996

Courtesy RADARSAT International
Low relief
environment
Look
17-Oct-96
Incident Angle: 24 - 31
Resolution: 22 m (Rg) x 27 m (Az)
Displayed Pixel Spacing: 27.3 m
Strandline
Landslide
Standard Mode
Beam S7 Ascending
06-Oct-96
Ground moraine
Alluvium
Geological Applications Laboratory
http://dweb.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/db/biblio/papere.cfm?BiblioID=4723
Deltaic deposits
4 km
Effect of SAR Incident Angle

on Terrain Mapping
RADARSAT-1 Whitecourt, Alberta
Orbit
Look
Intermediate
relief
environment
RADARSAT-1 C-HH
96-Feb-12
Ascending Orbit
Right Look
STANDARD Mode
Beam 1
Inc. Angle: 20 - 27
Resol.: 26 m (Rg) x 27 m (Az)
Partial Swath
Displayed Pixel size: 56 m
Orbit
Look
RADARSAT-1 C-HH
96-Jan-25
Ascending Orbi t
Right Look
STANDARD Mode
Beam 7

Vol. 25, No. 3, 1999 , pp. 211-217
Inc. Angle: 45 - 49
Partial Swath
Displayed Pixel size: 56 m
Canadian Space Agency, 1996
Terrain Relief and SAR (cont...)

High relief environment (~1000 m)
backscatter strongly controlled by angle and
orientation of slopes
Yields a very refined terrain-texture image of the
landforms
Erosional processes which define the landforms are
often diagnostic of the underlying rock type
Interpretation of high relief SAR imagery must
contend with the effects of radar foreshortening,
layover and shadow
Comparison of RADARSAT Viewing Geometry

of High Relief Terrains, Hope, B.C.
Extended High Mode
Beam EH6 Ascending
17-Oct-96
Incident Angle: 57 -59
High relief
environment
Legend
Block slide
Faults
Transverse ridges
Slide scarp
Transverse block fracture
08-Oct-96
Orbit

Vol. 25, No. 3, 1999 , pp. 211-217

Standard Mode
Beam S1 Ascending
Look
Sarawak, Malaysia
Incident Angle Effect on Terrain Appearance
RADARSAT-1
Standard 5
q : 36 - 42
Loo
k
Loo
k

Received by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing
Processed and distributed by RADARSAT International Inc.
D'Iorio M. , P. Budkewitsch,
N.N. Mahmood, 1997.
O rb
it
RADARSAT-1
EL1
q : 10 - 23
O rb
it
Loo
k
O rb
it
Effect of
incident
angle
RADARSAT-1
EH6
q : 57 - 59
Look direction
Since SAR sensors provide their own illumination
source, the look direction can influence the information
content of the imagery.
Greater morphological enhancement can be obtained
when illumination is perpendicular to the topographical
features (cardinal effect).
In low relief environments, the look direction can be
used to provide a greater enhancement of lineaments.
In high relief environments, the look direction can be
used to provide information on areas that are occulted
the the other look direction or subject to layover or
foreshortening.
Geological Application: effect of look direction

Tropical forest environment : interlayered sandstone and shale
layering apparent
layering not apparent

Effect
of look
direction
layering apparent
layering not apparent
Ascending pass
(east-looking)
Descending pass
(west-looking)
RADARSAT-1
date: 26 August 96
beam mode: Standard (S6)
incident angle : 44
RADARSAT-1
date: 3 June 96
beam mode: Standard (S6)
incident angle : 44
Sarawak, Malaysia
D'Iorio M. , P. Budkewitsch,
N.N. Mahmood, 1997.
Tropical Environments
Heavily vegetated
Always humid
Tropical weathering of bedrock reveals structures
and rock type
Dense forest canopy acts as a surrogate for
topography
no SAR backscatter from ground
MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL

RADARSAT-1 23-Dec-98
Descending Pass
Geomorphology
in tropical
environments
Extended High Mode (EH6)

Resolution: 18 m (Rg) x 27 m (Az), Pixel Spacing: 40 m
Polar Environments
Sparse vegetation
Frozen ground
Bedrock weathered by frost action ; related to rock
type
Thin, dry snow cover is transparent to SAR
Best imaged during frozen ground conditions
eliminates soil moisture effects
BATHURST ISLAND
Lithological discrimination (roughness)
at low and moderate incident angles
Geological Map
Kerr, 1974
(1:250,000 scale)
Lithology
in polar
environments
Standard 7
21 March 96
incident angle: 45 - 49
resolution: 20 m (Rg) x 27 m (Az)
display pixel spacing: 60 m
Extended Low 1
17 February 97
incident angle: 10 - 23
resolution: 36 m (Rg) x 27 m (Az)
display pixel spacing: 60 m
Paul Budkewitsch,
Marc A. DIorio,
and J. Chris Harisson.
1996.
Canadian Space Agency, 1996-97
http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/tekrd/radarsat/images/nwt/rnwt01e.html
descending pass
BATHURST ISLAND
POLAR BEAR PASS
Lithology from SAR
Lithology
in polar
environments
Siltstone : 1.7 cm

Courtesy RADARSAT International Inc.
Limestone : 4.6 cm
RADARSAT-1 C-HH
Paul Budkewitsch,
Marc A. DIorio,
1996.
Standard beam (S7)

21-March-96
q = 45 - 49
Res.: 20 m (Rg) x 27 m (Az)
Pixel spacing : 32 m
look direction
BATHURST ISLAND
Calibrated RADARSAT-1 Data
Backscatter variation with angle of incident
(fossiliferous carbonates vs. siltstone)
beam mode
b Radar backscatter (dB)
Effect of
incident angle
on backscatter
rough surface
(carbonates)
smooth surface
(siltstone)
Incident angle
Paul Budkewitsch, Marc A. DIorio,
and J. Chris Harisson. 1996.
Desert Environments
Sparse vegetation
Dry soil conditions
Pebble size of alluvium strongly affects backscatter
Backscatter mainly controlled by soil moisture and
surface roughness
If possible, avoid precipitation events
Lunar Lake Volcanic Field, NEVADA

RADARSAT-1
Fine Mode F4
18-Oct-96
1996 Canadian Space Agency

Image courtesy RADARSAT International Inc.
Lithology
in desert
environments
Orbit
Look
Incident
angle :
45 -48
D'Iorio M. , B. Rivard,
P. Budkewitsch, 1996
Resolution : 7.8 m (Rg) x 8.4 m (Az)

Display pixel spacing : 25 m
LAVA FLOW
LUNAR LAKE
Nevada, USA
High and low

surface
roughness
Nevada, USA
ZAGROS FOLD BELT, IRAN

RADARSAT-1
11-Nov-97
Morphology
in desert
environments
Ascending pass
ScanSAR
Narrow B
Incident angle
31 - 46
Nominal
Resolution
50 m x 75 m
(Rg x Az)
Pixel Spacing
160 m
Data Integration
SAR imagery may be used as a basis for data
integration.
Any properly geocoded digital dataset can be
integrated with the SAR imagery.
The resulting integrated product has a greater
information value than the sum of the information of
the individual constituents.
Techniques such as IHS, Addition, Multiplication,
Principal Component Analysis, etc. can be used to
merge the datasets.
With the IHS technique, the SAR imagery is used to
modulate intensity, while the merged dataset is used
to modulate hue.
Airborne C-SAR and Soil Geochemistry

Nickel in soil (0-16 ppm Ni)
Data
integration
SAR + Geochemistry IHS integration
(soil geochemistry
and SAR)
Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar C-HH
Source: Singhroy V. , R. Saint-Jean,

B. Rivard 1995.
(geological map
and SAR)
Source: Paul Budkewitsch,

Marc A. DIorio,
1996.

Data
integration
Bathurst Island, N.W.T.
Data Integration and Interpretation
Azraq, Jordan
Data Integration
Data
integration
(Optical imagery
and SAR)
Airborne
C-SAR
Source: Singhroy V. , R. Saint-Jean,

B. Rivard 1995.
C-SAR and
Landsat TM
Landsat TM
PCA (TM4,5,7)
RADARSAT Stereo Image Pairs

Appropriate RADARSAT image pairs can be viewed
stereoscopically to provide a three-dimensional
perspective of terrain landforms
Stereo pairs have proven useful for terrain mapping
and DEM generation
Subtle features not discernible in single RADARSAT
images are often recognized in stereo pairs
Selection of Stereo Image Pairs

Best results obtained from same-side (i.e.,
descending/descending or ascending/ascending)
image pairs with large overlap
Opposite-side (i.e., ascending/descending) image
pairs only recommended for very low relief areas;
similar tonal characteristics
Preference for one image with a large incident angle
(i.e., S7 or EH1-6) to minimise terrain displacement
effects
The larger the difference between incident angles,
the greater the vertical exaggeration in the stereo pair
high relief : 5- 20 is sufficient
low relief : 20- 40 is required
MULTI-ANDEAN PROJECT, BOLIVIA

Stereo Image Pair
98-Aug-23 S3 Desc 97-Mar-27 S6 Desc
Descending pass (right looking)
Stereo
image pair
Display Pixel Spacing : 123 m

Sub - scene
Source: Lizeca J. L. ,
W.M. Moon,
C.A. Hutton, L. Wu,
C.W. Lee, 1999
RADARSAT-1
Digital Elevation Model of Multi-Andean Project of Bolivia
DEM produced
using
radargrammetry
and
RADARSAT-1
image pair
Source: Lizeca J. L. , W.M. Moon,

C.A. Hutton, L. Wu,
C.W. Lee, 1999
Standard Image Pair : 98-Aug-23 (S3, Desc) & 97-Mar-27 (S6, Desc)
Perspective Viewing Image

Multi-Andean Project, Bolivia
RADARSAT-1
perspective
image
Source: Lizeca J. L. , W.M. Moon,

C.A. Hutton, L. Wu,
C.W. Lee, 1999
Ortho colour image (IHS) draped over DEM

Pixel Spacing = 25 m
Geological Applications
SAR can provide information for :
Geological mapping: regional surveys, map
updating, geomorphological mapping, structural
and tectonic interpretation
Mineral exploration: provides simultaneous
interpretation of information coming from several
datasets
Geological hazards mapping: The all weather
capabilities and the sensitivity to surface
morphology provides information on remote areas
Geological mapping
Sarawak, Malaysia
Geological Map (Yin, 1992)
Structural (stereo) Interpretation

RADARSAT-1 S6 (descending)
Map updating,
Regional surveys,
Structural
interpretation
(west looking
MACRES/CCRS
Source: D'Iorio M. , P. Budkewitsch,
N.N. Mahmood, 1997.
Resolution : 21 m (Rg) x 27 m (Az)

Pixel Spacing: 50 m
Mineral exploration
Sudbury mining district, Ontario
RADARSAT-1 and Magnetics (VG) Integration
SAR provides
geomorphological
information while
the other dataset
gives additional
information
Wanapitei
Lake
Granite and Granite Gneiss

pi
One
Fm
ng
Chelmsford Fm
rup
el Ir
Nick
tive
Sudbury
Granite
Greenstones and Sedimentary Rock
LEGEND
Mining
Properties
RADARSAT-1
Orbit 3043, 1996-June-04
STANDARD Mode, Beam 1
Pixel Size Approx. 39 m x 39 m
Inc. Angle: 20 - 27
Sub-image
Magnetics
Vertical Gradient of the magnetic field
From GSC Airborne Survey
Line Spacing: 500 m
Integrated through IHS with:
Intensity : RADARSAT SAR
Hue : Magnetics VG
Saturation : Constant (DN=65)
http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/tekrd/rd/apps/geology/sudbury/sudburye.html
Geological hazards mapping

YALE LANDSLIDE
Fraser Valley, B.C.
SAR provides
geomorphological
information
Geological hazards mapping

Nevado Del Ruz, Colombia
Dec. 1, 1998, RADARSAT-1 Beam F2
SAR provides
information
about remote
areas
Ascending Pass, right looking
Landslide
Pixel Spacing = 12 m
Sub-scene
RADARSAT and Geological Mapping

Topographic relief is the main factor for selecting
beam position (incident angle)
Preference of radar look-direction (ascending vs.
descending) to be close to orthogonal to the principal
trend of the bedrock structure ; often the most
compelling factor for choosing between ascending or
descending images
Viewing stereo image pairs significantly improves
interpretation of geological structures (i.e., folds and
faults)

(continued)
General guidelines :
Low to moderate relief (100-500 m) : all Standard
beam modes (application dependent) ; moderate
preference for S1 to S5 for revealing terrain detail.
High relief (1000 m) : highest incident angles are
best (i.e., S5-7). EH1-EH6 beams also
recommended to minimise terrain displacement
effects, however shadows may result
F1 to F5 in all cases exhibit few differences

(continued)
Regional Studies :
ScanSAR Narrow (SN1, SN2) or ScanSAR Wide
(SW2) useful for wide-area mosaics
Information content in Wide mode (W1-W3) is similar
to Standard mode (S1-S7) images
Detailed Studies :
Information content in all Fine modes (F1-F5) is
essentially the same
Fine mode is recommended from 1:20 000 - 1:50 000
or smaller scale image maps

Geology

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Natural Resources Ressources naturelles

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Terrain Relief and SAR

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Comparison of RADARSAT Viewing Geometry

Singhroy V. , R. Saint-Jean, 1999.

Canadian Space Agency 1996

Geological Applications Laboratory

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Effect of SAR Incident Angle

Singhroy V. , R. Saint-Jean, 1999.

Canadian Space Agency, 1996

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Geological Applications Laboratory

Terrain Relief and SAR (cont...)

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Comparison of RADARSAT Viewing Geometry

Singhroy V. , R. Saint-Jean, 1999.

Canadian Space Agency, 1996

Geological Applications Laboratory

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Canadian Space Agency, 1996

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Geological Application: effect of look direction

layering not apparent

Canadian Space Agency 1996

layering not apparent

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL

Canadian Space Agency 1998

Extended High Mode (EH6)

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Canadian Space Agency, 1996-97

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Canadian Space Agency 1996

Standard beam (S7)

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

b Radar backscatter (dB)

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Lunar Lake Volcanic Field, NEVADA

1996 Canadian Space Agency

Resolution : 7.8 m (Rg) x 8.4 m (Az)

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

High and low

ZAGROS FOLD BELT, IRAN

1997 Canadian Space Agency

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Airborne C-SAR and Soil Geochemistry

SAR + Geochemistry IHS integration

Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar C-HH

Source: Singhroy V. , R. Saint-Jean,

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Source: Paul Budkewitsch,

1996 Canadian Space Agency

Bathurst Island, N.W.T.

Data Integration and Interpretation

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Source: Singhroy V. , R. Saint-Jean,

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

RADARSAT Stereo Image Pairs

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada