Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1,1
Page 35
CLap
Vector Analysis
sot
,t.1.,1
-N
: ;,, ",,
:"
:=:,:"-_:z:::,;t;:
ITa,l boul2a"
^,
So, the unit vector in the direction of (M- N) is
73o,,*5ar*2o,,
M-N
-^ - jM:Tl-Wa,+5%+q
-
sol. t.r.?
G
So,
"":ft.:ffi
:-
sol- {,r.3
of.
0.26a,i
G at
0.39a,
0.88o,
i.e.
AXB:Q
loo o, o,l
It tt?-613l:o
l"
Solving
sol.
1,,t.4
9zf cos(2r)
We have,
:0
Z:0
of,
a:0
or,
Z:0
sol-
1.1.s
A:0
and
r: r/4
Ev
:8zTsin2r
and
So,
Eo:az(A2)sin2r:il2isin2r
:
Er:
E"
Thus
2(4zl sin2r
32i sin2r
E"
i.e.
Y:
$'
f;'l:l-;;;
" ;;;;; fil[,,|
;
ll,r,,l
:*
l;,1-l
i'
A,:o
$
in cylindrical system is
A(P'Q'') : cosfaP- sinPaa
Hence, both the options (A) and (B) are incorrect'
Again, we transform the vector components in spherical system
'tt
il
iltr
as
It
[o,l [
:
A6 :
Ao :
A"
'4
.,{
ffi
ol[1
: sindcosd
(cos 0 cos @) ( 1) : cos I cos qt
(.- sin P) (1) - - sin (':
(sindcos@) (1)
in spherical svstetrt
A(r,0,$):
sol- 1.{,6
c{,s@
* *in o
sindcos@tt''
is
cos6cos?ao- sinda"
get
; : i3#::i
tllo
arld
F,r
:-
10sind
Page 3?
1) we have
: /re)Tltf {_-tf : lu
d : ran-, {ZLi: ,*"-,/ /fT(zF\
,
\ (-1) l-- 105.5'
d : tan_'(si;: ,""_,(i): 33.7.
r..
.1.9
After 120' rotation looking down the axis the new co-ordinate
axes (r,, y,,
z') will be as shown below :
x,
lJ
p are :
and
r into z.
q;
:r:.a_:b
i'e' (c' *. b) is the co-ordinates of point p in the transformed
system.
Chap
Vector Analysis
Page 38
Chap
$oL
t.'1"1$
Vector Analysis
Ar:(A'ar)ao
:l(- 2a,* 2}ao* 4a") '
: (-2sirr@*20cosd)o,
At Point P, Q:90o, so, Av:-2au
{.{.'t{
anlo,
R:nl7T7+7
So,
grad,R
: #o'*#",*Eo,
:iffi"'+16ft;7"'*Lffi-"'
ra"* Aan* za" _ P
::-R
--wT7i7
gol- {.1,t2
Y' A : fittl
ftQra
t + t) + St+'+
:0 +2r+2U :2(r+
sol. {,{.13
zu')
A)
'
:;l
f, [rri,\
i186,*" o - $
t'1", - i rl&'cos
- ft
+llftet, -
;,
: lt- zsin$ -
p'fo,-[0
: -|Qsin O t
p')
At point P (7,+,2)
VxF
:-r(2x
:- 3ap*
so|- t,1.14
rJzo,r*
ar't
0]aa
(3pz
1+13)
+f,lzt
ao*(3x 1 x 2-o)a"
rzon* Wa"
v . D:fttu,)*ftoa+fi{w):o
v
ou o,l
lu"
"" wl
xD:l* h :,1
f6n"i"ol",
pcos$la"
cos $) a"
6a"
lo,
r-
o';" ol"o
Page 40
Chai,
^:ffi#t
Ia"%
Vector AnalYsis
Now,
ABx ag:l
a"]
18 -191
[- to 8 151
:[18 x 15-(-10 x 8)]4,-[zo x 15- (- 10) x (- 10)]a'
+[zox8-(-10x18)]o,
:350o" -200ao*340a"
_ 350a,-20}ar*340a"
:@-
So,
:
sol- {.{.{9
zO
0'664o'
0'379 ao
350%
- 2m"'+ 3a9e:--
7@I-
rooi'+
(r+o)'?
0'645 a"
WCI
toACisgivenbycrossproductoftheurritvectorperpendicrrlartothe
i.e. &p:
3(,L 1.1.20
20a,*l8ar-I9a"
@Jraf+1-to;'
:0.697 a,+
0'627 an
0'348a"
lloo, *
aec)
Lr10.697 o,
0'627 an
0'348a"
o'507
a'*
0'4064'
* 0'761o']
by
0.095o" * 0.516o0 *
ou":@
:
:
sol- t"t.zt
O'2O7
a,
0.168a,
ThevectorfieldFcanbewrittenincartesiansystemas
F(r,v,z):W:ffia,+ffi",
F(r,y,z):#o,+ffw
(r: pcosQ,Y:
Ps|li,$)
The components
: !(.ordo.
* sinda,.)
p'
of vector field F are
4:-p"p
lcoso. 4,:
siu
d;
and.
F,:
Page
Chap
0
:::r
'q
lfi]
l]tfil
rr:)lcos'Q+sin'61:L
rr
field
At the point P(p :2,
7r14,
F : +ao:
s.
1.1.22
F(p,$,r)
So tlre vector
e:
poo
0.1)
0.ba,,
At+_A,
thererore'
30t
1.1,?f,
t o,
100oa
A:Ar+A,
Here A1 and .4,, are the tangential and normal components to the conical
surface Since the unit vector normal to the conical surface is ap.
So,
An :-
8a,o
Ar: A- An:-72a,*9aa
30L 1.1.:*
b: b,a,* b6a6
b7+b3:t
Vector Analysis
as
:[
41-
be: tl)
...(1)
Page 42
Chap
So,
Vector Analysis
A. b:0
-72b,* gb, : g
4:!u.
....(2)
a3(r
+f;) : t
'':*,
u*:t
and
so,
: (r-
a)a"+
(y- b)ar*(z-
c)a"
n:M
"
(+)
- a)'+ (v -
b)'+
(z
- ")'l-'/'o,
c1'1-'r' o"
{.{.rs
c)
a,
or,
Vh:0
(72r-ay+36)a,*(76y-4r- 56)o, : g
I2n-4y*36:0
l6y- 4r- 56 :0
I.e.
and,
. :x:'-2, U:3
l.t.t?
R: G+T+r'
and unit vector in the direction of
a':!9@
" Ji+f+/
b-
is
is
(-2
,:#*:#(ffi7:*11vffffi]
The divergence of the field
v''F'
F is given
Page 43
Chap
as
: tof*ffi;zy + 3a@
+ +Lztr. *6;;;ryl
: rclpfiqw - +@;#?d- +
6;fqw
y\zA)
J v(za)
z(22)
1
B z(22)
3
-q
ttr)
2@ii;4{/,
2@Ti;4l'- 1;' a S * Srt7, - 2(7+7T
ye
(i+f + /) |
:'o[#*#?#fu]
1o[*_*r] :o
But at origin (r:0, U:0, z:0)
_
jL
t.r.za
VxA
:[&o-
ry
- ") - fu-
rz)fa. +ffia+ n
*a-
ra
z)la,
.A
:1*o- 1:o
Note: since the curl of the gradient of a scal# field is zero. So, we can have
directly the result
(-Vr:_:Vx (Vr:g
Vx A:VX
Option (D) is correct.
We have
Comparing
--v Y :-ffa,-#",-ffo"
vector we get
of :- ,- 3a
a", -\ )+ r0z -_ @- - z) l:-
f :_+
_ rz*zyz+
Vector Analysis
Page 44
Chap
s{}L 1"*.30
.A
is
in a" direction
Vector Analysis
So we can
and
as
A:4a,
t::G:-ll''*to"(-o')
_
_T*,
(A:4)
(B:
2_,
3)
and
R :64,- 88 :3.22a,172a,
R : {$8 +@ : 12.43units
angle that R makes with z-axis is
_ ,"
_ uuD
0-"^.-t13.22\:zr'
\AB)
s$L,r"1.3"1
is
since the direction of cross product is normal to the plane of vectors and
determined by right hand rule. so B x c has the direction in which thumb
indicates when the curl of the finger directs from Il to c. Thus B x
c will
be directed out of the paper and so we get direction of -a x (B x c) towarrl
east. So the given direction of R is incorrect.
In Option (B) : Direction of (B
will be directed toward west.
-fi|: A x (B x C)
R: A x (B x. C)
C)
3(
1.1.32
[E:1:[:r;
lu"l
B,
;ti iilfi]
3:
So at the
wint (2,$,3)
(cos@
sin/)a" + (sin@
cosS)au
Ja"
11
Iy
Page 45
Chap
Vector Analysis
Page 46
Chap
now we transform
Vector Analysis
B -- a,l avl3a"
the vector field C: "/2 ar+ Ja, in cartesian
system.
is
l3l:[:* "rr:[el
C'
So,
: Ji
Cr: /2
cosd
Cr:/2sind
C":t
:,/
C
2 cos da, + {i
and
So, at the
C"
noi"t
sin$au
3a"
(f,f,O)
c:
,/ 2
cos(+)",+
n,i"(T)n * to,
-- ax* au*3a,
s6L l"{"35
"r-{.3d
av
-a.clr
* 0.5f /
au
*f
yza"
: l.Sty*
v : L|{:y/ +
f1(y,
z)
:0.5f i
V :0.5f yl * fr(r,z)
0.513 yt
fr(y,
AV
oa
ff :fv'
, : ry + f,(u,z):o.bf u* + l,(y,r)
AV
V:O.bfg*
$oL
,!.{"35
z)
rlz :1
'
So,
Wz-1:0
function, f :ryz-l
gradient of function, Yf : yza,* rzou*
Page 47
Chap
Vector Analysis
rya"
yf :la,+\an+ea,,
Now consider (r,y,z) lies in the given surface r!z:r. so the tangential
vector to the given surface at the point (2,4,f) is
|{. -
z) +
+@-
a)
r(,- *) :
2r*y*322:12
sot.
t.t.3c
As vector
Al
at
: (I+
at
:- rd0ae
r: d, and 0 < 0 < T/2
dl : rdAae
. :_
dl
so, A#
"
I=':(+){"ar)+ I=,_(i_)t
:-(r-')(+) +(e-6)1trlzy :
te
so,
.
f d or:trnflI
dr
:I.
*t
"-,
"-o)
,EC"-,+ e-o):+(r-
e-,)
I{OTE:
l{osI of titc sllttlcnt,r r.lti a ntistak*: irere bv <lirq:cl,lv inir:grat,irrg thc givcn \'rr:l{)f
gl\.1,r1
t:otttclur (,'btrt as i,hc r.'c<:trll d inr*tdrs r,rxpr:nontia.l whicil is tk)l zcro at or.iq-itr^1{,ri!r
il,l{rl sr) ?!t
r: {}. (r1) ' i.rd?ar) 4 tl t'}xxrlirrr; rvc lravc tak:n thr: (:{)ri{,or1l'iulr:gra} in t,}rr.r liii.t: ol lirnjrr;.
."-&
".*'lo"if
]Wt"
"
Page 48
Chap
$id:l{".
d *"}!'
Y . a. :
Vector Analysis
i*rttl:
$lz,):l
Y.
as:ffiStsin@):#:
Y.
l;{.19-1.,1.3i1111111111111111t
ao:#&(1):o
'
o,, clu o,
Option (A),
Option (B),
Option (C),
ad; i, *' l: O
2iz 2"rYl
:2Yz
lao paq a"l
t1l-:,
;l l* o
i,
p(#)
0l
i0
"
o?
ri
?
t"
i;
do ?l:o
P,'"io
:
3sinO o'
lr
So,
$ilt."t.'tr,3$'
it
In Option (A),
Divergence
:*{tto-
d} -&aa+&e)
: T- tr:O
In Option (B).
In Option (C),
: tr&(#):,
Divergence :
i*1r
Divergence
:-\lzcoso)+-r-1
So all the vectors can be expressed as curl of another
^zsindcosd
0,,.
vector'
i
\
5i1t" t i,!i*
!i:;.
'l.l.t!l
'A:
-1. 1
^
or
oa -u
AL - -94"
0r
dy
...(1)
-^\
t.e.
VX.4:0
Page 49
I a, a, a,l
Chap
li, *,,';l:o
la,
i,
ol
_*".**o..(#_*)",:o
0A,
^-or
0A, _ n
^ -u
oa
....(2)
o^'4.
%.Ai 0r0y :- o
ry-jrdl.\:o
di 0y\0r )-
aA_ d l- 0A,1 _
A7-a a\-a;1:o
0rA, , }rAu _
#+fi:o
Y2An
{+-014.:s
0r0y Af
p-(a!\-0?4,:o
0r\ay ) at
Lt--4a"1- a''4' : o
dn\-i;)67
a2A- . A2A^
:+#:0
dxi
:{^
' n" -0
rsot-
F.
tsi
F.:
iii
1
1.1.4*
: ^p 1f ,yj
R":(t+f +iyt,
So,
or
R"
. (R" n1:
as
tf,ft+
t(t? +
+ tyr'
u[$(t +
x*+*:k***x**
f + ty,,-,](rr)
ft +,[g(i + f + /Y/'z-'f(2')
+2f +2*)
: BIi" * nR" : (n * Z)R"
= 3R" ++R"-r(2i
Vector Analysie
7-*-
soLuTloNs 1.2
Page 50
Chap
Vector Analysis
sol
t,2"1
Correct answer is
0.
1.2.2
Correct answer is - 1.
Dot product of the two orthogonal vectors is always zero.
l.e.
A' B:0
(4) (1) + (2k) (4) + (k) (- a) : o
4+8k-4h:0
4k:-4
k:-L
soL {.2.3
Since the two points are defined in different coordinate system so we represent
as
as
IPQI:
: 6.78 units
$oL
1,2.4
1.e.
A,
3
-f
cos@-14:ffi:m
d
cos
:74.g8" = 75'
'/-L\
Jr34l
\
z:
Chap
Vector Analysis
Y'f
Page 51
15. .
:i*(,H).#r#.#
: |ffofz'sin d * 8p) +
if
2pzsins -
as
a*
ftsinlcos d)
+$QostnO * 6zcos2g)
6cos,O
At point P(S,r12,G)
1.2.6
1)
: 40
VxM:0
l.e.
la,ayazl
I * y 2kr& *
l:o
rcosrzl
zcosrz*
I
o" (0
0)
- an @os rz -
rzsin rz
Of'
I
I
answer is -0.b .
For a scalar field to be harmonic,
Y'g:o
}'_g_*d'g
_0,g _n
di'affa7-v
2(l + 2k)y
sol- {,2.8
Correct answer is 1.
For vector ,4 to be solenoidal its divergence must be zero.
i.e.
V./:0
Correct a,nswer is 0.
Consider the differential displacement,
dl
so
dxa"* dyao*
dza"
f"o':(f"*)*+(f"au)u+(f"a")""
{
_ 0.5
For a contour the initial and final points are same. So, all the individual
integrals described above will be zero. Therefore.
Page 52
Ctap
fat:o
Vector Analysis
Jc
,.2"10
Correct answer is 0.
According to stoke's theorem.
so
f d.n:l(, xA).ds
. d,r:
Since V x (VU) : 0
So
,"2"t1
f rvul
"(vu)l
.rrs
Correct answer is 0.
According to the divergence theorem surface integral of vector over a closed
surface is equal to the volume integral of its divergence inside the region
defined by closed surface.
i.e.
fd.ds:f(v.A)d,u
v .A:s{zo4+&G,)+fiQ,u)
:0*0*0
Now,
so
1"2.'!a
fl,
[n.as:o
Consider that the cube has its edges on the r,y and z- axes respectively as
shown in the figure. As the angle between any of the two body diagonals of
the cube will be same so we determine the angle d between the diagonals
OB and AC of. the cube.
and
ry;--.
/
AC:3a,+3an-3a,
For determining the angle 0 between them. we take their dot product
as
:loBllAClcos?
9+9-9:(3v5)(3./e)cosd
page bB
is
Vector Analvsis
(OB) . (AC)
I : cos-j/l\:
\J/
sot 4.?"t3 Correct
chapr
70.53'
answer is 32.
The circulation of
,{d.m:(l.FI)d.at
so,
In.m:['rrl,t":3($)l':8
.11
Jo
tr:2,
I to 3 as described below
gr
(2,2,0)
changes from 0
to 2,
z:
0.
[d,. m: I'urrda:o
3rd segment : (2,2,0)
tr:2, a:2,
So
.m:
(dI:
dya)
(itr:
dza")
(2,2,2)
z changes from 0 to
[,t
(dt:d,ra,)
2.
[' et ar: (3 x 4) z : 24
)')
[,]
sol i.s.{"* Correct
- dt :
+o+
24:
32uints
answer is 32.
For the straight line from origin to the point (2, 2, 2) we have the relation
between.the coordinates as
tr:y:z
dr : dry: d,z
or,
dl : d"ra,l dyar*
dza"
Therefore, the line integral of the vector field along the straight line is given
AS
:4X8:32uints
l'
answer is 0.
For the closed path defined.
A. dI:32-32:Ounits
Page 54
Chap
L can be given
as
f d.at:([*[*1.)o.*
Vector Analysis
below:
1"' segment ,
so,
[d.
2"d segment : (p
dpap
25
at: f'psin|dp : I'goo : T
z:2,
5,
30"
<d<
180")
p < 0)
(d:
and dl:
and
dl:
d,fao
dpap
.
[n dI: fupsin|dp :o
(d:
I d'
Correct
JT",
tr
3o')
180')
is
:ff+o*o : 1[ : 6.25units
is 0.5
, : III r
d,rd,yd,z
: [[
zo* a*aaa"
integral will be
r* Y-l z :-I
of y and z, r varies from 0 to (- 1 -yr(r-v-
z) and
JoO, :-7-g-z
again for a given value of zt
")
ranges from 0
to
(- 1-
be:
rt-l-z)
Jre t - u -
z)dy
::[r-t 1 --z\r-fl-''a
zta Vlo
[\-
:(-1-r),-!#:eJ# \,
:l+ ,+ {
: fo so*(i* ,*$)*
to 0. So we
:30[ *i.fili_,
Page 55
Chap
=ao[o**-1*#]
:30 x -#: *: o'u
sot-
1.2.18
Since, the vector field has no z-component so, the outward flux through
the top and bottom surfaces will be zero. Therefore, the total outward flux
through the closed cylindrical surface will be only due to the field component
in ao direction(flux through the curved surfaces) which is given as
f n . ot : I:,ITf)bd,6d,z).
1 P'cos'|1" az1
-= l":f' l,S'"- o\'=t'
)@
At p:r, o. d,s :9u-*,,0d4]ll'd,,]
f
a'4
:2XrX2:4tr:12.5664
tol
1.2,19
i.e.
Divergence-of vector
Ais
i*$@"in2g)+
:8+4sin2d*2cos(2/)*6
: 8 + 4sin2 d *
So bhe surface integral is
2cos2
2sin2
Vector Analysis
$* 6 :
16
firca
r
Page 56
Chap
fd
. ds :
.
I (v /) a,: lll
oe) pd,pd,gdz
Vector Ana$sis
16
x2x T
2x
b-
NOTE:
irrrtglal.e
$0L
{.4,2$
1-1ir
Correct answer is 7.
According to stoke's theorem, line integral of a vector function along a
closed path is equal to the surface integral of its curl over the surface defined
by the closed path.
i.e.
{c.
JrJ
m: f(v x c)ds
Vx
G:-6ta"
dS : drdy(- a")
So the line integral of the given vector field is
['
Jo
:^ltl'*alZ*t
-"[4Jn'"1 3 -rnl'
4],
:
SoL
't"2"1t
u(+
- o)*'[(tf - f)-
tA
- i)l:
7 units
,: ^ft 1f+7,
r:
rsin9cosd,
rsind
: rEW
A: rsin9sinf
/r
+qllsn trn
_Jrltaf
r
2-n-to'*lq]
t+f 12-''
: #ry[(cos/ - sin@) a,* (cos6* sin@) an]
^t
cosdsin@ -'i"ollr,l
l*l : lcosdcos/
sind cc,s@ 0l[4 j
F, :
:
Fe :
r(sin0sin/)(cos/+sin@)
rsin d
r(cos Q
:
Fo :
rcos0
Page 57
r(cos Q
:T
i.e.
/)(-
sin
F : rsinla,*
sin @)
r(cos
rcos0a6a yq,
: f sin?dfrd,6a,
as
: ["
Jo
^91
1.2.23
<2r
[tn" r'"in'0,1fr,16
"fi
is
r:2,0
I P'
Js,
Chap
a^s
*l
@t
r: 2)
F : rsinfla,*
rcos9asa ra*
The diff'erential surface r,rctor over the surface 5z is
dS : rsin0dddra
:
and the surface ^9: is defined in the region 0 3 r < 2, 0
= 0 S 2r, 0 30"
So, the surface integral of the field over the surface
is :
^92
1.3"x3
:4o# :7.2sb2
rrinocosodfid.,
A :3(Aa,*
field,
rao)
dl :
so,
dro,,
I dyao* dza"
{d.s:fzydr+[s,au
y: ^/;12
put
So. we
r:2A' and dr:
4Ed,y
*.3.34
field
"
F :r+c9s22 a"
f':so'
2cos2a
and the differential surface vector over the outer spherical surface is
.
{ r ot : I" I" (r#1rrsin0d0dft):set-
'!.t"e$
Vector Analysis
@ + sin /)cos
:-
6.2812
2r :2rsin9cosd
Page 58
Chap
Vector Analysis
z,a,
:r*I"ft):2x#:+:o.Be2T
r$t-
'1"?.**i
below
(1)
In Segment
So,
In segment
so,
In segment
so,
So
dl
0<p<2atg:g
dpa,
dt
pddaa
It
dI
:-
at
:_
dl
so,
f'
oecosr/2)(d,p)
:o
drl: (z+n)units
0<d32ratp:J
pddao
2tr:r8tr
C2
d,I
_ pdeaa
. at :f",a,
['i,(odd):_2t
fn.at
rT_:,tgJ':_9
lt.n ?2")
J,:,
a{1*,
t.2.2a
: b.141
f ,,+. at:[']{oab):ex
So,
03p<2,at6:rl2
dpap
0<6<rf2atp:)
0<032natp:l
l
i
I
The line integral (circulation) of force F around the closed path can be
divided in four sections as shown below.
tI
i
Page 59
Chap
So,
So,
So,
Y:2:0
dI :- dxa,,
Ir
.m:
so,
I' re
0<r<1
d4
:[-$]: :-+
I: Z:0
dl : dAas,
o<g<1
[r.n:f\-,,)(au):o
tr:zrU:I
dl : dna,l dzo,,
<
r<
Ir. m:['ta,+1,'{-fyo"
:
[+], -t,tL
:* - :-
Y:z'tr:\
d,I :- dyau- d,zo,
'
f r. u: ['{_o){_dil+ I efl?a,)
:[gl:^*t+]'
:]++ :8
fr.n:(l*[*[*l)r."
:-$+o-3*8:-*:-0.1667
L t.2.2s
Vector Analysis
r!'-
t-2lrr:/
The line integral (circulation) of force F around the closed path can be
divided in four sections as shown below.
Page 59
Chap
Vector Analysis
U: z:0
0<r<1
dl:-dro,,
Ir
So'
.m:
fr.
So,
I' re
tu)
tr: z:0
dl,:d,Uau,
0<g<1
m: [\-*)@e) :
r:zrY:L
d,l: d,ra"* dzo,,
:[+].-[,]i
i:
For segment 4 we
have,
$'
t
ir
6
n
ft
so,
tl
't
r
F
Itl
So,
<
l, ::,;;t_
:t-':-3
o"o"
force
:-|+
,.
I
b
fr, u.zs
[r.m-['ia'+[,'?tryo,
So,
i,
:[-+]. :-+
- 3*3
is
:-*:-
0.1667
For segment
1,
6:0, z:0
Page 60
Chap
Vector Analysis
d,I
so,
[d. il:l@sin6)d,p:s
For segrnent
P:2, z:O
dl : pdbaa
6 : [-'prin|)(-0
For segment 4,
p :1, z:0
d,I : pdfi(_ a6)
so,
l<p<2
(d: 0)
d,pao,
[n.
It
at
a'
7T
***********
:2)
-2<p<-r
o<4<n
+ 8zr*
(P
(6: ")
f d,.at:([*F[+[)d.at
0
8?r
dp)
o<Q<n
2|.9gl
sote,rrilox$'1 .3
Page 61
ehaF
Vector Analysis
13.'.r
l-3.2
and hence
Therefore
(,4xIl):g
(AxB)XC:0
(AxB)xC:0+Ax(BxC)
A:B
Fti
a
ii.
@xq
!i:
{'
:,.t:
Ax (Bx
C)
*i
hl
1i'
lr'
:.1
ir
fi
!.3.3
-.
as shown below.
$i
f.
i'
fr,
lr
ti
$!
;
$
r
As the angle between the two vectors is o.
So component of vector A along B is
,4,
(cos cr)A
Page 62
Qhap
cose
Vector Analysis
so,
$gL
stlt
,t.3"4
1.3.5
: A,'JB
A1
o,:(w)o
t .ln
:--Br
yv
:*****
or oy
oz
[o' q
o"l
El
vx(vn:l#fr#l
l-a;
: (ffi ffi)*.(# -
#)".(ffi
ffi)"": o
sor- r.3-6
sol
1.3"?
sol
1.3,8
$ot- {"3.9
$sL
1,3"{o
$0L 1"3.1{
$oL
1"3.12
***'k*******
I
l
$oLUTIONS 1,4
3
I
Page63
chapr
Vector Analysis
sol.
i.A.{
.A
as
=k(n*2)f-L:0
So,
Of,
sol-
{.4.2
n*2:0
n:-2
f d'
f"@uo,*
12 ar)
. (d,ra,*
d,yar)
$(rud,r+
12 d,u)
Given,
V:YxA
...(i)
According to Stoke's theorem the line integral of a vector along a closed looir
is equal to the surface integral of the curl of the vector for the loop.
i.e.
[d.
m: II"(, x A).
d,s
...(z)
where C is a closed path (contour) and 5c is the surface area of the loop.
Flom equation (1) and (2) we get
1.4.4
fd.
m: !["v.
as
at point
ao : (- sin/)a, * (cos/)an
is angle formed with r-axis.
.4,
d :90'
B,
(try:-a,
Q :90'*45' :
So,
at Point
o,- :-lo,-
So,
at point
C,
:-
a-3
135'
J2- 4o,
J2
45"
b -'
So,
Page 64
Chap
Vector Analysis
or
ho,*h",
Q :0"
at point D,
So'
Qd:Qv
7:
i.e. the field
I/
sinhrcoskgep"
V2y
:0
azv,a2v,a2v
r -r=--r
oft
dr
dlr
Now,
-u
dz'
d2v :
uAf
'l
sinhrcoskgee"
a2v
#sinhrcosktte."
6h:d2v :
Ti
p2sinhrcoskyep,
t-#+p2:o
tC:/T+7
t*SYli
,1,1.uir,1;r
*&i- {.4-6
,,
tt".,tt
,',:
'
tt,"t,t'
,, . ,
,,r.'i;1 f
:ir: -:i.
i1:r,rj.';.ir1,i.
and
is defined
as
E :Ija,*
10a, *IAa,
So, the angle formed between the field
e:cos rl E'n" \
\T'.ql/: "os'(ffi]:
Similarly, we get
//I _
- ^r_uun
-.n.
$0L
1"4,?
(6)
'/-l-\
\_/3)
v:+
v2v
I/
is given
as
l.e.
So,
v2v+o
it
Page 65
: v
Chap
as
. (vy) :div(gradtr/)
sol.
1.4,3
I/.
: Jiaza,* f
zar+
(f y -
2z) a"
V . A:6ryz-2+0
Therefore, it is neither divergence less and hor solenoidal
Now, we determine the curl of vector as
Vx
A:O
since, the curl of the wector is zero so, it is irrotational (i.e., not rotational).
u_
1.4.10
y in cylindrical coordinates
v2V_LAI^AV\,IA2V,A2V
*
-
is given by
naol', )'VAF d7
y2V
So, we get
-.
rt l.l
t:
i"l
:0
i&(,#).#(#)*#=o
BC
and
cD respectively.
i
t,
,.,
r"/2
Jo'-
nadao+
r-R
J"-"
at1-",)+
t'l,aaha,
:ERur_2Rq_Er"r
:-zRa,r
il- *r,
fi"l
Vector Analysis
A:2rcosdq
VO
For the given contour we integrate the field in three intervals
as
v2v
l.e.
So,
$1
t1'
it
+0
Page 65
Chap
as
r.4-9
z.
: Bfyza,* f
zau+
(f y _ 2z) a"
V - A:GWz-2*
V X .24. :0
since, the curl ofthb vbctor is zero so,
r.
r.4..to
i;,
i]
i:
so, we
'1,
p.
wl*
tr,
:0
get i&(,#).i(#)*#:o
BC
and,
cD respectively.
S*
l;i
I
l
ffi
: [)'' na4or+
!i-'at1- o,)+ t'r,na4o,
j::
,i
:IRur_2&ao_$n"r
:- zfia!
i,
L
\i:
i
I
{I |,.rz
a7
y2V
"!?
il, rrrr
it
vzv
Vector Analysis
A :2rcosda,
page66
Chap
.
f n m: l,t.
vectorAnalvsis
d,ra,*
Io.
d,ra,
(,'{2r"os$)d'r+of\2rcosd)dr
-C--i|-
:
: zltl'
[Zlo -'
sol i.4"i{
tuha.*
Io.
-(-"
.-
'B:0
1.4.14
sol t.4.ts
"
: a"+(-a"):o
: o
It gives the result that -F is irrotational (a -+ 2)
div (r) : 6
(b)
It gives the result that F is solenoidal' (b - 3)
div Grad (d) : 0
(")
(")
Curl (.F)
V . (V Q):O
Y'4:0
It
is Laplace
equation.
(d)
As
sor.
1"4.t6
(c
div div(@)
1)
defined'
(d -.
QO
d,ra,
f a. s:
['a,+ liho+
*
rk rk t< *<:k
* {<:f
[,'a,:z($):n
_==*
z1
=,
GHARTERS
ELEGTROSTATIG FIELDS
INTRODUCTION
Electrostatic fields are produced by charges at rest. The main objective of
this chapter is to provide detailed concepts of electrostatics. They include:
o Fundamental concept of electric charges and charge distributions
r
o
o
r
o
o
FC'
ELECTRIG GHARGE
ti.
$;
rr
$.
ir
i!
Point Charge
Point charges are very small charges assumed to be of infinitesimally small
volume, although they have finite volume considered as a single charge.
For
example, an electron is considered to be a point charge and has a charge
of
1.6 x 10-1e Coulombs (C). The idealisation here is that the whole charge
is
e
concentrated at a point. In generar, the point charges are denote{ by
q.
Q or
Line
Charga
pL
t.rt
Surface Charge
Page 6E
o,
Chap 2
: ]tvrils:
oo9
Electrostatic Fields
++t+
+ +P".*+++'+
.+ *
++++
(")
'
.*r
(c)
(b)
Fieure 2.1: Various Charge Distributions (a) Line Charge Distribution, (b) Surface Charge
Distribution, (c) Volume Charge Distribution
2.2.4
Volume Charge
when the charge is being distributed within a certain defined region, it is
said to be the volume charge distribution, as shown in Figure 2.1(c). The
charge per unit volume in the region is called volume charge density. It is
denoted by p, and defined as
o,: hmS.:S
.0AU
dU
ao
2.3
GOULOilIB'S LAW
According to Coulomb's law, the electrostatic force F between the two point
cha,rges Qr and Q2 separated by a distance fi, is given by
2,3.1
: #!#:(e
ro'g)
(';Y)
r,,
:4fuffo^o
where anrz is a unit vector directed from Q1 to Qt. If two charges have the
position vectors 11 and 12, respectively, as shown in Figure 2'2(b); then the
force acting on charge Qz due to charge Q1 is
p,,:9942-4
4neo]rr- rrlt
Q1 is
Fz,
Page 69
- ,rl'
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fi,elds
Y;,^-)ffi,,
AQr&P
F",fnI
Origin
i,.l
il,)
f igrl"r:2.2: Illustration of Coulomb's Law: (a) Force Representation in Vector Form, (b)
Electrostatic Force in terms of Position Vectors
tft
Principle of Superposition
placed
vectors Tr, T,zt ...,7,,, respectively, then the resultant force F on a charge e
located at point r is the vector sum of the forces exerted on Q by each of
the charges Qr, Qr, ..., Qn.i.e.,
---T-T---T-
4treulr
- ,rl"
4ne olr
,:&2T#
2.4
- Tz
r,)
- QQ,(rtreolr - r"
l'
: lim{
q-o
Q
E:Lq
or simply
It
is seen that the electric field intensity is in the same direction as the force
and is expressed in Newton per coulomb (N/c) or vort per meter (v/-).
,R
from the
charge is given by
Q
E:
- - nn*zan
r1,T2,..........Tn the\,
r is
B:,Qr(r-r')
4rcolr
- n l, '
Page 70
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
2.4.2
, :#dI
*f ",(v/*)
...(2.1)
where r is the distance of point P from the small segment of line charge,
r
and o" is the unit vector along r directed towards point P.
: #;E(sinor -
sina2)a"+
ffi(ctsoz - cosor)ao"'(2'2)
: Tl
and Qz: 0
: t#;R or
" --
2otr1"*;Y
'charge is given by
F"lgrrrr'
':;^l *f".
...(2.3)
where
2.5
a"s
,:h^
is
...(2.4)
Page
7f
Cte
Electrostatic Fblds
D :9oE
Page 72
Chap 2
Electroetitic Fields
It
is measured
t:Io.as
by
2.6
GAUSS'S LAW
In Electrostatics, the Gauss's law states that the electric flux passing through
any closed surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by that surface, i.e.
*--6o'ils:Q"o"r*"a
,Js
This expression can be generalized in the following two forms:
1. Ihtegral Form: The Gauss's Law can be expressed. in integral form
as
fo.d,s:Ip.d,u
where p" is the volume charge density.
2.
as
Y'D--p,
2.6.1
Gaussian Surface
Inas:
Js
2.
o.^"ro".,r
Thp D and E freld lines are constant over the surface : This condition
means that D is independent of the position on the surface and hence
can be removed from the integral, Ieaving
r{,T*Ji3"ffi
2.7
ELECTRIC
POTENTIAL
.,
2.7.1
Potential Difference
lh
2.7.2
Potential Gradient
The rate
cyrindricar
".:;;,Lk
#
:% "*
as
""1
:-[#w*l%
*.*u#*]
Equipotential Surfaces
Equipotentiar surface is a surface with equal
value of potentiar at every point
on the surface- Following are some important properties
of equipotentiar
surfaces:
Page Z3
Chry2
Electrostatic Fields
Page 74
3.
Chap 2
4;:l:$$,6s
Electrostatic Fields
2.4
:aiCI
No work is t"qoit"a to
r;{.eqi4$
,gtti:mn.
:,
or
2,9.2
: r[Q,V+
:|fa,u
QzV*
.....,......'...
+ Q*v*f
1.
2.
1f
: iJrpsVdS
w
where pr,t pst
region.
2.8.3
o,vat
3.
:|l
1f
: iJ,,
p"vdu
In a certain
region
w:|l
o.na,
region as
u=#:*(il
Chap 2
"."0,)
:i@ . E):!u,R
2.9
Elecrnlc
DtpoLE
-g
-q
*q
(u)
(b)
Moment
p:qd
due to a Dipole
where
E:-YV
#r1f2cosoa,* sinr,ql
*'krF*******x
Page 7b
Electrostatic Fields
EXERCI$E 2.1
Page 76
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
MCQ 2,{.{
(A) 4C a.nd Lm
(C) 4C.and 2m
iltcQ 2.1.2
(- 4'0, (- 7,3, -
2)
1)
will be
2,1.3
cha,rge
E :2rUa,! 4gzar*6rza"Y lm
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
incQ 2"1.4
MCO 2.1.5
An infinite line cha.rge of 1pc/m is located on the z-axis. Electric field due
to the line charge at point (- 2, - 1,5) will be
(L) 2.4a,*
1.8a,
(C) -7.2a"
(B) 7.2a,*t4.4a,
(D) -2a,- a,
3.64,
: ia,+2ryan
^:l!"'^'
0<r<3m
r)
3m
MGQ
2.t.6
(A) atr C
(C) 2rC
itcq
2.t.2
r: 1m is
(il t"'c/^'
Electrostatic Fields
m is
(B) a"C/m'
(Q) tra,Cfm2
lllcQ 2.t,8
ZI
Ctap 2
Page
-r'c
(B)
(D)
(D)
".
aC/m2
crossing
ifcQ
(A)
"
Q)#
Commol Data For Q. 10 to 12
(B)
(D)
af
forr <
[0
o':14"1^t
lf ",",
scQ
2.1.{o
4m centered at
rurz
for2l-r<4
\ 7'>
(A) - ty /m
(B) -4 y/^
(c)
r:
r<
2 will be
(D) zv /m
i/rcQ
Itrco
2.{.ti
(e)
shq
(c)
#q
r:
will
(s)
be
*q
(o)
*q
shell is charge free then what will be the
#q
(B) \6n
dc0
ts
(c) 3[4""
McQ
2.t.rt In a certain
(D)
region the electric flux density is
(A) 0Clm3
(c)
Tg
$'o+
c/m3
will
o:Y*+ffio,c/^,.
be
@)
(D
rylc/mg
#c/n'
Page 78
Chry
Electrostatic Fields
v
Nqro& ?"'1.14
nx*& 3"1.1S
- 1) will be
(B) 3'6o' lI!' ao- 35'6o''
(L) 7.7a,*22'8ar-Zt.ia"'
(D) 2'2a, - t7'4au * 35'6a"
(C) 3.64, - 17.4a, * 35.6a"'
2"'1,1S
ch.arges
and - Q is
magnitudel- Qis lying along r-axis such that * Q is ?I ::^dl?
in
ati:- d,l2.Electric field due to the dipole at any po\nt (r,0,$) spherical
coordinate sYstem is given bY
'.Qd ul2cos'ga,*
Aireof
IS
(^)
##""
e)#",+ffion
2,'!,'l?
r4*& 2"*.1$
Me& 2.{"{$
lr/here
r >>d
e located at point
(0, y,0)
sindap]
!-,!*3
@)m""
Q)##".
(- 1'0'0)
Two equal point charges of *|nC each are located at points
point charge of
ana (t,b,o) iespectirref. What wiil be the position of third
(0,1,0X
at
0
+{i nC such ihat the net electric field E:
(B) (0, - 1,0)
(A) (- 1,0,0)
(D) (0,3,0)
(c) (3,0,0)
ncf m'
Plane 3r* 4y:O carries a uniform charge distribution with ps:2
The'electric field intensity at point (1'0,3) will be
(B) 67'85o" * 90'48orV/m
(A) - 67.8o, - 90.48anV/m
(D) -3o, - AauY f m
(C) 3a, * 4a,Y f m
loop
Electric field intensity at a distance 3 m above the center of a circular
ofradius4mlyinginthe4t-planeandcarryingauniformlinecharge
*2nClm as shown in the figure is
(A) 21.72a,*
(C) 10.86c, -t
HCQ ?",!.26
HCQ 2,1.21
10.86o"
V/m
27.72a,V
lm
A dipole having
a moment
E,:
Chap 2
rce
Page 79
E" e,
Eo
a,
If
* E, a,
An infinite line charge * l nC/m is lying along entire z-axis. If the electrir
potential at the point (1,2r/2,2) due to the line charge is zero then the
electric potential at any point (p,S,z) will be
(A)
rs(r"(j))
f; vou
ro
rel
$r"(|)
('r
s+u'(*)
.:
E:ffiyo,
HCQ 2",N.23
(A) infinity
(C) at r:-2
Hcq
2't's4
(B) origin
(D) r:* 2
r:0
and
r:2 will be
(B) l volt
(D) 1/a voh
HCe 2",!"?5
Electrostatic Fields
For
r will be
v(r)
v(r)
(A)
(B)
./
r
Page S0
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
(D)
iltcQ 2.{.26
$co
If R:1m
2,1,27
and
None of these
Q:\c
be
(0'0'0).a'nd
Three point charges Q, -2Q and Q are located at (o'0'0)'
(r'0'0) for
point
any
at
intensity
fiLld
(-a,0,6) respectively.lhe electric
r>> 0 rs
(")"(Y)
(o)"(Y)
G).(#)
ilca
2,{.29
(A)
*(#)*
(B)
*G)*
*(#)"
*(#)-
(c)
*(#)"
*$)"
*(#)"
*(#)"
(D)
ri
MCA 2.'1.30
@)*
e&
MCO 2,{.3{
(D) zero
the r-axis'
* z:1m
lying in
Im
(B)#
@)+
in the region
Volume charge of uniform density 5 nC/m3 is distributed
5 m and
radii
of
surfaces
between two infinitely long, parallel cylindrical
2mandwiththeiru*urr"p*utedbydistanceofl-masshowninthefigure'
P4e
tr
CtQ
Electrostatic
i'lGlk
The electric field intensity in the charge=free region inside the cylindrical
surface of radius 2 m is
(B) 5,65 x 1011V/m
(A) 282.5a,Y lm
(D) 1.77 x 1,0-12 V/m
(C) 3.54a, mV/m
s"{.t2
"R
and centered
.R)
PoRl
(A)
Seoi
(B)
EEr
(c)
fuE
3eo
Seor
3P'Rt
(D)
0fi
m2 ,
are located
:b c/m
P":5 Qlm
Q)
,
'
!
I
f,co
?.'1"34
-f,o"vln
@)
fia,v lm
fia,vln
If
Page E2
Chap 2
located
at y:- 1 in the
region
Electrostatic Fields
2.r,36
(B)
rlrco 2.1.37
P"
ctJ
o.
(c)
fiw
(D)
r / "-
Pn(&Y
eo\
r/
0
o"
ry
o,
to
An air fiIled parallel plate capacitor is arranged such that the lower side of
upper plate ca,rries surface charge density 2cf m2 and upper side of lower
plate carries surface charge density -2Clm2 as shown in figure. The electric
field intensity between the plates will be
+2 Clm
-2""
2a.
B\
'to
(C\ _LA,
La.
D\
t't0
(^)
cu
xee
a.t.3s
v(m)
Page
t3
Ct4
Electrostatic Field3
(A)
-j
s(*)
EXERGISK P-N
Page.84
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
and 2
+2c
m in free space
ofthe square of
in figure.
as shown
+2C
+2c.
,tT,
+2C+,[2m-*2C
ouES 2.2.1
N.
QUES 2,2.2
QUEA 2.2.3
ouEs 2,2,4
one of the four charges is being removed) what will be the magnitude of
the net force (in Newton) on the test charge * 1 nC placed at the centre ?
If
The three point charges, each *5 nC, are located on the z-axis at z:L in free space. The electric field intensity at point P(0,0,3) will be
N/m in o, direction.
Charges
*0
and
*2Q
7,0,
P form *
2 cmto r
3 cm.
ouES 2.2.5
QUES 2,2.6
pC.
region2cmlr'-a?
QUES 2,2.7
Electrons are moving randomly in a fixed region in free space. During a time
interval ? the probability of finding an electron in a subregion of volume
1o 12 m3is 3o%.The volume charge density in the subregion for the time
interval will be
nC/m3.
Page E5
Chap 2
Electroetatig Fields
ouEs
x.R"3
having
u,C.
Qt ffis 2.x,$
p:2,0<z< lm
z:
2r*y--5
x'2"'?* A circular disk of radius 5m has surface charge density ps:3r, where r (
< 5 m) is the distance of any point on the disk from its centre. The total
charge stored on the disk is
a.s.'x
Coulomb.
Coulomb.
3f
a,Y lm
be the total charge stored (nC)
?
is
D: Qf * 4z) a,*2ryarl4ra"Cl^'
Thetotalchargeenclosedbythecube 0I rI2,0< U32,-l< z< t
is
Coulomb.
&usr$
s"R.'t3 Two point charges * 1 pC and - 1 pC are being located at points (0,0,1) and
(0,0, - 1) respectively. The net electric potential at point P(- 3,0, - 4) due
to the two charges will be
Volt.
Common Data For Q. 14 and 15 :
In the region of free space that includes the cubical volume 0 I
, electric flux density is given by
r, y, z 1 L
D:faa,ly2ta"Cfm'
&{Jss ;}"tr"'{}$ What is the
*r.lx$
a.R"t$ At
total flux (in Coulomb) Ieaving the closed surface of the cube
cl-t
Page 86
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
D:l\f onCfm2 r(
o'5m
lzlfunCfm2 r20.5m
quEs
QUE$
be
cl^t
cl^t
r:1m will be
will
ouE$
be
at 90'
be
qUf;S
Joule.
2"2.21 In a certain region, the electric field intensity is given as -E : ra, - yarY f m
. The amount of work done in moving a *2C charge along a circular arc
in the region will be
centred at origin from r: 1m to r: g:
#m
.Ioule.
$
it
I
q.22 and 23 :
Four equal charges of + 1nC is being ca,rried from infinity and placed at
different corners of a square. Consider the side of the square is 1 m and the
charges are being carried a,s one at a time.
lrs
t
i
2.2.22 How much energy (in nJ) does it require to bring in the last charge from
infinity and place it in the fourth corner ?
QuEs
2.2.13 Total work done for assembling the whole configuration of four charges will
be
OUES
n.I.
is
Joule.
eucs 2,2.2s Total work done in transferring two point charges tlpC and *2mC from
infinity to the points A(- 3,6,0) and B(2,- 4,- 1) respectively is
.Ioule.
eurs 2.2.26 Four point charges of 8 nC are placed at the eor"ngrs of a square of side L cm
mJ.
. The total potential energy stored in the system of charges is
Page 87
Cbap 2
Electrostatic Fields
as
v:lvryz
Q{rEs
x
qu&s
10-13
r,
U, z 12 will be
be
x 10-13 J.
eur$ 2.2.2s The electric field intensity required to counter act the earth's gravitational
force on an electron is
10-u
v/m.
2.?'3o Three point charges Q, kQ ar..d kQ are arranged as shown in figure. What
will be the value of ,k for which the net electric field intensity at the point
P(0, +, f) is zero ?
eur$ 2.2.3'N If an electron is placed at one end ofthe hole and released from rest at l: 0
, what will be the distance (in meter) of the electron from center of sphere
at t:1 psec. ?
qu65 2.2.3? The frequency of the oscillation of point charge is
kHz.
7"
Page
EE
euEs
Chap 2
Electrostatie Fields
2.2.33 A total charge of 9002r U,Q iq uniformly distributed over a circular disk of
radius 6m The applied force on a 150pC charge located on the axis of disk
N.
and 4 m from it's center as shown in figure is
QUES 2.2,34
p,:k(3-f)clms
where
is dista,nce of the point from center of the sphere. What is the value
of.k?
auEs 2.2.35
A 50 pC point charge is located at the origin. The total electric flux passing
through the hemispherical surface defined by r:48m, 0 < 0 < rl2 is
pC.
euEs
2.2.36 Two identical uniform charges with pr,: 80 nC/m are located in free space
at tr:0, U: -F 3 m. The force per unit length acting on the line at positive
pN in a, direction.
gr a.rising from the charge at negative y is
----
ouEs
2,2.3? Four
4 cm
1.2 nC point charge are located in free space at the corners of a square
----
pJ.
EXERCI$E;
2,;.3
P:se8e
pr."t"o.t"tiHra?
ucq
t'3"'!
Assertion (A) : Net electric field flux emanating from an arbitrary surface
not enclosing a point charge is zero.
Reason (R) : Electric field intensity at any point outside the uniformly
charged sphere is always zero.
(A) A and R both are true and R is correct explanation of A.
(B) A and R both are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
2.3,4
minima
xcQ
2.3-4
(A)
"
(C) _L
'r
(B)
(D)
+
r
2,3"$
(C) 8.8b4
xcQ
2.3.7
(D) metre/Farad
(o)
10-i2
,f"
charge
electric field is
(A)
-o"
o"
ro'g
(B) Coulomb/Newton
(D) Coulomb/metre
(C) Newton/Coulomb
(c)
'
(B) a,
(D) o"
Page 90
M(:& 9.3"9
(B) Coulomb/metre
(D) Weber/m2
(A) Coulomb
(C) Weber
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
r!rl;d3
2.s.1o
wce
a.3"1{
@#,p
@)
Q#
@h
oo is
#h
(D) infinity
(C) zero
r${:rn 2.3,{?
iltso 2,3.t3
(B) C-m
(D) C-m'
(A) c/m
(c)
,1.r{:Q
t,3,1
c/m'?
(A) V x
(C) V x
vs;c p"*,'t:
D:
D:
Po
P,f
es
$t:e
2,3"ts
x D:
x D:
P"
(B) Coulomb/m
(D) Tesla
Gauss's law is
I D.ds: Q
fcl f od,s:Q
(^)
MS& 2.3,'17
(B) V
(D) V
(A) Coulomb
(C) Weber
@)
f D.ds: Q
tol
Iod,s:
(B) Joules
(D) Joules/m2
(C) Joules/m3
M$& :"3"'lS
KfrQ 2,3.{9
(A)
.-o
I
-co to
(B)
(D) q
' '60
(C) eoD
**t<{<X.*r<{.* *:k
Ppge g1
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
b
n
t^'
Ih
E
IE
I
-In'
Ib
(B)
(C)
'olt
-1volt
*5 volt
\u., -ru
rcQ
2.4.2
EQ
2.4.3
vuru
rca
2"4.4
the
(A)
(c)
0.5
D:
zp(cos,il)
a"c/^r.
The charg.
(B) 1
(D) 0.5 o
2.4,5
Assertion (A) : capacitance between two parallel plates of area ,A' each and
distance of separation ,d' is e Af d for large Af d, ratio.
Reason (R) : Fringing electric field can be neglected for large A/d ratio.
(A) Both A and R are individually true and R is the.orr""-t explanation of
(B) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanatiorr
ofA
lca
2"4.6
(A)BothAandRareindividuallytrueandRisthecolrectexplanation
Page 92
Chap 2
(B)BothAandRareindividuallytruebutRisnotthecorrectexplanat
Electrostatic Fields
ofA
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
MSQ 4"4,?
and opposite
What will be the equipotential surfaces for a pair of equal
charges ?
(A) Spheres
equation within
closedregiorrandassumethesamevaluesonitssurface'thenwhichoft
following is correct ?
(A) K and Vz are identical
M&& 2"4"9
(B)BothAandRareindividuallytruebutRisnotthecorrectexplanati
of A.
fficQ
caused
What is the electric flux density (in pC/m'?) at a point (6' 4' - 5)
8?
plane
r:
a
at
pC/m2
a uniform surface charge density of 60
(B) -604,
(A) -304,
(D) 60o,
(C) 30o,
at
concentric long conducting cylinders, the inner one is kept
is
what
constant positive potential * % and the outer one is grounded.
electric field in the space between the cylinders?
(A) Uniform and directed radially outwards
2.4.,t,t of two
2.4.{c In a charge
free space,
following?
arrangedinalinewith0.5mseparationbetweenthem.Ifl4lzisthe
stored with 1m separation between them, then which one of the
is correct
(A) W:0.5W
(C) W:2W
ICq
2.4"{4
2.4.,'5
Page g3
Chap 2
(A)
(C)
rca
(B) W: W
(D) W: 4W2
Spheres
Cylinders
(B) planes
(D) Cubes
2. It is solensoidal
3. It is static only form a macroscopic view point.
4. work done in moving a charge in the field form one point to another is
independent of the path of movement.
Which of the statements given above are correct
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(C) Only 2 and
Ga
2.4.16
(2,0) ?
(A) -200e6
(C) 200e,
mo
2.4,1?
(B) 1, 2 and 4
(D) 1, 3 and 4
(B) _200/es
(D) _240e11
The r-directed electric field E, having sinusoidal time variation eto, and
in z-direction satisfies the equation y2E":0 under source
free condition in a lossless medium. what is the sorution representing
propagation in positive z-direction ?
(A) 4: Eoe-k"
(B) E,: Eoe+ik"
(C) E": Eoe-ik'
(D) E,: Eoe+h"
space variation
-Q
2.4.18
(A)
rc1
GQ
2,4.1S
(*ffi1'n
r"r
(#*#r)"
@(t##r.l'E
what is the magnetic dipole moment in Am2 for a square current roop
having the vertices at the point ,4(10,0,0), B(0,10,0); C(_ 10,0,0)
and
D(:0,- 10,0) and with current 0.01A flowing in the sense AbCDA ?
(A)
(sf _za"
(C) 4a,
(D) 4(a,* a")
2a"
2'4"2a An electric
ty'
Electrostatic Fields
r
Page 94
rdcq
?.4.2"1
Chap 2
at r:3m is
(A) D: 5a,Cf m2
(C) D : l}l3a,Clm2
Electrostatic Fields
(B) D :2l3a,Clm'
(D) D: 18f3a,Cfm2
rr{{:& 2"4"?2
,tt*Q 2.4.23
Mre z.d.a6 The energy stored per unit volume in an electric field (with usual notations)
is given by
(B) tl2eE
(A) tl2elf
(D) eE2
(C) Ll2eE'z
r"lse
?"4..*$
r{*s
3"4"2$
(A) 9 x 10-3N
(C) 9 x 10-eN
ps*Q 3,4"X?
(A) V x E:op,
(C)VxE:p,leo
rdeQ ?,4.1$
(B) I
(D) I
x 10-6N
x 1o-12N
(B) V . E:opo
(D) V'E:p,/o
The electric field strength at any point at a distance r from the point charge
q located in a homogeneous isotropic medium with dielectric constant e , is
given by
(A)
E:ffio,
rc\ E:
,Q
oa,
4nr"
(B)
E:
fD)
,E
nas"os}
: -t-o.
4trtr"
tQ
2.4.29
(tl f o. d.s:lo"o,
tct
Eo
2.4,30
(B)
In.as:f
Page gb
p,d,,
Chap 2
(B) increase
(C) decrease
(D) not change
-o
2.4,3{
+0.008pC at (0,0)m
+0.05pC at (3,0)m
-0.009pC at (0,4)m
The total electric flrrx over a sphere of bm radius with centre
(o,o)
(A) 0.058 pC
(n) b.o+o pc
(C) 0.02e pC
(D) 0.016 pC
rs
2.4.32
-Q
2.4.33
-a
2.4.34
correct ?
(A) The force on the 3 nC charge is repulsive.
(B) A charge of - 5 nc placed midway between
e1
force.
and, ez
wirexperience no
Electrostatic Fields
Page 96
MSq 2.4"35
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
,!!e&
3.4.3r
ilrlQ *'4.38
(*l
(A)
(*l
(")
(c)
,(*)
(D),
d.oes
Sphere of radius o
flux density at
rd*Q 2.{.4{l
r:
(A) $p,i,Clm2
(B) !p,i,Clm'z
(C) ap,i.,Cfm2
(D)
tP,ucl^'
MCQ 9.4,4'l
charge Q
(A)
(B)
r
-r
(c) 5r
(D)
2'4'43
-5r'
Which one of the following is the Poission's equation for a linear and isotropic
but inhomogeneous medium ?
(.!J v2E:-EF
v . Y(eV):-p
(C)
MCQ 2,4.44
z:
Plane
(B)
v . (evV):-p
(D)
V2V:-L
(A) -70a"vlm
(B) -182'a, vlm
(C) 72tra"vlm
(D) -3602ro, v/m
MCQ 2,11.{5
+e
i--,._
i'-i'-
---
?_-
di
-- +
":,{
-----------
di
l.t-t2/
------::f-,.'
..i'
-Qi''
The electric field E at a point P due to the presence of dipole as shown in
the above diagram (considering distance r )) distance d) is proportional to
(A) llr
(C) I/r3
MC6t :,,{.46
Cliap 2
Electrostdtid Fidlds
s"4'43 If the electric field established by three point charge e, ze and 3e exerts a
force
Page.97
(B) rlr,
(D) 7lr^
what is the value of total electric flux coming out of a closed surface
(A) Zero
(B) Equal to volume charge density
(C) Equal to the total charge enclosed by the surface
(D) Equal to the surface charge density
rT
Page 98
MGq
Chap 2
rot-lJ#*
Electrostatic Fields
r:
< o is
@)-l:#d.
Q)-t#a,-l'ffia, @-t#d,
mco
3rz.
1A) .nt the point (1,0, - 1), V and the electric field E vanish
(B) *'y: 1 is an equipotential plane in the 4t-plane
(C) The equipotential surface V:- 8 passes through the point P(2, - 1,4)
(D) A unit vector normal to the equipotential surface V:- 8 at P is
(- 0.832* 0.55s* 0.072)
rvrce
2.4.4e
(A) E: Vld
(B) E:Vxd
(c)
(D)
E:
vl@)'
E:Vx(A"
*(*****t
X<>fi**
I/
$ol.uTtol{s 2,{
Page 99
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
soL
t.1"1
9C
-cgoc
in equilibrium so the force between all the pair of
Fta
(g)q
(g)q
l.e.
G-df
: Fca: Ftc
_Gqs_Gq(e)
n---Try-
sol- 2.{"?
q:- 4C
and
d:2m
E:k(S+R,+
where,
8?^R,\
and
charges.
So the net electric field due
g :9 x
10n
x (-5) x 10-n[(-7*4)o,*(3-0
2)o,]
:
30L
2.1.3
451- 3a,
3%
Ig"/'
1.4a,
!.284a,
a"f
*I8l-2a,
3)a,]
-l Ja, - 4a,f
,nt,,
L.004a"
E
So,
YxE:Zl!lo, ou!:
lw
+
dz
2az 3rz
2f-2ya,
Szan
- ra,l*
page
cbap
!00
?
Efectrostatic
Fields
Given
10 6C/m
R:-2o,,-
2.{.6
7.2a,
3.6a0
kV/m
sot.
ao
, :0 i*!?,)e"#)
--
2.1.$
line
: ,!*?;#
'
pr.:lp,Cf m:1 x
so,
$oL
R from an infinite
at the point
D:
D:
(- 1,0,1)
eoE
: eo(i a,*2ryan)
eo(a,)
i.e.
th
or,
,r,:lo,d,u
Q"n"
I:, [:,
:1x2x2tr:4rC
sol.
2"{.?
Totalelectricflux
Sowehave
,1,:f,O.
A,S
("t,\V:4r)
dS :4r
J{o.o,:l*
D(4trl) :4v
D : f.:1c/m2
l*
Thus
soL
2.1.8
sol.
2.i.s
D : a,C/m2
r*
= 2 m is ai:$
- r
as shown
"
in figure.
PAge
iOl
Chap 2
Electrostatic FieldE
So, according to Gauss law the total outward flux through the surface
will be equal to the charge enclosed by it.
l.e.
D(2nrh)
So,
p,(trf
h)
: p,r,
r
*: *(;)
Eqr
Thus
5S$- g"{""${:!
p:
i.e.
$o.as:e",,,
or
to ""''
J$n.as:+e","
As we have to evaluate E for r < 2 and since the charge
r < 2 so
Q",," :0
(sinceE:Z;
o )
density is zero for
(for r
<
2)
{ n . as- :
E(4r x (3)') :
r_
[ '"-o,,rt
oJ
: .lrf oar- lf
{nt4a,
(#)tt,t"ndrdndft)
*l:[
I'"
E(4nxg\:4"14(3-2)
LU
n:#o.
s$r-
g"*":e
fn
. as :
lf
r.o,:
*f
oo, +
r32
lf
tat*1au
+![
oau
4(r55
:ffiT'Fierds
E(4tr
Electrostatic
x (5)') :
sol-
2.t.13
*l:,I"
: +"41
(1Ur)
,:&*
I'"
(#)rr"t"0d'r.0d'Q)
!"^a,
P,:Y 'D
i.e.
:::tr.::ll:::;*""
- l- Q 1Sco20\+-J-41sin0s-in01
2f
r"
r'
-0
sol-
2.{.'r4
i.e.
.
--YV:-(!v+!v+4Y\
\dr" 0a''0r'l
:-lG t *7;ff
r+zs -roz
**)",+(zwt *a+#.*z)",
|,
r\
:3,U: 2,2:- 1)
E : 3.6a' * l7.4an -
*p.t).*#rol",]
P(r
35.6a,Y f m
is correct.
sol.
z.t.t6
- 1),
as
D:eoE
D : eo(3'6a,a71'4ar-35'6a")
:31.4o,,* 101o, - 3l4.5a"pCl^'
is
defined as
F:QE
So, the force applied at the point charge
r'
*1C
located at (0,y,0) is
(q:+ 1C)
: e)3%l2cos20a,lsindoa]
' ' treof
-44-1rin9o'
Atresr
(- o,)]
(d
90",
ao:-
&",
r:
a)
- Qd^ o.
-- 4trest'
sor-
2.1.{?
fG
Cte 2
Pete
Electrctatic
-'2I
nC,
A(
'i+""
B(1,0,
1, o, 0)
0)
x to'(+) x
10
e'ffi
is
'':: rQ68T:
I
ao)
ffi(a"*
4J-2-L(a,+
(- a,+ au)
('A + 1f
au)
2J2
-(ih,
As the field is directed
in a, direction so for making E:0 the third cha.rge
of +^/2 nC must be placed on gr-axis at any point g> 1. Consider the
position of the third charge is (0,y,0). So, electric field at point C due to
10'g_x
(.1?)
1o-'g
@-1)'
(-o,):-d*o,
4n2'/2
as discussed above
3r
:0
,ef,?,uo,,:o
\y- r)'
Q-7)':4ora:3,-1
1, so the point
will be located at
y:
: i;o"
En"
where a" is the unit vector normal to the plane directed toward point
Since the unit vector normal to any plane /:0 is defined as
a'
So, we have the
:+
Jl--lv/l
Zr*4y:e
AS
l4au
^ --r3a,
5
- Jg'+ 4' -*3a,r4a,
u|L_!----,:__j-
(f:
3r + 4y)
Fi:b
Since at
Page 10$
Chap 2
point (1,0,3)
Therefore,
Electroetatic Fields
/>
O, so' we take
:{ftw:
:ff{to,*
4an)
:67.85a"*90.48au
$oL 2"{"tg
lm
n : ]6o,err)
nt'7rna"
= (e
10e)
:9 x ,
so|-
2.1.20
(2
10-'g)
x (2r x n)
Cir,y",
"U#3a":70.86a,Y1^
Option (D) is correct. Electric flgx density produced at a distance r from a point charge Q located
at origin is defined as
o:ffi*
v
so
it
flux density
is
D:h*1r31:o
(r:
be
defined.
sol-
2.1.21
E _ __2__
4neoru
1Z cos 0 a,
*sin
0oe)
: \1z"osla,+ sindae)
r".
(P:
Atteoa,C-m)
l.e.
page
Blectrosratic Fiolds
JJ2.o"'e-sin2dl:o
r
r"'
'
2cos20
sin2d
f[t +:"o.zd]
Thus
:54.7" or 0 :125.3'
the conical surface of angle 0 :
sot.
?"*.*x
: 0
E,:
:o
Therefore
electric field component E,
:6'
54.7"
or
125.3"
will
have the
E : ^Ptzlfn p
and since the electric potential at point (I,r12,2) is zero so, the electric
potential at point (p,d,z) will be equal to the integral of the electric fieid
from point (7,r12,2) to the point to (p,6,r).
i.e.
10
x e x 10eln(;)
: 18h(;) (pr.:*|nc)
f*&?&;
;t;i,,:itill. $ ,:tt,'; Z iiir,i
l]1.r1
]:tr,:i t,,;:ririr-t,L-ri.
i.e.
is defined
as
at+c
--[n.
J
: -:r-a.
(t' + 4)'-',
dra, * rdra6
So we have the electric potential
d,l
* rsin0d$a,6
v:_[rr?.rr,udr_lc:nl
J lt'+4)"
f +4.+c
dY : o
At maxima'dr
,
@a+1ax2r:
At
r: o
d'.Y
d"f
:-
sot.
?"{.s4
r:
0 and
r:
oo
u"
LOE
Chap 2
Q)
Y:-Jr+4.+C
Page 106
Chap
Electrostatic Fields
So
at
r:
and at
0, electric potential is
u:f,+
2 electric potential is
w:[+
r:
"E,--Gq7Q
(For
So
ve)
:- f'n . at
r)
-R)
:-hl:Ta,:-/a;l-91| ..Q
47fo f
VQ)qI
So,
The graph
of.
V(r) will be as :
v(r)
${:}L
+-
-'. \
*
f\*,"
-x+
+..+
+
r,'\'',+
*.*
*
,"8\
'l,.*
t
r *
\--:--1P ",n
+O ' *:-v-
tI
+r
For determining the electric field inside the spherical region at distance
r ( < R) from the centre of sphere we construct a Gaussian surface as shown
in the figure. So the surface integral of the electric field over the Gaussian
surface is given as
:!e",":*[(#)]
E@trf)
So, the electric field
at a distance
Page 107
Chap 2
, :#(g#)"
Electrostatic Fields
:&f,,*
(ror r
< rr)
Therefore the electric potential at the point P will be the line integral of the
field intensity from infinity to the point P
i.e.
v(r):1lrh,.
where
d,r*
I'u. *l
-81
Ez
previous question.
,?)
:&[+-#(ry)l
So,
J- 2.1.2r
7(r)
decreases
with increase in r.
w,:|[
o,vd,,
the sphere is
v(r):&lh-+,(ry))
: f";l*t, - tl1
1m,
e: 1c)
(r?:1m,
g:1c)
(n
,, :+I' (#)t^
"
$re
- r)j@rr dr)
:S" h"t['ttr-ra)dr
:-
, =3 [l"'l'
16zr'0['
5 Jn
3 ,,4_3x9x10ex4
^ 5-----lt-5:! * 10e: b.4 x 10:J
-16?re.
a-2QA
'
'
'
>tr
So the electric field at point (r,0,0) will be directed along r-axis. Taking
only magnitude we have the net electric field intensity at (u,0,0) as
2Q
E'_ a
A
Fl
_l
: #ey
Page 108
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
Since
*?*'(#l* I #*#Glr-!+'(*l-
:
*+*
" #a['
powers
r(#l] -
:- 6Qa' _
r<(6Qo'\
4tr,"t4 -'-\ F/
${}t- x,*,:$
* (#) we get
#al' - !
+'(#ll
In.as-rn
-"-env-"
r"
So for the Gaussian surface outside the sphere at a distance r
the centre of the sphere we have
E@nf)
"G#
will
be
"
E:p,(tr?t)o:p,lRr\^
"' - Eo\sv
)"'
() ft) from
-4*ol
we have
r(<
R) from
E@rrf):d*C
Therefore at any point inside the sphere, the electric field intensity will be
':*+Po.:!(ft)o.
${lL 2"{-3{}
l: l
rSril'
-tt,
:r.r':.''l''' ':a)'.
:g*
zry1
""''-.
According to Gauss law the total outward flux through a closed surface is
equal to the charge enclosed by it.
,p
l.e.
total electric field flux emanating flux from the line charge between
0 and r: 1m is
So the
r:
: f o . d.s: e"n"
r ds
bE.
-o'
Joto60 -Q"o"-ot(t)
and by symmetry, flux through the defined surface will be one fourth of the
total electric field flux emanating from the defined portion .
I
QE. dS
the electric flux crossing the surface :
-T:
i.e.
"
f{o?H:,
l1. rrttli.
lir::i in
sgi-
*",!"3{
l;11 !;'1r1.
r:;
rritirl !.lrlf
1.1u,tll,rrl r:li'rir:ir'1lu-r
fi rl"$
.f '
is :il-' .
i'r.,ir.
Now we make the use of superposition to evaluate the electric field at point
P by considering the given charge distribution as the sum of two uniformly
distributed cylindrical charges, one of radius 5 m and the other of radius
2 m, and such that the total charge in the hole is zero. Thus we obtain the
net electric field at point P as
En"t
: Et*
Ez
where .Er is the electric field intensity at point P due to the uniformly
charged cylinder of radius 5 m that has the charge density (5 nc/m3), while
.Ez is the electric field intensity at point P due to charged cylinder of radius
2 m that has the charge density (-S nC/m3)
As calculated in MCQ.61 the electric field intensity at a distance r from the
cylindrical axes having uniform charge density p, is
n,
P"T
z--o
- co4
So we have
and
Et:#;n1:L#",
E, : #;R2: i#5",
at point P
is
En"t:"#f"r_
Rr)
Rt- R, : C:
So'
a,
En"t:5j#f*l
:282.5a,,Y lm
(separation
1m)
Page 109
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
Page 110
Chap
$oL 2"*.32
Electrostatic Fields
i.e.
:-[n'at
[*{t).'
:l*(#)''
torr<
forr>
is
The electric potential at any point outside the sphere (r > R)
:- I *(#),
: Q,R'
:--geo
- _p4t-tl'
[-7j- - 3eo"
, :- ["
o,
:-lfrn'
(r <
-E) is
l'n' atf
:- I^ *#a'- l'fi(!)at
at+
:-*l-+l:-#l+l:,.
:-#I-];lhl+-+l
:#(+-+):hP'-t)
soL 2,{.33
where
t:h^
P,
o"+unitvectornormaltothesheetdirectedtowardthe
point where field is to be determined'
At origin electric field intensity due to sheet at g : a 1 it
,,: htw):_fi",
(w:-
E_r _
9:-
f,a
is
origin
at
intensitY
field
So net
E : E+t+ E-, :-t;u+fiu :0
$or* 2,'t,34
{;{",):
au)
1 is
(a^:
au)
: {;{u)+ hei
a':
au)
_2x(SxtO-'g)- -----Zeo uo :
Therefore the net force on the charge
F
tol.
z.t.*s
will
bx10-e
--- eo %
be
: QE: (5 x 10-6)(!r_1Q
j)*
Page 111
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
2.83
1o-3N
as
n:fftu
so
it
So,
tol 2.1.3e
E*r*
as
E_,
:ht-ai+htq)
:-hou:-5j#o,
\"
rr,.
,oJ
dS
: J p,du:0
E :0 at any point
Therefore
P,(+trR2)
:
esE(4iTR2) :
I
,oJ
t'
d,S
Q"n"
p"(4trR2)
,:*(#)*
sot.
2.i.s?
where
&
--+
an
,!fia
surface charge density
nu
: At
o,)
(a": -
a")
(o*:
o")
o,:-*e")
So the net field between the plates is
E:Eu*Et
{ege 112
CIpn 2
: Ar-".y+[-2],t",)]
Etreltrostatlc Fields
s{3L k"1.38
: -
4
,).- &, 7-a o'9,,
E:-YV
So, the y-component of the field is
Eo:-* oa
Now, for the interval
-3 3 A 3-2,V :20(t+3)
En:-+:_
dy
For the interval
-2 3 Y S-
1,
20Ylm
V :20
g,,:-{:g
'
dll
<*1,
V :-20t
For the interval -7 3 y
So,
E,
So,
:-%:2oY
lm
So
For the interval 2
Eu:O
3 a < 3, V : 20(r-
3)
dll
" --dY:-2oY/m
Therefore, the plot field componentr E, with respect to y for the
intervals will be same as in option (A).
8,,
So,
r*L e.i.3$
defined
E:
t.e.
Eottr,
will be
F:eE:_(1.6x10-1e).8
du :-(1.6
lt n..
rn-l9tn
x 10-1e).8
-ffi
therefore, change in the velocity
x 10-1'g)80d, a'
x to-'n)p (rlt,\:_(1'6
:
=\dt)
rn
m.
of electron moving in * o, direction will change to
z l[!P4t o,
.u1 :
o, :-.---_(t.o
usax-Q'6
:[,0-
(1.6
K.Eu,,
x ro \e)Eodt
1".
in K.E.
is
: |*r|t - |^r?
: (1.6 x 10-1e)E0d t-
LO'6
x 10:'f ET@IY
- o, direction
will
change to
...(1)
,u2
--,uo(tr,-@z#Wo"
Pa_gc
ErectrostatrcFierds
:-[**@#@l*
Since velocity increases, so Gain
'
K.Eco,n
in K.E. is
: |*d -l*rfi
:(1.6 x
eq.
lls
Chap 2
lo-re)Eodr*L@]#M
(2) we get
K.Er,o""
***********
t'
...(2)
soLuTloNs 2,2
Page 114
f,hap
Electrostatic Fields
soL
2"?.1
Correct answer is 0.
from the centle.
since all the charges are exactly equal and at same distance
and so the
so, the forces get cancelled by the diagonally opposite charges
net force on the charge located at centre is F',r- 0N
sol
2.2.2
"
-lu(-z)
I
(tl) x to'
(r)-
is
and so the net force experienced by the charge Iocated at center
F,"t--18+0:18N
sol-
2.2,3
+5 nC
*5
nC
point charges is
t :>#eaa
(where
ft is the distance
:&la+*+#*
1a1'Y]'
(an: a")
2"2,4
P must be located
(1-r)
r
rV-Tal{
Page 115
Chap 2
+1m-
Electrostatic Fields
P is zero
:0
l.e.
E.E
Since, the direction of electric field intensity due to the two charges
so
will
be
opposite
l^"#l_l#etl:,
2f :(t_r)2
t+2r-|:o
-, + -/q-LA
*ff:-l+J2
r:0.474
and
r:-2.414
As discussed aborb the point P must be located between the two charges, so
we have the distance of point P from charge * Q as: r:0.4I4m
sol
2.2.s
,.''
t.e.
:f
:
o,d'u
d'rdad'Q)
:f+n{zx1o-)"$1,,,
:
sot.
2"t"6
1.6
10-10
160 pC
cm
( r < o is
_Q_1
^v-2-2x160:80PC
Similarly as calculated in previous question we have
or
or
80
80pc
10-,2
:f+nx2 x 106.+]or,
rherefore, , :
sOL
2.2.?
Correct answer is
#
I
P,du\
I:Lt:,,(2
[#*iS
10-6) (fsin0d,rd0dfr)
+ (o.oz;,]'/3 :2.becm
: 2.6 cm
-48.
Charge density in a certain region is defined as the charge per unit volume.
Since the net charge in the subregion: B0% of. the electlonic charge
So
the
charge density
: n%!3#
_#x(-1.6x10-1e)
ht"
Page 116
4.8
10-8
:-
48 nC/m3
Chap 2
Electrostatic FieldE
soL
2.2,8
Q: I
o,as
: I),
:8
[-,tr'
(d"S:
z) (P d'$ d'z)
pdfrdzj\
at
lili^"1r13.
P:2
:8XItZ":8zr:25.1p,C
sol-
2.2.9
. e : I p.d.s
*" : [' [-"*t lzry\drd,y :6.59
J,:tJr=t
J 's
sol.
2.2.{O
:I
o,d's
: [\z,)(zn,a,)
2.2.11
E:3fa,
According to Gauss's Iaw the total charge stored in a closed surface is equal
to the surface integral of its flux density over the closed surface.
r.e.
Q,,,:f n-'as:qt'E'ds
- ',l Gf d d,s
: eoQf)(Anf)
:toX 3X4ttx2a
: 5.3 x lo-e - 5.3 nC
2.2.12
(f
as:4trfa,)
r:2rn
P,:Y'D:2r
l.e.
So total charge enclosed by the cube is
g:
:4x2x2:16C
2.2.13
' -\- L
4reoR
t/-
Q,
Page 117
Q,
' - Ti;;ilr-
where
cha,rges is
Qhap 2
Electroetatic Fields
/ir :
have
,Rr
2"s,',4
u:H[#_f,]:-5z8ev
Thus
sttt-
5.83
-- 4.24
: f O . aS
to surface)
The closed cube has total eight surfaces but as the vector field has no
component in a, direction so we have the integrals only through the four
separate surfaces as shown in the figure
,b
f"I'-if
:-!,
sol. s.t.d$
atY:o'
araz+
rt
['
rert
['tf
atV=1,
a*a,
IiSht
[dr].r'u
r+$x 1:-+:-0.16G7
: iaa,l y'#anCl^'
So, divD:V'D
D
(*",*&",**"")' (iw,+f*a,)
V . D :l2rE+2iyl
: j + f,: o.rs
(+,
L,L1l
Page 11E
sol.
2.2.{6
Chap 2
Correct answer is 4.
Itom the given data v/e have the electric flux density at
Electrostatic Fields
r:0'2 m as
D:Sfa,nCfmz
at any point is equal
point,
we ha,ve the volume
so
at
that
density
flux
of
the
to the d.ivergence
charge densitY at r:0'2 m as
According
to
Po:Y 'D
:$fter'fl):+
:20r :
2,2.17
x 5 x 4d
(r:
nClm}
0.2 m)
Correct answer is 0.
Again from the given data we have the electric flux density a.t
D:2lfa,nCfm2
So, the volume charge density at, r:1m
r:1m
as
is
p.:Y.D-h*1r1tr-'
sol. 2,2"t8
,r-P'R
' - 4";F
t/ -
"-
as:
p'AB
4treolABl3
-(Ia,-
an+2a,)' (arj:u*8a,) x
10-e
:0.6V
sol
2"2,19
+Ql4
+g/4
+Q/4
+Qla
Therefore, the potential at the center of the loop will be
:4(H#) :
,n
loe)
'Pq+r!)
(Q
20 nC)
sL
2"2"20
is defined as
-- t['n - at
as
E :2ya,t2ra,
and since the differential displacement in cartesian system is given as
w - - rl[^,rra, *
[=,,?,or]
The curve along which the charge is being carried is given
as
:G
I
we have w --zl[^z(/;E)ar+
l',z1zhdy]
:- +l*vny+!ta'l|,)
A
Therefore,
__
:saL
2"2.21
Correct answer is
r:2U2
TI
-t
3 -'121
^l7Jt
15.5J
1.
The work done in carrying a charge q from one point to other point in the
field .E is defined as
--ol n.at
and since the differential displaceinent for the defined circular arc is dl
: pd$aa as-obtained from the figure
So, the work done
is
- - 2J6:o
[(;"" -
y:
- - z l"/n -zf
psinS
1J
Qddaa)
"inscos
cos@
in
(p:
t)
gdft
:-2xt[!sin(zQ)aft
:*
Uau)
Electrostatic Fields
Page 120
saL
2"2.22
Chap 2
*1 nc
Electrosiatic Fields
1m
+1 nc
,1 m
{i*
*1
lm
nc
Lm
*1
nc
':=*r;:ffif;-fiir
/2)
:24.36volt
potential
is zero so the work done in
at
infinity
As the
charge from infinity tothe fourth corner is
(s: 1nc)
W:eV:10-eX24.36
:24.36nJ
soL
2,2.23
w:0
, r/y,
-
so the potential
at B
--
4ToA
at B
is
:-1-*10-tt:9nJ
I
47fs
and similarly the potential at the corner C
corners A and B
l.e.
v,:@,'9=#(+.h)
(9
loe)
x ro-"/{=+ r\
\r'2
and the work done in placing the last charge at D has already been calculated
in previous question
l.e.
Wr:24.36nJ
So the
is
9L
2.2.24
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
={'iY,!
# i,T;6 : 48 z2 nr
Correct a,nswer is 8.
The work done in carrying a cha.rge g from point r4 to point B in the field
-E is defined as
__tl,n. a
Q:2C
Given that
E:
sindop
w-
-,
* ty o cos6)bd6)
:-2 x ".tC
(1+ 1) x (2)' x [sin@]lg'
:_16r*:_r'
sL
2.2-25
. v:*#
.4 is
"tl
:gx10n-==4--9x103
-
JgiW+T
w:eav
tol.
2.2.26
(2
1.604 J
*8
nc
8r=
1o-3)
9s=
1cm
*E
nc
,/2.m
*8
nc
cm
Page 121
4z: *8 nc
/t%
(q,r
1pc)
*2 mC at point Bis
(t#d)
(ga
mC)
page
122
Chap2
ElectrostaticFields.
,r,
:2lO"V
W _l
where q, is the charges ? ,n" four corners and % is the total electric
potential at the corresponding corners'
For the l"t corner :
Charge,
4r :8nC
and potential, V: Vt* Vv* Vn
where Vrr,Vs, and %r are the potential at the 1"t corner due to the charges
e2, Qsa\d qa resPectivelY
n:*l&*#6*u3t]
So,
8x10-s[ 1 , 1 , 1l
: --Ge,
l0T1+ 0.u7, OnTl
-1-
:7.944 x
104
Since all the charges are equal so the potential will be same at aII the corners
and therefore the total potential energy stored in the system of the charges
is
',{rr-
2.2.2?
:;x A(nVr)
:2 x (8 x 10-'g) x (1'944 x 10) :
1
0'312 mJ
uu:lesE.
and since the electric field is equal to the negative gradient of the potential
sowehave
B:-YV
:-\K""*%",*Na;",f
r a,+4q+]a""lv1*
-1Ityr-'
'
' ,f
"o ral*"i
w,
:leo(E . E)
will
be
:ir,l# #. #l
+
w:
wrdu
|uo
f' I'
[l#
;fu + fu]a'aua'
:zl' I'li)aw-#-#l:^**
:\x3*#:9.68x10-13J
ssl.
s.z.zs
,,:!^1fu+#.#l
So, at the centre of the cube (1.5, 1.5, 1.5) the energy density is
,, : ]"[651fr
3-
2.2.25
(1.5)
Chap
l:s'rsx10-13J
e(n)
m"S(- a,)
where e is the charge of an electron, rne is the mass of electron,
acceleration due to gravity and a, is radial direction of earth.
So, taking the magnitude only we have ttre required field intensity,
gs
(g
E =rneg:
2.2.30
tr:t! ])f
g is
:b.s, x ro-,lvlm
Consider the electric field intensity produced at point p(0,1,1) due to the
A, B and, c respectively as shJ*.r*in*/figure is E,
, Es and.Ec' respectively.
kQ
'-l
.P(0,t14,r14)
A-Blm
So the net electric field at
Enet
point P is
: Ee* Ea*
Ec
Q is defined
so
as t : &fr
R from
:'hPrtfi+kartft.rartft]
(!u*!*)
(-i"*i"")
:G^"I(+FilI*-
a point charge
En"'l
'^rffi.roffi.roffi
(*" - 1"")
[(*1. (+r]'''
and since
En"t:0
(1)
so we have
3
" 1'uY'
aY-
4k
t(*l
sol
2.2.3r
get
in
t1
\4 n'''
-0
[(?i.Gll'''
&
5.bg
' : *(5)",
r is the distance from center of the sphere and p, is the volume charge
density given as
where
Electrostatic Fields
i.e.
lq.
Page 123
A 2x10-e
p,:T;fr:-;GF
Page 124
Chap 2
(Q:znC,R:3m)
:I.77 x 10-11C/m3
Electrostatic Fields
it
is at a distance
F:eE
*"ffi:
d,2
"XG)
(_ 1.6 x 10-1rX1.72 X
E: let
10-11)
x 1o-31X8.85 x 1o-")
d2r
E-___(L.r7 x 1011)r
x5
#*(1.12x1011)r:o
Solving the differential equation we have
r:
Now, at
t:0, r:3m
So putting
it in equation
(1) we get,
Ar
:3
again at
t:0, #:
r=lcos(/ttzxrort)
At
sot.
2.2.32
t:1Psec
r':2.83m
'r
So,
2rf
2,?.33
is
g"or(r/tr? xloflt)
: JTl7Vffi
"nJ?Vffi :_
f :- -_--_'sol.
h
o.:44
104
Hz :54.4KiH2
de
--lQ\rq
\37*" -
goon
1o-6
"(6Y
Qd,rdg)
so
as
= 25 x l}-ortlrilg'
The force applied by the charge.element dQ on
at point P is
d,F
(150
1o-6) dQ
the
Page 125
x 70-6) dQ
(l + to;
(150
p
-.22.34
:zzo"l_ffi1:^:
e.44N
:f
o,d'r:
(o
c/m3)($"(tI)
(p,:6Cl^')
8zr Coulomb
and total charge after redistribution
Since
So, we
have
an
['n1+tr)(Sf
ra)d,r
qrnh
: +rk[f- 4l'
-!]cJ
olo:
or
soL
2.2.35
2,2.36
sol.
k :2.5
,!:8:
e.
50 ttC
2
:25p,C
Eot:2ffio0
where o, is unit vector directed toward point p arong p. so, the electric
field acting on the line charge at y:3m due to the line charge located at
g:-3m
is
ffi"
Therefore, the force
;:11? Ij?t
(Pr': 80 nc'a':
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
au'
P-
m)
9:3m
Page 126
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
is
F:
:
s0t
2,2.3?
11.
J,@rdz)(E)
(80 x 10-'g)(240ar)
19.24v tr,N
L.2 nc
l"
1^
l"l
!.2 nc
1.2 nc
4cm
The net potential at the charge located at ,4 due to the other three charges
is
r''t "
,^:h(ffi+#*h)
:9 x 1oe
rv x to=- +6rtotr'2 x 1o-'g/.--!-+-]-+
Lu A
x 1.2
:
10.8
730.92
\a
1 .\
Axto-")
102/z
+ -L\
\-'./z)
Volt
va : vc - vo: ve:730.92Yo1I
net potential energy stored in the system is given
the
Therefore,
as
soLUTloN$ 2,3
Page 127
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
2-3.t
i.e.
,:fo.d,S:e"n"
so when the charge enclosed by the volume is zero then the net outwar<l
flnx is zeroj or in other words, the net electric field flux emanating from al
arbitrary surface not enclosing a point charge is zero.
Now, the electric field intensity outside a charged sphere having total charge
Q is determined by treating the sphere as a point charge
I.e.
: -Q-a4nesrt
where r is distance of the point form center of sphere and a" is it's radial
direction.
So the electric field intensity at any point outside the charged sphere is not
zero.
Po:eYE
So when the field intensity is uniform
and
F
3.
yE :0
p, : 1YE:Q
y2V:0
as
sol.
2.3,4
sol
?,3.5
sol
2,3.S
sol
2.3,7
sol.
2.3.9
sol.
2.3.9
ii
Page.128
Chap
Electrostatiq Fields
sol.
2"3.'lO
\#r-
2.3,11
8SL 2.3.12
${}L
2"3,'13
sol. 2.3-{4
sol.
2.3.15
sol.
2.3.1S
sol.
2.3.17
$(rL 2.3.18
soL 2.3.t9
*********+*
soluTloNs 2,4
Page 129
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
:-lg
f,,
rd,r+
is
!)'rar* 1'"a,
,',*41,'"*41,',1
J.
2.4.2
due
Et - a,*2au_ a,
point
p is
':il.';ii;""
toN. 2.{.3
is defined as
Pr:Y'D
- zp(cos2d)a"Clm2
Po:Y 'D
So, we get
:
:
sol
density
Since,
At point
fl'x
S[ro("or'6)o"l
pcos2dcfms
, :1t;"orr(*)
:t:o'5c/m3
(r,t,t),
:.4,4
3(}L ?,4"5
#=*
so, the fringing effect at the plates edges can be neglected and thelefore' we
get the capacitance between the parallel plates as
Page 130
Cbap 2
c:+
Electrostatic Fields
So
sol.
2"4.6
sol
2,4,7
+
+
+
+
r
equipotential
surface
2.4.S
$oL 2.{.9
YxE:-#
Y
xE:-ftlv r/)
(B: v x r4.)
v x(n+4a\:o
.'\- dr
I
Since, the curl of a gradient of a scalar field is identically zero. So' we get
E++A:-vv
dt
i.e. E * -v v in time varying field therefore A and R both are true and R
is the correct explanation of A.
sol :d"{fi
Page 131
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
P(6, 4, -5)
is
D:to,
:T(30L 2.4,{t
a,):-Joa,
E --O,
:-&Vo,
will be zero)
Given that the inner surface is at potential I/s while the outer one is
grounded so the region between the two surfaces will have a gradually
decreasing potential and so, E will not be uniform and it is radially directed
as calculated above (in o, direction).
$L
2.4.12
vrV
where
space
as
:-*
:0
So,
in charge free
Page 132
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
sol. 2.4.t3
0.5 m
_
w _!s-o,
2r,or
as
v,
,*
gr is one point chaigl and yA is the net electric potential at the point
charge due to the other charges'
Now,wehavethenetelectricpotentialatanyofthepointchargeQlocated
where
in the system
as
,,:+_^(&*#)
-a
'lf o
given
So, total energy stored in the system of charges is
as
w:r(+av):m
(1)
potential at
Now, when the charges are separated by 1m then the electric
any of the charge Q due to the other two charges is
w: +,,(1 *?):
So, the stored energy
is
w:B(+av):#
FYom equation (1) and (2) we have
Wz
z.4.ta
: O.5Wr or
W,
(2)
:2W
as
IQ
v : GqT
So, for the equal distance r potential will be same i.e' equipotential
surface
2.4.15
I-
2.4.16
Page 13:l
Cbap 2
Ioua
+2oi
Electrstatic Flfds
vrv
where,
:_foeo
7 -+ Electric potential
P, --+ Charge density
h
i'
(r:2, y:0)
p,:eo(I20x2+120x0)
il
I-
2.4.'!?
Y,E,+PE,:O
Now, from option (C) we have the electric field component
E'
Eoe
as
rk'
: (_ lkf Ese-tu'
Y2E, :- li Eoe lk":- E E'
Y2E,
or,
sol.
c.s."{,a
Y"E,+
t* 8,,
So,
it
E:#h
Page L34
is cotrect
Consider the square loop ABCD carrying current 0.1A as shown in figure.
Chap 2
Electmstatic Fields
B(0, 10,0)
c(-10, 0,0)
,4(10, 0, 0)
,(0, -10,
o)
IS
where .I is current in the loop and
III,
So,
?n
^9
: (o.olxrcnf :2
A-r'rr2
m :2a"
i.e.
sol-
2,4,20
A.m2
as
D:L^o,
4Tr*
and the total flux through any defined surface is
: Io'
'$
as
So, both the quantities has not the permittivity e in their expression.
Therefore, D and Ty' are independent of permittivity e of the medium.
sol- 2.4,2{
i.e.
f D'
Therefore, we get
n(zn(3)h):
OI'
$or- 2.4.22
x 2r(2)h
o:*oo
:9
r,
,on
ast
W:QV
: (4 x
1s-u;gQQq
is
rT
: !9r j
10"
charges
where
as
Page 135
Chap 2
So,
J,
2A,23
1ry
Electrostatic Fields
at a distance r
O.\ r"
p2
&--liri
E" -QI
1 _GI
n, : *mV/m
|5|-
2.4.24
,":|D.
:leot . B:leoE'
$L
2.4.25
,4(0, 0, 3)
at B
so, their
Since, the forces fl - .s so the vertical component Fjy and .Sy are get
cancelled while 4u and Fjs are get summed to provide the resultant field
in
- a" direction.
Page 136
sot-
2"4,26
Chap ?
Electrostatic Fields
Charges,
Q,
----,
kQtQ,
f
toe(to-e)'z
:9x103N
30L
2"4.?7
i.e. fn-as:lp,d,u
In differential form, the Gauss's law can be written
Y xD:p,
V x E :*
sol
2,4.28
2.4,23
2"4,30
esE)
: -J-a,
4trer"
o-1
: -!-A4trf
i.e.
or.
vrr
sol.
(D:
E
so|-
as
$n.as:Q","
J"
Io.as:Ip,,d,
Jr'"-"
J"-
7 qtq'
n'
'-4tre
I
or
F.!
2.4.31
,bu
-.2.4.32
3,
2.4.3*
:
:
:
Qrl- Qz-t Qt
0.008 + 0.05 - 0t009
Pte l37
CtA t
Electrostatk
0.049 pC
it
(i.e.
2,4"34
F : QtQz *n
n''
4reuR2
when the charges are of same polarity then the force between them is
repulsive. The electric force on both the charges will have same magnitude.
As the expression of Force includes the term e (permittivity of the meclium)
GqT
:gxtOnx 10-ll4
:
J2'+o+o
45
Volt
W": QV
: (_10 x 10-e) x
:-450nJ
2.4.32
45
V
it
x,E:0
is conservative.
FiS
t
t
l.e.
So,
Page 13E
Chap 2
t
Electrostatic Fields
E:-YV
V x,.E:0
(Conservative)
i.e.
In. at:o
E:o
'ot
(Conservative)
So, (a), (c) and (d) satisfies that the field is conservative.
As the potential difference between two points is not zero inside a field
the statement (b) is incorrect.
I i-
so,
r:
a is
fo.ds:{:o,(t"d)
: P:! no'
p:ffa,C1m,
D(4na2)
is
a,s
IlYY
' -Tinrr-41ttrr,
and rz are the distances from the charges respectively. For the same
where
11
value
i :,
is correct.
charge free region
characteristic
In a
(p,:0)
Y . E:?:O
and
i{
r.
;.4".rs
x,E:0
or,
EF
3F+2F+
:0
Fr:0
R:-5F
Y'D:p
For inhomogeneous medium e is variable and
so,
Y'(eE):p
v . ['(- v v)]: p
V ' (uv V) :*p
This is the Poissions law for inhomogenous medium.
J.
2-4.4
Page 189
as
Chap 2
: !*a^
zeo
Electrostatic Fields
where p, is surface charge density and a" is the unit vector normal
to
surface directed towards the point of interest.
Given that,
p, :20nCf m2:20 x 10-e Cf m2
and
an
:-
z: I}m
th'
So we have,
n:?4jff{?o")
_20x10-ex9x
:l-
2.4./t5
4n
J6ltra"y /m
#(2cosoa,* sinda6)
d:
(for d <<
.R)
(, >>
d)
90'
Therefore,
p://-rt=7
t:##(o+oa)
i.e.
fa.
and
t :
b:
70e
t'
2.4.46
2-447
: --Q-a4nesI4
as
for
r)
':Cqffi*
0r
:
forr<a
:--!-0'
4trena3*
at any point
r:
< a is
a,
v:-le-at
:--l' *"' (d,ra,)- fn'
Page 140
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fields
:- I"
rdlL
*.6,;ss
^#ftu'-
(dra,)
I'L^neoo'd'
:Zty-
yz
of the
Electric field intensity at any point is equal to the negative gradient
Potential.
E:-Y V
i.e.
$*:-
?"4.q*
1)
at given point'
xx***x*{<t<*{<
_
at
*Qll_alxrH_n3
INTRODUCTION
The laws of electrostatics that we have formulated in the previous
chapters,
relate to phenomena where no bulk matter is present. The situation
when
matter is actually present in an electrostatic field is very different. This
chapter concerned with the electric fields in matter includes the following
topics:
o
o
o
o
o
o
il'
J:oE
3.
t _aD_^AE
"a
0T
-'aT
Page 142
3.3
Chap 3
""*'J':::'=::::conductins
ft
. as
:-*l
(Integral form)
o.o,
v'J:-4#
Closed
surface,
3.4
(Differential form)
,S
D:eoE*P
where
...(3.1)
PsE
P - x.eoE
...(3.2)
3.4.2 DielectricConstant
In a dielectric material, we define the electric flux density in terms of electric
field intensity as
...(3.3)
D -- eoe,E
D--eE
ort
where e is the permittivity of the dielectric material and e " is the dielectric
constant also called the relative permittivity of the dielectric material.
3.4.3
as
D:eo(I+x")E
Thus, by comparing the above expression to equation (3.3), we get the
relation between dielectric constant and electric susceptibility as
e,
:1*X"
L43.1 Dielectric
Breakdown
Page 143
kV/cm.
IIB
If
the conditions that the field must satisfy at the interface betweerr th<
two media are called electric boundary condit'ions. To define the electric
boundary conditions, we decompose the electrical vector into two orthogoiracomponents as
E:Et+8,
where -81 and En are the tangential and normal components of E to tjrt,
media interface, respectively. Similarly, the electric flux density rnav irt
decomposed as
where
Dt and D,
D:DtlD,
L5.1
Et,: E*
Qu:Pn
tr
It:';'t,i:i:::,t:]t:].-.:.''i.:l
Chap 3
D'n:
Chep $
Dzn
zEzn
: Ps
Boundary Conditions
or the
Page 144
:
t=rn
3.5.2
Conductor-Dielectric
I
I
I
,::"._"
so, we denne
r?i:";_,y
",: ?:
|
i
Conditions
These boundary conditions will be identical as those for a conductordielectric boundary except that e will be replaced by e6 ' so that the boundary
conditions for the tangential and normal cornponents become
Dt:O: Et,
Dn: ps ,
n -Ps
and
3.6
'"
CAPACITOR
essentially consists of two conducting surfaces separated by a
layer of insulating medium called Dielectric. The purpose of capacitor is to
store the energy in Electrostatic Field. Figure 3.3 shows the capacitor with
A capacitor
conducting
spheres
Dielecftic
Material
(u)
I
I
Drr:Ps
or,
3.5.3
as
(c,l
Fignle il.ll: (a) Parallel Plate'Capacitor' (b) Cylindrical Capacitor' (c) Spherical Capacitor
i
l
i
,,-
t
t
t 6.1
Capacitance
The property of capacitor to store the electricity
is called its capacitance.
suppose, we give e coulombs of charge to one
of the two plates oi"up*ito,
and if a potential difference of 7 volts is
established between trr" t*i, tnu'
its capacitance is defined as
t
F
t
a
:9:
p.Gnt-iqm,""*
If
c:+
L
" _- rn@d
2re
t/1
consider
a spherical capacitor
If e be the permittivity
C
-
3.6.2
: -""\brru( . ob \
al
: i"n
where
is the energy in Joule,
''i**ain Volt.
the voltage
3.7
it. In
is
p,
and.permittivity
,t, :_+
where
charge-free region
3.7.1
Uniqueness Theorem
Fage 145
Chap 3
Electric Eield in Matten
Page 146
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
*x*t<r<*.*<t<*t<*
EXERCT$E 3.{
Page 147
art-^e
Electric Field in Matter
J :9a"-'
uc&
3"1'{
2o-sind
(n'+ t)
(A) oA
3'1.2
for p ( 4 will be
(B) 1.5mA
(D) 20 A
(c) -32A
ucq
a. A/m2
time
Mcq
3"i"s
(c)
3"'''s
vott
o
0.50
0.813
@) 2.44a
(D) s.13O
w
(c) 2e.3w
(A)
aI$Q
(A)
McQ
(D)
(B) 18 w
(D) o.8W
175.7
3'{"? A solid wire of radius r and conductivity o1 has a jacket of material having
conductivity o2. If the inner and outer radius of the jacket are r and .R
respectively then the ratio of the current densities in the two materials will
-R
and
r?
rage
Chap
ile
3
Electric Field in
Matter
Mco
3"1.8
.lucQ
s"t.e
tttcq
3.t.to
Two perfect dielectrics with dielectric constant n:2 and enz:S are
defined in the region 7 (y> 0) and region z (a< 0) respectively. consider
the electric field intensity in the 1"t region is given by
3.t.tl
70a"
2od region
kV/m
will be
*""
esEna"
and !a"
and
(C) 4Esa,
(A)
W: W+ W,
(c)w>w+w
wtce
3.,t.ri
(B)
W: JW'w,
(D)w<w+w
When a neutral dielectric is being polarized in an electric field then the total
bound charge of the dielectric will be
zero
(c) negative
(A)
(B) Positive
(D) depends on nature of dielectric
rcQ
3"{"rs A cvlindrical
(l) ,: ,/ I
(C)
2m:
@)
,: tE
(D)
r:
(A) q
rB)
(C)
(D) lloe
"o
oe
J :L"-rc"'
a, Af m2
75.03A
(c) 0.37 A
(A)
rcQ
3'{"*s At a particular
,:6?
(B) 27.7 A
(D) 2.77 A
is directly proportional
(A)
(c) 1,
'r'
Q.2l
r:0.6
and,22
(B)
@)
m will be
Two uniform infinite line charges of 5pc/m each are located at r:0,
g: 1 and t: d, y: 2 respectively. Consider the surface g: 0 is a perfect
conductor that has the zero potential.
rca 3.1.s?
1.2volt
+0.2volt
(B) _0.2volt
(D) _0.04volt
p will be
page 149
cbapB
EbctricFieldinMatttr
chap
Erectric Fierd in
Matter
uce s.,r.23
| |
;:,:t:::"ctric
:"::::
'^'
",,
ruce
- trar
i",ia" tn"
I
t
I
I
'"'
cL,",
7\'r'
lx.
from the
",,
",,
(B) 8zio3
(D) -8zro3
willl
::""
ffiL
P
(Uniform)
GE1
3.1.ru
(A) 2P coulomb
(C) 0 coulomb
Ge 3.t"4{t If L:2r
Page 151
(B), P coulomb
(D)
-P
Chap 3
coulomb
as
, ,, ,.F
rl
iil
'.'ril
(c) , l { lr
\'\
''.: l-
..
McQ
3.{,2?
(A)
as
J
1
Gl
l-.*-*l
| .;', -'{
(D)
r3
surface
McQ
Pstzt Psrr
Ps't
Page 152
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
Psn
Pnt
Which of the following gives the correct relation between the charge densities
(A) Rrt :
(C) R"rt :
Paz, Pstz:
Pszr
pszt:
ps22
psr2t
3.1.30 r:
0 is
(A) -5e6y
(C) -5eo(r+ y)
tucQ 3.{.3{
9:0is
(A) -5ess
(C) -seo(r+ u)
MCQ 3.r.32
(B) -5e6r
(D) 5eo(rs)
(B) -5eor
(D) Sesry
If net surface charge per unit length is 10 c/m and 6 c/m for the inner and
outer conductor respectively then the surface charge densities on the four
surface will be
Surface p:2m
(A)
(B)
5l3tr
(c)
i
rl"
(D)
&3
rr.rs
Plane
z:0
p:5m
-Iln
0
21"
7ln
p:6m
alSr
4l3r
-2ln
0
ps:2nCfm2
z(
P:3m
5l3tr
-lln
-Il"
-Iln
as shown
z)0willbe
1,,
Ps:2
Plane
nc/m2
(A) 220a,*279a0-2a"
(B) 2a"*3an*224a"
(C) 222a"4-227ar+2a,
(D) 2a,l3a,o*226a"
-_
;o
4eo
as
for0<g<1
$+ar
y:0
O
-3eo
3eo
- 5eo
at
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
at gr:
_3eo
o
o
8eo
_'
'_
-
t//-
Page 153
Chrp
Page 154
,i{",*
surface
will
be
density
charge
polarization
volume
dielectric slab,
Chap 3
- 1 inside
the
.s."r.:*,a
occupied
n:ffio,
It
for
by
is found
a1 r1
(N
(b'z
@)
(a'
lf)
lf)
(c) (f l3)
(D) (a'lb')
r:rt i"l r?
reP;tt"(?)
(c)
r:{.13 3"$"3fi
(o)
#th(?)
p'h(?)
1m
3m
If the total voltage drop in the capacitor is 9 Volt then the voltage drop in
1"t and 2"d dielectric region will be respectively
(A) ++ Volt, ff Volt
(B) 3Volt, 6Volt
(C) f+Volt, lf volt
(D) 6Volt, 3Volt
Page 155
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
Dielectric
slab
(B) 16cos@sinl:
(D) 32cos@sin0:
********,t<**
f
I
Page156
QhaF 3
Electric Field in
Matter
EXERGI$E 3.2
! --
&ei$
----
Q#*ts
**j$
*ss$
s.4.4
be
nCf m2'
el,rs 3.x.5 What will be the dielectric constant of the atomic hydrogen
&{Js$
3.?.s
The dielectric constant of the material in which the electric flux density is
double of the polarization is
&&JKs
3.a"?
----
i.
A and O
A lead bar of square cross section has a hole ofradius 0.5 cm bored along its
length as shown in the figure.
-1
l cml
3cm
_l
3cm
(Conductivity of lead
106(ftm)-1)
If the length of the lead bar is 8 m then the resistance between the square
will be
mQ.
Page 157
Chap
3"2.s If the hole in the lead bar is completely filled with copper,
resistance (in pA) of the composite bar
(Resistivity of copper
I.T2
10-8
f)m)
F r,e.rr If a portion of dielectric is removed from the capacitor such that 6, : 1 for
,
+ < 0 < zr and , : 4 for the rest of the portion, then the capacitance of the
composite capacitor will be
pF.
zs
Bs
'"
g cm is lying along z
-axis. The region between the cylinders contains a layer of d.ielectric from
P:4cmto p* 6cm with ,:4.If the length of cylinders is 1m then the
capacitance of the configuration will be ____ pF.
A:10
d:4
cm2
rnm
3'2"15 A thin rod of certain cross sectional area extends along the gr-axis from
a:0m to y:5m. If the polarization of the rod is along it's length and is
given by Pr: 2U2 * 3, what will be the total bound charge of the rod ?
s
Page 158
Chap 3
ThetwodipolesPl,P2withdipolemoment2nC-mandgnC-mrespectively
in figure'
are placed at 1m distance apart as shown
----
----
pN
- m'
pN
- m'
Athicksphericalshellismadeofdielectricmaterialwithapolarization
P(r)
:lwrrClm'
where
outerradius6mthentheelectricfieldintensityatr:l-mwillbe--
v/*.
{lu&$
s.2.zt If at r:
b n},
r:7 m ?
.E
: &9
thervalue of k is
Ql}frs3.2'2?Asphericalconductorofra,diuslmcarriesacharge3mC.Itissur
outtoradius2m,byalineardielectricmaterialofdielectric
:::;, ;;;;*; ;;'th" fig*"' what will be the enersv (in Joule)
configuration
of
with
di
material
sphere of radius llJi m is ma'de of dielectric
is embedded i
0'6nO/m3
density
charge
free
constant ,:2.If a uniform
Volt.
it then the potential at the centre of the sphere will be --'
&r.,s 3,2.23
ouEs
Aparallelplatecapacitorisfilledwithanonuniformdielectriccharacteri
plate in meter' If
ir" ,):- ifi+ iOOi,,l where a is the distance from one
them is 10
between
separation
surface area of the plates is 0'2 m2 and
be
PF'
then the capacitance of the capacitor will
3.2"24
----
conducting cylinders.
each having a radius of 0.2cm, separated by a centre to centre distancc gt
2cm. The medium surrounding the wires has relative permittivity ,-- 2.
If a 100 V source is connected between the wires then the stored charge rrer
nC/m.
3J.26 A tank
oil
0.01gm/crn")
FEs 3'2'27 A conducting spherical shell of inner radii 2 m and outer radii 3 m ca.rri,
uniformly distributed surface charge on it's inner and outer surfaces. If the
net surface charge is 9 C for the conducting spherical shell then, the surfa<ri:
charge density on outer surface will be
cl^'
ruEs
3'*"28 An infinite plane dielectric slab with relative permittivity r.: 5 occupies
the region r > 0. If a uniform electric field .E : r}q,,v/m is applied iir tlr;
region z < 0 (free space) then the polarization inside the dielectric will bc
ke
luEs
sheets separated bv
kv.
Page 159
Chap 3
'Electric
Field in Matter
Pgge 160
Cbrp
auEs
3.2.3{
--.--
I
&:q"$ffits 3"?":??.
The medium between two perfectly conducting infinite plane parallel sheetsl
consists of two dielectric slabs of thickness 1 m and 2 m having lermittivities I
4:2o and ez:4eo respectively as shown in the figure'
Infinite
Infinite
sheet
+
+
+
+
0.6 nClm2
0.6 nC/m2
+
+
+
+
+
1m
If the conducting
2m
and opposite densities 0.6 nc/m2 and - 0.6 nc f m2 respectively, what will be
the potential difference (in Volt) between the sheets ?
{<**+r(*<{<***
{<
EXERCTSE 3.3
?bge 16r
CUep
xco
3.3.{
The electric field in the three regions as shown in the figure a"re respectively
Er, E, and .Es and all the boundary surfaces are charge free.
If
e1
es
(A) E, + E2+
(B) E
E3
(C)E=Ez:Et
a
rco
3.3.2
ICA
3.3"3
(B) c/m
(D) C-m'?
V2
I rco
3,3,4
(C) no solution
rcQ
3.3.5
Ez
(D)El=Ez*Es
(A) c/m'
(C) C/m3
: Et*
(A) zero
(C) infinity
(B) p"
(D) -p"
ICO
3.3.6
rcQ
3.3.7
HCO 3.3.a
(A) oxygen
(C) hydrogen
teQ
is
(B) water
(D) nitrogen
(B) decreases
(D) becomes infinity
value
162
chap 3
page
Electric Field in
nilcq
Matter
rucQ
3,3.{{
3"3.rt
(B) 4
(D) 2
Poisson's equation is
(A) V'
(C) V'
tutce
e
V:- P,
Y:
p,f
E,r: B*
(C) E*r:
?t,,
(.F')
ilrco
3"3.t3
(A) o" x (E
(C) Er:6,
McQ
- Er):o
on the boundary of a
(B) E"r -
fi,2:
(D) E"r:
Ps
(B)
'(E'- Er):o
""
(D) none of these
(A)normaltothesurface(B)tangentialtosource
(D) (C) zero
McQ
3.3.{5
(C) zero
(D) *
x**x<t<******
EXERGI$E 3.4
hC!
Elechic
rco
nca
3"4""!
3"4"2
parallel plate air-filled capacitor has plate area of 10-a m2 and plate
separation of 10-3m. It is connected to a 0.5 V,3.6 GHz source. The
magnitude of the displacement current is (e : frfO-'g n/m;
(A)
10 mA
(c)
10 A
(B) 100 mA
(D) 1.5e mA
(C) [2.0o,
(D) (2.04,
* 3.0ar*
l.Oa") volt/m
MCA 3.4,3
MCO 3.4,4
Me& 3.d"$
(A)
(C)
(er
r"l
@i#:tr
-t ez* ez)C
raE
Cfrt
FiSink
Page 164
rtrcQ 3.4.e
Chap 0
,/E
ut" separated by a
(A),*-,(4E')
(B) 45'
(c)
(D) 30'
"",-'(4E')
MCQ 3"4.7
MCO $.4.8
Along
metrethickdielectric (e
3eo)
(A)
(C)
l,rcQ 3.4"s
4eoa,
36soo,
< r < 5 is
6e,.The polarization
.Oo
(B) 8eso,
(D) Zero
The flux and potential functions due to a line charge and due to two
concentric circular conductors are of the following form :
(A) Concentric circular equipotential lines and straight radial flux lines.
-Q
3.4.{{
Page 165
the
3.
Capacitance
(B)land2onIy
(D) 1, 2 and
3cl 3.4"!2
-a 3.4"'!3
GO 3,4.{5
*o
3.4"{6
resistance of a metal
(A) decreases
(B) increases
(C) remains unchanged
(D) varies in an unpredictable manner
rca
3.4.1?
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
Page 166
i/lco
3.4",rs
Assertion (A)
: Potential
Chap 3
extent is zero.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
[,t*s
3,4-*$
rscg
3"4.20
charge
(D)
pJ
(A)
#.N
tcl rela
ifico
3-4"21
-(B)1pJ
(A) 1mJ
(C) 1 nJ
tut
sh *
(D) 4zes N
1c;
fisr
(D)4i.
''dro
!$cQ 3.4.22
fr.ltcQ 3.4"23
For an electric field E- Essinwt, what is the phase difference between the
conduction current and the displacement current ?
(B) 45'
(D) 180'
is situated
parallel to and at a distance from the grounded infinite plane conductor.
This field problem can be solved by which one of the following ?
(A) By conformal transformation
(B) BV method of images
(C) BV Laplace's equation
(D) By Poisson's equation
IS
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
rGo
10-4 J
10-4 J
10-4 J
10-4 J
(A)3v
(c)
rcQ
3.4.28
(B)4v
(D)ev
6v
3.
4.
HCQ 3.{,29
10 joules
(C) 40 joules
HCO 3.4.30
(B) 20 joules
(D) 80 joules
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
are discontinuous
are continuous
depend on the magnitude of the surface charge density
depend on electric field intensity
Page 167
Chap 3
Electric Field in
Matts
Pt"-!6E- ,
ctai
"
Ebctric'field in Matter
3.
4.
' ,
(L) 2tresR
(c) 4;eoB2
lvlcQ
(.8),4neoR
(D) 4tresfR
3.4.33 A parallel
(B) 4V,2.5Q
(D) Vl4,Q
MCQ 3.4.34
-__/
t
(A)
(c)
Charged plate
(dr+ t)
(d'+
Ld.
o,/^'
t1
(B)
(d"+ t)
(dr+ t)
(D)
h
d,r
].*.
(D)E:D+eoP
f. *".
h
r 3437
:
't
F
c,
e.ela
(A) 3o
(B) 5o,-2ao
(C) 6a,
(D) o'-q
(c)
(D) 6
R?
(A) hr/esR
(C) 2neo/R
I r'c"c't
(B) 2reoil
(D) aneolR
Page 169
Chap 3
Electric Field in Mdtter
Page 170
";$(:Q S..d3
Cbap 3
Reason (R) :
3.4".13
3"4.d.4
;{.& 3.4.4$
(A) v:
(B) J:
(C) J:
(D) ,? :
as
Rr
Elo
oE
ptlA
(c)
llil{r* 3"4"i}?
(B) Both A and R are true but R is Nor the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
f,tfi&
3"4"d}.*
quadrant\_--,
page 171
Chap
(A)
(B)
F
H
(c)
(D)
r
h
i
h*"
i
:1
--t
i ":n
E:26.,
(A) -4e,
(C) -2es
Q
(B) -3ee
(D) -to
(A) r/5
(e)s
(D) 5_1
(c)1+b
x***>t**>t**{<
soLUTloNs 3.{
Page 172
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matterr
sol' 3.{.{
r:It.as
where dS is the differenjtial surfaee area having the direction normal to the
surface.
have
:(ff",-ffi""){oo'00"")
: f" ( l-2}=sin|'
-
./a=oJp=o\ c. +
)@aoao)
:-ll=,ftoaolll?t"oaol
:0A
sol.
3.1.2
9*:-v
0t
.J
t:Too-ffio"N^'
So, we have the components
Therefore,
Jo:
T,Jr:
0 and
J,:- (ffi
*:-li#;@r,)+I#.*]
:\tr&*'.*(#y)l
-0
sol. 3.t.3
t:h+:ffiq
: $a"
27tp
(I:2ml
Af m,
'
as
Page 173
E_J _lf 3 -t
D-o-o\fi-,1
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
2rx4xl0'
0.05
:238.73Y lm
Option (A) is correct.
Voltage between the cylindrical surfaces is defined as the line integral of the
electric field between the two surfaces
i.e.
v:-[n.m
Now the electric field int6nsity in the medium between the .two cylindrical
surfaces as calculated
a.nd
in previous question
is
": *(h"r)
dpap
, :- I:::i,(#r",). {aoo,):-#'(*)
:-
4.88 volt
So, the voltage between them will be 4.88 volt.
r
F
3.r.6
3.1.7
:Y:#:
0'813o
(Y:
4.88
I/ :
4.88 volt
volt,l: 6 A)
1:6A
i.e.
where
E :4:o1
J2
02
Jr
Jz--Qoz
i.e.
3.1.8
it will
.R.
o2.
Page 174
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
:-YV
:-(#**%"*#"")
:
$aL
3.{"9
500a,,
V/m
e,:815
:7.}8aynCf'm2
${3t- 3"t.,lo
$$r- 3"t"1{
=[H:il:i];'j{$::"'
Eu =
20an
will
be uniform.
I.e.
Ezt
E2E2n: E1E6
Ern
- Z"-:!1zoo4:
e",
So
Dz: reoEz
: 5 x 8.85 x 10-12(50o, ]-San- 104,) x 103
: 2.2I a" -f 0 .35 ou - 0 .44a" pC I ^'
$ot-
3.1.12
*":i,x
F
Y.
lar-rs
(s)r+ (10),] x
ee[(bo)r+
106
Page 178
59 mJ/m3
Ei, :6o9
Therefore,
L
3.1.i4
E^
: &Eoa": *a"
Din
.e
Ein
= +eo!
o,:
(s
:|a
:$uo
41111
sE()a,
as
(E . E)du
.
f,tn,* az) (8,+ n,)au
(E: fi-r
E2;
wr+
eo@,'
E2)du
frorras+
oo,o,
Pps:P'an
where
a'
ppr.:_ V . p
so we have,
Qbouna
: frt, . a,)d,s - v
|
. e a,
:fv.ds- lv.va,
I
vr
Therefore,
Qoou,a
:0
. pdu
Chap 3
(d,sa,:6s1
pist
rzo
Qt'h
sol.
3-,1-{6
olribn (nlt$,mlum
Given thd conduAii"itv
"f
a = lo(Om)-t
5r :19619;-1
-"t"it"t,
So we
have,
1oo
: Jdf"t
(5:
:.8
, -!
sol. 3.{,17
it
carries
resi$tive
So the
ib
R:4
OD
u:_T
^ g,S
Therefore the time constant of the capacitor will be
, : RC:3
soL
3.1.18
t:ft.w
J
the current
d so we can have di
I - J. S- J(4trf a,)
- !-"-to'noP
:4trx(6)'xlx ato"to*
: 4n x 6 x e-r: 24tre-L: 27.7 A
.t
i.te
Q*:-v
dt
.J
aet -_ t
-
0t
direction so we bale,
o ,.
S6rt'tJ')
0p, :-7A;\'
_ _ l 0 ts1
t"--ro,r\)
p,e,t)
where
/(r)
P,(r,t)
:$-"-tot *
.,1'1
co
P,(r,t) :0
put the given condition in the equation to get
Now for t -+
So, we
3.1.20
therefore
p"(r,t)
i.e.
p,(r,t)
.h
/(r):0
1Q1"-to"
rt
(1/')"-to"to'
:h:W:ro3ran
u:L
So, at r:0.6m, o : 103 x 0.6a, : SSQa"m/s
i'e'
3.1.21
o]:
5 pclm
Pl,: -5 P..l^
Pr:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
5 Pcf m
Pr:
5 Pc/m
Page 177
Chap 3
Electric Field in Mritter
r178
QhaF 3
Page
Electric Field in
The work done to p?rly a unit positive charge from a point located at a
distance a from the line charge with charge density n, to another point
located at a distance b from the line charge is defined as
Matter
Uu:-&n(L\
z'^Eo \u I
and since the surface
will be equal to the work done in moving a unit positive charge from
plane y: 0 to the point P. So the potential at point p will be
the
v,:_2fun(!)
where a is the distance of the surface
g:
so,
scl.
3.{.t2
ve
P:=Pt
- 2neo 4
172
,:Eh#
O.\2a,
0.0032a,
0.12a,
0.008a,
(0,2,0)
V/m
as
pr, __v . p
Since the polarization of the sphere is p(r):2yq,,
So the bound volume charge density inside the sphere is
pp,
: I P"xtnf
E-,1
" - 4reoQ'!"n-7<L' G;;---7-e'
: Ho,:-ffio,:-(*]ir",
so the radial component of the'electric field inside the sphere is
D_
Dr
--
2^I
^
c0
r from
$
p
IB
F-"
r
fj';}
br""
F
Ir
(-*)
with respect to
r as shown
Chap 3
F,
i-
f
r
B
$
F
p
t
h
h
F'
[,r.
t
Page 179
t
F
PPs:P'o'n
so the bound surface charge density over the spherical surface is
prt : P(r)' a,
:2r:2a
So,
:2a x
4tra2
(a":
surface r:
a,)
a)
:8ra3
and the bound volume charge density inside the sphere as calculated above
is
Pro:-6
So,
: o,,(tra'): (- 6) x (+"0):-
stra'
3.'t.as
Ps: P'
where
an
P'--V
'P
p.
P'-- v'P:0
and the surface charge density over the top and bottom surface of the
cylinder is
Ps:P'an:tP
surface)
Pase 180
So the
Chap,3
Qs*
Q,
: l, oras + |
sol.
,,,0,
:I+
P(rrf)
- rQrf)l* o :
3.1,2S
sol. 3.t.27
$oL 3.1.28
"" f
Pt*
P"2
: Psl
and,
"'(1)
and since the electric field intensity inside the conducting slab must
be zero
Sot
Et* Ez :0
where ,81 is field inside slab due to charge density
slab due
to
...(2)
p"1 and
Ez is field inside
p,2
ti:+:*::r*:+'r+' +r*.r+ +. +. + +
+..i+..+
E:#o,
where
o'
So we have,
: He
E, :
Hu"
E,
o")
Prt: Pr2-
PL
:-
a,)
(a,:
o,)
(a,
#Fo,\-t
n!!a.:o
tc\
'
-c0'
PsI
Ps2
t : #,",,
where
Hta")rffia"*Ho"+ffia":o
(o,,
:-
4.,
... ( 1)
Solving
3"$"3{i
Ps2t
and
P"12
9s12
Przz
(2)
s8L
Ps11
o,z
Ps22
: -
P"zr
oE'
where E, is the normal component of the electric field intensity in the free
space.
__
oclg
En:
r:
0 is
0)
Page 181
Electrlc triold
ir
s
Mritter
th"p
Page 182
$ol
3,'t"3,1
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
En:-5r
So, the surface charge density on the surface
P, :$oL
3.,t-32
g:0
is
Seor
(2rpI)Eo:O
for
p<2m
for
p<2m
Thus
Ep
:0
Now, since the field inside the conductor 2 < p < 3m is zero; there cannot
be any charge on the surface p:2m.
Ps:0
1.e.
at
P:2m
and all the charge associated with the inner conductor resides on the surface
P:3m.
10C/m: b n
pt:ffi
rlclm2
1.e.
atp-$*
2nprEo:
where
I is length
So
*(ro
for5< p<6m
Clm)r
of the cylinder.
,:#oo
for5<p(6m
This the field produced by the inner conductor but the fact is that the field
inside the conductor 5 < p < 6m is zero that gives
[prLr:r- : eolEL,r:r' (-
and
:'.(r:ftO",)' (- :-ffi:_,Lclm'
",)
[p,L,o:u*
:*rr.;
sol. 3,t,33
or)
:r;r,,:,zn(s)]
Et;:
1.e.
Ezt
E6-
E,,
as
P1
g
a,s
3ao
I
r,
tI
i
component,
Ezn :_ 2a"
Therefore the field components in region
(z > 0) are
I
t
and
Eu : Ezt:
Eu _
2a"
hlFl
crr!
ElectrfoFHdLn
3av
n^+*:[_z+#*1ftfa,:224a,
Et
,"gio, z > 0 is
Eul E6 : 2a,* Jau *
: 3.1.34
224a,"
:5oB
E,:AG+vYE:9{@o,)
so the polarization
t;ji#kectric
p : Er_ oEt
:
t, -
ffi
since
e: . 4eo
$+yY
is
: (6p -,,)tr + ur a,
oE,
,.,;,L1;s.;{H:
PPs: P'
an
at y _ 0 is
[p*L,,=o:P'(-ar)
(o^: - au)
:14 - (r + l)le,(_ 1) :_(4 _ 1)ro
3eo
-U:0
and the surface charge density at y:1 m
is
[P*Lu=r: P ' (ar)
[a
(1
+ yI]so(l)
(4_
4)eo :
(o":
or)
p :[4 _
(t + s)]eoa,
since for a given polarization p inside a
material, the bound vorume charge
density inside the material is defined as
Ppr:- V ' P
So
e,
:-&14 - (r + yfle,
so when we move
linearly increasing.""*:
;tt
'r!', :1m,
i
i
I
I
Page.lM.
Chap Q
Electric Field in Matter
sol.
3.{.36
: -Q-a4rt'
D
Now
it
is given that electric field intensity at any point inside the dielectric is
n:ffiu
e,so the
as
,eoE
ffi",:r,"(ffi")
Fd
^b2
sot.
3.{.37
*p,
and
-p*
E:+
where e is the permittivity of the medium between the plates.
Now consider that near the plate 1 permittivity is e1 and near the plate 2.
permittivity is e2. So at any distance r from plate 1 permittivity is given by
E
: t*(T).(Since
P-
D-
Pn
e*(T)r
v:foro
sol.
3.t.3s
Ps o,
e,+(,+)_
c:+
Cr:+:+
in
2nd
as
be
dielectric region
Cz v
'r-"7;,V
(where
I/
is total voltage
vo
dropi
:ffiffi(ovotp;
and
similarly,
Y,
PtG
:]&rvort
Ct4t
::9t-u'
- eJ4' - SeJiJ-ee (o) : f{
3eo'5
vort
Dielectric
slab
sfi.i*ffiffis##H#j;
.IS$ffi.
,$w
'ffi
d,
c1
c2
c3
C,:+, tr:#
So,
1 1 1 1
e;:q-6*q:
and G -dt
-qE
as
t
u-s
.@t+da)
---;r
Since t; (&+ dn) will be constant although if the dielectric slab is moved
leftward or rightward so the equivalent capacitance will be constant. But if
the slab is pulled outward then the capacitance will change as the effective
surface area of the capacitance due to dielectric slab changes.
: $coslsing
So, the potential at point P (r:2,0:t,O:$)
V
v,
ffi.o'(+)""(6)
is Siven as
: 2.5 vort
or
V : Vp:2.5Volt
49cosdsind : 2.5
I"
l6cosdsind
: I
>k*********>k
fl5
Electric Field in
Mattc
soLUTloN$ 3,2
Page L86
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
t: Jft.
as
where dS is the differential surface area having the direction rormal to the
surface.
t:
[:,[:,ltoe'(da,+
:10
f2t
Jo
o")f
'
<
2 is
(PdPd'\o")
f2
Joe"
odzdf
- ,o I f,'oaoao
:'[+]:,,xtotl
:
10
x 2 x 2r
(z: 0)
40rA
125.664A
t: J[t.
as
where d$ is the differential surface a.rea having the direction normal to the
surface.
So, we
have
Thereforei
0
<
4$
r< lm is
t : [ ("o"' 0o, + f
l'
of'of
:lol?"><
-$ilt.. 3"2"3
0: 90'
d : 90",0 < Q < hr.
sinlae -
rz o,o)
. (rsin0d,gd,rae)
,in'odidr
[+1,
at
o:90"
:2n xi:+:1.5708A
r: [t- as
where dS is the differenjtial cross sectional area vector having the direction
normal to the cross section.
So we
have
ffi : pdpdba,
Therefore the total current flowing through the wire (cross section) is
r: (?") .
_
:
Page 1E7
@aod,Qa"1
Chap 3
/50\,^.
Jo=o lr=,\ftYoaoao1
116xto-3 sz"
will
be
: qd
length
i.e.
So'
e:
and since
unit volume.
ie
P:
Therefore
":ll: il;:::H:,#'
So,
10-16)
P : eo(e,- l) E
So'
^tl
ar
x 10-e
:1.7655 x
x40x10
":1*0.0177:1.0177
'-
enEo.u 8.85
6.25
10-
10-2
Correct answer is 2.
D :2P + P: Dl2
lf the polarization of a dielectric material placed in an electric field E is P
Given
D:eoE+P
or
eoE* Dl2
D:2eoE
(1)
and since the relation between the electric field, .E and flux densitv, D
inside a dielectric material with dielectric constant e" is defined as
D:
eoe,E
Correct answer is 6.
Energy on a dipole with moment
p in an electric field
Wn:-p. E
:- (- 2a"f-Jay) . (7.ba,- a,)
:*(_3_3):.61
e": ).
.E is defined as
Page 188
suL 3.3"&
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
of length
R:JOS
where
o
I
,s:
: b x 106(Om) I
:8m
:3cm
r:0.5cm
or
:
R:-lo
OD
:
$$L 3"r"$
1.948
(5
106)
10-3f,)
, [(r-i)
as
x ro"1
1.95mf)
cm2
I :8m
"'_7-
ur--
resistivity of
tle
copper
- 1J2t
So the resistance due
Rc
rhererore th"
lo.E
to copper is
: -l-:
*i'd;i;J.L;t-1Hm
;":
R:Rcllft,:q##+P
:
s{}*- 3.2.ts
924.62
: 1cm:
10-6
e:
-"
g24.6p,e
as
0.01 m
b:2cm:0.02m
The capacitance of a spherical capacitor having inner and outer radii a
b respectively is defined as
n _ 4r,o _ 4r x 4 x 8.85 x
1 1i 11
la-a/
onT - onz
10-12
9.9 pF
F 3.2.1{
:
of the total capacitor and so the configuration can be treated as the two
capacitors connected in parallel with each other.
The capacitance of the portion carrying air(e" : 1) as the medium between
the spherical shells
1
/1
4z'x 8.85 x 10-12
: 4x
t'r: 47 ..x 4treo
i
11
-a-6
onT - 0.-02
&
0.56
Page 189
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
10-12- 0.56 pF
c,:f;x
"r:tx
Therefore the equivalent
8.9
10
12
:6.7 x
10
12
as
:6.7pF
3a.t2
z(mm)
I
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is defined
/'1
as
e^9
d,
where
^9
will be treated
ct
c2
c3
: ffi:2oooeo's
c3 :
o3#: 5ooeoS
Cz
Page 190
1 1 1 1 lr 1
1
lt
e,: q*6* 4 :;;sl25o-o+2ooo*-soo/
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
So,
C"c
:3.45 x
102es,9
s6L
3,1,13
QSo
3.45
102e6
3.05 nF
rn2
" - t"(b6
Where
--+
(e,:
4) from p
4 cm
to p -
cm,
is
.n _2reoe,I _ 8zree
"'-ln(614) -ln(1.5)
and for the air medium (r"
1) from p:
=
(l:
6 cm
to
p:8cm,
capacitancei
111
e; : q:6
C"q
s$L
3.2.'14
L43PF
n _e,esSf2 _e"eoS
"'---d,lr-T--T _Seo
- _l I
Cr
-
n
_ ao X 10 x 10-a _ eo
"'-,_esSf2
d - 2x4xro3 -8
Therefore the equivalent
is
n Sen
c"c:
Lz15
cc*ffe: f + #k
T-T -T
Page 191
:?:2.T6pF
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
Correct answer is 0,
PPs: P ' an
where o, is the unit vector normal to the surface directed outward.
while the bound volume charge density inside the material is defined
as
Ppo:-V ' P
Since the component of polarization of rod along g-axis is pu: 2y2+ 3. Sc,.
the polarization of the material is p : (zt + 3) or. and the charge densiti.
on the surface of the rod is po, : P . o,n
At y:0(top surface)
At y: 5(bottom surface)
po:(2f*3)au. (-o,):-g
po : (2f *3) a,. (aJ: bg
Qos:
areai
I
t
so the total bound volume charge stored inside the material will be
Qr,
:I
:
3.2.15
oo,d,u
Q':50,S- 50S:0
Correct answer is 2.
0:n
r:1 m
z--\
o:anc
"9
E: +1to
,t fr
is
Qoo-
'
P:aE:=9!-oA
4Tsf
and since the electric field intensity produced due to a dipole having momerrt
p at a distance r from the dipole is defined as
Eaip:
ffi1r"ood,+
sinoaol
moment p
r and dipole
Pqge 192
Qbap 3
EQetric Field in Matter
.t| 99 \
2p _'\+treof )
:tAreorn
tresf -
'
2aq
(Areof
(0
rs
: r
bs shown in the
Therefore the force experienced by the point charge due to the field
by induced dipole is
qEarp
:r"(hf
4:2N
a
So'
$sa- 3.2.{7
r"*
S:
ffi1,
a,
sir. 0 ae)
"o,
is the angle formed between the distance vector
where d
r and
moment p
So the electric field intensity produced due to dipole Pr at Pz is
n,:ffio,:]ffio,
(o:r
to Pr is
l-p2xEt
Taking the magnitude only we have the torque on
'
ssl-
3,2"18
:::'
P2 is
sin e0 "
:::;
f : :;],(,H)
ffi
1, "o"
a,
al,
si'. 0 aa)
where 0 is the angle formed between the distance vector r and dipd
moment p
So the electric field intensity produce due to dipole Pz at Pr is
__g X 1ol x 2o'
Ec :_ P,
u2
4t
=2n._
fi72a'
:-|ffi
to
,r:{
Pz is
T:prXEz
Considering the magnitude only we have the torque on P1 is
y:
:2 x 10-e x /-9i::10-'g
x 2\
\ 47160
I
:3.24 x 10-z N-m : 0.324 pN,m
sot-
3.2"19
p1%2sin0
(0
rl7
Correct answer is 0.
Since the spherical shell is of inner radius r : 2 m so region inside the spha
will have no polarization and therefore the total charge enclosed inside tl
shell for r
Le.
:0
Qur"
According to Gauss law the total outwa,rd electric flux from a closed surface
is equal to the charge enclosed by the surface and since the total enclosed
charge for r< 2m is zero so the electric field intensitv at r:lm will be
P,age 1p3
Electurtc Fleld
Chap 3
in Mattq
zero.
i'
r: 7
at
a,ny point
:0
E :0
e"n"
is
r:2m.
.Ppu:-V ' P
So the bound votrume charge density inside the dielectric defined
region 2 ( r { 6m will be
Pp.:-v
so the
. P(r)
:-#*(n*)
in the
:_i
< r < 5 m is
x 4nf dr
60zr
Now for a given polarization P inside a dielectric material, the bound surface
charge density over the surface of dielectric is defined as
PPs: P' an
where a' is the unit vector normal to the surface pointing outward of the
material.
So the bound surface charge density
pos
at r:2 m is
= P(r)' (-
e*
:-* x 4trf
:-$, 4n x 22 :-
(a^:- q)
r:
m is
S: &rf)
r:2m
40r
E:h"%*:h*
=#h*
:-$*
at
r:
...(1)
as
//
" E:Lo
to
Page 194
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
k:-l
sol.
3,2,22
r<l
D:l[0,Q
lfi7w' r> 1m
r( 1m
l<r<2m
r)
So, the
2m
,,:+lo.
Ed,u
: Ll[',a, * f
:2.7 x
sol
3.t,23
L04
0,4
x#
J :27kJ
Correct answer is 9.
The electric potential at the centre of sphere will be equal to the work
done to carry a unit charge from infinity to the centre of the sphere (
Iine integral of the electric field intensity from infinity to the center of
sphere)
i.e.
v:_[oe.
at
p,:0.6nCf
o".,
E:l l#an,
.\
p,Rt -
16""
m3 embedded in it
from the center of the sphere
rlR
r)R
-F
a/ 1f ^
V:
:- I''"
E
3
r!
*
:-#(
rti
will
be
Page l9b
d,l:
d,ra,)
t
tt
#fu(h)'a'- [,',ffa'
hl "[-i],: -#h[+]:,,
:&:#+r^_
5 x 0.6 x
10_
xex
: 9 volt
i
:
1oe
(e,:2)
go:o.6ncf
m3
ps so the
D : pron
where a, is the unit vector normal to the surface of plates
directed from one
plate toward the other plate.
Since permittivity changes from layer to layer, but the
field is normal to
the surface so electric flux densitv D will be uniform throughout
the plate
separation as from boundary condition.
so the electric field intensity at any point between the parallel plates
is
D :
E: o,
Ps&n
2es(1
e,:2(I
+ 100o)
100a'z)
, :- I'
: *hI
"
:- I::Gtrftu').
ra"t
(dI:
d,a)
br)(E
p' X (0'2)
S:0.2m2
ssL
3.x"a$
: ---Jl9cosh-l (h/ u)
Herc, 2h: 2 cm and b : 0.2 cm
C'
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
: {;,(*1
"^+ffi*fi:ffi+#*
- lon . m
Prgc.
Ctlp
lqf
Eloc'trh Fleld
b.Matter
C':
So'
cosh-'(1/0.2)
unit length on each wire will be,
(%
'=i:i::^n"ilo
30L
3.2.26
100
V)
Consider the oil rises to a height h in the space between the tubes.
So, the capacitance of the tube carrying oil partially will be treated as
two capacitors connected in parallel.
Since the capacitance between the two cylindrical surfaces is defined as
"
1t:-
Where
In(bla)
treoh
(":x"+1:2)
-ln(3)
- h)
/1 _2neo(7
_ _,"Cn,
uanr
Therefore the equivalent capacitance of the tube carrying oil to the height
his
C : Coal
Ca;,r
0 + h)
:27r^-ol;l3f
in a capacitor is defined
W : |CW
where
as
o _ dWt _7 rr2dc _l
'' -_aF_2,
m-2,
172
2trs
ET3)
F : nlg :
(0.01gm/cm3)
will
r(b2
be
az)h
xg
: 0.01 gm/cm3
mass density
:ffi
Since
r(9-
1)
1o-6
x hx s :o.o8trhl
So,
0.08trhg
0.08r'hx(e.8)
:Lr'l{(;l
:|xQx
h:+*
"_Xtr-"i-
(z x 103)2x2x8.85x10-12
:4.11 x
103)'zx
41.1u,m
0.08x9.8xIn(3)
10-5 m
r:2m
by the surface
so we get
hie
t0?
Ctrp s
ENechlc
FlihlhMette
E,:0
forr<2m
Now from the conductor-free space
boundary condition we have the surface
charge density on the boundary
surface defined
P"
where
space.
as
oE,
r:2m
Ps : E':0
at
is given
wil
as
is
A : s : t C/m,
^ : 4;F
^, :
d* fi
ps2
0.0796C/m2
Correct answer is g.
As the dielectric slab occupies the region
r ) 0 and the electric field in the
free space is directed along o" so,
the field will be normal to the boundary
surface, z: 0 of the dielectric slab.
so from the boundary condition the
field normar to the interface of dielectrics
are related a^s
,sE;
E'
: eoE
: *:Y:2o'
(e":
P:
So, we get
sol-
3.2.29
lce
gs
5)
a,
oa,
ft:8
5 nC/m2 +
- 5 nC/m2
+
+
due
prane
u:#o^
where a, is the unit vector normar
to the plane directed toward
-* wv"wru point
l,
e is the permittivity
of the
medium.
and
t=r
So
Page 19E
the field interrsity inside the dielectric due to the left sheet will be
Qhap 3
(w:
o,:5_x]91p,1
au)
and again the field intensity inside the dielectric due to right sheet will be
n,:-j4_J{{(-o,) :
*#:"
Et*
(a": will
an)
be
E2:L9o,
Since the field intensity is unifor"m inside the dielectric So potential difference
-------i='
--5x10-n.,.,
+ts0
:2.824 x
3.2"s0
102
Volt
283
kV
(e
Pm so
4eo)
the electric
E:Z
and the potential difference between the plates will be given by
V : E x (Distance between plates)
x 103:(e) x (o.s x
1o-'?)
Pt:6-'''
3.2.3{
t03)
:8.85p,C
where
ort
where
:
ErE"r E"t
J*
Eot
:Ja
O31
Oat
..f1 --+
Jor
J,t_o"t- 2x106
Jot - oot - 3.8 X 107 --119
Ja : 19J't
...(1)
as,
coating)
: 2 x 70-3
b : a* 7: (2 x 10-3)+(2 x 10-3): (4 x 10-3)
t
So,
Therefore, we get,
l,1232
t
or,
So,
As calculated in previous question the electric field between the two dielectrics
having surface charge densities p" and
-p.s is
E:+
Since
: *:
h
n, : ?:
h
in slab 1 is
A,
is
:fi{D+h@:*
0.6 x 10-e
8'85 x 10=rt
****r<>t*X*'1.*
67'8
Volt
page 199
Erectri.
r.ru r"*oli.l
Plse ?99
Chap
sol.urloNs 3,3
-,
l'
'.r,,
sol
3.3"r
...( 1)
but the normal component of electric fields are non uniform and defined as
rEn: zEzn:4Esn
(Given)
e1
e3
Since
-
So,
Enn:Er,*
Er^
...(2)
Et: Es* Ez
ir
i
fl
sol-
3.3.2
sol.
3.3.3
3()L
3-3"4
sol-
3.3,5
$oL 3.3.6
$or-
3.3.?
$oL 3,3.8
sol.
3.3.9
sol.
3.3.'ro
soL
3"3"11
sol.
3.3.'12
EOL 3.3.{3
sol- 3"3,{4
sol.
3.3.15
soluTloNs 3,4
Page 201
Chais
:-ff*-
..
as
. \rl
4*
1o-r3
\,*\
Q:CV
: 8.85 X 10-13 :4.427 X 10-13
Therefore, the displacement current in one cycle
I:8:fQ
:
4.427
10-13
x 8.6 x 10e:
(/:
1.b9 mA
3.6 GHz)
as
Et:2a"-Zou*\a"
since the interface lies in the r: 0 plane so, the tangentiar
and normal
medium 2
in
as
or
Dn:
e1E1n
Dz,
2E2n
So, we get
1.5eo2a, :2.5eoE2n
or
Ern
- {a,:7.2a,
l'
3"4"3
ie
l, 3.44
":i;'i;:o:'r:r-,,X2:141
fl'x
(e
x to-scfmz
density
80e,)
.l
Page 202
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
Now, consider the distance between the two plate is d and the total surface
area of the plates is S. So, for the three individual capacitors the surface
area is S/3 and the separation is d. Therefore, we get'
n eo61(s/3)
", -- d
"
eoez(!l3)
d
n
vt:--d
sos3(s/3)
Since, the three capacitance are in parallel So, the equivalent capacitance is
Ct
T-A---T
: (#X..t") : (u,*?*")"
it
.?"6,$
(r
: #)
E:-YV
l.e.
:4r*2
E --4a,Yfm
V
So,
.*1.
*.4"$
tanor
as
gr
tana2 -- e2
So, for the given field vectors we have,
tan60":: 3
lano.2 J Z
:1
oz : tan-1(1) :45'
tarta2
or
*,39 3"4.7
or
-V
V : E:0
V : constant
f..f.8
Ei :6ofio
Page 208
Chap 3
,r:#:ro"
Therefore, the polarization inside the slab is given as
Pt: EoX"Et
where X" is electric susceptibility defined &s X" : , _
I
P,
lt*e
eo(3
So, we have
l)Eo :4se,,
lines.
The flux lines due to both the configurations (line charge and concentric
circular conductors) are in straight radial direction.
I
er,ls
as
n -St-e(txt)
"t- d -----{-:a
The capacitance of
2od
plate is
n
"z--Sz-e(2x2)
4e
d -----tr-:T
' an
11
fr:+
Option (D) is correct.
Consider the dielectric material with permittivity e1 is replaced by a
dielectric
material with permittivity e2.
The capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is defined as
c:+
i.e. the capacitance depends on the permittivity of the medium and so,
due to the replacement of the material between the plates the
capacitance
changes.
Qt:
CtV:
Q,
CzVz
so, due to the change in capacitance voltage on the capacitor changes and
therefore the electric field intensity between the prates changes.
The stored energy in the capacitance is defined as
w:g2C
As total stored charge Q is kept constant while capacitance changes
so, the
stored energy in the capacitance also changes.
Thus, all the three given quantities changes due to the replacement of
material between the plates.
li
soL
Page 204
3"rt"t2
Chap 3
v.J:-Qp
0t
*:0
so, we get
V.J:0
sal-
3"4.{3
$sL
$0L
3.4.15
ssl.
3,rl,"lS
as
R"={#:rc
,l
so, as frequency
I
I
(/)
sgl-.3,4,17
sOL 3.4"{8
3.4.1e
Capacitance, C:5PF:5
10-2F
Charge on caPacitance,
6
Q :O.IPC : 0'1 x 10 C
The energy stored in the capacitor is defined as
(0.1 x to-6f
*" :4
- 2x 5 x 10-12 :lmJ
- 2C _
3.d.zo
,lC
1C
t
t
i'
'*l
Chap
-----i-----1
2m
r
r
using image of the charge we have one negative charge opposite side of the
plate at the same distance as shown in the figure and the force between
them is
i
k
&
-1 - 16t-1* "'
r:G)iJ- 4"-e'f C;W:
'Hr
r
I
l.*'
r
t
ftinging field
as
_ eoe,
C-'''A
il
It is valid only
3J'22
C:
as
treoR.
l'3.4.?3
tl-.4
v
where u is permittu"t*n*'io"medium. so, the electric potential produced
by the point charge *10pC at the centre of the sphere is
A
' - Gar
rl-
t
t
P4e 2[E
1oxlo-6
an6o@t10T
(Given
r:5cm)
,,1
Page 206
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
C :Atrea
where a is the radius of the sphere. Therefore, the induced charge stored
as
ena: CV
_ (z x
:4x
$0L
3"4.24
:t+r*r)fff$
ro-'?)
(10
1o-6)
(Given
(r x ro-)
a:
10-6C:4p,C
, : dD -AE
E:, E
: eno(wcosut) :
,la
So
sol
3.4"25
ernosi"($
"/a
- rt)
is 90''
sol-
3,4.*S
C :0.005pF:5 x 10-eF
V :500V
Capacitance of condenser,
Supply voltage,
,
Permittivity of oil,
befQre immersion is
in
condenser
stored
So, the energy
:2.5
w:+cV:Ixsx
:6.25 x
(immersed
to-'gx(soof
10-4 J
After immersing the condenser in oil the capacitance changes while the
charge remains same.
i.e.
Qafterinmersi,on
Qb"fur"i**"rrion
:2.5 x
: (5 X 10-'gX500)
10-6 Coulomb
: ,C
: (2.5X5 x 10-'g) :1.25 x 10-8 F
Therefore, the stored energy in the condenser immersed in oil is
Coft",im
.
i
ssL
3,4,2?
"r"ion
d :J?-+*:2.5
w:^o
2C1uft"ri**",sion) 2(1.25 X 10-")
1o 4J
Capacitance,
:3pF:3 x 10-6F
I :2p,A:2 X 10-6 A
Current,
Page 20?
Chap J
Electric Field in Matter
Charging time,
t:6sec
So, the total charge stored on capacitor is
Q : Charge transferred
: It :
(2
10_6X6)
_a
-e -
:4
-;10=-
Volt
as
E:-YV
which is independent of permittivity of the material filled in capacitor
so .O
(2) The
will be constant
D:eE
(3)
D will
also be doublecl.
Q:CV
is directh,
as
g:rt
-ad
So, the charge on plates
()
c'il
w:|r'P
where ,L is the inductance and .I is the current flowing in the
circuit. At
the fully charged condition, inductor is short circuit and therefore. current
through the circuit is
I
So, the energy stored
w
tol
3.4.30
:X: T: toa
: |{0.+)(1of :
2o Joules
as
CrlCu
C*= Cu
sot.
p.4.ss
1.
Et:5a,-2o4*3a"
Since, the mediuril interface lies in plane
z:
0.
and
Eit:\ar-2an
En :3a"
Eu: Ezt
4E1n :6rB;,
So, the field coi,nponents in medium 2 are
Ezt: Eu:5o;-2ou
Ern:ZE*:go"
Therefore, the net electric field intensity in medium 2 is givdn as
:6a;
Er,
D:LCfmz
Therefore, the polarization of the slab is given
3.4.4a
as
C:
-R
is defined
as
treoR
Since the two spheres are identical and separated by a distance very
much
larger then R. So, it can be assumed as the series combination of crprcitu,rr"es.
3.4.4{
c:##;:ffiW#:2,reo'
as
r_I
"-A
as
Page 209
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
Page 210
Qhap 3
Electric Field in Matter
sol-
3.4,42
as
to:#
So,itisgeneratedbyachangeinelectricflrrxandthereforethedi
is
current has only A'C. components as derivative of D'C' components
A'
i.e. A and R both are true and $ is correct explanation of
sol-
Dielectric constant,
:5
D :2Clm2
FInx density,
So, the polarization of the medium is given as
l\l : * x 2 :7.6Clmz
p
- :('
a
\rl-
80L 3,4.44
u:fin
wherelislengthintegraland,4isthecrosssectionalarea.So,weget
D:PJ
E:Lo
l.e.
sol.
3.4.45
J:oE
as
Jo:rQ
-" At
and the conduction current density is defined as
J":oE
Ja
))
J"
sol.
/.
:1A
Operating frequencY,
f :50H2
Medium PermittivitY'
e -
PermeabilitY
current'
c0
lt : lto
o : 5.8 x
10 mho/m
ConductivitY'
densit5
The ratio of conduction current density to the displacement current
is
J"o
Jo-a
I"IA *_
Io/A
ra :
ffr":
,"r5
tl6*(1) :
Chap 3
+.a
1o-11A
sot
3.4"4?
sol-
3.4"d,A
'nr:/369"-r\
\@ I
N:3
/:
gg'.
and since all the images lie a. a circle so we have the image charges as shown
in figure.
sol
3.4,49
Er:2a,
Region
et:
1eo
Region 2
e2:2es
En : 7- and E2n:
From boundary condition we have
Page 211
Electric Field in Matter
rEu-
Page 212
zEzn
P"
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matter
G,X1) -(zeo)(z)
: p"
P,:-3o
$ct
3.4"s0
noL
:s
:.rllo
4:rl?o
llSes
Ez - lle
*****(*{<**t<*
CHAPTER 4
MAGNETOSTATIG FIELDS
Magnetostatic fields are produced by the moving charges, (i.e., charges that
are moving with constant velocity) or constant current flow. In this chapter
we shall study the subject of magnetism that includes following topics:
o Concept of magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, and magnetic field
intensity.
r
o
o
42
4.2.1
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux is the group of magnetic field lines emitted outward from the
north pole of a magnet, as shown in Figure 4.7.It is measured in Weber and
is denoted as @.
\
I
Page 2L4
4.2.2
Qhsp 4
Magpetostatic Fields
u:
*@^
the
where djD is a small amount of magnetic flux through small area d^9 of
to
normal
vector
unit
is
the
a,
and
section perpendicular to magnetic flux
thesurfacearea.Theaboveequationmaybealsoexpressedas
o:In'as
Js
i.e. the magnetic flux through any surface is the surface integral of the
normal comPonent of B'
4.2.8
(A/*).
4.2.4
B : p,H: FIF,H
4.3
BIOT.SAVART'S LAW
__
u##s
(l
d,l sin
a)
d'H:t#
_ IdL x_R
4nR"
where o6 is the unit vector along the distance vector tr|. Hence, the total
magnetic field intensity produced by the current carrying conductor is
H:|ry#
fIdLx R
:J,.-ffi
. .(4.1)
Page 215
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
F'igurc
.tr,.2:
1.
Right-Hand Rule : The direction of dH can be determined by the righthand rule with the right-hand thumb pointing in the direction of the
curtent, the right-hand fingers encircling the wire in the direction of dll
as shown in Figure 4.3(a).
2.
Right Handed screw Rule : The direction of d,H can be determined also
by the right handed screw rule, with the screw place along the wire and
pointing in the direction of current flow, the direction of rotation of the
screw in the direction of. d,H as shown in Figure 4.3(b).
dH
13.2
d
l,r )
II(or
1) is in
a
(1,)
(or
Page 216"
"
'
4.4
Chap 4
'
!.
Magnetostatic Fields
, ;
,; ,,;
'
Ampere's circuital lau states that the line integral of the magnetic field
intensity around any cloSed,,nq!\.is Eqp{ to the {irect curlF+t" enclosed,,by
the path. The closed path oh which Ampere's law is applied i's known as
Amperian Path or Amperitin'tbop: F6llotvirtg are the two matherriatical forrns
of Ampeie's circuital law:
If the total current enclosed by a closed loop .t ,be ,I as shown in Figure 4.5,
then from Ampere's circuital law tLe hirc integral of magnetic field intensity
I[ around the closed loop .t'is equal to 1, ire. ' ,
" r1 r'r'
[n. at:t
Jr.
Il.igrrrr.:,1.i.l:IllustrationofAmpere'sCircuitalLaw.
as
YxH:J
i.e. the curl of the magnetic field'"intensiby"(.Ef) is equal to the current
density (J) pJ the point in space. ff at agy point, no current density exists,
then the curl of the magnetic field is zero at that point.
4.5
IdL=KdS=Jdu
Thus, in terms of the distributed current sources, equation (4.1) becomes
H:II4#
,:ly#
H:lw
(Line current)
(Surface current)
(Volume current)
Page 217
Chap 4
Magnetoetatic Fields
I,
,}, : fr(roscz
- cosal)c6
..@.2)
where or and a2 tuto the angles subtended at point P by lower end ,4 and
upper end B respectively.
I(into
the page)
Figrrrc
"1.1i:
and
rt',r-- I ^
wrrd
This expression can also be derive using Ampere's circuital law.
'yrng
Loop
a current
is given by
:fr1o.
7ra
Page 218
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
2a
l;
igirr*r
.1,.7:
n : !posa2-
(a)
cosc,ll&,
(b)
Figurr,r,l.li; (a) Solenoid with n T\rrns per Unit Length, (b) Cross Section of Solenoid
4.5.5
H:;Kxa"
1
where a, is the unit vector normal to the surface directed towards the point
of interest.
4,6
MAGNETIC POTENTIAL
1.
2.
Scalar Potential
Page 219
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
YxH:J
If the current density J is zero in
x.EI:0
Since the curl of magnetic field intensity is zero, so we can write the magnetic
field .EI as the gradient of scalar quantity as
H:-YV*
'..(4.3)
(v^)no:- Juf'n .
at,
s:r,,rscalai
tlb 63i,
,lofiir*eryte.
of
conservation
the
V.B:0
Since, the divergence of the curl of any vector is zero. So, vector
expressed as the curl of another vector field, (say ,4), i.e.
can be
B:Y xA
The vector field ,4 so defined is called the "uector magnet'ic potent'ial".Its
unit is weber per meter (Wb/m). Magnetic vector potential satisfies the
Poisson's equation, i.e.
y2
:_
LtoJ
***********
EXERCT$E 4.1
Page 220
Chap 4
Maguetostatic Fields
M3* 4.t.{
(A)
*""
Q) *""
trac& 4.1"3
@)
-*""
@)
+",
Q)*
@+
4.1"4
.R carries a steady
r(<
.R)
current
from it's
will be
(A) non uniform
(B) zero
(C) uniform and depends on r only
(D) uniform and depends on both r and R
axes
*{{:a 4-1.5
The magnetic flux density outside the wire at a distance r(> .R) from it
center axes will be proportional to
(B) Ilr
(D) rlR
(A)
"
(C) rlR
Page 221
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
Two infinite current carrying sheets are placed parallel to each other in free
space such that they carry current in the opposite direction with the same
surface current density. The magnetic flux density in the space between the
sheets will be
(A) zero
(B) constant
(C) Iinea,rly increasing from one sheet to other
(D) none of these
I
F.
1..r.7
i
l.al-8
g>0
y<0
f",
-Ta,
(B)
(c)
(D)
2e'
io,
-2Ka"
K
2Ka,
q%
-Tav
will
be
(A) 20 wb
(C) a0wb
'
'
(B) - 10/3 wb
(D) 130/3 wb
(A)
'
-Lo,
PnP'
re)#",
Q)
h",
@)h",
F
Page 222
mcQ
Chap 4
g :
Magnetostatic Fields
rz
plal;re
eu)
will
as
a,,
be
J:YxH
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
lxen
as
J :2(r\ - 1\",
al
Fc
(A)
n6rQ 4.{"{S
$"'
(n)
#",
Q)4",
@)
*",
\
r$*fi {.{"{6
A in a,
(4,2,2) ?
4.4
+r.r?
Consider the scalar potential at any'point (r,U,r) in the region between the
two planar sheets is V*. The plot of I/- versus g will be
Page 223
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
I/_(A)
:
-{
g(m)
V^(A)
s(m)
E! .,1.18
(B) -3paa"Wb/m
(D) -3wb/m
(A) Spaa,Wb/m
(c)
Ee
/r,{.19
The plot of magnetic dipole moment of the sphere, m(r) versus the ratlir
of the sphere, r will be
"(*)
r(m)
r(m)
r(m)
rn(r)(A-m2)
PVge 224
$cq
4.1.?o
Chap 4
Magnretostatic Fields
:,,
:;Q
.4.1.21
(N
#w
(B)
fi",
7",
(D
#""
(6y
2z)
a"*
in a
certain region
(c)
4",t.23
y, z)
will be
A-/m2
(N
HlJ'
(B)
J'
(c) 2H
@)
t*tQ
4"1.24
is
of free space
4xzon
-nH
an
If the cond uctor is located along z-axis then the magnetic flux density at a
distance p ( < -R) from the cylindrical axis will be
@)#"
@)#"-
Q)#",
ro)#"r
Magnetic flux density at a distance p(>,R) from the cylindrical axis will be
proportional to
(A) 1
(B)
',p
'p' +
(c)
4.1"2v
(D) p'
(A\
rc\
'
2/' I
TA
-JJ2ra
tst
hI
(D)
EI
'
7T O,
' Ifo,
single turn loop of current shown in the figure the magnetic field
intensity at the center point P of the semi circular portion will be
1:8
1m
,-l
1'2m
outward
inward
outward
inward
***rk**{<***<*
Page 225
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
EXERGISH 4"2
Page 226
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
Meo 4,2"{
wbf m2
MCQ 4.2"s
$0&
4"2.3
mcQ 4.2.4
For the currents and the closed path shown in the figure
Ampere.
, Jd H . dl:
L
12:10 A
o
MCQ 4,2.5
1m
&
P>
01
5m
MStt
4"?.G
Two point charges Q1 and Q2 are located at (0,0,0) and (1,1,1) respectivelj
A current of 16 A flows from the point charge Q,. to Q, along a straight win
itcs
4"?.s
-1, 5) will
A/m in o, direction.
be
____
4'x'{ii}
ao
In the free space two cylindrical surfaces p :0.5 cm and p : 0.25 cm carries
the uniform surface current densities 2a, Af m and - 0.8o, A/m respectively
and a current filament on the entire z-axis carries a current of 14 mA in
the *o, direction. The surface current density on the cylindrical surface at
p:8cm. which will make the net magnetic field H:0 for p> 8cm will
be
A/m in a. direction.
Common Data For Q. 10 and 1L
HcQ
Afm in
4a, Alm
Magnetic flux density at any point above the current sheet (z > 0) will be
pocr,, n'b/m2
z:-
2 will be
x poarwbf m2.
rcQ ,4.*.52 In the free space, magnetic field intensity at any point
b,6,r) is given by
H:2p2 aa A/m. The current density at p :2 m will be
Afrf in a"
direction.
HCQ 4"*"1l;3
HCA r*,R,{d
MC& d"*"'rs
Page227
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
Prge 22E
A/m in a, direction.
Ctap 4
Magnctctatic Fields
iltca
4"e"'!6
r(*)
trrcQ 4,2",t?
A current sheet .I(:4a,, A/m flows in the region -2 < z ( 2 in the plane
r: 0. Magnetic field intensity at point P(3,0,0) due to the current sheet
will be
A/m in a,, direction.
afrcQ 4"2"1S
Me& 4.2"{S
tvtc{ 4,x.2{}
I:4
MCQ 4"?"41
Al^.
In the plane z:5m a thin ring of radius, o:3m is placed such that z
-axis passes through it's center. If the ring carries a current of 50 mA in o6
direction then the magnetic field intensity at point (0, 0, 1) will be
mA/m in a, direction.
Ga 4.2.23 An infinite solenoid (infinite in both direction) consists of 1000 turns per
unit length wrapped around a cylindrical tube. If the solenoid carries a
current of 4 mA what will be the magnetic field intensity along its axis
solenoid
will
Al^
be
ICQ
4,X";t6
The magnetic field intensity in the region between the two solenoids will be
A/m directed along o,.
4.2""X&
What will be the magnetic field (in A/m) outside the outer solenoid
4,*.}{{
11,:s
rca
,4"3"a?
*l
as
":P*io,*3#tau-ffia,Afm
What is the total current (in Ampere) passing through the surface
,l3 A ( 4m, 3 3 z< 4m in a, direction ?
HCQ 4"4.i?*
fr:2m
Page 229
Chap 4
Magnetoetatic Fields
Page 230
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
respectively.
ib
I
to,
I
4.*"3$
What will be the total magnetic flux (in weber) across the circular toroid
4.X.3n
If the magnetic flux is found by multiplying the cross sectional area by the
flux density at the mean radius then what will be the percentage of error ?
eee& 4.*.35
C
+
l2 rn
m square loop is lying in r-E plane such that one of it's side is parallel
to 3r-axis and the centre of the loop is 0.3 m away from the y-axis. How
much Ampere current must flow through the entire y-axis for which the
magnetic flux through the loop is 5 x 10 5 Tesla rnz ?
lvlLu {.&.Jd
!r{*Q 4"2"33
is
0.5
1: 1 A then the magnetic flux density at the center of the loop will be
xlO-7 a"Wb/m2
2m
+2.33
t<*
t(*t(* ** ***
Page 231
ehaF 4
Magaetostatic Fields
hlDrt8
HXFRCI$E 4.3
qri'
rfj+rr.tr.;c
1lie16s
MC(l
,4,"3"t
region.
Reason (R) : An isolated magnetic charge doesn't exist.
(A) Both A and R one true and R is the correct expranation
of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
4.3.?
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using
the codes given
below. (Notations have their usual meaning).
List-I
List-II
a.
b.
Amperets
c.
d.
Gauss's
law
Conservative nature of
l. Y . D:
magnetic field
law
B.
Codes
Z.
4.
ft.
V
p,
as:
In.
at
'B:0
f n.at:o
abcd
(A)3142
(B)2143
(c)2413
(D)3421
MCQ 4.3,t
(A,
tAl
rVl
,",@l@
,",@)l@
ls
Page 233
,',@)l(@
I
aa
I
oo
o a ,no o
(c)
oo
aa
I
oo
I
aa
(n)o o H8
oo
aa
and
A?
(A)VA:J
(C) V x A:-FJ
,o.
,3"8
7.6np,
wb/m
{(o r H).
(A) zero
(c)
H:
(B) I6na"pwb/mz
(D) 160no, wb/m
ds
(B)
1"""
1o1
f n.as
(A) zero
(C) finite
(B) infinite
(D) the same
(C) Amp/m
(D) Volt/m
VZ-is
(A) zero
(C) J
(B) V2V*
(D)
v.v%
a,s
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
4.)".r* v xAis
Page 234
Chap 4
(A)
Magnetostatic Fields
(c) ./.
(B) B
(D) 0
(A) N-m
(C) N'm'?
'{.;1.{,$
{a.asi,
(B) I
(D) J
(A) zero
(c)
:;
*t. {."}"': i
11
($ ar x 10-7 A/m
Q)
atr
10-7
(B) aa'x
(D) azr x
F/m
xx
r<t(
*x t<* *i(*
10-7
H/m
70-7 Hf m2
mKmKcilsK 4.4
Page 235
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
c,
A hole of radius
at
(A) ,, g, z components
(C) y,, components
(B)
components
",y
(D) r,z components
':
'?o
i.'.
i.'L . '
'G'Page 236
d'P
&,{s*4'4^4Afluxofl.2mWbeXeItSinamagnethavingacross-Sectionof30cm2
flux densitY in tesla is
(A) 4
Magnetostatic Fields
(c)
w**
2.5
4"4"$
related
as
consicler
A:Vx B
(D)A:Y'B
(B)
(A) B:Vx A
(C) B:Y ' A
m*c& 4"4,$
(B) 0.4
(D) 40
electrostatic and
the following statements relating to the
magnetostatic field
:
body is
of charges on an isolated conducting
distribution
relative
The
1.
of the bodv'
Jependent on the total charge
surface is zero'
2. The magnetic flux through any closed
is/are correct ?
Which of the above statements
(B) 1 onIY
iLj x"t,rr* 1 nor
(D) Both 1 and 2
(C) 2 only
Thelineintegralofthevectorpotential.4aroundtheboundaryofasurface
S-r"pr"r"rrtt1tni"n one of the following?
(A) nfux through the surface S
(B) Flux densitY in the surface S
(C) Magnetic field intensitY
(D) Current densitY
f$3*& 4"4"?
&.**qd'.*'&Aninfinitelylongstraightconductorlocatedalongz-axiscarriesacurrentr
g plane
field at any point P in the rin the *ve z-clirection' The magnetic
is in which direction?
- g plane)
of 5 cm radius' What
A 5 A current enters a right circular cylinder
4.4.9
is
end surface?
linear surface current density at the
d..&.rs what
""p'""t "t"*""t'
(A) InfinitY
(B) UnitY
(C) Zero
depending on the strength of th
(D) Any number between zero and infinity
cur.rent element
a.n.rr
what is the magnetic field intensity vector .E[ between two parallel sheets
with separation 'd' along z-axis both sheets carrying surface current
K:
K,,a,v ?
Current density
J (p,d,
r)
is given as:
:i:;
where a, is the unit vector along z-coordinate axis. In the region, a < r <
, what is the expression for the magnitude of magnetic fielci intensity (r1)
(q
"'l
#o'-
1C;Jo(43p
o3)
Ja-
b
?
a'1
@1
fi6'+
@l
*rp'- dl
4.4.'t3
which one of the following concepts is used to find the expression of radiated
.E and 11 field due to a magnetic current element ?
(A) Concept of vector magnetic potential
(B) Concept of scalar electric potential
(C) Concept of scalar magnetic potential
(D) Concept of vector electric potential
4.4,,t{
0
(c) 4l
(A)
c,
(B) 2l
(D) 6l
4'4'{$
(^)#
(C\
P'I
^
'"' 2iF
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
(A) -k,a,
(B) +kao.u
(C) -k,a,
(D) Zero
E 4J.12
Page 237
@)#
,n,
\"/ -4rR2l
'l1
Page 238
nAse 4"{.r?
II
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
List-II
List-I
a.
b.
c.
d.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Work
Electric field strength
Magnetic flux
Magnetic field strength
Codes
Ampere/metre
Weber
Volt/metre
Joule
abcd
(A)4327
(B)1324
(c) 4231
(D)r234
14CQ 4.4, 1E
carries
a current
: 1 A. At what distance
(A) 1.5e m
(B) 0.15e m
(C) 0.015e m
(D) 0.00159 m
e{&Q 4.4,'tti}
field lmAm
(A) 1.0 mA
(C) 2.0 mA
ffis&
4"4"4e
in a loop radius 1m to
Produce a
(B) 1.5 mA
(D) 2.5 mA
A at a point, th
Reason(R):V',4:0.
r*f& 4,4"t{
1. B: Y x A
3.
o:l#
2.
Y2A:-
(C) 1 and 3
!
I
itbl
t-
s8s&
d,,,;l..j|?
p4J
(D) 1, 2 and 3
1.1e m
1.5e m
(B) 1.3e m
(D) 1.7e m
what
Chap 4
:#ofu
(c) H: # ol^
(A)
Page 239
(B)
11
s:*ol^
(D) fI
Magnetostatic Fields
:*otrr
y:
GQ 4.4.*6 Which
vector
(A)
(C)
one of the following is not the valid expression for magnetostatic lrei.i
B:v.A
v . B:0
(B) B: V x,4
(D) V x B: poJ
-Q 4.4.c*
.\\
rcQ 4"4"4$ Plane definedby z: 0 carry surface current density 2a, Af m. The magnetrc
intensity' Hr' inthe two regions -a < z< 0 and 0 < z <o are respectiveJv
(B)
-*r<x**xxx***
- an and a,
(DJ - a, and e,,
ir'
t1
I
I
sol-uTlol{$
Page 240
Chap 4
I
I
4.1
Magnetostatic Fields
s{}L
4"*"':
*:{u.d,s:o
According to divergence- theorem
fa.as:f(r.B)d,u
o: Jfv
V . H :0 at all points
or
I
so,
V.B:0
. Bdu
defined as
d,rr
where
__
Idl x
?n
4rR2
dI
aR:-
addao
QP
Therefore the magnetic field intensity produced at the centre of the circ
loop is
Iadba' x
ao)
rr : Ja:o
["
-(4trd
t
I
s$I-
4.,t"3
Alm
H:*
i.e.
${}L 4.1"4
$*-
:Lr:
]
F
So.
rt
f n.
f n.
or
d,r:r"n"
d,t:o
.E[
:0
;-
4-1.s
Page 241
(1""":0)
for r<.R
i
i
J B' dI:
B(2rr)
It
4.1.6
thl"n"
PnI
or
B:
or
B.+
u^I
(1"
": I)
Tnror
B:ffxxw
where r{ is current density of the sheet and an is the unit vector normal to
the sheet directed towards point p.
so for any point in the space between the sheets normal vector will be
opposite in direction for the two sheets as shown in figure
i,e.
0,n2 :anl
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
Page 242
ch"p
Magnetostatic Fields
a : flKt
@^
at any point
* (- r(r) x (-
a' is unit
sol. 4.t,7
ort
"
o^
(at (3,0,2r))
defined as
due
to a current sheet is
g:!xxa^
4.t.s
an,
: USuq ao :4ao
$oL
4.1.4
paKl
sol.
o,')]
the
n :|(xa,) x (-
c.r)
(K:
: *o" (K:
Ka"
A.f
m,
Ka, Lf m,
a,:-
B:Y xA
az I
la,a o1r
a
a
-l 0, dy dz
-l
lzty zf
-8ruzl
: (- 8rz -0) a, + (0 + 8yz) a, + (2f
So the net magnetic flux density at (1, - 2, - 5) is
B :40a,* 80au *6a"wbf m2
4.t.{o
a,:
- 2t) a"
as
ao)
an
o:Ia.as
Page 243
Js
where d^9 is the differential surface lvector having direction normal to the
surface
So, for the given surface
49
z: 4, 0 I r I 1,
1-
<
3r
< 4 we have
(drdy)a"
and as calculated in previous question we have
B : (- 8rz- 0) o.,+ (0 +8yz) ar+ (2f - 2*) a,
Therefore, the total magnetic flux through the given surface is
*:
I'. ,L,rrt-2i)(drdy)
:2xtl^fau-zxs['ta,
: r[4]_, -rr[$],:2xS-.tf
:40wb
sol-
4"{",t,1
B:Y xA
:f,fiodr)o, :|ffeao, :7o"
l''t
:L(v
P4'
as
x B)
:h[-*G)]":fua
This current density would produce the required vector potential.
sol- 4"{.r2
J:Vx,6[
H : (zcosay)au*(z-t
Given
So
o,
vrI/:l I *
:l- *,
or,
av
arn
""s
ay
a,
- ? &t, *
: - cos aAa, *
:
J V X H:J -- a,* aa-
4.1"{3
eu)a,
a,l
*i
l(z+es) zcosay 0l
au
e\)
au
r-z
eu o,"
cosayeryJ-
sol
as
ou-
ev
a"
plane is
a, Af m2
(a:0
in r-z plane)
i.e.
J:YXH
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
rft
1
(J:0)
VxII:O
or
Page 244
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
sol- 4.{.{4
H:Yf
i.e.
So
it
H5(2ra)
: I*"
H6(2r a)
H6(2na):n"l+_*l:^
H6(2na)
or
sol. 4-t.{5
:ry
":to,
n:IIq4P
J 4rR'
where
element.
I:4.44
A in * a' direction'
P: (4a,,*2ar*3a") - (ra,)
(Since on
R: (4- r)a,*2ao*3a"
R
and
.
,itI
b
I
il
L.
Idl
: r@_,jf+t'+5z
: Jirir+29
:4.4d,ra,
H
-- - J-[**
*
ar e?
- 8, + 291','
4'4 t2o.- u*r)
[*- ,,_ sid* zolt/,,,,
- 4n \o-, 3o,,)J_*
+
1f
r:-cx)
dr
to
r:
@)
:#eo"_s",y[u*S$yz].-
Page 245
Chap 4
Magnetostatic iields
: ffi{Zo" - 3or)
4.4
0.1077 a,
0.762an
:0.1a"
0.2a, Af m
ALTERNATIVE METHOD:
sH. dr:r",,
(2nr)
(I^"
+.+
4.4
2tr x J73
Now direction of the magnetic field intensity is defined
where
a4: o.tx aP
or + unit vector in the direction
r: t/!3
4.4 A)
from figure.
as
of flow of current
unit vector normal to the line current directed toward the point.
-t
So we have,
a6:a,x l(4a" 2au t 3a,) - @",)l
(4- 4)'+22 +82
@p-+
:(,,x@#A
Therefore the magnetic field intensity at the point (4,2,3) is
Lr
:
:
4.4
(2a,
zrt/ts
- 3ao)
Jts
^4L{2o"-Jau)
- 0.2o" Alm
O.Ia"
Page 246
sol.
4.{.'ls
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
Sincetheuniformlychargeddiskisrotatingwithanangularvelocity
u:2ndls
x2x
K :47aa
or
AccordingtoBiot-savartlaw,magneticfieldintensityatanypointPdueto
the current sheet elemenf KdS is defined as
[4!Exgt
s :- J"
4trR2
where
R : a"-
or
and
Pis
P&p
R: rE+V
or:4
^/I+p-due to a small current element
intlnsity
d,H:eW:
complete
with
us
leaving
components get ca,ncelled by symmetry,
H(z): h['" Jo
f
-Kd^9
at point
4p(ar* pa")
4tr (p' + l)t/'
circle, the o,
'
!""ru@anat)
atr@'+
'n{ l)
""
:rl*#lo,:o,At^
$0L rt,1.t7
u :l1x x a)
toward the point P'
where a, is the unit vector normal to the sheet directed
Sothefieldintensityproducedbetweenthetwosheetsduetothesheet
Kr:3a" located at tr:2m is
(o' :- c,)
gr:!1to,) x (- a,) :-lao A,lm
and the field intensity produced between the,two sheets due to the sheet
I{z:- 34, located at r:- 2m is
(o,:
A/m
o,)
Therefore the net magnetic field intensity produced at any point between
the two sheets is
H : Hrl H2:-3ou
Since the magnetic field intensity
H :-Y V*
So for the field H-- 3o, in the region between
t.e.
sheets, we have
a, (the field
-3au -- 4%:
dy
V*:3yl
or
Putting
V*:0
where
Cr
0:3x
Cr:-6
or
Thus,
and the graph of
in o, direction)
Q is constant
(2)+Cr
V^:(By-6)A
I/-
versus y
s(m)
4.1,18
B:Y xA
(1)
Since
-44'
- ^ or.
or
Putting
A":
A; :3por* Cz
O at point P(1,2,5) (given),
0
or
So,
'2,.
Ol.[O
:3pn]-
we have
Cz
:- 3po
A,:\pr(r- 1):-3p"
Cz
A --Spaa"Wbfm
at origin (0,0,0)
Page 247
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
Page 24E
sol. 4.{.19
Chap 4
Maguetostatic Fields
* : {prrrn
where
a.,
having surface
is angular velocitr-
m(r):
so.
(p,:p,dr\
f*fo,oOrr
m(r)
:*""8 :!Q,t
(": #\
1
- "^ (s) x (+) x f :4f A'-m2 (Q:5c, ti:4
-5
rad/s)
I
i
i
rn(r)(A-m2)
r(m)
sot
4"r.20
l2x4f
I2m :G--Frr
no,":G-;F
:-z7Tr
(m:4f
As the sphere is spinning about the z-axis so, the produced magnetic field
will be in o, direction as determined by right hand rule. Thus, we have
Hoo"
sot- 4,{,21
:1a"
fir
to the surface.
So we have
(7) (0.1)a"
t*3Y-1'52:3'5
For which we have the function
f : r+3Y-1'52
and the normal unit vector to the plane is,
,':ff:
(I
7 A,
^9:
0.1 m2)
na
(o.T@!ll+; t'59)
0.2a,x* 0.64,
Page 249
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
0.3a, A-m2
(A) is defined
as
H:L(v
Pt '
x A)
frl-
a",
2au
6a,f
Since the electric current density at any point is equal to the curl of magnetic
field intensity at that point.
J:YxH
l.e.
J
:.4"i.2i
Yx
fr[-a",
- 2artBa"l :
consider the point P on z-axis is (0,0,h) and current flowing in the current
element is 1 in a, direction. since the magnetic field intensity at any point
P due to a current element I is defined as
Hf :4fofcosar- cosol]46
where
at p.
by the upper end of the element at p.
0r :90o
0z
Therefore,
:0o
n:ffia6
(p:
h)
as
a'o:Q4xaP
where al is unit vector along the line current and oo is the unit vector
normal to the line current directed toward the point p.
So,
Page 250
Chap 4
Magddatic
ea
e" X
e,":-
6o
Fblds
or
I
I
F.
:he
o')
H:h
i
i
t
I
ru
r
:fi["osc2-
cosatfa4
cos
4;;[cos O' -
90"]a,4
(p
h,r]1
gQo, 42
: ho,
(a6: a, X a" =
magnetic field intensity produced at point p dr
or,
Hn"t
Hn"t
: fin
*nC
ao* a,)
H'"t
${3;.4.1"?,1
: /i H
: ffiposo2- cosal]a4
'o.l:11/2
where
+
a2 +
a1
q is unit
a'6:otxdP
where
vector along the line current and a, is the unit vec
normal to the line current directed toward the point P. So, we have
:2m
ad : av X (a"):P
a"
(ar:
o,r,
Q,o:
f:
: a, X a":-
Page 250
So,
Chap 4
a6
Magnetostatic Fields
n : fn6t-
H:h
4,
",)
n:*l.ose2-cosarla6
4TPt
: ffi1cos}' - cos90']o6
:ffio.
(p
h,or
9oo, oz
: o'l
X a": ql
Therefore the resultant magnetic field intensity produced at point P due to
both the current elements will be
: ffitHo"t :
hrn
Hn"t
or.
(or:
on
au* a,)
H'*:/2H
$*,,4"1"f;"*
ffiposa2 -
cosal]a,p
(2,0,0)
where
+ angle subtended
a2 + angle subtended
a1
o'4:Q4xQ'P
where or is unit vector along the line current and ao is the unit vector
normal to the line current directed toward the point P. So, we have
P:2m
a6 : Qy X (a"):-
a"
: E, az: 0
at
t' :
similarly
*)
Page 251
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
(as y tends
cos$)1- o4
to
:-#o"
Ar:-ffiU
Thus, the net magnetic flux density produced at point
-shaped filamentary wire is
:-ffa_
:-
4.1,26
:
due to the tr
2n&o"
2(ar* o") x
1o-7
wb/m2
l B' dl:
lhI"n"
l:4
t*:(#)trt : \#)
and since the current is flowing along z-axis so using right hand rule we get
the direction of magnetic flux density along *a6.
Thus, from Amperes circuital law, we have
(86)(2rp) : 7","
or
E-
4.1-26
'-:#(#)
B-PIIP^
-
2nfr*o
Bo:
So
tu- 4.1.27
fia
PaI
w
1
';'
I
$
p
'ilage 252
Uhap 4
i' f aguetostatic Fields
,l
0i
al2
il
I
h
due
to a strail
n:fiposa2-cosa1]
where
'
So we have
P:al2
ar:7t/2
az : n/4
and
I t -r --^7r\-:
Hr- 2"Gn\"oZ
- "usZ/
As all the eight half sides produces same field intensity at the centre of
I
loop so, net field intensity produced at the center due to the complete sqri
loop is
Hnet
sot- 4.{.2a
:g/-J-\ :2qra I
\J2ra)
I:8
Ill
1m
;-J
I s.emuot z
2m
Now the field intensity due to segment (1) (Semicircular loop) at point
can be given directly as calculated in Que.60
l.e.
n,
: *
or
F'
: Zfu :2
Alm
(o:
1r
again for determining the field intensity due to segment (2) we consider
as the half portion of a complete square loop of side 2 m and since the fir
intensity due to a completer square loop of side a carrying current 1 can
b-.
Page 2r;r:
H_ zJzt
7fa
H,
ChaP 'r
Magnetostatic FielJ.
/i I
:IH:
zTa
s,:/z-G)-4/,
" ,r(2)
(1:
7r
A,
a:2m)
Ht* Hz : ,
*****:***{<**
* nf :
3.8
A/m
inward.
Tt'
soLuTloNs 4,2
Page 254
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
sol
4.2.,t
r0
I
defined as
u:fi1cosa2-cos01]tr4
where
P:/fa4:5
ot = IEl2 + Cosgr:
and
cos'c
: -L:P Js'iIE tt
H:#(+3-9",
:#o* :0.074aowbf
(1:5i
m2
l
$oL
4.2"2
Correct answer is 1.
According to Biot-savart law, magnetic field intensity at any point p drnl
the current element ldl is defined as
n:IldlxF
J 4trR"
where -E is the vector distance of point
Here current is flowing in o6 direction
element.
:2m
,l
(radius
: 2l
and
dn :- &p
(pointing towards origiri
Therefore the magnetic field intensity
at origin is
n : [* (8deq):_t_
: a" Afm
/t2,3
a,)
cm
or
rhererore
J'8.
dI:Fof","
B(2rp): /a X 10
(1*"
*" n'*
l() A)
cm as
l:ii-1"ff-ry'x""1':'l''
:4 X 10:;"wb/m2
Z' x S
x-iOf
4.2"4
i.e.
fi:i
"rr"tor"a
$8. dI:1","
"right
Now using
hand rure, we obtain the direction
of the magnetic fiertl
intensity in the loop as it will be opposite
to the direction of ,t.
so,
$n. m:-r"n":-2oA
4.2.5
H:+
as
H:Hr*Hz
^\, I
---I2r@\-/ av)+
,'4it
au)
Cbap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
Correct answer is 4.
P:5
Page 2bb
:-q$* :-ln:-
Page 256
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
i"
?,6
(r:
1.5e15av
Correct ansli'er is 6.
Since the current flows from Q and terminates at Q2 and the charge
located at the surface ofthe contour so the actual current is not enclos
the closed path and the circulation of the field is given as
fn . m: pnllaf","
: *lf
' ds + | an, '
llo1"o"
M"h
and
asl
""
where .Ei is the electric field intensity produced by charge
field intensity produced by charge
so,
Q2.
froL,":#[''(g).,,(g)]
Q1
while
.Ez
is
:+#*+#
-#:#:16A
Therefore from equation (1) we have the enclosed displacement current
Ia'a:/ro(6)
..i
: 6po Wb/m
d,l :6
LIn.
J
lto
'
t'
I.
5$L
4"1.7
ln.
d,l
Correct answer is
10.
:6
n:!xxu
where K is the current density and o" is the unit vector normal to the
current sheet directed toward the point P.
Since we have to determine the magnetic field intensity at origin so from
the figure we have
lol.
0* :- O,
Therefore the magnetic field intensity at the origin is
Page 25?
n :${zou) x (- a"):toe'A/m
Magnetoctatie FtcHe
Cbap 4
(K = 20a,)
4,2"8
6 :|xx
o,
where ,fi( is the current density of the infinite sheet and a" is the unit vector
norpal to the cuirent sheet dF ctgd,to.i;af0 the point P.
Since we have to deterlnirre tbe medhetic field:intensity ut point (2,
-1, 5)
which is above the plane sheet ai shown in figUie, so we have,
Arr:l
A"
n :|Poo,x
iol.
4.?,t'
a)
-l,
b) is
:-$eu :-loouAlm
(K:4Qd,)
ta:.
l.e.
I[
=0
In'm-l",":o
Since for the region p > 8 cm the A.qperian loop wilt have all thd currs:rt
distributions enclosed inside it.
i.e.
I"n"
: l4x
10-3
+2 x (2Tx 0.s x
:6.43 x
10-2)
-0.g x
(2zr
"
10-2+
x 10-2)
+J(ZrxSx10-'z)
0.25
/(tdn'x l0a)
So we have
6.43
or
or
x 1o-2+
,I(16n
10-1'+"0
d
:--
J':-
(1"""
6:43 x 10-!
16n x 10-2
0.13o,
A/m
= 0)
Page 258
sol. 4.2.ro
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
m:thl"n"
Ie.
Since the infinite current sheet is located in the plane z: 0 so, the
-component of the magnetic flux density will be cancelled due to
and in the closed Amperian loop the integral will be only along y-axis.
we have
:
231 :
B(21)
pal","
paKl
(1"n":
As determined by right hand rule, the magnetic flux density above the plarl
z: 0 will be in - a, direction. So we have the flux density above the currc{
sheet as
A :-^l
&y
=-21taouwbfm2
ALTER}IATIVE iIETHOD:
The magnetic flux density produced at any point
carrying uniform current density I{ is defined as
(K:4Alnl
n -luo(K x a,)
where a" is the unit vector normal to the sheet directed toward the point P.
So, magnetic flux density at any point above the current sheet I{ :4a" k
a :|n@a,)
sol.
4.2,11
Correct answer is
(a":
x (o") :*2ttnaswbfm2
o,l
-4.
B:Y xA
we have,
V x .4 :-2poauwbfm2
(l)
Since ,4 is parallel to I{ so the vector potential ,K will depend only on z.
Hence, we have
A(z) a"
I o, a, a,l
_2pna,:l *
*l
00
-2pnar:'-uilO,
lA(z)
or
A(z)
Page 259
Che 4
Magnetctatic Fi,ldg
|
I
:2pr,
A :2pnza,
So,
A
3,4.?,.12
Correct answer is
--
at
z:-2
is
4paa.wbfrn
12.
J:Y xH
Since the magnetic field intensity in the free space is given as
:2p2
ao
t :iryA",:|firzp,)a"
:6Pa":l2a,A/m2
ltol
4.!",13
(p:2m)
Correct answer is 6.
Given that the cylindrical wire located along z-axis produces a magnetic
field intensity, H : 3pa6.
so, applying the differential form of Arnpere's circuital low we have the
current density with in the conductor
as
J:YxH
a"l .lao pa6 a,"
.la,a pa6
_Ilplan
a
, ao
a E
do a;al_11
l:716
'
a
A,l I o 3p, 0
:
|,fttttla,: 6a" Al^'
,lAo
sol
4"2"14
pA6
as:
m:
IS
So,
sol
4,2.,r5
m :5.5a,
A-m?
Idl
: l|dz(-
a")
a, direction
Pace 100
c,fnlP
,,
Ma6mtort*le Flelds
defined as
n:f,l"osa2-costrr]a"
- distance of point P from the current filament.
or + angle subtended by the lower end of the element at P.
oz + angle subtended by the upper end of the element at P.
where p
oI
P:2
az:r-0
Cos02 : cos(n -
0)
:-cosg:--+:,/2'
0r
and
or
COS01
:0
: COS0:
n:
So,
3'-
3"15
z: *)
fiPosa2 -
cosar]o4
:u!ml'-(-#)]",:9
Now the direction of magnetic field intensitv is defined
x (r+
h)"
as
'a4:atxaP
where or is unit vector along the line current and an is the unit vector
normal to the line current directed toward the point P.
aa : (- a,) x (a,): a"
So we have
Therefore,
':#('+#)(".)
: 0.73a, m
.
sol
4,2,{6
A,f
n:fiPose2-cosa1]o4
where
p+
01
02 +
c(m)
c(m)
tan3o.
and
:t * e:h
(11
:,rT
0z
rf
6:+ + cos01 :
30o =e cos02
"orf
lt
:- _T
- g9g$g.: /5
of the triangle is
H' :
az
;!J-[cos
-', ,'
,ti
cos ar] a6
3:- /51{-a
r ITt2,1il^
]u,:ior
as
Q'6:0'1 XQ'P
is
(ao:
o,)
:2.9649a" Alm
s{tl 4"*,{7
n : J"frqf_l:es
4rR.2
R is the vector distance of point p from ihe current element.
Nou'we consider a point (0,y,2) on the current carrying sheet,
from which
we have the vector distance of point (3,0,0)
where
"/3"+f+l
^/g+ur+/
za.)
h1:fr
f&cldE
'trpr
Page 262
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Eields
_
: f, f-
we note that the r component is anti symmetric in z about the origin (odd
parity). since the limits are symmetric, the integral of the r component over
z is zero. So we are left with
':I:f
+^1sffi4qauaz
- - + ""
:-? ,
7f
:sol.
4.2,{A
(2)
0.7ba"
(0.5e) o,
Alm
'o
I-2
0.1
1m
As all the four sides of current carrying square loop produces the same
magnetic field at the center so we consider only the line current AB for
which we determine the magnetic field intensity at the center.
Now the magnetic field intensity at any point P due to a filamentary cuuent
.I is defined as
where
HI : 4fifcosa, - coscl]o6
p-+ distance of point p from the current filament.
or
a2
P.
P.
Flom the figure, we have
p: i,^,
1
So
CLz=
180'- 45.
the magnetic field inten'sity at the centre o due to the line current
n':
ffi1"os02
cosar]
t 2: :f;
-- 1\x J2
1\
n,'.,
A-B is
Bt:
:
10-7 wbf m2
Therefore the net magnetic flux density due to the complete square roop
will
be four times of .B1
i.e.
B:4Bt:4X
:'2.26 x
(5.66
10-?)
10-6 wbfm2
, : JI IdIx an
4trR2
where -R is the vector distance of point p from the current
element.
As the cross product of two parallel lines is always zero so the straight
segments will produce no field at p. Therefore the net magnetic
field
produced at point P will be only due to the trvo circular
section.
i.e.
H : Hco-f Hde
tE
:[["''
I"''/%ao- ["''fuao
:fr *['-+] (t)" :0.2 Alm
"
ALTERNATIVE METHOD:
g:J-2R
and since the straight line wilr not produce any field at point p
so due to
the two quarter circles having current in opposite direction, magnetic
field
at the center will be
,:i[*-*)
where
o -+ inner radius
b -+ outer ra.dius
,:+[#_#]:o2Atm
f,iffi
q{ff,
rUagtretrr*tlt
m
P{G
e04
$oL 4.2.20
Chap d
Ittagnstotatic FioLls
due
to an infinite fi
H:* z7t p
:#
H,
4
- nxz _t
-i
(I:4A,R:2
H:#
nr:t";E:+
p is
H:Ht+Hz_**i
: 0.82 Alm
$AL 4.2.21
'E
^,
p:3m
and
h:5-1:4m
and using.right hand rule we conclude that the magnetic field intensity is
directed along -Fa,.So the magnetic field intensity produced at point p is
H_
50
1o-3(3)2
+ 421e/z
9x50x10-3
:ffi@":l'8o'mA/m
2(32
Correct answer is 4.
Assume the cylindrical tube is of radius a for which we have to determine
the magnetic field intensity at the axis of solenoid. Now we consider a small
ring (small section of solenoid) of the width d,z at adistance z frompoint p
lying on the a:ris of the solenoid as shown in the figure.
':T#w
(p: o,h:
z)
z:acoto+dz*_ffin
and
sind:g:-L:+
r Ja2+l
1 -sin3d
(o,+/yr'e3
u:ll--ffffi:+l:,ff-s,;-_odn)
:-9|'::"odo :$("oro - coszr)
:nI:1000X4X10-3:4Alm
i
4.2.*3 Correct answer is -3.
r
(n:1000,1:4mA)
'
: nI
H : Ht+
H2 : nrl(- o) * n2loo
where n1 arld na ate the no. of turns per unit length of the inner and outer
solenoids
So
respectively.
'
H -- (B x to{)(2000)a"+
: 3 x 10-3(- 1oo0)a, :-
(3
Bou
10-3)(1000)a
A/m
Page 265
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
r,'
1
Page 266
sol
4-2.24
Chap 4
Maguetostatic Fields
Correct answer is 3.
Since no any magnetic field is produced at any point out side a solenoid
in the region between the two solenoids field will be produced only due
the outer solenoid.
H:
l.e.
rulay
:1000x3x10-.or:lqAlm
sol.
4.2,25
Correct a,nswer is 0.
Since no any magnetic field is produced at any point out side a
so, at any point outside the outer solenoid, the net magnetic field
produced due to the two solenoids will be zero.
soL
4,2.26
Jqp
J:kp
So we have,
where ,t is a constanL
h: IJ'as
J"
or
5x1o-3:[To'[,i"Aoo
5
10-s
-hrk(2 \
(/o
mA)
l0-2)g
u:*xtx#:ffix,03
So we have
p:1cm
enclosed current is
h":lJ.as
:
fl x 1o-2
I kp(2rp) dp
JP=o
:+r+x1o-3:fixfi-s
$a.
Jt
m:thr"n"
B(2np)
:#
10-3
at
p: lcm is
:#r rd$rT
x 4n x
ro-7
:1.25 X 10-8
:
sQL 4.2.27
l2.5nWb/m2
J:Y xH
l.e.
So the current density component
in o, direction
is
J,:(V
I4,
:w-#
"
Page 267
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Eblds
:-(
: -\G;1Y
-. 't,,o+6lz\t
+ ox'
z
)ar
,3Sz<4mis
:-I^f
(#++z+z)dudz
:- I^l#+z+,afn,az ::4,?"28
m,
t < y< 4m
r:lJ,.ds
:- I:,t,(&+otz)d'ud'z
aol-
259
(d,S:
dyd,za")
(r:2m)
+T2z)dz
I^ (Zo
m:
IS
where S is the area enclosed by the conducting loop. So for a ring of radius
r, magnetic dipole moment
m: I(trf).
Now as the charged disk(charge d.ensity, fu:20C1^')!4g!atinS witn
angular velocity tl:0.1rad/s so, the current in the loop is givEn as
d,I
p,
ard,r
*:
:
f
'rl
a4nf1
l:o(rr"dr)(rf)
: pru^ f d,,
['
:20 xo.t t
"[fl,
: t:1'5708 A-m2
r
I
Page 268
&oL 4.2.25
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
defined as
a:ffiao
1-
where
o: In'
l.e.
as
figure
Centre axis
I
'i
;t+ffi
Irr+lln
So we have the
o:
2tr
sol. {.2,30
(d,S:
I:-,^(#a,)@ara,1
4nx7O-7x105x10x
as
1.39
10
'(?)
(N:
105,
/:
hd,ra6)
10
A)
Wb
a:ffiao
So at the mean radius,
'--5!:1'5m
B:hll67f o^
we have,
(r:
1.5
m)
o'
:I
"
d,s
: I:,(#
*){na,"o)
105 x 10 x 101-12
:Fl',l1
- 4zr x 10-7 x
(dS:
hdra5)
(l[:105, 1:10A)
:1.33Wb
Thus, the percentage of error is
Tnerror
:P4
100%
(d:
B:PI
Now consider a strip
dp of thesquare roop at a distance p from the
straight wire as shown
"iri$o
in the figure.
(area of sftip
:ffiear)
So,
:2dp)
loop is
":',,ikedp)
: Sl"d2
:e.#(t"f)
--
Jn,
4.2.sa
g.11
10-7 Weber
0.g1!r,Wb
is
,!* :
f'
"ffi{t
ao)
.where 1 is the current carried by the conductor, tr is the side of the square
loop and a,b are the distance of the two sides
of square loop from the
conductor.
So we
have
: 0.5 m
o:0.3-g[:0.0bm
tr
b:0.3+ry:0.b5m
Thus,
,b-
:
I::",H@ sap)
: ffU"olg;iE :
fflnny
t:^&t)x5x1o-5
= 208.5 A
pagel
Ch+r
Magnetostatic
Fieb
Page 270
fist.
4"2.33
We consider only the half side of the loop to determine the flux density at
the center as shown in the figure.
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
3:/;1cos02-coso1]tl,,
41T
PL
a6: a1X aP
where a; is unit vectolalong the line current and ao is the unit vector
normal to the line current directed toward the point P.
Therefore, the magnetic flux density produced at centre o due to the half
side of the square loop is
nr:]';1"os02-cos01){r6
' 4trPt
where
Thus,
P: trn
o,
",
\,/ z
As all the half sides of the loop will produce the same magnetic flux densitlat the centre so, the net magnetic flux density produced at the centre due
to whole square loop will be
B
sor-
4"2,34.
Hloop
...(1)
where H.i," is the field intensity produced at the center of loop due to the
straight wire and H6* \s the field intensity produced at the center of loop
due to the current in the circular loop.
Since the magnetic field intensity produced at a distance p from an infinitely
H:+
So we
have
is defined
as
Page 271
Chap 4
lidagnetostatic Fields
H*,"
!Q:1q
- =J--:
n
2r(I)-2tr-
(I:20A,p:1m)
and as calculated earlier the field intensity produced by circular loop at its
center is
Hr* : *,
Huop:rGd*F)
oft
So
-$:sr
(o
10 cm)
-.t
T -ut
I : Z:
7f
Thus,
Dr.4,2.35
0.6366
as
s:Sxxw
r(
B,
and for the sheet in
: t(4o,) x (",) :-
2pnav
(w: a")
z:2 m plane
ar: ttao')
x (- a,) :-2poan
(o":-
r^
l,
;ffiff;
=t_
*****+*****
o")
tl.
soluTtoNs 4.3
Pag272
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
$0L
4"3.1
It
be zero.
i.e.
B'
dS
:0
or more cle-ar, we can write that for a static magnetic field the total
of flux lines entering a given region is equal to the total number of flux
leaving the region.
So, (A) and (R) are both true and R is correct explanation of A.
$sL
4,3,2
sot-
4"3,3
gr
as
R
AtrR3
sol.
4.3-4
sot.
4.3.$
sol
4.3.6
and
B:Y xA
Vx.B=pnJ
V x (V x .1t): V(v .
or,
A)- vzA
Vx.B=V(V.A)-V'zA
poJ: V(V . A)-Y'A
ort
As the vector pciteritial is always divergence free so we get,
y2A:_ poJ
lE
,L3.7
/L3.8
aot
4.3.9
I_ d3.lo
$L
4.3.1{
t_
4_3.{2
Jt
/t.3,t3
43.14
4.3.15
-.
trL
rIrl
*r
ttlqn*e**nd
***rt*!t*ttt**
soLUTloN$ 4,4
Page 274
Chap 4
Magnetoatatic Fields
sol. 4.4.t
I"ncro""d,
f u,
: (lra2) J
d,l:1"n"1o""4
H(2rr) : (tra2) J
Io
ttLr - in,
uol,
l.e.
For
r<
(ra2)
,t
forr>a
f_
o,
So,
n. m:
H(2trr)
I"nctosed
:#
+
H:^J'u
2ra'
3(}L 4"4.2
I":
Hqr,
r-y
forr(r
plarre as shown
ir
it
H6(2rR)
: JQrR') =)
Ho,
: *
Since, point O is at origin and the cross section of the wire located in rplane. So, in vector form the field intensity due to the current carrying wir
without considering the hole is given as
(1)
Page 275
Again, only due to the hole magnetic field intensity at point P will be given
Magnetostatic Fields
as
(Haz)(2rr)
:- J(trr')
n*:=*
Again, if we take O' at origin then in vector form
n,
: j@,a,+ u,an)
(2)
'
So, putting
r:fi'*d
it into equation
and A:g'
(2) we have
Hr:+Kr_Aa,+yayl
Therefore, the net magnetic field intensity at point
Hn"t
is
i.e. the magnetic field inside the hole will depend only on d.
tot
4,4"3
tol.
4.11.4
D O 1.2x10-3
IJ:=;:*:0.4TeSla
A 30 x 10-.
soL 4.4.5
given as
B:Y xA
sol
4.4.S
sol.
4-d.?
B:VX,4
In.as:f(oxA)ds
as
Chap 4
o-fd"at
Pryo.{o
cFsl
u*irbutc
Fhla
sot
4.4.8
sol.
4.4.9
K(2rr)
where
So,
so|. {.4,{O
: I
K:
: c,f
ro-\:5Q
A/"'
ii
defrned as
A:
l':
T##
So
3ol
+.n.r't
oo
A:0
K:
Kuay
Pa[{p277
u :i,*
(a,,*
a,t)
r ',r i,
4.4"1a
and ad :
g :|Kuo, x (-a"+
So,
trL
a,
az
a,)
L,"
: l,'(t,$)e"oao)
:\f{o'-':)
In. at :!f;{t
H(2rp)
H
5L
4"4"13
Jo(p'-
- --iF p
"l
ot)
fl : p,H: Y X A
(2) then determine
x.EI:rdP
-' 6t
of radiated
tol.
4-4".t4
J
sol
4.4-15
n .m:
lencro,ed
"'**-
:21+BI- I : 4I
sol.
4.4,16
i.e.
I'H'd,I:1","
H(2trR): I
u :4a
Mqulrfi }ttb
where o,u is the normal vector to the upper plate and a,r is normal vector
to the lower plate both directs toward the point between them
anu:-
Cr+
as
; :..'
Page 27E
Chap 4
is
_ P4tt
B-"^H-PyI
- tiE
Magnetostatic Fields
sol-
4,4,17
80L 4.4,18
2,D' I'
is defined as
H:-I
- 2rr
1:=1- 2rr
r : +* :1.59m
so|.
4.4.19
H:J
-2r
r
is radius of the loop. So, the current that must flow in the loop to
produce the magnetic field 11: 1mA/m is
where
I:2rH:2X1X1:2mA
30L 4,4.20
as
B:Y xA
sol- 4.4.2r
as
B:Y xA
(2)
:_ pnJ
potential
for a line current is defined
(3) Magnetic vector
y2
as
[P^nt
A-_J_GE
So, all the statements are correct.
sol
4,4,22
H:*
\L--
::!q
zTr
Page 279
'Chap4
Magnetostatic tr'ields
r:*:1.59m
Option (B) is correct.
Magnetic field intensity due to an infinite linear current carrying
conductor
is defined as
f n.
d,t:r","
H(%rr): t 3 H:*
f n.
t.e.
[*'-"
as
:o
(1)
It,
a,
.B)d,u:f
a.
as:o
(2)
V.B:0
ao{. 4.4.25
, :L*
K:30a" mA/m)
toL
4.4.26
an
:!{soo") x (ar) __
t5&,mA/m
B:Y xA
fl'x
density is
zeto.
i.e.
V.B:0
Again from the Maxwell's equation, the curl of the magnetic field intensity
is equal to the current density.
i.e.
or,
VxH:J
VXB:pnJ
sol.
4.4.27
(B:
paH)
B+V.A,
rY
I
L
fl
hr" rao
chry4'
so!.
4-4.24
ttft69{p{*h llclb
i.e.
ll
sol.
4.4.29
B.
ds
:o
g =!xx
as
o^
F.
1
iI
i'i
Fbr 0'<
tl
and
z1s,
^ On::
g,
nr:!(zo,) x (- @") :
g"
Or:
nr:l(za,)
********;i:f
a,
x (",)
--
av
HAqTER 5
MAGNETIC FIETDS IN MATTER
txTRODUCTtol{
ffi"#:il::jililfTff
o
t
.
o
;I1rJ""1-
o Magnetic
of materials: magnetization, magnetic:
. susceptibility,characteristic
permeability.
o Types of magnetic materials: paramagnetic,
diamagnetic, ferromagnetic.
o Energy stored in magnetic field
and inductors.
3 Analogy between electlic and
magnetic circuits.
IT
MAGNETIG FORGES
Magnetic
$:ffi::'and
L2.l
point Charge in
Magnetic Field
If we atow a charge to move
e
with a verocity u in the presence
Force on a Moving
l;'o' ",
F^:
.ff
exertei
o'ti"
of a magnetic
particle is given
"n"rged
Q(ux B)
..(5.
1)
Lorentz Force Equation
since' the electric force
p on a stationary
-r or moving erectric charge Q in an
electric field E is given by
F"_QE
ffi;tL**:}fr?in
*a
the presence or
utr,'ir,"
;-;;"
F:F"*F^
QE+ Qfux B\
* i)*"tz
Page 282
Chap 5
Maguetic Fields in Matter
5.2.2
in Magnetic Field
r^:
[.tat, x n
(Line current
,^:l*xBds
(Surface current)
r^:ftxBda
(Volume current)
IdL is the line current element, KdS is surface current element, Jdr
is volume current element, and .FL is the magnetic force exerted on thc
respective elements in presence of magnetic field B.
where
5.2.3
F*:ILxB
F- : BILsin9
5.2.4
ar,Ld
L.
[dl'x(4'xo')
F:FlIz[
an Jr,Jr,-------This equation is also called Ampere's force law.
5.2.5
p,:4*(-
oJ
P'
EyI'I' ^
-riTq
l4l: +#:141
4:_ 4
and
,L-,
R
TAGNETIC DIPOLE
"urr*
toop.
from
m:
Q^l
Bar
Magnet
Surface
area,
^9
il ;
ffi#i
where,
a'
is the
"#;i:;ii,3r
page 28J
MagLeiic Fields
Chap b
Matter
Page 284
Chap 5
m:NIS
5.4
IUIAGNETIG TORQUE
When a current loop is placed parallel to a magnetic field, forces act on the
Ioop, that tend to rotate it. The tangential forces times a radial distance
at which it acts is called the torque or mechanical moment, on the loop
Mathematicallv,
T:d,xF
where F is the force acting on the loop and d is the moment-arm (i.e., radial
distance of the force from axis of rotation). Torque is expressed in Newtor
metres. It is a vector directed along the axis of rotation of the loop.
.l-nxxB
where, T : Torque on loop (Nm)
rn : rnan: magnetic moment of loop (Attt')
B : flux density, Wb/m'
5.5
MAGNETIZATION IN ilIATERIALS
Magnetization is defined as the amount of magnetic moment per unit
volume. It is also called magnetic polarisation density. It is a vector quantilr
and denoted AV (m) Its unit is Ampere per metre (l/*). If there are
N atoms in a given volume Ao with magnetic moments rrt4,TTI4,Trt4,....rrL5
respectivelv, then' magnetization is given by
M
5.5.1
: Jir.(#i-,)
Magnetic Susceptibility
In a linear material, magnetization is directly proportional to field intensity. i.e
M gH
M -- x*H
or,
where
X- is the
5.5.2
In a magnetic material,
magnetic field intensity
3:
as
p,o(H* M)
: FoF,H :
P,H
u^(t+x^)n
where,
coil b
Page 2Eb
tl, :(I*X*):fi
dimensionless.
)tl tb
*ance
ir tt"
t
it
is
loop-
3.
Ferromagnetic materials.
to
nral
nal
|.G
unit
ntitr
E are
.-?ll-r
15.f
Bn:
Bzn
lhiln:
as
p,zHzn
Chap b
Magnetic Fields in Matter
Page 2E6
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
q.N. Paramagnetic
1.
Diamagnetic
The atoms or
molecules
have a
permanent
magnetic dipole moment.
Ferromagnetic
magnetic dipoles.
domains.
2.
In the absence of
any
field, the
permanent
The presence of an
external field Bs will
induce magnetic dipole
moments in the atoms or
magnetic dipoles in a
paramagnetic material molecules. However,
An externally applied
field Bo will tend to
Iine up those magnetk
dipoles parallel to thc
.).
these
a torque that
tends to align rn with
-E[, thereby producing a
net magnetization (M)
parallel to H . Since 81 is
parallel to H, it will tend
to enhance the field.
The magnetization (M)
is not only in the same
direction * (II), but also
linearly proportional to
it.
experience
4.
5.
Paramagnetism
is
temperature dependent.
6.
7.
lJ,)t,X^>0
p,,
1I,x*<0
X^) 0,F,) I
diamond,
bismuth,
or
(E -E"\: n
\/rt Fzl
Hrt:
Hzt
Eu:Pn
and
Fr
l-tz
lrt
tan?z
Fz
where d1 and 02 are the angles formed by the field components with the
boundary interface, and pr,1, r-r2 are the magnetic permeabilities of the tvno
different media.
TAGNETIG ENERGY
Iir order to establish a magnetic field around a coil, energy is required but
no energy is needed to maintain it. Just as energy is stored in electrostatic
field, energy is also stored in magnetic field of inductor.
Energy Stored in a Coil
Consider a coil with self-inductance .L. If the current flowing through
coil is
1, then the magnetic energy stored in the coil is given by
w*:|tF
,*:!1n . ny
where
-Er is the magnetic fierd intensity in the region. The total magnetic
energy stored in a region is obtained by taking the volume integral
of the
energy density, i.e.
w^:
3.8
f **d,,: I*@
H)d,u
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
If all the magnetic fluxes associated with a particular distribution of currents,
is confined to a well defined path, then that can be considered as
analogous
to an electric circuit in steady state and refer as magnetic ci,rcu,it. tr'igure
S.4
hrr
Chlr
Magnetic Fields
ir - -
T'
I
Page 2EE
Chap 5
Figure
l'-l..1: Analogr
rgpetiE
:.1;tiii.,:.,,,
::.:is: j95:::i...i
ffi*
r!:}:irir]li!i;.s1,it
t:....:t::.::,,',:;
1:t
:.,::..:
..t
:ii?a*-,21 .,aa...;..,riiiit!.:.li::::i::i:li
ii:
W* ffiffiiff;
.',ri.'r;::il:li{i;!t4:.1-,!!
:t::l.l:;
r$
*********rt:1.
EXERCTSE 5,{
Pacs
Magnetic
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
DQ
s,1.2
lca
5"1.3
consider two current loops Q and cz carrying current d and .I2, separated
by a distance ,8. If the force experienced by the current loop G due to the
current loop G is -F, then the force experienced by current loop G due to
the current loop G will be
(A)
(B) .F
-r
(c) - r(*)
(D)
\+,)
5"'t.$
of magnetic field B :
is flowing in the loop ?
5"1.6
prane
z- 0 and,
of the material is p
(A)
@)ffi
rc)
fn
D\
?A
'
Jgo
$e
6bap 6
ficldr ln lfidfr
Page 29O
iltc{l
s.1.2
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
t$cQ 5.1.8
(A) 2rro
(C) rr,
magnetic
@)
-ry
H0++
(D) rr.
lllcQ
5.'t.9
s,t.to
(a) $a,.0./m'
Q)
(D)
fia,Alm'
ffio,A/m'
(^)
h", tl^'
@)
Q) fia,Alm'
Common Data For Q. 11 and 12
f,a,Alm'
pa: 6 is in the
s.l,{l
5.1.12
4a" * 3 a, Wb f m2
The magnetic flux density in the regio n z 0 is given as B
0 carries a surface current density K 4ay A/m; then the
.If the plane
magnetic flux density in the region z > 0 will be
z:
(C) t""Bo
""a
ft
(D)
ff
and. p,,Bo
If the interface carries no current then-the correct relation for the angle d1
and
dz is
(A) pt and
(C) All h,
pz both
Fa and Fz
(B) pa only
(D) p1 only
Page 291
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
u--'
Pqsg 202
Ma6Dstic Dields ln
shown
coil.
CbrD 6
Mrtter
H,B
HcGl
(A) r+
,u;
(c)
(D)
ro
NIo
turns
E,B
Which of the following is correct electrical analog for the magnetic circuit
lR2 Rr -.r*O 8u
R7
1000/
(c)
tl6
,R3
1000r
lR1
10001
In the free space the magnetic flux density B points in the a, direction and
electric field .E points in the a, direction as shown in the figure. If a charged
particle at rest is released from the origin, then what path will it follow ?
$,"r"*o
$.1.x"? Two filamentary currents of -54, and 5o"A are located along the lines
U : 0, z : - Im and A : 0, z : lm respectively. If the vector force per unit
length exerted on the third filamentary current of 10a,A located at y= k,
z: 0 be F then the plot of ,F versus k will be
10
e(*)
e(m)
Pryc
Mqntic
Fioldr
203
thrp 5
h Ithttctr
Page 294
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
tt(^)
,i
y:1o
s"1-24 If a magnetic dipole of moment rrl:nr4ar is placed at the origin then the
force exerted on it due to the slab will be
(A) oN
(B) mapaloya"
(C) mapalsa"
(D) - rnstuJ(.)!o,,
M:
s.{.zs
bp2
magnetization
is proportional
ao.
to
(A)
(C)
(B) tlp
(D) p"
p
psin@
5.1.t6
The plot of the magnetic flux density B inside the cylinder versus p will be
Ge s.r.2?
(c)
(D)
{t
\\
rcq $.{"zs
M will be
0
(n) *p"iw
Q) @y
@) ?p,wt
(A)
P4r15
CtT5
Magnetic Fields in
I\[&
Paf"
Mcq
106
Chap 5
IUlgrlth
Sieldr in Matter
5.{.29
IM
(B)
K
(D)
IM
11
til
iirl
ti,l
ii,
ri
lii;
iir!
iiii
uniform
L:2a
-If
5-1.31 An infinitely
s.1.32 A
s,,,,..]O
O,
tJ
(B)ffi
rnu
(D) 0
(A) 2mu
(c)
i
,
;
t
!
i
N
I
i
s'1.33
fa
I
I
t
r
I
i
f
I
f
!
The current that required to counteract the ear-th's gravitational force orr
the wire must flow from
I
I
t-a s'1'34
;
t
?,
I
I
L
lI
lI
(c)
e8
kA
(D) 4.e kA
,,
r
E'
Ir
I
g) +p,4
tD ap^#
(c) ap,H\
@2+
lH
$
E
I
I
&.
r
r
I
as to counteract
Page 297
Chap
s.1.36
Page 29E
field
Chap 5
.EI
uniform
ileQ
$,1.37
.I( and -
(o)
e+!')*o
P)(ry)Kd
(c) (fr +
fi)xa
s.t.3n If the magnetic material slab occupies the region 0<z<2m then the
magnetization surface current densities at the surfaces z: 0 arrd z: 2
will be respectively
and (44,
-2o')
s.{,39
J* will be
(B) 4a,*2au
(A) 0
(C) 8a"*
tvrcQ s,l.40
4au
(D)
-4a,-2a,
Two infinitely long straight wire and6 third wire of length I are pa"rallel to
each other located as shown in the figure.
@)
ltrl
@)#
(B)
Q)#
K :fi@.2o,_o.aau)Alm
then the magnetic flux density in medium 2
will be
x***x*x>Fx**
page 299
Chap b
Magnetic Fields in Matter
HXERCTSH 5.2
Page 300
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
&ua$
5.2,1
In the free
qrjtr$
5.4"3 If a conducting filament located along the line y:0, z:0.2m carries ?
current in I a, direction then what will be the force per unit length
on
gus$
5"2.4
it will be
proa,
located at
N/m
QL'r$ 5"2"$
euss
5.2"s
suxs
5"2.?
*ux$
5,2.s
Magnetic flux lines are passing from a nickel material to the free space.
the incident of the flux line makes an angle at: 75" to the normal of tha
boundary in the nickel side as shown in figure then what will be the angh
a2 (in degrees) with normal of the flux when it comes out in free space ?
(relative permeability of Nickel : 6fi)l
Page 301
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
atrEs s.;t"s
Two infinite plane conducting sheets are located in the plane z: 0 and
z:2m.The medium between the plates is a magnetic material of uniform
permeability p : 4pn.If in the region between the plates a uniform magnetic
flux density is defined as B: (3a,+4a)x 10-3Wb/m2, what will be the
magnetic energy stored per unit area (in J l^r) of the plates ?
l's $"!.'!o A
e.
L2 and LB
A filamentary conductor is formed into a rectangle such that it's corners lies
on points P(1,1,0), 0(1,3,0), -R(4,3,0), S(4,1,0). An infinite straight wire
lying on entire r-axis carries a current of 5 A in a, direction.
____
orpN.
c',Es 5'2"t3 The total force exerted on the conducting loop by the
straight wire will be
avFN'
ItEs 5"2.{5 If the rod is bent around it into a complete circular ring then
density inside the circular ring will be
x 1,r,swbf m2
magnetic flux
rut
i.if'
ir
t
Page 302
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
s*Js$
$"2.16 Assume that there remains a narrow gap of width 0.1mm between the
o{ the rod when it is formed into a circular ring. The net magnetic
X 10-7 wbf m2
density at the center of the gap will be
strg$ s,2"{?
will
mH.
be
(6, 1, 0)
QUrC 5,*"',18
&sn$ 5"9.',s
QUS$ 5.2.20
2 m wic
A planar transmission line consists of two conducting plates of
in *
placed along r-z plane such that the current in one plate is flowing
p
the
If
both
direction.
a,
irt
iirection. while in the other it is flowing carries4Acurrentandthereisaverysmallseparationbetweenthemt
x l-to
force of repulsion per meter between the two plates will be
Averylongsolenoidhaving20,000turnspermeter.Thecoreofsolenoid
and it carr
formed of iion. If the cross sectional area of solenoid is 0'04 m2
per
meter (J/
stored
enelgy
the
be
will
a current .I:100mA then what
iron,
of
(relative Permeability
P.": 100)
in it's field ?
i
A rigid loop of wire in the form of a square is hung by pivoting one of
abt
side along the r-axis as shown in the figure. The loop is free to swing
it's pivoted side without friction. The mass of the wire is }'2kglm
carries a current 2A. If the wire is situated in a uniform magnetic
B:1.g6Wb/m,
the vertical is
QUf;S 5.2.21
carr
X p'oaowb/m.
!L--.'
K=-
page 303
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
4a,
aiQa 9,@aa
2m
oooooeo
K:4a"
Lm
5'2'23 A square
pN in a, direction.
lEs
Z:0
Page 304
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
The cross sectional area of the section on which coil is wound is ,9r where
all the rest of the section has the cross sectional area ^92. Magnetic core
the permeability 1t : 7000p14.
*i,ts$ 5"?.26
If
c{rss 5.2.2?
,9r
5 cmz
of the coil
is
and
,92
10
self
mH.
2cm
1fi : 500 then what will be the self inductance (in mH) of the coil
/y'' turns ?
$crs 5"3.28
If
$rrfis
If lfr:
5"2,e9
be
mH.
Page 30b
Chap b
Magdetic fieias in Matter
&:250 turn
4:500
turn
QUES
QUE*
auE$
a
If
Il
alloy
incredses from 0
is
: !n+
mH.
H2prwblm2
MJ/rn3.
**+*t<******<
EXSRC|$E 5.3
Page 306
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
n{co
5,3.t1
aaaa
8A8A
The deflection in the path of the particle shows that the particle is
(B) negatively charged
(A) positive charged
(D) can't be determined
(C) uncharged
MCQ 5,3.2
rvrcQ 5.3.3
i,tco
List I shows the type of magnetic materials and List-II shows their criterions.
Match List I with List II and select the correct ansv/er using the codes given
below : (Notations have their usual meaning)
5,3.4
List-II
List-I
a.
b.
c.
d.
Diamagnetic
Non-magnetic
Paramagnetic
Codes
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ferromagnetic
X.*:0, F,:I
X^)0, F,2
SI
0, p,,)>
X^<0,
X*))
p,,
XXHRffiilffiM S-4
Page 30E
Chap 5
Magpetic Fielde
ir
Mptter
MC& 5.4"1
A current sheet J :
l_
I
.I
x<0 (Region-1)
s"r:
* l\a, Af m
10a" Af m
nr
A bar magnet rnade of steel has a tnagrretic nroment of 2.5 A-rn2 and a rnass
of 6.6 x 10-3kg. If the density of steel is 7.9 x 103kg/m3, the intensity of
magnetization is
(B) 3 x 106A/rrr
(D) 8.2 x 106 A/m
If the current
magnetic field of
(A) -2.0a"mN
(C) -2.04, N
l|ltcQ $,4.{
H:5a. lp
List
a.
b.
c.
d.
Magnetic flux
Reluctance
Permeability
:
abcd
(A) 3421
(B) 1243
(c)3247
(D) t423
in a
(D) 2.0a. N
II
MMF
Codes
List
1.
2.
3.
4.
II
Conductivity
Electric crrrrent
Eil,IF
R.esistance
ttc{i
$..i{. $
wt'ch
r:v. B
(C)":MxB
(A)
MS*
$,;*"{1
(B)
":M.B
(D)":BxM
II
List-I
a.
b.
c.
d.
Line charge
Magnetic flux density
Displacernentcurrent
Power flriw
Codes
List-II
1.
Maxwell
2.
Poynting vector
3.
Biot-Savart's law
4.
Gauss's law
aircd
(A) 1243
(B) 43r2
(c) i342
(D)4213
[,t68
$"4.$
MC{} S"4,9*
Two thi'parallel wires are carrying current along the same direction.
The
lbrce experienced by one due to the other is
(A) Parailel to ihe lines
Pnge
i09
Chap 5
Mnglietic Fftjtdl iri Matter
hr{O
ft5
lltdc
iltGQ 5,4.11
ffiinMatter
ilCO 5.4.'t2
The dependence of
B (flux density) on H
'-,eDiamagnetic
rvrco 5.4.13
(A) Both Statement (1) and Statement (2) are individuallv true and
Statement (2) is the correct explanation of Statement (1)
(B) Both Statement (1) and Statement (2) are individually true but
Statement (2) is not the correct explanation of Statement (1)
(C) Statement (1) is true but Statement (2) is false
(D) Statement (1) is false but Statement (2) is true
ilca
5.4.14
I
I
(A) V . B:0,
(C) V x A: B
f,,tco 5.4,{5
(B) V . H:o
(D) V x H:J
(B) Bolh Assertion (A) and Reaso.n,.(R), are ,individually true but Reason
(R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
(D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true
5,4"tS
5'4'4v
(D) 3.0aN
The force on a charge moving with velocity o under the influence of electric
and magnetic fields is given by which one of the following ?
(A) q(r+Bxu)
(B) q(.8+ ax H)
(Q q@+ax E)
(D)q(.8+axB)
s'4'18 If a very flexible wire is laid out in the shape of a hairpin with its two ends
secured, what shape will the wire tend to assume if a current is passed
through it ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
5.4.ts
Parabolic
Straight line
Circle
Ellipse
(c) If the particle is at rest, the field will deflect the particle
(D) If the particle path is in the same direction of B, there will be no
acceleration
5.4'2s What is the force on a unit charge moving with velocity u in presence of
electric field E and magnetic field B ?
(A) E-a.B
I
u. B
(C).8+Bxa
(D) .E+ ax B
(B) ,u+
HCQ 5.4"2t
P4r 3fr
ct?
Magnetic Fields' in
ltfie
Page 312
$cq
5.4.22
Chap 5
boundary'"'d
Which one of the followjrig formulae is not correct for the bound
two rnagnetic matrials
9",
?Y
(A) B^:
I
(B) B, : ^/ B,r+
I
(C) fl, : Ha* Hr
I
(D) a,zt X (H, - Ilir) : I{ where a,zt is a unit vector normal to the interface
and directed from region 2 to region f
Bo
i
i
ilc{t
5.4"23
z>
is
(B) tlp4lt.za,*0.8as+0.8o.]A/m
(C) tlprlt.za,*0.4ay*0.4a"f Alm
(D)
1/k[0.6a,*0.4ay+0.8o,]A/m
itca
r.4"24
If ,4 and J
(C) energy
XXXXXT(t<*(***
of
(B) Power
(D) inductance
$Ol-UTlOl{S"5;'*
Page 313
Chap 5
&Iagnetic fields'ini i'1lttder
time
glB+ (u x B)]
where
So, at
F(o):
Nowwe
y(0)
have
e[E+(V(o) x B)]
a,i
F(0)
m"a(0)
(1.6
1.6
10-1e)[(0.la,
(f(0) :
o(o;
-0.2a,*0.3o,) x
103
10-l'g[(100
(1400
1100)
i9+
' "-s a)
---\.--, *6ao_
-./
10-,,x 2oo(6o,,
: 3.5 x 1013(6a, * 6a, - a")mf s2
19
9.1 1
x
F:I(LxB)
.I
where
tr
--+
current flowing
F :3 x l0-3f2a" x (o,+3a)]
:6 x 1o-3[or-3o,] -- 18o,*6aomN
So,
I rol
5.1.3
3()L 5"t.j1
m:
where
ISa,.
2r*
69
- 3z:4
so the
Page 314
as.
Qhap 5
(f:2r*6Y-
So,
rn
: (5)G)p9'l+ ]e)
_ 5(2a,+
6oo
7
(1:5A,S:1
* 3a")
T:r'z.xB
So the torque on the given coil is
,'-t_[5(2a"+
:
${}L
5"'1.5
304,
7-
6_au
20au
3a")
I x (oo,
l
204, N-m
4ou
ba")
rn : ISan
where a, is the unit vector normal to the surface of the loop.
and since from the given data we have
1
S
:10A
: rf :7r
(I)':
: az
rS
m : IUra"
Now the torque on an element having magnetic moment
of magnetic flux density B is defined as
T:mX
m in the presenoe
s.1"6
4a,,
i H,:#:&
4a,
2o,)
: B
lw
:E-
114
where B and
So we get
5{}L 5"r,?
fil
are the flux density and field intensity inside the material.
BB28
M: Pn
JUo
JUn
ri
B:hIhH
,,
so, comparing it with given expression for magnetic flux density we get
relative permeability as
th.
Page
Jlb
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
!':k:k-I
Therefore, the magnetization vector inside the material is given as
M:(w_t)H:(k_l).tl
\
by
:?^*
since the cavity is hollowed. so not magnetic flux density at the center of
cavity is
Bo"t:
Bo- B"o-tv
- Bo-?^*
Hn"t
: *",",:
#[", -?^*]
hl^*'* pnM-?^rl
:[**#],
(Bs:
Pa(Hs+ M))
B: n(I*x)H
So the magnetic flux density inside the medium is
n:6#n:ffio"
(B:
4za,T,
y*:2)
M:X^H
:q(lz\-\3n)-'
o=:'z
JPo
is
is
a^s
Jt:Y xM
l
l
1
:VX(ffi^):firo1^,
1
aoL 5.r.{0
"-m':h[w]"
(B:4za,,T)
Page 316
Chap
$oL
$"1.1't
lfle
and
a,rQ
1.
lhHz,,: FtHu
a.re
2as
Hy-9a,-I}a"
Hzn:
"*rt"
and
:4H,,
p,2pn
(i6@J
t8.67 aa
B:FH
where
medium 2 is given
as
t' ::3?rl-Y?rY;x
(ea.
:
sol
5,{,*3
(6.8o"
!4.1a0- 7.5a,) x
18.6T an
- roa") (t"o:
10 5 wb/m2
B :4a, l3a"Wbf
as
m2
Br : 4a,* 3a"
Therefore the tangential component Brr and noimal component
rnagnetic flux density in region 1 are
Brt
and
Page 317
Br, of the
:4o''
86 = 3a,"
Bn: Bz'
Brr- Brr: pnK
where B21 and B2n ore respectively the tangential and normal components
of the magnetic flux density in region 2 and K is the current density at the
boundary interface.
get
and
So, we
Bzn
u"
: Bn:3a"
(8":3a')
(Brr:4a,, K:4ao Alm)
jIZ,,:f:T,,
Bz
s.i.14
r-
Apnau-f 3a,
Bro
and
llt'o
Bo
Lr -Bro-Bn
---- ltn
Pn
il
H;n : l{ro-
Btlo
P'o
Bt,:
:L
5.1"{5
ltHon
: f,^#
F,Bo
:
Brsin4 :
i.e.
Brn
Bz,
Bzsinqz
i.e.
s"1.t$
Hu: H*
-lricosdr : Hzcosqz
pqtan9s
p4tan9ai
So, combining the two eq. we get,
Thus,
da
patanfi - p4tan9a
will be independent of pa only.
since
Chgp
as
d2:
Bt
$tll.
Chap 5
following relations,
Page 31E
5.1.17
.f
we have
- 7 (voltage)
-' 1 (current)
@ (magnetic flux)
R (Reluctance) - -R (Resistance)
(magnetomotive force)
f,:NIo
and so, the electrical analog of the magnetic circuit is
sol- 5.{.14
.f
:10001
$oL 5.1.19
F:axB
since the magnetic field is in a, direction while the beam has the velocity i
a, direction so the magnetic force will be in o, (au x a") direction.
Therefore the magnetic force will pull the charged particle around to th
right and as the magnetic force will be always perpendicula,r to both th
li
velocity of particle and electric field. so the pa,rticle will initially goes up in
the gr-direction and theh followitrg a
path lowers down towards the r
"otrie
-axis.
uo:2aum/s
and for the region y > 0 magnetic flux density is B: 3a, wb/m2.
will be no any velocity component in -l a, direction caused by the
field (since the magnetic field is in a, direction).
so there
a, :0
So we consider the velocity of the point charge in the region y ) 0 at a
particular time I as
a : uaay* u"a"
Therefore we have the force applied by the field on the charge particle at
time f as
I.e.
-fft
"
So, we get
and
*#
""]
: Ql- 3u,a" *
Ql(urau
u"a,) x(3a")l
3a
"
ool
du,,
38
dt - mu"
+:-3Q
atm
u.,
#*(#1,":o
u, :,4,cos(
# r) *r,.i"(f;
r)
in o,
e:2C, m:6kg
Page 319
Chap b
Magnetic Fields in Matter
:. ' 'r
1
tsage 320
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
(0, 0, 1)
(0,
&,
o),1
rrro A
(0, 0, -1)
Net magnetic flux density arising from the two current filaments
5o, A at the location of third filament is given by
B:Bt*Bz
-5o.
an
(r
wlrere Br and Bz are the magnetic flux density produced by the currer
filaments 5o, and -5o' respectively. Since the magnetic flux densil
producetl at a distance p from a straight wire carrying current 1 is define
AS
tt.af
: ffioo
Page"321
a4:
o4
Chp
o'P
where ol is unit vector along the line curreirt and oo is the unit vector
normal to the line cuirent directed to;ward the point p. so, the magnetic
flux density produced by the currejnt filament 5o, is
B':';dfr6[""(tr#)]
: *#qfta"+
a')
a':;frffi1[r-"'l "(ffi)]
:
^#F,(
ko"*
(-
5o,) is
a'Y)
Therefore from equation (1), weget the net mh,gnetic flux density experienced
10 o,
as
5p, b.^,
2r(l + k2)\--at
bu
4177540
where 1 is the current flowing in the elernent and dJ is the differential vector
length of the current element in the direction of flow of current.
Force per unit rneter length experienced. by the third filament is
r:
['_ottoa,dr)x#na,
:u*f,*fu*:ffiuN
or,
r :6f6r'u
10
sol- 5"f,22
1A:an-)
&(-)
each
'tr,tald*ic.riaas in Metter
Page 322
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
p from
B:!"1
- 2rp
So the magnetic flux density produced by each differential
strip
dB:tt"\Kd')'
- --frl -u
is
(Using right hand rule we get the direction of the magnetic flux
along ar)
Therefore the net magnetic flux density produced by the strip on the
filament is
(K:3 Al
I'_:,Wa,:ffn(t*)"
"::6.6
x IA-'auwbfm2
As the force experienced by a current element
as
dF : Idlx B
where 1 is the current flowing in the element and dl is the differential
length of the current element in the direction of flow of current. So the
exerted on the filament per unit length is
: JI tilx n
: ft Ood,*a") x (6.6 x 10-7au) :6.6a,p,N/m
Jr:n'
sol.
5.1,23
(2y)
---'l
As from the Amperes circuital law, we have
Page B2B
I H. dl:1","
I
Chap b
HeA:eyx[)(Js)
symmetry)
Therefore the magnetic field intensity (magnetizing
factor)
H:
or
at any point
JoUa"
n:Jolyl
(for
o)
lul<
and the magnetic field intensity (magnetizing factor) at
any point outside
the slab is
5.1.24
H:Joa
Il versus y will be as shown below
(for
lyl>
o)
defined
a^s
F:V(*.8)
Since the magnetic moment of the dipole is given as
,ITt,
mnLa
(1)
and as calculated in previous question the magnetic
field intensity produced
due to the slab is
H:
Joga"
So we get the magnetic flux density produced due
B - paH:
to the slab
as
trhJoAa"
(2)
m. B:0
Thus the force acting on the dipole is
F:0
5.{.25
B : pn(H+ Il)
as
it will
PsBe'324
Chop 5
Megr6ie. FioldE iri Ma*ter
sol- s,{,26
sol
5,1-27
is
|
I
as
!;,,.::I,';u
'#ot*'/:
is
l",":[J.rts
: ['
fTr'"r)lpdpdrt)
:2tr xrrl(]:,
: I}trf
So, the magnetic flux densitv inside the cylin<,ler is
B:#1,,":ltl-r,np'
(I :
10trp3)
sol.
5.4.28
Let the
magnetized sphere
magnetization be
M in o, direction
as shown in figure.
PsEe.0g5
Ohap 5
Magnuiic Fieldc in Matter
J:Y xM
i.e.
J:Y
x(L[a"):g
K:(Ma) x (o")
: Msin9aa
(a": w)
...(1)
K : oaRsin9aa
.,., - angular velocity of spherical
-R - radius of the sphere.
whcre
...(2)
shell across z-axis
and the magnetic flux density produced inside the rotating spherical shell
is defined as
:lpoaR
...(3)
M:
oaH,
Putting this value in eq.(3) we get the magnetic flux density for the
rnagnetized sphere as
:!u,M
(M:
ouil)
K : M x a",
where
6:(Ma,)x(a,)-Mo4
(M : Ma,,an:
ap)
(B).
F"Tt
Page 326
sol. 5.{.30
Chap 5
Magretic Pields in Matter
as
n :LBM
P4
and outside the material the magnetic field intensity is
II:LB
P4
So the field lines outside the material
will be same
as for
the case of
flux density shown earlier. Whereas inside the material the direction
magnetic field intensity will be opposite to the direction of magneti
Thus the sketch of the field intensity will be same as shown in the
(B).
f n. dr: r"n"
H(2np): r(#)
OI,
(Ampere's circuital
n:ffioo
w^
as
: ftu"fi a,
f,
i
[i
I
r#
p
ffi
ptr
:{
it
Ir
k
l
+:
Bqu
) r':ffi
and
So
PPI
T2 :
Bqu
'"
) y,-p_Bq
Page 327
Chap 5
- 2rz_?":r(W)_r(ffi):W
I
r
I
I
I
Since the direction of gravitational force will be into the paper(toward the
earth) so for counteracting the gravitational force, applied force must be
outward.
Now the force experienced by a current element ldl in a magnetic field B is
r:f
Qat)x a
As the magnetic field B is directed toward north therefore, using right
hand rule for cross vector we conclude that for producing the outward force
current must flow from west to east as shown in the figure below.
L3(,L 5.1,34
F^:
mg
r-m9
,_LBO
Since
Therefore
tol
5,1.35
Bo
:0.6 x
I-
10-4Wb/m2, m
(0.3) x e.8
:
O;los , tol
:0.3 kg and -t : lm
49
kA
'
Page 32E
Chap.5
j,, .,,,"8."*ieuaHlff
,trm
-Bo
thet
: fth . aa
Jo
B :2pnlf
dH
So,
!,.
#:4paHa11
:4PnH
and
,^: Js
-^l 3ln
[u"H.(ap^H):+^141'":!P!!{3
3
sol-
5.{"36
sol
s"1.37
as
(ttz-
l-r:Ft+T,
tt't\
(u
The magnetic flux density between the two parallel,sheets carrying equal
and opposite current densities is defined as
B:FK
where K is the magnitude of the current density of the sheets.
Therefore the flux per unit length between the two sheets is
!,Jo: foAa,
: *l'lr,*@;@,)0,
+
#(4)]:. : *(*+*1
liouxd,z
: Kfu,
sol 5.1.3s Option (B) is correct.
H :4a,*2aa
So the magnetic flux density inside the slab is given as
of the material.
0t:2po)
M:E-H
P4
: 8o" * 4a,u - (4a, * 2ar) : 4a, * 2ay
Now the magnetization surface current density at the surfaces of a magnetic
material is defined as
K^-Mxa"
where o" is the unit vector normal to the surface directed outward of the
material So, at
z:
,: y
:
and at
so,
t39
4av
Page 829
(an: - a,)
Chap
2a"
Lr(^],r"=o:Mx(q")
-(4a,*2au) x (o") :-4ay*2a,
(a,,: a,)
material is
M:4a,j-2q
The magnetization'volume current density inside a magnetic material
equal to the curl of magnetization.,
l.e.
rs
J-:Y xM
la- a,
a"l
l^:l{ ,i il:o
lao
l+
| 2 ol
l{-
p frorn an infinite
-wI
so the magnetic field intensity produced at the top wire due to the infiniter
wire carrying current inward is
11^,
: --J-2n(J2I)
(p:izt';
H?
and the magnetic field intensity at top wire due to the infinite
wire carryi'g
current outward is
H42
::-+;
k:
lT
t,)
:-2!:-
2tr1Jzt1" -L
ur2
r.
I
- 2rl
since the force exerted on'a current element ld,t by a magnetic field
i
l
fl
is
ll1a 3t0
Ctq
defined as
"'
dF =(pIr(IdD
So the force experienced by the wire of length I is
:0,H,)(21)t
: u(fi)eU
:+
'
since the boundary surface of the two medium is z:0, so the nor
component 81, and tangential component Bu of magnetic flux densitr
medium 1 are
: a"
Bt :0.4a,*
Brn
and
0.8o,
Ft'
:fitr.no"*0.8o,)
:Vt#t
0a:4
a, x (H1t- Hr,)
: K
where Hzt and H11 are the tangential components of magnetic field intenr
in medium 2 and medium 1 respectively, -r{ is the surface current densit5
the boundary interface of the two mediums and o, is the unit vector non
to the boundary interface. So we have
""
"
:
o, 0.4 e,)
fi{0., (# - Hu,)ou - (X - Ho,)o, : fi@.2o, - 0.4a,)
l!19#2!'
Comparing the
(Hz* a, + Hu,
a,)f
Hru:T*#:E
and
Hztu
:H *#:#
2is
Hr,:ff",+ff",
and the tangential component of magnetic flux density in medium 2 is
a,J-0.8a,a* q"
SOLUTION$,5.2
Page BBI
Clrap 5,
tL
5"2,,!
Correct answer is 5.
For a moving charge Q in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields,
the total force on the charge is given by
where
.E
e[E+ (u x B)]
electric field
Since the electron beam follows its path without any deflection so the net
force applied by the field will be zero
l.e.
Q[E+(o x B)]
:6
ISau*uX3a":Q
As the electric field is directed along a, and magnetic field is directed along
&u so the velocity of beam will be in a" direction (perpendicular to both
of
the field).
V : ka"
1Bg,":0
lSan-3kao:g
'
So, the velocity of the beam
L s.2.2
k:f:5*/,
n :|(x
a,)
where a" is the unit vector normal to the sheet directed toward the point p
. so in the region 0 < z < 1 magnetic field intensity due to f{z and I(s will
be cancelled as the unit normal vector to the two sheets will be opposite
to
each other.
Therefore in this region magnetic field intensity will be produced only due
to the current density Kt: 4a, which is given as
2%
(o,:
o,)
Alm
H--
2a"
Alm
Chap
B = UgH:-2Pna,t
oft
Page 332
dF : IdIx F
wherelisthecurrentflowingintheelementanddtisthedifferential
length of the current element in the direction of flow of current'
conducting filament is
So ior"e per unit length experienced by the
(I:7 A, dl:
(-2prao)
#:7a,x
:- lLtno,,Nlm
s{31-
5.2,4
as
M:X*H
where
1-
H:1:ffi
:
So
sol
5.2,5
(B:\a,"mwb/
4zr
\_Ig-t ^ =o,
x 10-' x 2.3
lTJ}a, Af m
defined as
B:pH:1,l,pnH
: (lr)$n x 10-1 Qt
' :32 x 70-7 p2 a6
(p'':
"o)
4f
'
H:2f
ao
Alml
Againthemagneticfluxdensityinsideamagnetizingmaterialisdefinedas
6 : p^(U+ M)
where M is the magnetization of the material' So' we have
* :f,-,
:lT#-'tf"r
: r,,l+_ ,]",
M
sot
5.2,6
p:2
M:
2.19o0
A/m
'
:70 Alm
H
Magnetic field intensitY'
@ :4.2 mWb
Total magnetic flux in the bar,
S:2m2
Cross sectional area of bar,
in the bar
So we have the magnetic flux density
I
_F__2_-_,
:9
- 4'2 >t'10-'
,,
Page 383
Chap 5
2.t mwl;lmz
since tfre magnetic field intensfty and magnetic flux density are
related
as
B = tu(L*xiH
2.1,x 10-3 (4n y i0-?) (1 + .r._) (20)
=
.
So, we
have
(t+xi:ift#fi
!,
y _/3x10-5 _f\
^n-\4,rxloi-L)
: (23'87 - r) :22'87
trL
5.3.?
i.e.
J:YXM
J:Y x(0.2a"):O
1M:Q.Ta"Afm)
(0.7a")
x o, :0.7a0
(M:0.Ta"Afm, a,:
ao)
: paK: panl
a'd 1 is the
B
pL
$.2.8
0.7
pna,
8.8
10-7
a,
(K
:0.7)
tanat _
tana, where
trr'1
prr
1t*
tan /b
tano2
Page 334
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
600
tan /b
tano2
Q2
600
_.^_-1[tan75"1
_ udr
:
sol.
5,2,9
t-T0fJ
0.356'
Correct answer is 5.
The magnetic stored energy per unit volume of the plate for a given
flux density (uniform permeability) is defined as
:t"- "
wm
Given
B :(Ja,+4au)x 1o-3wb/m,
So we have,
- L-(V#t)x
:L,r.
and therefore
:;[#]
:2.49
1o-3A/m
x10-6:#4,lx+F
Jlm3
W*lA:u*xd
-(2.49)X2:5Jlm2
sol-
5.2"10
is defined as
2rrX 50 x
:
$oL 5.2.{t
(r:
10-2
50
157.1nH
B :0.47
N :200
I : lScm:
15
10-2
is
'-BI
" -iN
(1501a)(200)
$oL 5.2.12
B:lt
- 2np
So the magnetic flux density produced by the straight wire at side Qfi of
loop is (direction of magnetic flux density is determined by right hand rde)]
Bqp:
ffi""
(P:
page 33F
(1r:5A)
Chap
:15
o.
o7f
8(1,3,0)
3)
a(4,3,0)
1r:5 A
Force experienced by a current erement
density
is defined
as
dF
J41*
er?
loop is
Feo:l)^ho'xBqn
i
Fe,
" (W)
rl(- a,)
In ,{saro,1
:*v-
(Iz:
A,
dl:
dra")
_-5x4zrx10-7x3_
--2i-aY
:- 3 x 10-6 arN -- B ou pN
tol. 5.2.!3
Correct answer is 6.
Total force on the loop will be the vector
sum of the forces applied by the
straight wire on alr the sides of the loop. The
forces on sides pe and .R,S
will be equal and opposite due to ,y-*Ltry and
so we have
FPQ* Fns :0
Therefore the total force exerted on the
conducting loop by the straight wire
is
: Fgp* Fsp
(1)
where Fqa and Fro are the forces exerted.
by the straight wire on the sides
Q.R and .9P of the conducting loop respectively.
As calculated in previous question we have
Ftotal
Fgp :_ 3 x 10-oa, N
similarly we get the force exerted by the wire on
the side
^9p of the loop
Fsr:
f"rrarx
as
B,sp
sp
tu-ffio,
Page 336
Chap
:*n"
Fs,
(1t
(Ir:
3 A,
:'i
dI: -
:9 x 10-6arN
Thus, from equation (1), the total force exerted by the straight wire on
conducting loop is
Ftot"l
tt*L
5"2.1&
:-3 x 10-6an* I x
:6 x 10-6arN
10-64,
I x:oo"
t1^
/ is defined
B_ el
2np
as
"
:-#A-10r*'
zTra
as
dF:Id,lxB
and since the length of strip is
of strip is given by
l:
dF:l(KdixB
Therefore the net force exerted on the strip is
26.4a, pN
= 2 m, K
5.2-t s
Correct a.nswer is 4.
have
page B3Z
aa
Mag;nbtic Fields
M :4aa
Circular Ring
K : M x qn
where
(-
4q"
(Iu[ = 4aa, a,:, ap)
and since the volume current density
insiJe a material is equal to the curl
of magnetization M
J:YxM
l.e.
J:Vx(4aa):g
(M:'Aaa)
{a. u:t'^l.
l,
Pw ' Pnf
-'
(B)(arfi: wegetrp)
(p*) (4)
(K: a Alm)
aprwb/m2
ALTERNATIVE METHOD:
Magnetic flux density inside a magnetic
material is defined
B:thM
B :4pnWb/m2
M: 4A/m
ring
as
a^s
Chap b
Matter
Page 338
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
5(}L 5,2.t6
B:
pnaawbf m2
Now we calculate ttre flux density contributed by the gap at its centre
it was the complete ring. The gap has its cross section in form of a
loop as shown in figure below
a:2
cm
o,
I
As calculated in previous question the surface current density of the
K :4
ri.g
Alm
and since the width of the gap(square loop) is ut sb, net current in the
is
I : Kw:4w
Now the magnetic flux density at any point P due to a filamentary
1 is defined as
n:f,poso2-coso1]a,
where
+ angle subtended
oz + angle subtended
by the lower end of the filament at Pby the upper end of the filament at PSo the flux density at center of the square loop produced due to one side
the loop is
or
B"q,:^f&)"(h)
(P:1cIrI,Q1 :135'
Summing the flux density produced due to all the four sides of loop, we
total magnetic flux density produced by the square loop as
B"q:4"(#ffi):/iu!') *n'
-
/Tpo x
(4)
(o.r
T
1o-3)
x 1o'
(tu:
0.1
:{}!u^or
Page 339
will reduce
by this amount of the flux density. Thus at the centre of the gap
the net
magnetic flux density at the centre of the loop will be
u*'
-i;!'u"-,^
:
^(n
- +/i x ro-)
:50.04 x
s.2.1r
10-7 wbfm2
due
to an infinite
B:!^I27Tp
p from the infinite current filament.
Now consider a small area d,s of the coil located at a distance r from
where p is the d.istance of point
B:#:
it
due to the
(p: ,)
since the flux density will be normal to the surface of the coil as determined
by right hand rule therefore, the total magnetic flux passing through the
coil is
.,t
: I a . d,s :
:
I:,1:,(#)@,a0 Snz
M:+
fl*
,lr* is defined
as
where 1-+ current flowing in the element that produces the magnetic flux.
N-r Total no. of turns of the coil that experiences the magnetic flux.
Thus the mutual ind'ctance between the current filament and the loop
is
,:ry(#rn3)
5.2.18
:o.33mH
N:1500
Correct answer is 4.
since the two conducting plates of width w:2m carry a uniform
current of
I: 4 A each so, the surface current density of each plate is
K:L:t:2Alm
Now consider the first plate carrying current in *a" direction is located
at
g: 0 and the second plate carrying current in - a" direction is rocated at
U : d, where d is a very small separation between the plates.
since the magnetic field intensity produced at any poinf l due to an
infinite
sheet carrying uniform current density I( is defined as
n :|(x
a,)
where o" is the unit vector normal to the sheet directed toward the point
P. So, the magnetic field intensity prod.uced at the second plate due to the
Chap b
Magnetic Fiel& in Matter
first plate is
Pale,S{0
Chap 5
Hn
* a,) :- |,tro-
F" :
I' IiKz
B,z)
ds
s,'
2"'1
(Kr:2a*-'
be
It
I
So,
As the force applierl by first plate on the 2nd plate is in a., direction so it
is a repulsive force. Therefore the reprrlsive force between the plates is 4pn$.?"{s
Correct answer is
10.05
n : 20,000 turns/meter
turns,
Relative permeability,
lL, : 100
,S : 0.04 m2
cross sectional a,rea,
1 : 100 x 10 3 A
Current in the solenoid.
So, its self inductance will be,
L' : ltnp,n,zs
: (4n x 10 ;) x (100) x (20.000)'z x (0.04)
:2.011 x 103
Therefore the energy stored per unit length in tlte field is
No. of
I
I
I
I
I
I
|
I
I
I
|
soL . 5.2.20
al2
omg
So, in balanced conclition.from the shown figure we have
a ms sin a(a)
a rns sin
"($)
tanfY
: rc,
_B_
2mg
!
I
I
I
!
]
I
s.?"*1
tan
t(t):
rf 4=0.78s4
FaEe 341
B:BtiBz
where 81 is the flux density produced by the lower sheet and, 82 is the flux
#K x
a,
where o, is the unit vector normal to the sheet and directed toward point
. So, the flux density produced by lower sheet is
B, :5(+o,) x
o,
(K:4a,, an:
a")
: - 4a,, &, - -
o,)
B,'
So tliel net rnagnetic
: t?
4a,)
x (- a,)
(K
sheets is
: +(4&,) x
:-
a"+$F+a") x (-o,)
4p,au
o,r:
--
4p,1
: -
4p,z et,
8pn
a,
1tr:
:-
16 pa
a,
p,
2p
4tto)
! :
: (- 8p, a,)( ) + (- 16 p1 a,)(2)
:* 40pa1a, Wblm
2)
$'*"aa
:
z/,
t,
.,' 5 cnl
't
-20a mA/nt
So the field intensity between the plates
will be given
as
Chnp 5
Magnetic Fields in
Mdter
H:HrlHz
Page 342
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
s:|Xxa^
where o" is the unit vector normal to the sheet directed toward point P.
n :LK.X
.-;-'-
a,,r*
lxrx
*ffi
:LQo x
10-3ou)
:-
10-3o,
20
o*
(o")
B : pH - _ 40tn x
I0-3
a"
Qr:
Therefore the stored magnetic energy per unit volume in the region is
,*:LH.B-${soorcx10-6)
: 400 x 4tr x 70-7 x 10-6 : I60tr J lm}
Since the separation between plates is
d:5cm.
so|.
5.2.23
Since the sides BC and AD crosses the straight wire so no force will be
experienced by the sides, while the flux density produced by the straigl*
wire at sides AB arrd CD will be equal in magnitude.
Now the magnetic flux density produced at a distance p from a straight wire
carrying current .I is defined as
B:lt
- 2rp
*
r
i
i
the magnetic flux density produced by the straight wire at the two sides
of the loop is
So
:fr.il:ffi
B:y\2):p"
Since the force exerted on a current element
defined as
/r1r:2A'P:ol
IdI by a magnetic field B
is
4p:(tdt)xB
F :14(2a)",lxfffio,l
t
Page 343
AB of length 2o is
Chap 5
: f{_",)
(1:
A)
4 :la(2a)(-
")1"[#t-".)] Yg,l
F:
Ft+ F2
:Yer)
:16x 4xI0-7a,
: 6.4a, Jr,N
irl
s"x"s4
as
tanh _l\pn
tan01 :
tan?z
p.n
l5tan02
...(1)
Bz:7.2a,0*0.8a,
So the normal and tangential component of the magnetic flux density in
medium 2 is
Bzn
:0.8a"
Bzt
and
l.2au
tanlz
or
0z
- k:#:3
: tan t (2lB)
tandt : L5tan02
tandr : 16
d : tan-1(10)
Thus the angular deflection is
or- oz: tan-t(10)
: 50.6'
5.2.2t
- tanl(2lz)
reluctance is
'
defined as
Paqe $44
R.:J-
Chap 5
Mag4etic lields
ir
Matter
I.LD
5 x 10-2
R;:
'-1rooos";(5x10- ) lRz
10-2
(1000a)(10
lRt:
10-2
(1000po)(10
(D :
14
^'
,o_a;
10-4)
10-2
(loooto)(lotlo-o)
1oP"
*
-
Rs:Rs: Ufu
4x10-2
Ra:
[ooofiFotlo-5:
20A,
.)
50p,0
5o/h
xtt^
.'::T;:#I#.J#
: #^:
sol.
5,2.2S
d^.*^
358098'62
of.
AS
.N
u_(R
"f _-
Then,
Where
N is no. of turns of
(1ooy
\-.^/
(o,:
@lZ\p")
don
:2.79 x 10-2
:27.9rr'H
$oL $,2.t7
:50
l:0.6m
p, :600
L : O.2mH : 0.2 x
coil,
10-3
o- Ll - (o'2 x 1o-3Xo'6)
o:
u*:-(6oorrJGof:
-
sol.
5"2.2$
6.366
10-5 m2
0.64 cm2
Since the core is ideal so it's reluctance will be zero and so the electrical
analog for the magnetic circuit will be as shown below'
1
Page'3{5
'
Chap 5
h _ 4x10' 4)
'rr _ &oSr
p6(100 x 10 (D
2x10'
2
(D
,ar
......:-
"t -
roltoo
,1
&,
t rol:
R,
: !lr+ Rr llR,
:!+a:5
llnt ltt,
L,
is
: #;:
lt'o
will
be
62.8 rnH
R.,
: (R,l
:r t 4-
R,)+ R,
)
- 11 1
"11 2t
I
(as
calculated abov'
\
Ni Qsor :
, - -R'r:
Lr:
CoF^)
5.s"*8
23.6 mH
R.,:
-L-:"'* prS
,AI2
is
--9.!C)
ga(2000 x i-J
- -- ir,
2
Consider the current flowing in coil Nz is ,iz. So, the total flux produced by
Page 346
Nz zz is
Chap
500i" :250pnw
pltt^-)
Since the entire flux wiII link with lfr So mutual induction between
16 is
qh
N,'i,
: fr:
M: Lrz:ry:@#9:28.54mH
s&L
5.4.3t
Correct answer is 0.
As the coil Nr and Nz are directly connected through an ideal core so entil
flux will produced by 16 will link with y'fi and so flux linked with Ng wiil t
zero. Therefore the mutual inductance between Ns and Nz is zero.
srlr
5"2.34
: ln + IP p"wblmz
.*:
ffu . an
Jn:o
'*:
Since,
JuHodB
#:!+zn
,* : I?,r(!+zn)an
H2 , 2H312'o
:[T*-Flo
I
:6.18 x 106J/m3
:6.2MJlm3
***
>1.
{.
rl.
****
to
210
A/m
So, we have
linea
-1
$olurloNs
5.3
Page 147
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields ia Matter
defined as
F:uX
x,
5-3.2
!t
5.3.3
(2) Tangential
Bn: Brn
component of magnetic field intensity is continuous.
Hrt: Hzt
So, (A) and (B) are wrong statement. Now, we check the statement (C).
consider the rnagnetic field intensity in 1"t medium is .EI1 and magnetic field
intensity in 2"d medium is .Er2. so, it's tangential component will be equal
i.e.
Htt: Hzt
(tangential component)
Since scalar magnetic potential difference is defined as the line integral of
r.e.
i.e.
u- w: f n. dl: r
will
be
tol.
5,3.4
soL
5,3.5
sol.
5.3.6
i
I
So,
Page 34E
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
s4)t. *"3"?
s*il
$""3"S
s*i-
s.3"$
&*1- $,s.'r$
$$*-
s"3,'N$
s{}i-
$"3"''1fr
Volumecurrentrlensityirrsi<ieamaterialisequaltothecrrrlofmagnetization
i.e.
J:YxM
andthesurfacecurrentdensityinterrnsofmagnetizationisdefinedas
K:Mxa,
wherea,,isuuitvectorrrormaltothesurface.Considertlrecylirrderis
along z-axis
so,
(tr,,:
Ap and
M :
MA"
is
Therefore the volume current density inside the cylinder
J:Yx(Ma"):g
K : Ma,X ao:1t'1or
Sothecurrentflowingincylinderisjustsiurilartoasolenoidandthefi
it is zero' Thus
intensity produced due to a solenoid at any point outside
as
have the magnetic field intensity outside the cylinder
'Efou1ti6"
$*i-
$"3,13
: 0
s$LarTIsKs s"4
Page 349
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields in Matter
PrHn : FaHz,
(Hr- Hr) X aa12: K
and
I[
(1)
(2)
and H2 are the magnetic field intensity in the two mediumst an12
is the unit vector normal to the interface of the mediums directed from
medium 1 to medium 2 and K is the surface current density at the interface
of the two rnediums.
where
Ht :3a,*
30a,
Htn
A/m
u:
0 so, we have
- 3a'
From equation (1), the normal component of the field intensity in medium
2 is given as
: ft:
Hzn
t.so,
30-,4:0e/:30
-B - 10 + 6:-
and
(3)
10
Putting these values in equation (3) we get the magnetic field intensity in
medium 2
as
:1.5a,*
Hz
sol
$"4"*.
30oo
70a, Af m
" -density
7.9
105
0.835 x 10 m3
Now. the magnetization of the magnet is defined as the magnetic moment
per unit volume sor we get magnetization of the rnagnet bar as
6
2.5
a, m
tvt:
r:0s55"10-
Page 350
Chap 5
:3x106A/m
sol-
5"4.3
rr :5a"
A/^
lt
Id,l:4 x 10-aorA-m
Current element,
So, the magnetic flux density is given as
B : FH :Sa"Alm
Since, the force exerted on a current element 1dl placed
is defined
So,
in a magnetic
as
r:(rdt)x
$cL
5.4,5
$oL s.4.5
3, B
'
2,
C'
4, D
'
7.
sol* 5.4.7
list we get, A
of both
M in a magnetic fiekl B
is
T:MxB
as defined below
B:-J-_----.
4rR"
(b*3)
:!n,
x n,
(d-2)
determined.
,^:!t
Wire
as
'
(a -+ a)
.A
Wire
as
F:(rdt)x(.B)
where 1dl is the small current element of the wire 1 and Il is magnetic
flux
density produced by wire 2 at wire 1. As determined by right ha;d rule
the
magnetic flux density produced due to wire 2 at wire 1 is out of the paper.
which will be towards wire 2. In the similar way the force due to wire 1 at
wire 2 will be toward wire 1 i.e. attractive and perpendicular to the wire.
sol
5.4.'tl
and
sol.
5,4.12
PtHa:
Hn:
fuH,,2
Hn
- p,H: F,lhH
rl
in a medium
below:
Chap 5
Poo"
Page 351
Page.352
,lf,r-L
Diamagnetic
pt,'
{ 1
F,2 7'
F' )'2 1
Paramn.gnetic
Ferromagnetic
So, the
IJ-fI
B
Diamagnetic
H&.r:rr.
${:i-
ir
V'B:0
B:FH
v.B:V,(pH)
0:V.p,+V.H
Since,
So,
v.H+o
$$1. $"4.r$
'
!9*t
s"4"{g
value therefore,
ldl
is defined
as
F : Jt{ Id,Ix B
[(10)(2)a,] x [o.obo,]
1.oas N
as
$"4.'t?
s{3L $,4"'tS
ffi:H
M in amagnetic fierd B is
T:MxB
5.4.8
tatx
-p,l
Displacement current
VxH
(b
-_>
density (c _
.
Time average power flow in
a fierd *urr" t, a"rurmined
by poynting vector
Pou":|n"xn"
oL
5.4.9
1)
as
(d -+ 2)
as
Wire I
Wire
F:(rdr)x(B)
s.4.rt
J)
,,_:|J.
0L 5.4,{o
Chap b
pagie Bb1
as
fi:ftJi:,1J,,::dary
PtH6: p2f!*
and
Hn: Hn
5.4.t2
ffik:'the
H
differeBn;::r-r2fl"ri'r
H ina medium
Page 352
,Fr-t
CLip
Diamagnetic
P',Sl
Paramll.enetic
F,Z\
Ferrornagnetic
So, the
11,')'>
"
-"uParamagnetic
.Vacuum
Diamagnetic
*.,i!r. $.4"'!3
${3;- $.4"44
'B:0
B:FH
v.B:1.(p,H)
0:V'p,+V'H
V
Since,
So,
v.,Et+0
.$$k. s"4.'t$
:fo',Jr',rirt"rx [o.osa.]
*#L
S",{"'tS
wliere
$.4,,!?
as
o in a region having
P:r1(E*axB)
$*L
5,d1,'{8
as
1.oav N
'r'r,:lrJ'
s{}t
therefore,
Hairpin
Page
BEB
Cbap 5
Magnetic Fields itr Matter
As the direction of current are opposite so the force acting between them is
repulsive, and So it tend to a straight line.
5.4.1s
F : e(ax B)
is at rest then u :
If the particle
0 and
particle due to the magnetic field.
3"4.3*
so there
p : qE* q(u+ B)
EM
wave is defined as
So,forg:1
!
t
F:E*axB
s.4"*'t Option (B) is correct.
I
' tol-
Given,
d7;,:(Idl)x B
As the current flowing in a, direction so, we have
dI : dla"
and the force experienced by the conductor is
is
dF
u
sol.
5.4.22
:'_'#:.io**,*
Ba:
l.e.
B,tz
Any field vector is the sum of its normal and tangential component to any
surface
Hr: Ha*
i.e.
Ha
when the interface between two medium carries a uniform current r( then
the tangential c,mpo*ent of magnetic fierd intensity is not uniform.
Hs-Hp:ff
l'e.
Ot,
(1,p1
X (Ht- Hr): K
Page 354
Chap
Magnetic Fields in
But,
Matter
s.,..
B,
B"z* Bn
is correct.
Br : 1.2a"*
0'8ao
0.4a,
Bu:7'2a"*
Bn:0'4a,
and
0'8a,
Now, from the boundary condition of current free interface, we have tbe
following relations betweea the components of field in two mediums.
Brn:
Brn
: E"
F:PD\
EIL
a,nd
B2n: Bn:
and \
Bzt
O'4a"
""(#)
:!g.zo,*0.8o,):(0.6o'+0.aan)
Bz:
Bzn* Bzt
:0.6o' *0'4ar*0.4a"
So, the magnetic field intensity in region 2 is
,, : #:
$oL
5.4'24
fi{o.uo,*0.4a,*0.4a")
w.:![n'
So, f
J
a'
ta,
**X*rk***t<XX
as
Alm
gHAPTER 6
3t
INTRODUGTIOlI
very populalald ther are known as
Electromagnetic
HnYi:::::oT::"
rhe *"i"
til" ;"pt";";;';;;;,;:"il?fi:1
*:li:.::irioas.
"f equations.
background and concepts on _,1h
Maxwell's
|:: "::ltl-,^^*l_crl*i:
-
.2
o
r
uaa)eD:
cases:
,"ar"r"t^*r;;;Jrfi;
moonafi^
ft^ll
magnetic
field.
rent
They include:
in the loop
v^t:#:-#[a.as
...(6.1)
the total magnetic flux through the
closed roop, B is the magnetic
flux density through the loop and .9 is
the surface area of the loop. If the
where
@ is
Y*:-
NH
I/emr:fra.at
...(6.2)
f,n.
ar,
:_#!,"
. o,
...(6.3)
Page 356
Chap 6
TiEe Vary'ug Fields rnd
Maxwell Equatioos
It,
"
E)'ds
--!t[a.
as
V r: E :-d^P
dt
This is the differential form of Faradav's
6.3
law-.
LENZ'S LAW
extrrration is ciue to Lenz's larv wlfch states that
the direction of ermf inclucerl {)pposes tire carrse prorirrcing it. To understancl tbe
Lenz's law, con-sider the two conducting lo<rps placed in magnetic fields n'ith
increasing arrd decreasing flux dernsities respectively as shown in Figure 6.1.
rt-:
i t,,.."ori,,g
lr
(")
.
I]r;,11;,1 1; .l.
.B
I D,,.r.uring B
r"-J-\
'-*"{*1
(b)
*S.iS:
aA
in
ti,
: .[ n",tn-
J,o,#. ot
", "*j.
6.4.2 Moving
{tL
y x 8,*: V x (ux
6.4.3
B)
is
: f,"n . at :_
I,#. d,s+ {.{, ^ B) . dL
.ds+ffurB\.dL
v,,,= J.fl.I
" - |
dt.
%u,r
or.
!L\-
t";:H;;["
as
tn,,
"tilJ,i'lo,i*ruoo
i' differential
form
v xE=-O,f+Vx(uxB)
6.5
II{DUGTANGE
Arr inductatrce is
6.5.1
Self Inductance
consider
the change in
fl'x.
trlr*
varying
Page
iil
Chap 6
Tlme Varyiry fielde ana
Maxwell Equetiols
Page 35E
Cha[' 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
the change in flux is produced by the circuit itself. This phenomena is called
self-induction and the property of the circuit to produce self-induction b
known as self inductance.
Self Inductance of a Coil
Suppose a coil with N number of turns carrying current ,I. Let the curred
induces the total magnetic flux @ passing through the loop of the coil. Thus,
we have
NIDcl I
: LI
,NO
o:
I
or
NID
or
where
If
L,
as
: ft
diD
...(6.4)
Since, the cha,nge in flux through the coil induces an emf in the coil given
dO
r/
V"^r:-ft
\r
...(6-51
V^r:- L#
6.5.2 Mutual
Inductance
Qrr: I Br. dS
1
to current
12,
a,s
i.e.
Mn
Nt9"
h
where Nr is the number turns in coil 1. Similarly, the mutual induciance M21
is defined as the ratio of flux linkage on coil 2 (produced by current in coil
1) to current i, i.e.
Mz,
N'9"
--j-
Mtz:
Mzr
Jg,
Page Bb9
Chap 6
Time Varying Fielde and
Maxwell Equations
Circuit
Circuit
Mr,
d!,"
...(6.6)
axz
given as
(V^r\:-d9t'
...(6.7)
(%-r}
: - rrr#
(V"-r),
I 6.6
in
coir 2.
in the coil
: - Mrr#
Mru1ry6aa's EQUATTONS
The set of four equations which have become known
as Maxwel|s equations
are those which are developed in the earlier chapters
and associated with
them the name of other investigators. These
describe the sources
"qoutiorrs
and the field vectors in the broad fields to electrostatics,
magnetostatics and
electro-magnetic induction.
6.6.1
or
xE:-ry
dt
frn. at :_!r[ n . as
(Differential form)
(rntegral form)
T'"'
I
kl
Page 360
Chap 6
F
I
V x.EI
f n'
ar,
: t*#
(Differential
: l(t+@ur)' *
(Integral
Y'D:p,
ort
enclosing
(Differential
(Integral
fo.4s:lp,d,u
f,a.
Of,
-0
(Differential
(Integral
dS
This is the Gauss' law for static magnetic fields, which confirms the
existence of magnetic monopole. Table 6.1 summarizes the l\{ax
equation for time varying fields.
Table 6.1: Maxwell's Equation for Time Varying Field
ffiriti$',&l
:?
..p469ii$$.,:;,,,,try
in*isi
.i ;!!l;.li.l.:,J
;:..:
-i.ir' j t,::.ijrr"irr,r.,r!1ii
r:.,
,olp.tttgmi.bgnetii
''',',
:;:llidffi{s6
r,;::i,r::;;,:rr)
:i r,t"r '
r-
All.I
:,::i*
i:
l:.r.iir r:
::r:i,.
:rr'1
:.
r,' 1'1
.1],:ttttttttttttttt;a:''a,:t
l::dgl
le;.,;:*$.ff,:
:.4
:.' \ t
a, :.'.., l:..f-.'
4,'.. .t 1'
. !,
6.6.2
aB _,,
nt -v
^-r
ano
0D : u
-At
-n
ab
:s;N.:,
Chap 6
Iffiatial,Ibrm
L,.
Jt
,,v x.fi,.:,,ir,
r..:..'
, ,,.,,
'
y.
,
i,.r.*
g t ar, *a
F,erad'ayls ; .'lqw
Jt
., -,lrl
$,n,
Js
-.
..,,, ,, .of
electromaffretic induction
In.an:{t.n
,.'
*
,V: ;'o
t...'
Page 361
..._t.
X-+"{4,au,
s,
l:
'
:P"e{E"e''}
:pte{D,e''}
B: R"{8,"-'}
H : R*{II,"-'}
E
D
...(6.8a''
...(6.8b)
...(6.8c)
..(6.8d)
and :":Y"l:.I,!j
illi]
where E,rD,,B",H".J, and pu" a,te, the phasor forms of respective fiel,:i
quantities. Using these relations, we can directly obtain the phasor form ol
Maxwell's equations as described below.
Maxwell's First Equation: Faraday's Law
as
v x.E:-%|
.(oe)
YxE
:V
X P.,e{E,e,'}: Re{V
E"eP'}
:$n"1n,
".')
: R"{i,-o, ".'}
Re{v x 8""''}
Hence,
or,
: - n"{jrn"*'I
VxE,--jwB,
.
$ n". an :- ja
"JsI a" as
Jt
(Differentialfornt)
(Integral forrn)
v x .Er :
t*#
...(6.10)
Vx
.F/
:V
X Re{,Er"e''}
as
: Re{v x
H"eYrl
Page 362
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
J : Re{J"err}
and using equation (6.gb) we get
H : $n" 1o
"
",'j
Re{j, D
"
"to,}
or,
.
frn, dL :
e,+ i,tD") .
(Differential fo
d,s
(Integral fo
Maxwell
rell's Third Equation: Gauss's Law for Electric Field
In tirne varying field, third Maxwell's equation is written
Y.D:p,
as
...(6.
v . D:v.Re{D""to'}:Re{v. D"".'}
and from equation (6.8f) we have
p,:Pue{p*er'}
Substituting these two results in equation (6.11) we get
Hence,
or,
o" .
(Differential for
aS : p*d,u
f
(Integral for
Maxwell's
ell's Fourth Equation: Gauss's Law for Magnetic
Field
v'B:o
...(6.r
v . B :v . Re{B,"to,}:Re{v. 8""*,}
Hence,
V.B,:Q
or.
,
(Differentialfon
: v
ds:o
6a,.- uD
Isus
(Integral fon
Table 6.3 summarizes the Maxwell's equations
in phasor form.
Table 6.3: Maxwell,s Equations in phasor Form
,,tj--:
9:
t.: r'i
.r$*:ff;*i,g&
, :.r;..:.:li'.:l
e
:
.-..
4' i'
r ,l.l::ii
l.a,.i:.ll:al
f a"
. ar=
.
f{.r"+ tnD,) as
iag*{
ItMi66d',,::, ;.:.
circuiAf l*+. ,,
Page 363
Relative permittivitY, , : 1
Relative permeabilitY, 1tr,: !
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
J:0
Po:0
Bi&redal&q&.'
L:t','.
*..x',b';:#
tffi-,:;l
$[am.,
i#'r'rr
feliilrystta'tr'
2,
3.
v,' D;.0
dn. dg=o
'
Js
@d,lryq
4;,
,,{4
ri# Mqgqrtwtatip
,q{,: .qigneiic
nono.pote)
J7.2
*
$t $i
:,1:l::::::a:!;l:l[':::rir,tir::
S.X.
il*.hi&;i.,,.::i I : .i:t:ai:::
,1:
,
$:,
tlli;,|:,,,i'::;;'
:',1,r,.
i.'.
F.,*, :f,fi,*&
4;
;::::.,
:.:,:.:'
:t::l*..' :..,:,,:.li:ll.rit
tit:itilii
r:qri:'X:',,&,,+tS l
.:,]$l::l',,iilr,lr.rg
,V..r
jir:0,|:ii-:i.tii
:t,,.:.-rtit.
g'*
l
i
I
l
ConductivitY, o :0
Conduction current densitv'
s.N.
ehap 6
.,.:r:..,.:u
*:t
*irixdts;}}*sr
Page 364
Chap 6
Time Varyiug Fields and
MaxweII F,quations
space.
6'7'3
in
the
*'t<********x
l.
J'
kH
EXERGISE 6.{
Page 365
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
A perfect conducting sphere of radius r is such that it's net charge resides
on the surface. At any time f o magnetic field B(r, t) inside the sphere will be
(A) 0
(B) uniform, independent of r
(C) uniform, independent of f
(D) uniform, independent of both r and f
ln
e.r.:
&
@ @ @ 1,/
@@&@@
@@@@&
@
@
(jp
lG
If
@s@@@@@
a magnetic field
tQ
6"r.s
Assertion (A) : A small piece of bar magnet takes several seconds to emerge
at bottom when it is dropped down a vertical aluminum pipe where as an
identical unmagnetized piece takes a fraction of second to reach the bottom.
Reason (R) : When the bar magget is dropped inside a conducting pipe,
force exerted on the magnet by induced eddy current is in upward direction.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A arid R a,re true but R is not the cortect explanation of A'
(A)
"
(c)
,,?
(B) 1.ln
(D) tln'
be
Page 366
&qc&
on a solenoid as shown
Chap 6
Time Varying Fielde and
Maxwell Equatiofs
''
If a constant
,I:
Assertion (A) : TWo coils are wound around a cylindrical core such that
primary coil has Nr turns and the secondary coils has N2 turns as showr
figure. Ifthe same flux passes through every turn ofboth coils then the
of emf induced in the two coils is
Vtz - Nz
%-rr I[t
i---..--..-.---
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
t.
l.
A'
Page 366
t!t*&
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
If a constant
Assertion (A) : Two coils are wound around a cylindrical core such that
primary coil has Nr turns and the secondary coils has Nz turns as shown
figure. Ifthe same flux passes through every turn ofboth coils then the
of emf induced in the two coils is
Vatz
%^tr
Nz
- n[
:-*-o
Secondarv coil
(N, turns')
Primary coil
(N, turns)
tr-----''
.a
rl:.i,.ii..r:.r"
.i..{:i:,.,::. . i,ri:.ir r,., :
rj.U
t:
j:::r
Reason (R) : In a primitive transformer, by choosing the appropriate noturns, any desired secondary emf can be obtained.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
l.
t,
lqQ
5.1.rt
Fa
6",!.s
:a
6.1"{O
spherical
"
sindcos(wt_
=-7ae
kr)
The phasor form of magnetic field intensity in the free space will be
bsin_Q
' A\' (tp,gr e-jh a^Y
(B)
-H
(C) @!n
(D)
&EPd e jb a,
"-in'
e-ir'a,
/:30
a:2
Ee 6."t.tt
Eo 5"r.r2
If the loop is pulled away from the straight wire at a velocity of 5 m/s then
the induced e.m.f. in the loop after 0.6 sec will be
(A) 5 pvolt
(B) 2.5 pvolt
(C) 25 pvolt
(D) 5 mvolt
If the loop is pulled downward in the parallel direction to the straight wire,
that distance between the loop and wire is always 3 m then the induced
e.m.f. in the loop at any time I will be
(A) linearly increasing with f
(B) always 0
(C) linearly decreasing with I
(D) always constant but not zero.
such
ErQ 6.1,13
Two voltmeters ,4 and B with internal resistances .Ra and -Rs respectively is
connected to the diametrically opposite points of a long solenoid as shown il
figure. current in the solenoid is increasing linearly with time. The correct
relation between the voltmeter's reading V1 and Vs will be
Page 367
Chap
Page 36E
Chap 6
(A) Vo:
(B)
1rt
sv::H
yA--va
Q)h:-h
(}9
o
@
c,
If
B:
(B) *40A
(D) -4A
(A) oA
(c) 4A
fft{:s 6,1.t5
6.,!.16
fJ
aaa
aB8
aaa
:--
7.5cos(120a"t,.-
30')a"
Page 360
103sin(120zrt- 30")
(D) 5.7sin(120zrt
30')
30')
(a)
f,co 5-t.19
0.2 cos ufa,. A conducting bar oscillates on the rails such that it's position
:0.5(1 - cosr..,f ) m. If one end of the rails are terminated in a
resistance .R:5O, then the current f flowing in the rails will be
is given by A
0.5 m
&@@
@@@
@@@
@@@
@@a
a&sB
8@@
@@@
Chap 6
Page 370
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
(e.:
10,
F,:2)
is given
as
\
*t\"
_-_-_-_
6.{.2$ A current filament located on the e-axis in free space with in the interval
-0.1 < r< 0.1m carries current 1(0:8f A in a, direction. If the retarded
vector potential at point P(0,0,2) be ,4(f) then the plot of ,4(l) versus time
will be
A(nwb/m)
A(nwb/m)
.4(nwb/m)
1(nwb/m)
velocities.
m/sec
ar
Force, N
q(ay+ a")
e!
qal
az
q(2ar+ a")
Velocity
{
l'
o,
o,
(B) o, - ou
(D) a, - a"
6'l'e3
,E in the region
Page 371
(B) au (D) o, *
a"
a"-
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
o,,
What will be the circulation of the induced electric field around the loop
(B) q
(A)
(c)
4-#9-
"r
a*q
(D)q?)
forp< m
[0
B:lZsinata" for4< p15m
forp>5m
[0
rflcg 6,'t.?5
(A)
p 14m will be
(s) uff@"r
(C) -2coswta6
MCQ 5.1.26
(A)
4.5
s'{"27
x*a",
13;
m is
.raaff!&
Mcq
(o)
l7oggsc'rt
(P1 -I7uc'-osut
) 5 m is
(A) -f;c.,cosuta4
@)
(C) -gpcosata6
-_gffe!",
@) 9effet",
$cq
Page 372
Chap 6
6.r"s8
Magnetic flux density, B:O.rta, Tesla threads only the loop abcd lying in
the plane ry as shown in the figure.
@t
d
+
40
aaa
aaaB
aaa
l_
I
Consider the three voltrneters V1, V2 and V3, connected across the resistance
in the sarne rgr plarre. If the area of the loop abcd is 1m2 then the voltmeter
readings are
V2
V,
(A) 66.7 mV
(B) 33.3 mV
33.3 mV
66.7 mV
66.7 mV
(c)
33.3 mV
66.7 mV
66.7 mV
33.3
(D)
33.3
mV
66.7 mV
66.7 rnV
mV
(B) 2cosd rN lm
(D) 4sindpV/m
mcq
sec
loop will be
(D) 0.5sind mA
Bssinwt ar. A
ti
\
Page S73
Chap 6
Time Varying Fieldg and
Maxwell Equations.
be
(B) zBosu
(D) 4BgSw
(A) !B,)Su
(c) &s,
ooo
o,ao
o.,/ o
EA 6,{.32
3e
6,t"s3
(A) -0.a7cos120nf A
(C) -0. 7sin120nt A
(B) 0.47cosI2Urt A
(D) 0.47sinl2hrt A
*,F
r(** {.***t('f
:l
EXERGISE 6"2
Page 374
Chap 6
Time Var 'yrng Fields and
Maxwell Equations
QUES 6.?,t
6.t.2 A square
Qt^rgs
a:1m
l,'
quEs 6.2.4
ouEs
6,2,5
rsrEs 6.2.s
O resistance
is
mV.
Page 375
chrp
a 88+oaAA
a
-'4-* a
a aaaaa a
a aaaaa a
V,
+11-a
a
a a a
a a a
I
I
f*
: crEs
6.2.7
f
p
t
magnetic core of uniform cross section having two coils (Primary and
secondarv) wound on it as shown in figure. The no. of turns of primary
coil is 5000 and no. of turns of secondary coil is 3000. If a voltage source of
12 volt is connected across the primary coil then what will be the voltage (in
%:12 Volt
[ *="
u.u"u
r[
lt
eirEs
6.2.3
:0.1cos(15r'y)sin(6n'
as
x 10et- br)a"Af n
R:10
l,:eucs
6.a"to
An infinitely long straight wire with a closed switch ,5 carries a uniform current
I:4A as shown in figure. A square loop of side a:2rn and resistance
\------/'
distanee 2m from the wire. Now at a.ny time tthe switch is open so the current .[ drops to zero. what will be the totd
cha"rge (in nC) that passes through a corner of the square loop after t: to ?
R-l0jq,lqpated.a$,p
Page 376
Chap 6
a:2
QUE$
will
be
12m
Qus$
QUE$ 6"2"t3
54eo and
In a certain region a test charge is moving with an angular velocity 2raaf sec
along a circular path of radius 2 m centred at origin in the r-y plane. If
the magnetic flux density in the region isB: 2a,"wbf m2 then the electric
field viewed by an observer moving with the test charge is
V/m in
o, direction.
l
as
r : t(r+0.4f)
lEs
e.e.ra
Page 377
''t
:i
Chap 6
l , \rar:i
cm
J,
-s
(o:
r
i
:.
lF
o.z.r:
It
as
5sin(10zry)cos(6zr
Los
bn)a,
l: I
Fs 5'2.18 8 A current is flowing along a straight wire from a point charge situated at
the origin to infinity and passing through the point (2,2,2). The circulation
of the magnetic field intensity around the closed path formed by the triangle
having the vertices (2,0,0), (O,Z,O) and (0,0,2) is equal to ____ Ampere.
{}s
,
per
******trl.*'k*
');tx'
EXERCI$E 6.3
Page 378
Chap 6
Time Varying Fielde and
Maxwell Equations
.d(,e &"3"{
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes gi
below (Notations have their usual meaning)
List-I
a
b
c
List-II
L. Y . D:po
Faraday's law
2. V'B:0
3. y x E:-A-B^
Gauss's law
dt
Codes
4. V
. , AD
.E[: t*-at
abcd
(A)432t
(B) 4r32
(c) 2374
(D)4312
F"{eG S"3"!
(B) steady_currents
(C) time varying currents
(D) none of these
8l$c& 6"3"3
$rcs 6"3"{
(A)
E:-#
g1
p: 0!
dt
(A)B.s
(C) Bx s
[*]e{} 6,3.5
A:-#
(D) A:#
@)
will
be
(B) 0
(D) none of these
3e
!e
6.3.S
6.3.?
If B;
flux density
increasing
Ba
denotes the magnetic flux density decreasing with time then which of the
configuration is correct for the induced current 1 in the stationary loop ?
b. 6.3.i
;
Fr
B:
6'3.e
E 6.3.rs
(A) V x B:
(C) V ' fl:
P'oJ
(B)
(A) D
(q aDl at
tQ 6.3.t1
(B) V x B-- pJ
(D) V X B:0
Q) arl at
(A)
E:-YV
(c) E :-vv-
(B) E:-VV- A
(D) E:-YV-D
Bocosat&u.
tt
(lry3
h6a
ad
Maxwell Equatbns
Page 380
uce
6,3.{3
Cbap 6
Time Varying Fiel& and
Maxwell Equatiors
(A)
(C) does not
(B) 1
(D) none of these
exist
Mcq
6.3.15
r$ce
6.3.16
Y ' B:
0 is due to
(B)
(A) B
(D) none of these
(C) non-existence of a mono pole
:'pH
(C) J +
B:I
(A)VxH:J
(C). V x E :0
(B)Vx-f,[:b+J
(D) none of these
***********
EXERGISE 6.4
Page 3El
Chap 6
Time Var 'yrng Fields end
Maxwell Equations
64''
fi,ffn";:"- ;13,;1"ffii"ffr#;i,*#
: B'(vti
"' -
7+r".)
#(r*t=-),r*
(C)
6.A"2
J:
0,r
r:-#(,fu),,"
(D) r:
#(r#),r*
(A)V .E:O,VxB:0,(B)V
.E:0,V.8:0
(D)VxE:O,V.8:0
(C)VxE:0, VxB:0
6.4"3
If c
fr1t*#). *
Q) ff,H' d,s: [1t*#).
"
(^)
F_
F sr
rt Ir.
t t fr.
IIH.d,s:
The unit of V
(A) Ampere
cr"5
(C) Faraday's
r^c.5
H,
dl: #,1r*#1. ot
d,t:
il(r*%?).
-EI is
to
Yx
law
H:
*4
"
ir based on
(g) Gauss'law
(D) Coulomb's law
Bocos
ut
Q) a"
(A) zero
(B) due to rotation only
(C) due to transformer action only
(D) due to both rotation and transformer action
I
5.4.7
A:LlJ\f .If
3 s,
at time
Page 382
Assuming that each loop is stationary and time varying magnetic field
, induces current ,I, which of the configurations in the figures are correct
MSe 8.4.9
QhaF 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations '
1.
Increasing
Decreasing
o
o
2.
4.
(B)land3only
o
o
Increasing
Decreasing
3.
(D)3and4only
Who
developed
magnetic field
(A) Gauss
(C) Hertz
fdcQ 8.4,{2
t?rcc
6.4.13
(B) Faraday
(D) Maxwell
A single turn loop is situated in air, with a uniform magnetic field normal
its plane. The area of the loop is 5 m2 and the rate of charge of flux
\s 2'Nblrnzls. What is the emf appearing at the terminals of the loop ?
(B) -2v
(A) -5v
(D) -1ov
(c) -0.4v
Which of the following equations results from the circuital form of Ampere's law
(A) V x
(c)
&cQ 6,4.{4
E:-#
v . D:
v . B:o
(D)vx H: J+#
(B)
----!
Reason (R)
: V X trl: jaE+ J
(B) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct
explanation
Page
BEB
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
of A.
6'4-t5
6'4'tc
6'4'{?
Nor
'f
List-I
List-II
a.
b.
Ampere's law
1.
Y.D:po
Faraday's law
2'
v . J:-qdt
c.
Gauss law
d.
Current
4'
Codes
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
rGQ 6.a.r8
E:-dP
dt
4
4
d
4
t
Page 38d
fficq
Chap 6
i
?
.:i
(A)
(D)v'B-p
"vxH:(aDl
t|llc{l 6.4-21
(A)
v x H:#*,
(B)
v x E:A#
(c)
v . D:
(D)
V.
II
at)l
Mrtr $"4"2o Which one of the following is NOT a correct Ma:<well equation
-l
B:o
a. f a. ai:o
b. fo. as:ln,du
c. f n.at:-l#.ot
d' n'at:14'orl4'ot
f
List
II
1.
The mmf aiound a closed path is eciual to the conduction current plus
the time derlvative of the electric displacement eurrent through any
surface boundeitl by the ilath.
2.
The emf a,round a closed path is equal to the time d.erivative is equal
to the time derivatirre of the magnetic displacerhent through any
surface bounded by the path.
3.
4.
The net magnetic flux emerging through any closed surface is zero.
Codes
abcd
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
nics
6,4.22
1324
432r
4231
r234
(C) V
0.4"24
H:#
3a,
H:
J"
(D) V
H:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(A) ,t andaz
(C) az,ar- c.2andu2
Hcq
(A)V x
H:(o+ire)E
6.4.2?
tol
f," 'ds:o
x.E:-#
2.Y xH:J+#
1.
3' V'B:0
Which of the above appear in Maxwell's equations ?
(B) 1 and 2
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(D) 1 and 3
(C) 2 and 3
i,Ico
YzV:0
(B)r:Q(D+uxB)
tl f"r-dl:f t.as+ffr.as
Hca
(B) -7a"
(D) I2o"
(C) 3a,
EV:0
Page 3Eb
Chap 6
(B) V
Taan
(L) -2a,
IGQ 6.jl.S$
(A) V x .E[:0
lca
x -E[: t"*#
Maxwell Equitions
Page 386
rucQ 6"4"29
Chap 6
Time Varyiag Fields and
Maxwell Equations
two loops
and
IN
lllcQ
6"4'3{
B:0
(B) V
tl f"t.
dl: kr
Match List
below :
I with List II
List
D:6
(D) V"4
pyJ
List
II
Continuity equation
1. vx H: J+#
Ampere's law
2.
,dD
dt
Displacement current
3.
Y x E:-A-B
dt
Faraday's law
Codes
(A)
(B)
a
4
4
4
4
(c)
(D)
McQ
4.
Yx
J:-Q!n
dt
6'4'32 The
(A)
1v
(c)
0.4
-1v
(B)
(D) -0.4
v
-\-
rca
6,4.33
II
II
1. V 'A:0
VxA*0
List
Codes
(Behaviour) and
2. v.A+0
V xA:0
3. v.A+0
VxA.*0
4. V 'A:0
VxA:0
abcd
(A)4231
(B)4213
(c)2431
(D)2413
rco
6.4.34
fo.
rcQ
6,4.35
rcl
6.4.36
'
a":{oa,
Ddu
db^
dt
fe.m:f,$x{)'ds
Y x E:- (aBldt)
.-ou:-&f B .
Maxwell equation
i^t/;
tGQ
rr
v-
dI
f Ex at:-$f B.dt
o,:-&lB'
rst
f E'
rnl
f Exat:-ftf B'dI
as
d's
Two conducting coils 1 and 2 (identical except that 2 is split) are placed in
figure'
a uniform magnetic field which decreases at a constant rate as in the
If the planes of the coils are perpendicular to the field lines, the following
statements are made
1.
2.
Page 3E7
ChaP 6
Time Valying Fields and
Marwell Equations
3.
4.
Page 38E
Cbap 6
Time Varyiag Fields aud
Maxwell Equations
For linear isotropic rnaterials, both .E and .EI have the time dependence
and regions of interest are free of charge. The value of V x .EI is given
(A) oE
(C) oE+
mcc
6,4,38
(A) V .
I
(C)
jwe
(B) jueE
(D) oE * j,.oe E
J:-*
(B)
-E:*#
v . D:
folf
pu
H.rlr:l("r*,#).*
{
I
i
t
(A)2and4
(C) 1 and 3
(B)lalone
(D) 1 and 4
.l
t{so
s.4"3s
V x (V x,4)
: hJ
Y2A:-hJ
,1
Rea,son
V',4:0.
I
!
i
:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
MCO 6"4,4$
clue
to
dc
fo
Given that
V x .E[: l+Qdt
2.
1.
'al
(r)
\--/
OO.
3.
4.
Co-Pianer coils
rcQ
6.4'cs
(B) G and G
(D) G and Ct
II
List
law
Gauss's
b.
Ampere's
larr
2.
c.
Faraday's
law
3.
d.
Poyrrting
vector
4.
1'
c.
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
II
Y'D:P
List
a.
Codes
{<******{<***
Yx
E:-0#
P:ExH
P:q(E*uxB)
V x ,E[:
J"*#
Page
3t9
ChnP 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxlell Equhtlons
soLUTloNs 6.{
Page 390
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields atrd
Maxwell Equations
30L 6,{.t
v x E :-a-B^
0t
Since the electric field inside a conducting sphere is zero.
l.e.
E:0
AB
6:-(v
Therefore
sol- 6"{.2
B(r,t) will
x@:s
vt:-
fun'
JO
6,1,3
Voo
will be positive.
Pipe
Falling
magnet
Ring of pipe
lt-
Since opposite currents repel each other so, the force exerted on the magnet
due to the induced current is directed upward. Meanwhile a ring above the
magnet experiences a decreasing upward flux; so itts induced current parallel
to 1 and it attracts magnet upward. And flux through the rings next to the
magnet bar is constant. So no current is induced in them.
Thus, for all we can say that the force exerted by the eddy current (induced
current according to Lenz's law) on the magnet is in upward direction which
causes the delay to reach the bottom. Whereas in the cases of unmagnetized
bar no induced current is formed. So it reaches in fraction of time.
sol 6.t.4
iD:LI
So comparing
Lqn2
n 6.1,s
where
So the
as
B - p4nl
??
--+
o:IB.d,S:(panl)Qrar)
J
where
as
tr
dO
V"^f :-E
where @ is the total magnetic flux passing through the loop. Since the
resistance .R is looped over the solenoid so total flux through the loop will
be equal to the total flux through the solenoid and therefore the induced emf
in the loop of resistance will be
Vmr:-Ta2p-"#
Since current 1 flowing in the solenoid is constant so, the induced emf is
%-r:0
and therefore the induced current in the loop
sot.
c.'t.G
will be zero.
Page 391
Chap 6
Time varyiug Fields and
Marwell Equatione
Page 392
Chap 6
*-l#ilTi:"#lT:',rffTffilt*i,r
$oL 5,{,7
A: NriD
and
i\z
: NziF
where @ is the magnetic flux through a single loop of either coil and ,A/r. trfz
are the total no. of turns of the two.coils respectively
Therefore the induced emf in the two coils are
diD,
tf
Yemfl
yernr2
--E--
:_
do"
T:_
n, dib
trlzl
^, do
lur6
Thus, the ratio of the induced emf in the two loops are
V^tz
Nz
%,nir- ifr
80L
6"'1.8
eE
as
: Eocosat
(E:
Escoswt)
h : #:-aeEosinut
and the conduction current density in the medium is
W-- u"
lJ"l
$gL 6.1.9
Y'D:p,
V.D:0
(1)
or,
and since
Therefore,
:0
E. (v e) *e (V . E) :0
Y9=o+Ve=o
V'
(e.E)
V.lq=0
(given)
I
I
L 6.{.{*
Page 393
Cbap 6
as
!)o,
6 :l-1"6_(yt:T
So, the electric field intensity
E, :V0
and
"*i*"
as
: (- ltelwo "-ir' or
Y x E, :lf7@,")qo
g":-!-lA:
lAro
6.{.11
h.
v!-"i*o
r
dTo
: !ta^
z1T p.
I
t
t
f,
I
II
given as
o:fa.as
E'
Js
: # [r'.'f,toor)
-T'"\- p )
--P.IaulP*a\
t]s:
atl,fi')
The induced emf clue to the change in flux (when pulled away) is given
v"mt
Therefore,
Given
:-# :-g
as
r1[*(']')l
v^,:-#G"#-i't#)
# :
r"lo"itY of looP
m/s
and since the loop is currently located at 3m distance from the straight
wire, so after 0.6 sec it will be at
(o --+ velocity of the loop)
P :3+ (0'6) x u'
:3*0.6X5:6m
So,
%*r
:25 x 10 ? volt :
sol. 6,t,"t2
(a:
2 m,
1:
30
A)
2.5 pvolt
V^r:-# :0
(@ is constant)
Page 394
${}L 6"*.{3
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields aad
Maxwell Equations
is the current
Iqt
t.e.
will be
iDqt
itr:kt
where&isaconstant.
ort
resistances
,Ba, .Re is
loop
consisting
Therefore the emf induced in the
,r
,enr __
dO
dt
V^t:- k
and the currert through .Rr and ,Bz will be
r_k__HTE
,na
Now according to Lenz's law the induced current I in a loop flows such as
to produce a magnetic field that opposes the change in .El(d)i.e. the induced current in the loop will be opposite to the direction of
current in solenoid (in anticlockwise direction).
So,
Vt: IinaRe:-#+fu
and
r D -t kRn -\
Va-- tindtlB
- \E;+E )
Vr
Va---Re
Rs
$oi* s.t.{4
rr
v" r :_
dO
ilt
: IB.
J
d,S
:Blr
where
l. So the total
as
is the total magnetic flux passing through the loop. Therefore the
induced emf in the square loop is
where
V^,
:-*t(Bln)
:-
l:5m
B :27
BI#
(iD:Blr)
and
drf dt
velocity of bar
Amls
:-
: - 40 volt
Tine
I:ry1:-#:-4A
I:-4A
in
opposite direction
to
the
o:{a.
Js
:-#:
7.5
1202'sin(120a.t- 30')
IU):-W
-:x.
6.,r.1?
7'5 l!204'sin(120zrt
VaryingF*d
nqft
Maxwell
- g0") (R:2s0*
2b0
b00
o)
5.7sin(12hrt- 80")
Page 396
wire be
M.
Chap 6
So applying
M#: tffi+ nb
...(i)
Now from the shown figure (b), the current flowing in the straight wire b
given as
h:
Itu(t)
or,
ffi : tro1t1- t,6(t- t1
So,atf:0 ff:t,
and
Solving
MI1
it
ffi
of the current)
(2)
nA
we get
i,
: ff Ire-t*rtt'
for0<t<I
t: 7 we have
__i
dt -- t'
dh
and
Solving
-MIL:tff+nU
it
(from equation
(l))
we get
'io
:-4Le-@/L)$-n
-rv
for
t>
[ {r,e-@/L)t
t,
_._l
L2
-1
0<
l-ft'"-'o'uu-n t>
t<T
T
sol- 6.t,{8
o:la-as
V^r:-#
{
{
1
i.
so the.current
o:-Vu!'
:-I / d@t
R- --F-\-E)
'
: S[-
:_
6.t.te
in wt
Page
30i
Chap 6
2w cos wtsin
Maxvell Equations
wtf
0.01c^,,sina..rt(1+2coswt)
E:Q
: D _
E
--,eo
oft
as
1.33
t0-6sin(3
@or(e.:10)
;rl":;"t$Jf"g
108'
x t08t-0.2r),
0'2r)
.^\
ao
y xE:-#
or,
+:-y
xE
dt
:--!4"
AE,,
dx
: I,
" :fi-f$,tn(3
x rosr -0.2x)au
as
Thus
H:B-P
B :
ll":2
lt, pn
II :4sin(3 x
108,
0.2r)oo Alm
fir
given as
: [ ffio.a,
in the firament
shown
I'
time
Page 398
as
I(t) :311'
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwel! Equations '
n:f4ffio'*
as
R:/;\4andc:3x108m/s
o:[)j_,,@wo".o,
Therefore,
:Wlli:ffia'-
l,)ia"]
t-
:8 x rc-tr1^( o'r+{4'u
\-0.*
+,/ 4.01
\-0.1
10-15
(U
Flom equation (1) it is clear that, A will be linearly increasing with resped
to time. Therefore the plot of A versus f is
,4(nwb/m)
15.3 x 10
I{OTE
$or- 6,{-21
p : q(E*ax B)
putting the given three forces and their corresponding velocities in
equation we get the following relations
q(ar* a") : q(E+ a,x B)
So,
: q(E* oo x B)
q(2ar* a") : q(E* a" x B)
nsry
Now we substitute
So, comparing the
r,y
page 899
Chap 6
:1
and
B" :0
Again by substituting B: B,a,*
Brau* B,a" ineq (5), we get
ay : B,&s- Bue,_ Boa"a B"au
B,+
BU
r,y
B,+8,:r
and
By
as calculated above
:0
B,:O,therefore B,:L
B : a,Wblm2
putting it
F:q(EavxB)
ort
q(%+ a,)
q(Ey a, X a,)
: q* a"yfm
30L 6.1.23
potential,
and retarded vector potential,
Retarded scalar
: y(r_ ct)volt
A : U(t _ ,)o,Wb/m
V
B:VxC
:-*o":
as
(r-f)o,r""ru
(1)
H:BPo
: *(r-
f,)o" 11^
(2)
E
so, the erectric
__o
r_#
:(ct- r)au
o,*;;1;; jih;lff j ,,:'
D : eoE
Now we determine
equation.
(a)
or'
(ee is the
rou";"!?; :)#?#"rd
Y.D:p,
pa:y.[ro("r-x)ar]
(B)
to satisry au the
r"",nn**",!1]
-0
Page 400
Chirp
It
(b)
if p,:9.
V.B:o
Now, v.B-v.[(,-f)",]
So,
it
(from equation
(l
(")
vx.EI-t*Qatr
Now.
v x .tr :-%4;",:ho,:
t[fro,
(from equation
dD : ncay: tE;
-At
J fi"
c:
1.,
J:0
iI
.i
J
'I
ii
(d)
Vx.O:-#
Now
VxE:Af;a,:-a,
q. :o,
ot
it already
J:
se:L
s"1.s4
B:-2f ra.
So the
* : I u . ds : I'-'
I'-' (-1",).
(-
as
d,rd.ya,)
: (zi" "Ir)t
l:4h(#)
Therefore, the circulation of induced electric field in the loop
f n. m:-@d, :-*l^"(#)l
4 d (r+2\
:__
-- (qElal-\
" /
\r )
4r r 2drt
: -tTZ(? ,Il )
__
: 8 ror__
: 16
s$L
s.*"as
is
tdr
'1'44"r r'@+'
\A:
o:Ig.d,s:o
J
So, the induced electric field circulatir.rn for the region p
{n.m__di| _n
il"
a
m is given
as
E:0
or,
6.t.26
forp<4m
'm @-t-J
{^ao
\w
$n.
Jc
OI,
n:-dq
dt --ddt (l'' *)
:-$1z"inrtQrp, nar)l
-
.:_2arcoswtQrp2_I6n)
:- 2ucosut("t _ rcn)
F _ 2(pt_ 16)c..,cosc.rf
E(2rp)
:-t
Kl.s)t
p:
ty at
- 16)r..,cos
4.5
m is
cr.,f
:-fiwcoswt
n
6.7.27
a:l'".
:o+
is
ds
_[^a.n+|,n.
f\zrinwt)a".
d,S
-t"yrl:
"r;11:::lt"r1r
as
{or
l8zrsinc"'r
f n' m:-#
' E(2rp):-$(tSnsinwt)
:_
.a
lgrwcosut
,:Jfftlo,
page 401
Chap 6
Time Vmying t'tslds
ad
Maxrrcll Equatirons
Page 402
Chap 6
soL
6"1"29
-V^r:V+vs
or,
sol.
6"1.29
%:100-33.3:66.7mV
so
o:Ia.as
J
: (B)(S)cos0
: (b x 10-3)(20 x 10-3 x 20 x 10-3)cosd'
:2 x 10-6cosd
t,v. f :_ dO
ilt
:-2
x ro-6$(cosd)
:2 x l}-Bsinlffi
and
So,
$oL 8.r.30
as
a:
d0
V^r
:
:
:2rad/
angular velocity
(2
sec
lO-o)sin0(2)
4 X 10-6sin0
fm
4sind pV/m
V^t
I_
4sin0
p,Y f
in the loop is
W
R
_ 4sin0 x
(ft
40 x 10-3
0.1sind mA
:
scl. 6.{.3{
10_-o
:_#
:-
no
40 mO)
Chap 6
as
:-$Unorina;r) (,gcosdl
s
ftlsin
(0:
i,,'tcos a'rtl
o.'t)
--
BoScos2ut
Thus, the maximum value of induced emf is
lV"6l:
sol. 6.{,32
BoSu
aa
as
$1to"os l2}rt)(trp2)
UT.:
':-r(to x T!
10-'?f
(1202r)(-10sin120zrt)
L2zjsinl2}nt
As determined by Lenz's law the polarity of induced e.m.f will be such that
b is at positive terminal with respect to o.
l.e.
or
sol
6.{,33
Vt
:-
12z2sin720trt
IU):-h:
:
0.47
sinl2hrt
rI
t
***X*rl.****.*
Page 403
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
\
Option (C) is correct.
The total magnetic flux through the square loop is given
, : f t . d,S :(&sinc.,t)(S)cosd
So, the induced emf in the loop is
V*
as
$oLr,sTx$rus s.2
Page 404
Chap 6
Time Varyfuig Fieldi and
Maxwelt Equa^tions
sol.
6,2.1
Correct answer is 0.
As the conducting loop is falling freely So, the flux through loop will
constant. Therefore, the voltage induced in the loop will be zero.
$oL
6"2.2
B:4ff
as
a,,
Since the flux density is directed normal to the plane z: 0 so the totd
magnetic flux passing through the square loop located in the plane r: 0 i
, : I u . d.s : [=,[),fnor)
d,yd,z
:r
@s
(dyd,z)
+!
as
V"^t:-Eda
where @ is the total magnetic flux passing through the loop.. So the induced
emf in the square loop is
v"*
:-#:-
(@=fl
2t
Therefore at tirne
sol
6"2.3
ernf is
fl '= unl
fio,
where o6 is the direction of flux density as determined by right hand rule.
the flux density produced by straight wire at a distance p from it is
(a"
*:
Iu. ds : I'"'#oo,
, : I'(#)y : #^(t):
:
sol-
6"2,4
(2
gpr,,1r
4.05
10-7
s)
Wb
:-dtap^
.Ia
20cos(1.b
1o8r)a,
Page 40b
Chap 6
Time Varying Flelds o.d
Maxwell Eqrntions
A/^,
n: f-loat+c
As there is
'o
DC
(C*
constant)
, _: 20sin(1.5 x 108r).
1;;10*-Jo,:1.33 x 10-7sin(t.b x 108t)a,
: 133.3sin(1.b x 108t)onnCfm2
D6sin(1.b
Do
133'3
1o8t)ornCfm,
So, we get
IOL
$.2.5
l-&!q"."$9!L9qII9!t | _
Conduction current j
..,e
-7
current is
I
Ial
ll;l--
6,2.$
_mq11
108
10-8
B :O.lta, Wb/m,
So,
d,9
:(0.1rX1):
0.11
V^,
:-ff,:
is
as
0.1Volt
As determined by Lenz's law the polarity of induced emf will be such that
V+
V':-
%*r
Vr: I 2 \'
lT+z)e
sol
6,e,7
r/
t I
%*r) :
: sr'3 mv
V:- Nr#
Again
Page 406
Qhnp 6
Vr:-
Nr#
Since both the coil are in same magnetic field so, change in flux
will be sane
V _M
V-W,
,, : u#: (12)9333 :7.2vott
sot
6.2.8
Correct answer is
41.6
II, :
o.1cos(1"5zry)e-
jb'a"
Af
{
I
I
I
I
I
as
relation
I
I
1
(r5nf+b'--l#-'
+
So,
sol-
6.2,9
b:*41.6ndfm
lbl-41.6rad/m
:-E do
where
@ is
,:lt.ds:Btr
l.
So
^9: lr)
as
where @ is the total magnetic flux passing through the loop. Therefore the
induced emf in the square loop is
,:-fitau) :-
y"
Bl dr
(O:BLrl
and
is
V^r
:-
:-
I
I
(15rf + b2 : Groeo
r..r :6zr X 10e
Here
so, (1b?r'I+ 6z : /6r' x 1Qe12
b2:l7bi
1't
o11
r- V^t (-ti
,:--r:-'10':0.01A
6.2"1c
(ft:
Chap 6
t:Ho,
*:
.s :
I"'
I:,(H)r"*l
PoIa fa dp
-Ztr
p
(ds:
ad,p)
l,
:$!,mz:$mp1
The current flowing in the loop is
So,
V"
flooo
r.: Ir"""R:-4
tvuP'e
dt
ffos:-f,r'12yff
where
# :- **r"@#
:_#tne)
d,e
R:4e)
dr
q :-ffime1foar
: -ffitn1z1(o - 4)
:uffEmp.
:2.77 x
Dt 6.a.r{
10-z
C :2TT nC
So,
pal R2
B ---2-@17y""
where
r?
--+
ry1
12
(5)'
o,,:ffia,
tr,rrS*,
: ^:*# " tii,o"si,
\iJ"rr*"tt
': I "'
d,S :
page 402
10O)
il;i,
Time
litying
Fields and
Maxwell Bquations
sol. 6.2.t2
Page 40E
Correctans\r,er'is'2i7.
Electric field in any medium is equal to the voltage drop per uni
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equatiors
,
i.e.
:Y
-d
where
: E
(p '
V -Vocos2trft
--pdpd
OT,
resistivity of
tl
(v\.
IJ"l:h
,,
ort
: # :,fr :,&l*P9],u:
: *l-r"ftsin(22rfi)l
vscos2nft)
rrr_2rfeVo
l"dl-- -T
v') lba
lr_ V4 -- @lQ"kv')
lr,l
't'' : n x
:2.7
sol.
6.2.{3
2rIep
1
10-1'?)
0.77
Correct answer is 8.
Let the test charge be q coulomb So the force presence of experienced by the
test cha,rge in the presence of magnetic field is
F:
q(a
x 4)_
and the force experienced c6n b4written in terms of the electric field
intensity as
F:QE
Where .6 is field viewed by observer moving with test charge.
qE:q(uxB)
E:(upa6)x(2a,)
where ar is angular velocity and p is radius of circular loop.
:(2)(2)(2)a, :8a,Y lm
6.2,14
So, the
Page 409
o:In.as
: ['
Chap 6
o") (20
tat
x ro-2 dra")
Marwell Equations
_ r.o[(r + o.a4]'
3
V^,
7"-r
:-#:-+
:-
:-
6.2"15
Ve^r:
0.35
volt
r:
So for the position r:
+0.4f)
l2cm we have
0.12: t(t+0.4f)
f : 0.1193 sec
of,
t(L
time f is
I/"-,
_(1.6)[r +
So,
at l:0.1193sec,
z"-r
r
l
:-
1.6[(0.
1es)
t,l;l;1?3i1;#:lXJ*
6,2.15
:#
# :-ffi":-
V x.EI
or,
bsin(10,0t- br)o,
O=
since no
where C is aconstant.
I-bsin(1010r -br)dt+ C
D.c. field is present in the medium so, we get c 0 and therefore,
--
o:
c /mz
fmcos(lo'or and the electric field intensity in the med.ium is given
E:2
r :7 :
br) an
012 xjfrFl'rdcos(101o'
as
br)a,o
@:O.r2nF/m)
Page 410
Chap 6
or,
Maxwell Equatirons
xE:-#
#:-V x[#"ot1ro"'-br)a,f
:-$sin(r
"
o'o'-
bn)a,
in the medium is
:- I #sin(1010' :
br)a,itt
C#lomcos(10'or
- bt)a"
(U
:
B:FH
: (3 x 10-5)cos(101ot- br)a,
(2)
, ,b' 10'".^:
(1.2)
10-5
b2:3.6x105
b
6.2.{?
:*
600rad/m
as
.E :
Comparing
it
B : Eocos(ut- pr)a"
r.r:6zrX10e
We get,
aA: 5sin(10r'g)e-jb a,
Flom Maxwellfuqrrhtion we get the magnetic field intensity
H"" ----!-*(o
"1u114
(1)
as
t B"):*l*",-*
hl**-*"1
:--r^luo""os(102'y)e-'o'o,+ j5bsin(10zry)or]"-t*
Again from Maxwell's equation we have the electric field intensity
n,:fi6(v
x rr,)
:hl*_+\""
as
:6ft4fnb) (- ib) sin( tory) s-tb' + (50n) (10zr)sin (10 rv) e-ib'la"
ffiltt2+
Soo,f]sin rorye-ib'a,
-J--tsu'+ 5ool)' : b
dPreo'
b2 + tOO# : uj p.eo
or,
b2+toof :(62-x roef x
b2
+t00# :400tf
b2:300#
d-T
(w:6r x 10e,'/a,r':+)
b:-F ^/S}}nrad/m
lDl:/300 r:54.474radfm
So,
EL 6,2..!8
Correct answer is 7.
Let the point change located at origin be
of the page through the closed triangurar
page 4l
(0, 2, 0)
#=-,
f H . dt :[kfa*\U"].".
I
: #[a,o.
d,s
: $f o . as
(1)
ln.as:$
so'
fIoL,"
whereas
: #(g):a#:-{
LI"L,":
triangular loop is
f"n'
(1: 8 A)
lVtl:30*
:0.25 Wb/m,
:64cm':
closed
il:f16f,,"+fl"L,"
:-{+r:$1s):za
t 6.2.'rc
64
Chap 6
10-a m2
in the
Page 412
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
and
is covered)
, -.60 x Ztr :377 rad'f sec (In one revolution 2zr radian
I ".
[/"-r]^^,
h"r*
ftlY"-r |
1,o.zsx64x1o-4x377)
- rE\
:0.4265
Since the loop has 50 turns so net induced voltage will be 50 times the
calculated value.
l.e.
:50 x (0.4265)
[v"-L-"
L
fi,n,s
21.33 volt
****'F******
soLUTtONs 6,3
'
page 413
Chap6
'
Maxwell Equatious
tol.
6,3.1
tol.
6,3"2
lH.dl:1"n"
Ilr,
s.r.r
defined
as
Vx
-E
F.
where
I;#
\)
field.
is
lt
p
B:Y xA
y xE:_$tv r,a)
or
V X.E -v
- Y ,\-l
Therefore,
lol
6.3.4
:-#
0 r\
\-aT^)
o:In.as
it
zeto
'. I
as
V.B:0
fn
. as :
If,
B)d,u:o
(Stokes Theorem)
6.3.5
----\
da
9E'. dt:-ff
r
d@
Page 414
-v
a -n
Chap 6
s$L
{!"3,S
y xB:pallp"rT
So,
:0
(B:0, E:
since the net current density inside the superconductor is zero so all
current must be confined at the surface of the wire.
such as
Now the configuration shown in option (A) and (B) for increasing
flux B;, the change in flux is in same direction to Br as well as the current
flowing in the loop produces magnetic field in the same direction so it
not follow the Lenz's law.
s"*.s
by
Again the field is in a, direction and the loop is rotating about z-axis s
flux through the loop will also vary due to the motion of the loop. Thb
causes the emf which is called motion emf. Thus, total induced voltage ir
the rotating loop is caused by the combination of both the transformer and
motion emf.
$0L s,3.$
g$L
6"3.10
soL
6"3"1t
_-__r_
r
I
I
p
sor o.r.rz
-. ..'.',
ror. s.r.rc
I
..r.,,
[ -.
ror- e.s.rs
I ror- o.e.rz
I
page 4tb
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
r
$
r
I
a
t
F
.G.
Page 416
Chap 6
Time Varytng Fiel& and
:
Maxwell Equatious
sol. 5.4.{
B:
as
h(ataa-ffi")
'(1)
and
So, we get
B:
Boa6
as
Boo,
,which is constant
= L:
Pn I'to
So, the current density of the field is
J:Yx.E[:0
30L 6.4,2
(since I1 is consta.r*)
as
V'B:0
Y ' E:fu
Y
xD:-ry
ot
v x .Er :#*,
So, for static electric magnetic fields
V.B:0
V.E:pu/
V
YxH:J
gol.
6.4.3
(#:rl
x.E:0
(#:o
''AD
vxrr : t*at
)
sol-
6.4.4
as --
Il,tr.oz;.
Maxwell Eq
lntegral
as
fH.dr:ll1r*#).*
Stokes
v
Thus,
Vx
xfir:#*,
.EI has
(i.e',
Al^')
sol
6.4.5
have
$n.
Jt
or,
as
/tv
><.rr).ds
V
Then,
it
=lt.as
x.EI=J
Vx.EI:J+#
h.""
. tol-
as
()
6.4"?
Vx-6t:r*#
The term
sol.
6.4"8
U^l:-#
g
__
: -,\l
is defined as
/_1 r*s\
a\3"'i
6,4.9
4lZ
Chap 6
Time Varyhg Fields and
Maxwell Equations
a:/encreed
f,n. u=J"r.
Page
Page 41E
Chap 6
Time Varying I'ields and
Maxwell Equations
sol
6.4.10
vxE:-AP
At
Since, the curl of gradient of a scalar function is always zero
v x(vv):o
t.e.
--O r-#
6"4.{t
a.4..2
,9:5m2
Rate of change of flux density,
ry:zwb/m2lS
dt
So, the emf in the loop is
.
6.4"{3
%*r
:-$[a'
as
: (5x-2) :-
10
V x,EI
: r*#
as
f H' dI:1","
I
f t, "'H\'
ds
: lns
YxH:J
$oL
6.4."14
(free
So
A and R both
of A.
sol.
6.4.1s
If
tol
6.{.16
30L 6.4.{?
Ampere'slaw
Faraday'law
Vx.E:#
x,tI:J+ODdt
(a-3)
(b-a)
(c'1)
(d-2)
Y -D:pu
V .J :-U
Current continuity
6.11.18
dt
: _ftf a.
as
/\
:#
y xE:-#
V x.EI
; tol. 6.4.20
Vx-EI:t*#
V x.O :-#
tol
6.4.2{
V . D:
V 'B:0
a.
fB.dS:O
The surface integial of magnetic flux density over the closed surface is zero
or in other words, net outwa,rd magnetic flux through any closed surface is
zero. (a - 4)
b.
fn.as:Ip,du
Total outward electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the charge
enclosed in the region.
(b-+ 3)
/ fn.m:-l#ot
of
i.e. The line integral the electric field-intensity around a closed path is
equal to the surface integral of the time derivative of magnetic flux density
(c-2)
Chap 6
Time Varying fields and
Maxwell Equations
Gauss law
30L
Page 419
f n.ot:l(#+r)aa
i.e. The line integral of magnetic field intensity around a closed path is equal
to the surface integral of sum of the current density and time derivative of
electric flux density.
(d-+ 1)
soL
Page 420
6"4.tr2
Chap 6
Tiqe Varyiry Fields and
as
Y . J:--p,
Maxwell Equatibns
i.e.
so!-
6.4.23
it
(J)
p,,.
' AD
Vx.EI - ,1,+
dt
For free space, conductivity, o:0
J":6fi:g
and
so,
V x.EI :A^D
-0t
sc|.
6"4.24
H:3a,*7yan*2ra,
So from Ampere's circuital law we have
J:YxH
la"
a,. a.l
t'
ooo
I d"
:
$oL 6,4.?5
l3
dp
.,.
7y 2ri
a,(0)
a,(2
0)+ a,(0)
:-20,
%*r:-fffi-as+t'@xe)at
So, the frequencies for the induced e.m.f. in the loop is
80L
6"4,2S
c,.,r
and
c,r.
p:
Q(E + a
sol.
6.4.27
sol.
6"4.28
v, V
:-*
where, I/ is the electric pltential at thc point and p,, is the volume charge'
density in the region. So, for po: Q we get.
Y2V :0
Which is Laplacian equation.
$oL
6.4.2e
I
Option (A) is correct.
I
The direction of magnetic flux due to the current 'i' in the conductor hl
determined by right hand rule. So, we get the flux through ,4 is pointing i"t"l
the paper while the flux through B is pointing out of the paper.
According to Lenz's law the induced e.m.f. opposes the flux that causes iL !
so again by using right hand rule we get the direction of induced e.m.f.
anticlockwise in A and clockwise in B.
Page 421
Chap 6
VxJ
:_q'
dt
Ampere's law
Vx,EI
(b-1)
+o-P
dt
*At
J _aD
Displacement current
Faradav'k*
"/
VX,E
t/
Option (Bfn correct.
l
t/
Yt|t
(a-+ 4)
lf
(c-2)
AB
dt
(d-3)
turns is defined
as
nrdib
--- r\ (l,l
V^r
:*
roo#J(3
2q
- 1oo(31 - 2)
- 100(3(2F - 2):-
1000
mv
(at
t:
s)
-1V
8.4"3n Option (B) is correct.
A static electric fiekl in a charge free region is defined
and
V ..8:0
V xE:0
as
(a-a)
v'E:Q:t+0
and
(b -+ 2)
Vx.E:O
V.B:O
VxB:traJ*0
A time varying electric fiekl in
field
have
-'
a charged medium
VxE:-ry+0
dt
v.E:fu+0
so*
6.4.$d
(c -+ 1)
with time varying magnetic
(d'+
3)
, :-'lLtdt
t.'
It
is Faraday's law that states that the change in flux through any loop
Page 422
$oL
6"4"35
Chap 6
[{r"E)'ds:fn'at
Given, the Maxwell's equation
vxE:_(aBl
aq
f n.m:-ftf"a.as
sol
6,4.3S
3(}L 6,4.37
: Eoetot
V x.EI
: t*#
:
30L
6"4.38
sot- 6,4,39
oE
e(1't)Eoe''
oE
jaeE
VxB:pnJ
v x(v xA):pal
v (v . A)- v'A : p\J
V
'A:0
Y2A :- FnJ
therefore we have,
So, both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A'
$oL
6"4.40
as
YxH--J
and since divergence of the curl is zero
v.(vx,EI) :s
f.e.
V'J:0
but in the time varying field, from continuity equation (conservation of
charges)
v . J :-o!,
il +o
So, an additional term is included in the Maxwell's equation.
t.e.
V x.EI
: r*#
),/
where
:
ff "
Chap 6
tol
6,4,41
tol
6"4.d2
Y.D:p
:1.+0P^
Ampere's law
Vx
Faraday's law
YxE:-ABdt
P:ExH
Poynting vector
.EI
*,1.x****+***
dt\
Page'C2B
(a-1)
(b-5)
(c-2)
(d-3)
CHAPYER 7
ELEGTROMAG
a
ITTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we
concentrate
of
'
o
r
.
o
o
r
r
o
o
Definition of EM waves
Propagation characteristics
Waves
ELECTROTAGNETIC WAVES
In general, wave is a carrier of energy or information and is a function of time
as well as space. As far as we are concerned, a wave means Electromagnetic
wave (or simply EM wave). some examples of EM waves are radio, radar
bearns and TV signals. Maxwell predicated the existence of EM waves
and
established it through his weil-known Maxwell's equations.
p,#- po#:o
v2H- p,#- po#:o
v2D-
...(7.1)
...(7.2)
Now, we will consider the modifications in the wave equations for different
cases.
|2.2
y2E
: rt#
o:0.
substituting
1{
ETI C WAVES
-T
Page 426
A2 II
YzH== p_aT
and
Chap 7
Electromagoetic Waves
7.2.3
1.
2.
3.
Relative permittivityt
Relative permeability,
,:I
F,:7
e:es)
(i.e. p: trto)
(i.e.
Conductivity, o :0
Substituting these parameters in equations (7.1) and (7.2) we get
A2E
== Lt oo-Af
A2 II
YzH= poeo-AT
Y2E
and
7.2.4
The standard form of wave equations for time harmonic fields (in
form) are defined as
vtEr- tos:o
v'.[lr- "f Hs:0
and
where
7 is a complex
Propagation Constant
For a medium with permittivity e, permeability tt, and conductivity a.
propagation constant is given by
1:{fuilo+w)
defined as
''l
o+ jP
7.3
1.
2.
The uniform plane wave has two important words in it; uniform and planr
L. Plane: The term plane means that the electric and magnetic field vecto:
both lie in a plane and all such planes are parallel. In addition, tl
phase of the wave is constant over a plane.
2.
'
Uniform: The word uniform means, the amplitude and phase of vecto
E and -E[ are constant over the planes.
H (2, t)
Re[(flo e-'"
"*')
ou)
Hn:fu
"n
rhere
r,.t:il*,:trtq$${ri
.1;r:rl
!i:,,t,t;:ir:.
'bfe''?gM
Page 427
Chap ?
Electromagnetic Waves
Page 42E
Chap 7
Electromagaetic Wave
7.4
'
7.4.1
and
l:61+ip
Solving the above two equations, we obtain the attenuation constant (c)
and phase constant p as
...(7.5)
and
: r\l +
...(7.6)
Thus, c and p a,re both nonzero for the medium and hence, thepropagation constant, 7 includes both imaginary and real parts.
7.4.2
Re[(Eo e-'"
H(z,t):
Re[(I/oe-'"
E (2, t)
a.nd
o'l
...(7.7)
"'')ql
...(7.8)
"to')
Substituting 1
or
:
II(z,t) :
H(z,t)
or
Re[I/oe-"'eiPt-8") asl
Hoe-o"cos(wt- Bz)a,
Here, Ese-o' is the instantaneous amplitude of electric field, f/6 e-"' is the
insta.ntaneous amplitude oilnagnetic field and (4,'t Bz) isthe instantaneous
phase angle of the wave.
'
The velocity at which a fixed point on the wave trlielling is called velocity of
wave propagation. Let us consider a fixed point P on the wave ,4 sin (u.r t gz)
-
'
'
i.e.
wt- Bz:
constant
,_g#:o
dza
E:
B-
,o:ff
...(7.e)
P on the
or
1.4.5 Intrinsic lrnpedance
Consider
^:(fr),
^:4p
:(4f),
field
components
E"
and
- Ese-l" a,
H": Hoe-l'av
...(7.10)
..(7.11)
E"
-Ho
or
n-i'tt:-L
' 't J jwp(" + rul)
- | t--Fu
Gifr,
n =
"'(7'12)
Thus, the intrinsic impedance is a complex quantity. Its unit is ohm (O).
can be also expressed as
,t :lrtl/!_;ln!4.
with
and
.4.6
,/nE
l'l:ldFr
tan2lr:L
Loss Thngent
For a time-harmonic field, we have the Maxwell's equation,
V x II" :(o* jue)E"
It
Page 429
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
Page 430
Chap 7
Electromagnetic \ilavcs
where
t"
i,rl, - t#1",
ite"E"
,f
e":elI-il d]
r
e":('-jr")
where (e') is the real part and (e") is the imaginary part of the
permittivity. The ratio of. (e") to (e') is the ratio of the magnitude of
conduction current density to the magnitude of the displacement c
density. This ratio is defined as the loss tangent or loss angle of the medi
i.e.
o
ld:|,:
| ' ' a-,loE,l,lweE"l
lJ"ooao"tionl
:tang
lJo*l,*"^.o,
where tand is the loss tangent and I is the loss angle. The Ioss tangent
a measure of how lossy a medium is. For a lossy dielectric, loss tangent
I
7.5
o=
0,
t:
eg7
: Folt,
+l/'.#-'l
7.5.\
:0
(7.13)
...(7.13)
...
Phase Constant
+hE;#.'l
Vl
7.5.3
: rr/G
...(7.14)
PropagationConstant
Propagation constant in a medium is defined by
'y:a+ jp
Substituting a and B from equations (7.13) and (7.14) , we get the propagatim
constant in the lossless dielectric medium as
j : ja{G
Page 431
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
oo:fr
Substituting 73 from equation (7 .L4), we get the velocity of wave propagation
in the lossless dielectric medium as
wp
a1
-
@"/
lt
t/
U,e
?.5.5 Intrinsiclrnpedance
Fbom equation (7.12), we have the intrinsic impedance
n:
't t-@(o + jue)
^/
,t-l ttr
e
7.5.6
by
and
E(z,t)
H(z,t)
:
:
Eoe-o" cos(wt
Bz)a"
Hoe-o"cos(ut- 0z)A
So, by substituting a : 0 in above equaiions, we get the
in lossless dielectric
field. components
as
:
g :
B
E6cos(ut- Bz)a,
t/6cos(wt_ By)a,
Eo
-^- fO
fr:n:\/E
Thus, we see that for a lossless dielectric medium, the wave propagates
without any attenuation, and the electric and magnetic fields are in phase
with each other.
7.6
WAVE pROpAGATtOt{
tl{
PERFECT qONDUCTORS
) (r) so we get
toFa
\/ --r-
...(7.15)
Page 432
7.6.2
Phase Constant
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
Again, applying
in a
phase constant
2 ae in above
equation, we
as
,.j
(7 16il
7.6.3
PropagationConstant
Propagation constant in a medium is dg{ined
jp
'y:a+
.
7.6.4
as
t{
i
"t:'/ry+l/ry
,,:Bu
Substituting
",-a-@
"r - ,S .;i'.e*;-,
as
,,1 p,o
7.6.5 Intrinsiclmpedance
Flom equation (7.12), we have the intrinsic impedance
Since, o
2 we,i.".T (
1. So, we ca,n
write
t+ffct
Hen\tre
intrinsic_imp
_f
"OffiLn
n:\/
I
a good conductor reduces is oUtainea
I
I
Depth
It
Ese-o'cos(ut-
Pz)a"
where Eoe-o" is the instantaneous amplitude of the field. So, after travelling
a distance z:6, the field reduces to
: Eoe-"6
...(7.LT)
Now, from definition of skin depth, the electric field of uniform plane
wave after traveling a distance 6 (skin depth) reduces to e-1 of its original
vahre. i.e.
...(7.18)
Eoe-r
c6:1
u:a
't
or
^-1-- ! L2uu'o
7.7
WAVE PROPAGATION
11{
FREE SPACE
O:0,
F:
7.7.1
FO
Attenrration Constant
FYom equation (7.5), we have the attenuation constant
in a medium
...(7.1e)
a:0
7.7.2
Phase Constant
From equation (7.6), we have the phase constant in a medium
...(7.20)
g : u,/
ttoeo
o+
i[3
substituting a and. p from equations (7.19) and (7.20), we get the propagation
constant in the free sPace as
.y : ju^/_p*q
Page 433
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
Page 434
Chap 7
7.7.4
Electromagnetic'tilaves
,o:fr
Substituting p from equation (2.20),we get the
velocity of wave
in the free space as
Q1
__-.::
.y
a^/
7.7.5 Intrinsic
:'
poeo J poeo
108m/s
Impedance
n: E@_
substituring
Jf'r): po io the above equation, we set
1: 0, in,:r:,"
intrinsic impedance
free space as
TF;
,10:JTi:7ZOn=377Q
7'7'6
6:
.EI :
Eocos(ut_ pz)a,,
flocos(wt_ py)a,
These are the field components of ,roifor* prane
wave propagating in free
space) where E6 and IIs are related as
Eo :
t4n
H-o
_^rlo:
'/ the
Thus, we see that in free space)
wave propagates without any attenuation
and the electric and magnetic fields
it inJr" with each other.
7.8
"r"
POWER COHSIDERATION
ffTiltr,#:H***
7.8.1
Poynting's Theorem
According to Poynting's.theolem, at any point
in an erectrornagnetic field.
the power per unit area is described by a ,recto.
termed as poynting vector
which is basically a curl of erectric field intensity
vector and magnetic fierd
intensity vector. i.e.
F:ExH
The magnitude of Poynting vector (p) is the power
flow per
it points along the direction of wave propagation vector. Ils unit area, and
unit is watt per
P,: E, x II,*
Poynting
Page 435
...(7.2L)
Electromagneticwaves
Chap 7
where the asterisk (*) sign in the magnetic field vector represents the complex
'?.8.2
we
Poo:#[, r"0'
po,:+l?t"xH,+)dt
or
This is equivalent to
g",:!n*lE, x f/"x]
P,, is the time-average power density vector in a uniform plane wave which
is expressed in Watt per squared meter (W/m2). The total time-average
power passing through a surface ,S is given by
P.,:f P",'dS
Let us generalize this expression for lossy and lossless dielectric media.
Average Poynting Vector in Lossless Dielectric Medinrn
E"
H""rl:
and
Eoe-iB'a'
E!"-io"
ou
p^,:fRe[E,x H"*f
1
D
foo:
in terms
of
-!4t
2 a,
?*t*
P",:fRe(E, x II,*)
Page 436
: ffi"-r",
a,
"oslg,,)
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
The average power in the \4rave contains the faetor e.'2"' . rvhich saJ's d
the power is being dissipated in the merdirirn. as thc w-a\ passes through
7.9
WAVE POLARIZATION
7.9.1
Linear Polarization
A wave is said to ber linea,rl.,, irolarised if the elcctric fielcl rernains along
straight line as a function of tinre at, sorrre poirrt in the rnediurn. For the
propagation irr * o.. directicln, the iinear polarized wave r,vould in
have its electric field phasor exprcssr:d as
B, : (86u,*
E,1t1ar)e.-
"'p-tit"
where E6 and E*r are constant arnplituries along z and g. As the e; arrd
-components of eiectric field are in sa,me phase. so it is a lin,early pola
waae' rn general, for tire rn'ave traveling betvi'een diff'erent media, li
polarization may be of lbllowing two tl"pes:
1.
Parallel Polarisation:
polarisatiorr
in which t
2-
7.9.2 Elliptical
Polarization
In elliptical polarized wave. the tip of the, electric fiel<l vector traces out
an elliptical locus in space. Fbr thr: wave propagation in +-o, rlirect
the elliptical polarized wavc '*'orilil in glener;ti hare itr; electric field
expressed as
E, : (E,s.a' * Eat{''
ar)r,:
rt:
i3:
in general form as
E" : (Eno,,* Elte'r'r/2 11r)e "' ,-t"'
In time .domain, we tlrav express thc electric fiekJ vector of
expressed
polarizcd we\/e
as
E(t) : Eneosurta,f
E6cos(r^,'l
nf 2)a,,
Chap 7
: tan '{*\:
\,
oL
,,
This indica,tes that electric field vector (E) rotates at a uniform rate
with an angular velocity iu irr a counterclockwise direction as shown in
F igure 7 .2(a). \\'hen tlie lingers of the right hand follow the direction of the
rotatiorr of ,8, tlie thuuib points to the direction of propagation of the wave.
Tlrus, it is a ri,qkt-harr'd ot Txtsitirte c'irctilurly polari,zed waue.
(")
l:r,-t:rr','
:..i
(b)
ior
'
rari
'{l:\:-rt
\t',!
This indicateg that elcctric field vector (E) rotates at a uniform rate
with an angular vekrc,it]' ar ill a clockwise rlirectiorr as showrr in Figure
7.2(b). When thc fingers of ther left hand follow the direction of the rotation
of .O, tLre thurnb points i,o the direction of propagation of the wave. Thus, it
is a left-h,and or n.egati.ue cir<ntlarly polarized waue.
psrhr?$
1.
"s
RH!EM&#R
2. For an elliptical
r and;g-comibd t$dktdg|.
O < 6 I rl2.
3.
Page 437
is n12 (i.e.
d:tnl2);
Electromagletic Wavea
Page 438
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
7.1O
REFLECTTON
between
Dielectrics
fr
E,Jt\
Eo8" &
\ -/- =
t---
r .-- -l-
:j!
w,;)'
I
I
r
p.n.r Reflection
I
-f
and given by
_rlz-\t
I _- E,o
Enu - \z* rlr
t
I
Page 439
and
given by
E,' -E*-
t
I
2nz
,lr+rh
i
I
I
I
The total electric field intensity in medium 1 is the sum of the electric fields
of the incident and reflected waves, i.e.
Er,(z) : Ei"(z) + 8,,(z)
,-/-.
The ratio of the -a*imu- amplitude to the minimum of the total elQctri|
\
field , E1 | is called stand,'ing waue ratio, i.e'
l.a'l
1+l-rl
r lt!qq!!
.
-1-lfl
"-laL.
' lmrn
:-
-.ji,,..u.rr:ir .::.rir,,..i::r
f;'arer
1.
jr::r,rrlr:tiilii. ;:t
dit$e
a:rt
::|f...
:a
i-rr..: ::::..ri,irti,ut.rl
,,
2.
3.
4.
PERFEGT
CONDUGTOR
(o':
ifrur
o)
2
fr, Medium
(ar: oo)
Chap 7
Electromagnetic T[avee
Page 440
*ac
will not travel beyond the z: 0 plane. In general, the fiqld components of
incident and reflected waves for the interface are expressed as given in table
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
below.
Table 7.2: Representation of Field Components of Incident and Tlansmitted Wave for Interface
between Dielectric and Perfect Conductor
id
H*(z) = H,oeil'" (- q\ : -
Eo
"it'"
o,
E'o
transmission
r:0
7.12.2 Standing Wave Ratio
Since, the wave is totally reflected in this case with reflection coefficient
lf I : f . So, the standing wave ratio is infinite' i'e'
g:oo
/)l\
l_/
For oblique incidence of uniform plane wave at the interface between two
dielectrics, we consider the following two cases:
1. Parallel Polarization
2. Perpendicular polarization
and
n Ea,
r|:fr:
rlzcosflt
''' - FP
En-
rl2cos01* 4rcosd,
11
rncos9t
qrco;6t+nlc;sdt
2rl2cosot
-
i3.-
Brewster arrgle. For the para,llel polarized wa\ propagating through lossless
mediums, the Brewster angle dal is expressed as
sin2
ds,
:
: L,---azlLuL9
I
-\t1le2f
z:0
l:'irlitir:
I i;: Oblique
Lossless I)ielectrics
rk
\:,:1.
fl
.,6
Z:0
I:'iliiir'<' ?.ii: Obiique Incidence of Perpendicular Polarized Wave at
the Interface between
Two Lossless Dielectrics
,.8
and
E6
Ett
_ r12cos0i- r1pos06
- ryrcosf3 rjtcos9,
E,D _
2r12cos0,
Ei-
arcor9,ar"";6-
Page iWl
Chap 7
Electronagnetic Waves
Paee 442
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
W'ave
Brewster Angle for Perpendicular Polarized
Fortheperpendicularpolarizedwaveplopagatingthroughlosslessmediums.
the Brewster angle' ds' is expressed as
sin2du,
: I-
u,Gzf p,zet
I-GJNT
7'|4oBLIouEINGIDENGEoFuNIFoRtPLANEwAvEoNAPERFEGT
CONDUGTOR
Considerthatauniformplaneelectromagneticwave'propagatingalong p
dielectric medium (or: 0) of permeability
i:", Jo**ton in ea perfect
surface of a perfect flat
and permittivity , ls incident obliquely on the
polarization and
Aguirr, we will consider the two cases: parallel
i"TuI"L,
PerPendicular Polarization'
I
,i
rz-p|ane,theplaneofincidence.Asthedepthofpenetrationforaperfect
,"r"a""toriszero,thewavewillnottravelbeyondthez:0plane'So,the
reflectioncoefficientofparallelpolarisationisobtainedas
r
rr:
f,:_
I..iglrr'e7.7:obliquelncidenceofParallelPolarized.WaveonthePerfectConductor
wavewillnottravelbeyondthez:0plane.So,thereflectioncoefficientof
perpendicular polarisation is obtained
,r_$:_1
- En-
as
--Tl
Page 448
Chap Z
Elettromagnetic Waves
******,k*+**
xxHKCtSH
Page 444
Chap 7
?.{
Electromagnetic Waves
!
f,sc&
?.r.t
In
{3r)anY
?,d"2
lm
b;-
I
I
I
I
plane
Eosin(z)cos(ct)o, represents the electric fiell of a
E:
wave in free sPace'
Assertion (A) :
,.
i
j
I
Reason(n):Aplanewave/propagatingwithvelocitytloin*o,direction:
must satisfY the
equation
:o
tJ
dl
dt - "'r',a]!,
f$
of A'
(A) Both A and R are true ancl R is the correct explanation
(B)BothAandRaretrrrebutRisnottlrecorrectexplanationofA.
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
r$*&
?.*.3
0.1ns
r..!.4
space is given
Electric field intensity of linearly polarized plane wave in free
field
magnetic
of
form
phasor
by E :(Sar- 6o')cos(r"'t-502)Y lm' The
r$'!s{3 ?,"!"$
Yln
(B) (5a"
(D)
- oa")ffvp
-(5o"'+aa.,1effvp"
EM wave
In a perfect conductor (resistivity' p = 0) magnetic field of any
(A) lags electric field bY 90'
(B) leads electric field bY 45"
(C) lags electric field bY 45'
(D) will be in ptra,se with electric field
-l!
E"
*r*s
McQ
(5a"* l0a")e-la'-'"'t
lm
?.'t.s
what will be the phasor form bf magnetic field intensity of the wave
(A) -29.66e j(' 2")tr.L/m
(B) -5"/5 e-i14x 2z)mA/m
(C) 29.66e't4r-2'ztmA/m
(D) -29.66e 44'-2'\ A/m
?'{'7
What will be the time average power density of the electromagnetic wave
?"i'li
*rcs
?.'r's If P: -#:
I Pneo
-.
Il
(#:3xro+8m/s)\
?"{.{r}
(il
n^
pr)o"
7't"*'t
A propagating wave has the phasor form of its electric field intensity 4efined
as E" :.(-2^/5 0,+ r/5 ao- o,,)2-!'r"(-t'aliv-22)v/m. The wave is
rinearly
polarized along the direction of
l,
(ut _ [32)a,
+cos,
\/ po
(A) ,4aeosin2rr
(c) lflsnzzrr
-'-.-.
(B)
(D)
ffsin2rr
sinrnr
Chap 7
f, lssfr'gmagnetic Waves
Page 44b
[ae
aa6
MCA
7,',1"',12
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
1l; 1p1zs *
(B)
5osin2a-r)
#(25 * 5osin2zrr)
Q) fuQ; *
ile6
7.{.13
McQ
?.{.'14
( )
5osin2z'r)
on the surfr
An electromagnetic wave propagating in free space is incident
field
electric
the
of
of a dielectric medium (Pn, 4Eo)'If the magnitude
field
electric
incident wave is Eo then'what will be the magnitude of the
the reflected wave ?
(B) -Eoi3
(A) -2Eol3
(D) - E,
(c) Eol2
is given by
Magnetic field intensity of a propagating wave in free space
I[ :
0.3cos (ut
BY)a" A'lm
I/ versus y
r: $ will be
(B)
MCo ?.1.{t
A uniform
(C) 22.13cos(9.5a
(D) 11.05cos(2.25
x
x
106r+ 0.Zz)umA/m
107r+ }-3r)armA/m
prane.
wave t. oroolrl*]ng at a
veloc-lty of z x roz mf sin
dielectric such that the eleciric
a perfect
and magnetic neias or the
wave are given bv
E(r, t) : 900 cos (5 x 106n _ pr) y
f
a,
lm
ff
(A) "::',x#'T'*'il';'l
1.70,2.6s
(c)
itcE
?.t""r?
HCQ ?,{.rs
1.20,
1.58
":T
An electromagnetic *.,"
in free space in _ o, direction
i. propagating
with a frequencv o and prt*"
u"gj" ,ulr. rir" EM wave is polarized
i.
* o' direction. If the ampritude or lt"ctri"
field of tt *uu" is ao tnen tt
magnetic field of the wave will
e
"
be
ral
#"*(wt+fr)au
(B)
(c)
-#"os(wt+?r)*
(o)
4s.a'cos
(wt*ucr)ao
ffcos(c,.,
t_i,)u
\!]W)
+
ft-(r +, . 4](T)
-
(B) z'"o'[,
"
ui;;iou"rr",
(c)'Eocos[, t _
ft;t,
p<.rint
f(r +, -
4](*#)
(D) Eo"osl,t +
f(r +,. 4]("#)
HCQ ?,r"ts
il:"lr: j*1:"::"L:l|_"i^":?:*s_is
lj"trT:tT:ilJ:
i'T':J;"li?,i:'j":T"1'igT.::-":1",Fil;r;ffi
N:,: ,,^='7, o: a.zs ib;s'i-l
It;"1::i""t
(A)
greater.than 0.64 pm
"
(B) less than 0.64 pm
(C) exactly equal to 0.64 pm
(D) none
ICQ 7.{.20
of these
rn a nonmagnetic materiar.of
conductivity o : 2 x 102 s7m,
electric fier. of
a propagating plane wave
is given by
.E : Jcos(10? t _ O.Zy)a,
* 2sin(102 t _ 0.2y)a, y /m
What will be the value of
(A) (2 - r36eo)F/m
"omple* o"#ifiu,r, of the medium ?
(B) (36e6 - 12)F/m
(c)
(D)
HCQ 7.1,21
- p)F/m
(36e0 + j2)F
/m
(36
page 447
Chap Z
Electromagnetic Waves
Page 44E
nfisa ?,t.tn
Qhap 7
Slectromagnetic lVaves
0.5
1.5 2
t(p-sec)
:
If the magnetic field intensity of the wave at f
of 11r versus z will be
1F,sec be
IIr
then the
(B)
75
7b 0 75
z(m)
z(m)
I{,(A/rn)
Hr(Alrtt)
(D)
-150
!|4ca ?"'1.23
150
z(m)
medirrm in
Electric field of an electromagnetic wave propagatirrg in a
is
wave
jo')dt3''
The
:
direction is given by E" Eo(an(A) left hand circuiarly polarized
(B) Right hand circularly polarized
the
e.,lectromagnetic wave has the electric field intensitY in
a Per
on
incident
is
wave
EM
form given by .8, : 4(o,- ie')e-ia' . The
reflected
the
of
polarization
What will be the
at
An
corrductor located
wave
Y:0.
will be
(A) L0a,e-\6u-8r)V /m
(C) - j20a"e-6vsin8r V/m
(B) *10a,e-{6Y-8')V/m
(D) paa"e-rosin8rV/m
-(#
(c)
(#+#),^'O
(D)
-(#
+ ffi)ea6"-8,) Alm
@::"$@
r+t-3tut4@
(C)
(D)
-/Ea.*2a,)
(3o"
(3a,+"/i%-za,)
E, : (,/i a, *
o,")
e-t{{.6x-zv-sz) Y 1^
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
ilcQ
7'1.2s
\)v^"
m
m
16.7 m
28.87 m
16.7
28.87
m
m
28.87 m
25m
r, y
25
28.87 m
16.7
25m
25m
L6.7 m
uPt
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Meq
1.73
UP"
x 1010m/s
1.5
x 1010m/s
6 x 108 m/s
2.4 X I07 mf s
1.2
x 10em/s
x 1010m/s
x 108 m/s
1.6 x 107 m/s
1.2 x 10em/s
1
tcl
o"f"-po2r(ria+sv+zz)
[(;"* i+)^+ (r + 4)"- ilE
rol
o,le-iloz^("6,+ru+2")
[(-6 - i+)**(t. t$)o,+ iJE
Page 449
Cbap 7
Electromaptic Waves
Page 450
ilcQ
7.t.3t
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
E"
H"
llitcQ
?.1.12
12a,
p:
60sin(ot_t I0r) a,
wt - 2p) a6
Q:
f;co"1
: Bp2cotqar+
|cosga6
lsinds
,S :
in(ut _ 6r) aa
R
(A)
(c)
P,Q
(B) R,S
(D) g,s
P,R
*{.*****{<***
EXERCI$E 7.2
Page 4b1
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
quF$
7,2.,1
QUE$ ?.2"2
QUES 7,?,3
II :
r'z'4
E :8cos(4 x
108,
-2r)arylm
?.2.s
7''''6
E :9cos(4 x
108,
108i _
pz)a,vlm.
_ Br)a"ylm
What will be the time taken (in ns) by the wave to travel one-fourth of it,s
total wave ?
QUHS
QuEs
QuEs
?"?'3
Qurs 7'2"10 An electromagnetic wave is propagating from free space to a certain medium
having relative permittivity 6" : 9. If wavelength of the wave in the medium
be 20cm then what would be it's wavelength (in cm) in free space ?
It
qus
Page 462
?.2.{{ If
Chaf 7
Electromagnetid Wdve
eue$
I
I
(e"
4,
p,,
----
In
14:
a lossy
medium (e"
*o,
at z:0.
I
I
eun$ ?.a.13 What will be the distance traveled by the wave to have a phase shift of 10'
eug$
ouEs
40%-
eur$ 7.2.{e Three different dielectrics of permittivities 4eo, 9eo and 3e6 are defined in
the space as shown in figure. If the leading edge of a uniform plane wave
then how
propagating in a' direction is incident on the plane r:-6m
much time (in ps) it will take to strike the interface defined by the dielectric
2 and dielectric 3
it
Dielectric I or",*r"r"
112
-i n"" se"."
:lrl
:-6m
Fu,4o
tr: 0
rn, 0..
r:3 rn
r,
.
Common Data For Q. 17 and 18 :
An electromagnetic wave of 50 N{Hz frequency is incident on a dielectric
medium such that it's skin depth is 0.32 mm.
(Permittivity of dielectric :6.28 x l0-?)
QUE$
r.z.tt
lij*
be
x 105 s/m.
YIF
r+tl:2?
QUES ?.g.CS
\)
QuEs
?.2"x'! Phasor form of electric field intensity of a uniform plane wave is given by
n
"
(oE o,
-h
"r)
un
o4r(-2o- ,u+'/T
") V I
*
meter.
Qurs ?"*"2? In free space the complex magnetic field vector of a uniform plane wave is
given by H" :-(fr
a,+ a")e'fr'0t'(Jzx-zv-tz) A/m. Flequency of the plane
wave
QuEs
will be
NIHz.
Quss ?"2.24
e,,zf
en is
Medium
For r:
*xxxt<***
t<*t<
Page 453
ehP
Electro4ag4etic Wavee
EXERGISE 7.3
Page 454
Chap 7
Electromngnetic Waves
MCO 7.3.1
(A) Permittivity
(B) Permeability
(C) Requency
(D) None of these
MCQ 7,3.3
(C)
rYrcc 7.3.4
E. H
(D)H.E
(B)
HxE
E . H of a uniform
(A) EH
plane wave is
(B) 0
(D) qH'
(c) qE'
McQ
?"3's
(A)
(C)
MCQ 7.3.7
and
H,:0
(A)P:ExH*
(B)P:ExH*
(C) P:lExH*
(D)ExII
t{-
(B) r/,: 0
(D) E,: O
(c)
tlltcQ 7.3,8
E,:
E,:0
is
(B) 1/a
(D) small
rca
?.3.s
Page 455
ChtP ?
Electromagaetic Warea
rcq
7"3.to
(A)'/ />4
I
(B) .E x
(D) H
(c)lE/
rc&
?,3,{1
rco
?"3"{?
(A)
(C)
HCA ?"3.13
zero
moderate
(A) independent of /
(B) increases with increase in /
(C) decreases with increase in /
(D) zero
MC& ?,3.{jl
$ce
?"3"t5
(A) .8,:0
(B) rr,: o
(C) Er:0,
(D) E":0,
i,!eQ 7.3,16
H":0
(il,[ff
(c)
MCQ 7,3,17
Hv:0
+
lto
(B)
(D)
f;
(B) Re(F) increases with increasing radial distance from the source
(C) #Re(P) ' (dso") remains constant at any radial distance from
Page 456
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
th
s6urce
Q)
ffpre(P1
'
Q"Sa,) decreases
source
ItcQ 7"3.t1
uco
?.3.{9
(A) r-direction
(B) z-direction
(C) g-direction
plane at an angle of 45' between the
(D)
"-y
urco 7.3,20
and z direction
(B) permeability
(D) permittivity
(A) conductivity
(C) wavelength
uEQ 7,3.22
The polarization
(A) linear
(C) left hand
8XCA 7,3.23
circular
0")
(B) elliPtical
(D) right hand circular
7a'
ao)
(A)land2only
(C)2and3only
?.3.24
Eoe\'t+
1.
2.
3.
4.
nco
(B)3and4only
(D) 1, 2,3 and 4
3.
(,
lcQ 7.3.25 Assertion fAf :The velocity of light in any medium is slower than that of
vacuum.
Reason (R)
ofA
xH
is a measure of
lca 7.3.2?
rcQ 7'3.28 The electric field component of a wave in free space is given by
I
Fe 73'2e
I
L
(c)
magnetic field
page 4b?
chap
Electromigndtic waves
I
lI
Page 45E
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
ri
e8*.$ ?"3.31
2.
3.
4.
(B) 1 and 4
.(D) 2 and
Skin depth is the distance from the conductor surface where the field strengtl
has fallen to
(A) z' of its strength at the surface (B) e of its strength at the surfac
(C) (f/e) of its strength at the surface (O) (tlre) of its strength at th
surface
.4c{t ?"3.33
(B) permeability
(D) permittivity
(A) conductivity
(C) wavelength
_&{rt 7,*,34
ntll
7.3"36
EXERCTSE 7.4
Page 4b9
Chap
Electromagnetic Waves
6ao
Ea") si@t+t,*ru) y f yn
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
rcQ
7"4.?
5o,)
1^
1^
"t@t+lx+aly
5o")
"t@t-lx-ai 1^
5o,)
"t@t+sx+ad
5a") ei@t-3r-ail V /m
(A)
relative permittivity
oJ
(A)
(c)
3a
7.4.4
#
@#
#r
(A)
(B)
711.5
is
(B)
FQ
W/mr)
frcos(B x
108r+
y)a,A/m
108r+
y)a,Afm
2!6cos(3
(C)
(O)
reflection coefficient is
(A) 0
(B) 0.3
(c)
0.5
(D) 0.8
of the
Page 460
MCQ 7.4.6
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
(A) E: aoEoej("**"-i")
(B) E
: avEoe4"t-n^'-*')
: arEoe4"**'*I")
(D) E : suEoe\"-*'**")
(C) E
rvtcQ 7"4.?
The .EI field (in A/m) of a plane wave propagating in free space is
iico
?.4.4
(A)
(C)
50?d
Y\o
(B) 1qq
rh
(D)
"
!q
rlo
e"2 is
Linea.rly
polarized
MgQ ?.4,S
@)
lt
(c)
/5
3
(A)
(c)
&rsQ ?.rt,to
(B)
(D)
3
+
(B)
;
(D)
*
A medium of relative permittivity ,2:2 forms an interface with free A point source of electromagnetic energy is located in the medium al
a depth of 1 meter from the interface. Due to the total internal reflection,
the transmitted beam has a circular cross-section over the interface. The
area of the beam cross-section at the interface is given by
space.
(A) 2r mz
(c)
f{ca 7.4,{{
i ^,
mz
(D) z'pz
Lr-1.
(B)
Page il61
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
ndgall/
7,4,{2
/.
:4a,,*Jaulba,"
is incident
in region II at
(A)5x10am/s
(C) -1.25
tQ
7.a.{3
107
(B)
-3 x 108 m/s
(D)3x108m/s
m/s
Refractive index of glass is 1.5. Find the wavelength of a beam of light with
frequency of 101a Hz in glass. Assume velocity of light is 3 x 108 m/s in
vacuum
(A) 3 pm
(C) 2 p,m
(B) 3 mm
(D) 1mm
and
GGI 7.4.{5
EQ
7.4,16
'3a
7.4.a7
L
T
(A) zero
(B) 0.333l0.
(B) 0.5/180"
(D) 0.333/180'
Page 462
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
ffcq 7.4.18 If the electric field intensity associated with a uniform plane e
wave traveling in a perfect dielectric medium is given by
: 10 cos (2zil07 t - 0.1zrz) V/m, then the velocity of the traveling wave
(A) 3.00 x 108 m/sec
(B) 2.00 x 10E m/sec
(C) 6.28 x 107 m/sec
(D) 2.00 x 107 m/sec
$fi*g
?.4.{* A plane
wave is characterized
by.E:
(0.5a,
MeQ 7.4.e1
rvtgo ?.4"2?
r4cQ
(B) 25%
(D) 75To
angle on a lossless
material with dielectric constant e.. The transmitted wave propagates
30' direction with respect to the normal. The value of e" is
(A) 1.5
(B) /15
(c)
r,'fa
7"4,24
Two coaxial cable 1 and 2 a,re filled with different dielectric constants
and ez respectively. The ratio of the wavelength in the cables (^/)t i,
7.4.25 Identify
(B) {;l,r
(D) e,zlea
which one of the following will NOT satisfy the wave equation.
(A) 5oeit''-sa
[e,
.t
i*:r
@)'I'
(N lf e,Llt
(C) etf e,z
McQ
(A)
377
(c)
182.s
/14'
(B) 198.5/180"
(D) 1#q
8,
u,:2,ando
\
,,)
*,e
r.a"z7
The time
(A\
7f
(D)
7t
Fe
?.4.28
7.4.2S
with
Electromagnetic Waves
$,
-&o"
@)
'
+n
/0.05
(B) lom
(C)
20 m
(D)
30
(0.1.tr
I fi.2r) m-r is
The skin depth at 10 MHz for a conductor is 1cm. The phase velocity
of
electromagnetic wave in the conductor at 1,000MH2 is about
(A) 6 x 106m/sec
(B) 6 x 107 m/ sec
(C) 3
108rn/sec
a'
(D) 6 x 108m/sec
(c)
20%
(D)
4tr X
I0 ? Hlm.
(A) 15.e pm
(C) 25.e pm
z.e.ez
(B)
(D)
20.e pm
30.9 pm
(C)
Ee
I
100%
106
139 nJlm3
(D)
278 nJ f m3
7.4.33
BQ 7.4"34
t""-'(?)
(B)
t""-'(;)
(c) ta"-'(3)
(D)
t*-'(#)
(A)
cQ 7.4"35
E:10cos(107t+ keauylm
Following is a list of possible inferences
1. Wave propagates along au
2. Wavelength ,\ : 188.5 m
3.
Page 468
Chap 7
B\ 4a,
1f
-4a,
(C) 4a.
tQ
in
4.
5.
iad/'m
Wave attbmiat6s as'it travels
Which of these infererrces can be'drawn frorn'.8 ?
(B)2and3only
(A) 1, 2,3, 4 and 5
(D)4and5only
(C) 3and4only
Page 464
1
Chap 7
Dlectromagnetic Waves
rd*c
?"4,36
Wave number
0:33
A plarre wave is generated under'water (e : 81e6 and, pt, - p)' The wave
parallel polarized. At the interface between water and air, the angle c I
which there is no reflection is
Ms& ?.4.3?
(A)
83.88"
(c)
84.86"
(B) 83.66'
(D) 84.08"
r ardy components
E, : 3sin(ot- Bz)Y lm
E, : 6sin(c.rt- Bz* 75') V/m
If the cha"racteristic impedance of air is 360 f), the
(B) a w/m'?
(D) 125mW/m2
(A) 8 w/m'?
(C) 62.5mW/m2
h{$$
7.4,38
0.02erla ohm
0.2eht2 otun
s$cq 7.4.39
t.lcQ 7.4.40
If.
: (a,+ ja)
e-jPz
7.4.41
Page 465
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
is
rcQ
7.{,44
If the
(A) 6.25
(c)
2.5
@) 4.25
(D) 1.25
w
(c) 120 w
(A) 480
average power
7'4.46 A
1. E;:
2. E,:
3. E1 :
r11H;
TtH,
r12H1
(C) 1 and 3
(D) 2 and 3
l)
Ll
Page 466
?"4.4?
, A
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
plane electromagnetic wave travelling in a perfect dielectric -"0,,rof dielectric constant er is incident on its boundary with another perfect
|
I
dielectric medium of dielectric constant ez. The incident ray makes an andc I
of dr with the normal to the boundary ,,rifu,"". The ray transmitted into th I
other medium makes an angle of dz with the normal.
I
If e1 : 2e2 and 4:60', which one of the following is cqrrect ?
|
(A) 02:45"
(B) d,.: sin-10.433
(C) qr: sin-10'612
(D) There will be no transmitted
i
I
?.4.4s
I
I
wave
List-I
a. Linear
List-II
#r"llj"""
abcd
(A) r423
(B)4123
(c) r432
(D)4t32
7"4"4s Match List I with List II and select the correct answer
List-II
List-I
a.
Propagation con3tant
1.
{w;E
b.
Radiation intensity
2.
*@')
c.
Wave impedance
3.
E,f Hl
4.
ExH
Codes
abc
(A)r23
(B)432
(c)132
(D)423
7"4.5Q Assertion (A) : For an EM wave normally incident on a conductor surface
the magnetic field ,E[ undergoes a 180' phase reversal and the phase of
electric field ,E remains same.
Reason (R) : The direction of propagation of incident wave will reverse after
striking a conductor surface.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b.;1,
I
I
|
I
I
|
I
(t)
",h- ",ft
(B)
aft
aft+ ",ft
(D)
-""ft- "'ft
e) ",*-
(c)
liE
@ '\trn
(D),/G
known
as
(B) ducting
(D) troposcatter
a plane wave
with
L'-"
t
f
t
I
f
'*'
If
tI
pz)at, E(z,t) is
angular frequency
r"u,
in rad/s, is
Page 462
Chap Z
Electromagnetic Waves
Paeg
fa
I'IGS ?"4.$$
Chap 7
Electpomagnetic Waves
?-d"ss A uniform
4eo, p
7pn
and
?.4.60
2.
3.
4.
7.4"61
In free
(D) 1, 2, 3 arrd
space
E (2, t)
60r'cos(c,,t
Az) a, \r f rn.
The average power crossing a circular area
z:constant is
In free
of
?r square rnetres
in the plane
{l)) l:tru'alt/rrr''
space
(A)
(C)
7'4.63
(B) 60na,
(D) 720ra.
30zlo,
90tra"
(A)
$sin(32'x
(n) $sin(3zr x
10if -nZ)a,,+Scos(3zr
108,
-nz)(-
Ssinl3a' x
108t
- rZ)a,*
(o) Ssin(3zr x
108i
- rZ)(-
1C)
10rl
o,S+dS"os(3zr
* rZ)a,,ym-l
-.nz)(-o,)Am
x 10sr- ,Z)-(a,)Am-,
l$cos(3zr x 10if
a,) + l*"!sin(32'
1081
- rZ)(a,)
10sr
Atn
- nZ)(*
c,,)
Am
Page 469
Chap 7
velocity of light.
Reason (R) : Electrons also travel with the same velocity as photons.
(A) Both A and R are trtre and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A arrd R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
7"4"6?
(A)-2!,t)\i,
@)#i.
t.oi.
(C)
' or0-
(o)
12
r2
mc&
?,s"s{3
*il
2.
3.
waver
7"4.*.$
A unifbrm plane wave has a wavelength of 2 cm itr free space and 1cm in a
perfect dielectric. What is the relative permittivity of the dielectric ?
(B) 0.5
(A) 2.0
(D) 0.25
(c) 4.0
Eleciromagnetic Sfaves
Page 470
ilca
7.4.?0
Chap 7
Electromagretic Waves
rucd ?.4.7{
meolum
the medium
*tne
uv"Duq'Iru of
dielectric constant
15
MCq 7.4,72
it-
["o]
In the wave
equati
il**"t'r='rc
Q)
*rca
7.4.73
: p#dtp'#
r
*"*
*g
r,
p"#
for
|
I
three
I
I
2'
on Y2E
1.
:1
in
Problems
and potential
I
I
distribution
l
nerds
3'Forthepropagationofelectro-magneticwaves'thetimevaryingelectricl
4 lil1H'j,Tffi::fi":?]'l'#ls"'c
correct
Which of the statements given above are
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(B) 1, 3 and 4
(C) 2, 3 and 4
(D) 1, 2 ard 4
ilcq 7.{.74
uctort?
Q)\m)
tuco 7,4,75
propagating in z-direction is
The instantaneous electric field of a plane wave
E(t) :la,Etcos
r,.ri
ouE2sinut]e-ik"
This wave is
(A) Linearly Polarised
(B) EllipticallY Polarised
(C) Right hand circularly polarised
(D) Left hand circularly polarised
tt
co
7"4.76
Reason(R):Thedepthofpenetrationofwaveinalossydielectricincreases
i.l.
\
$
r
F"
L 7A-7&
t
v'?,4.
(D) v"4
r)V:-lt"
pr# :-
I
I
I
l'r
@)
J;
(c) | le,
(D U ^[;
It
t
I
(c)
Ir
xFO
pJ
-d:+--J
dF:-r
(c) v2A #:- pJ
7.4"81
HCQ ?,4"En
4r'
S'li"*z
1. What is
(B)
(D)
Page 471
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
Page 472
lleea ?.4"84
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
,t
(A)
Circular
i:l
:lH:''
I
I
4= 10s
.'. j'
'
(D) Undefined
mca
7.4"s5
In
free space
E(z,t)
,Er(2,
t)
0.10 cos (4
10]
pz)
a'
A'f
m;
T.he
\s
'
illCA 7r4.8S
List
',i'
a
b
c
d
tiat rI
'B'
coefficient
TYansmission coefficient
Reflection
Codes
1' 6t
2' 80zr'
3' ll7
4' 8 '7.'
'
'
iA'
'
abcd
(A)4123
(B)2341
(c)432t
(D)2143
MCQ 7,4.87
w
(D) 350 w
(c)
MCO 7.4,88
3oo
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
.
t.4.ae Three media
i'1'
.i
are characterised by
1. ,:8,h:2ro :0
2' ": 1rF,: 9,o : 0
3. ,:4,F,:4ro:0
aIe
7'4.eo A plane EM
wave
'Z'
(B)
50%
(c)
36%
(D) 26%
*<*******,k**
Page 473
Chqp z
Electromagnetic Waves
sol-urloils
Page 474
Chap 7
7,1
Electromagnetic lilaves
!i{:L ?"1"'l
E(r,t): R"{8,"''}
::,:":.ir,l:: ; :;l*:,,
ll
:-ff"
",
ar"i(d-a46r+ C'C'
E(r,t)
:2rt"{-+"-aa
"i@t-oxt
^}
: P,;e{- jEoe-ax
4u}
"-i1x "iut
get
(1),
we
equation
with
it
Comparing
E,
s$L
?.'1.2
:-
jEoe-P+iF)'onY
l^
#[-,"#:o
a^s
B
It
Eosin( z)cos(ct)a,
it satisfies the wave equation
i.e. #- o#:o
FYom
dt
oft
Thus, we get,
cEosin(z)sin(cl)
a2E :-ar
ort
and
:-
AE
lfr.
.'0,r,
oz
c'Eosin(z)cos(ci)
Escos(z)cos(ct)
A2E :
-{
dt
- "'ol^4
-dt
Eosin(z)cos(ct)
:o
[-.,,,
II :
flscos(wt_ Bg)a"Alm
Page 475
Chaq 7
Electromagnetic Waves
(2)
o:
a
,r:q- 10n
c 3x108
: 3.33 rad/m
10e
rad/sec
space)
as
fi :_qsa6 X H
where 16 is intrinsic impedance
in free
propagation.
So,
:-
(rn:
377
a)
37.7cos(1oet - B.lJy) a,
Therefore, electric field intensity of the wave at U:lcm at t:0.1ns is
E - - 37.7cos[(10,)(ro-'o) _ (s.33)(ro-,)]o,
:-
tol- 7,{.4
37.6a,Y
lm
n":fi@)x(E)
where oa is the unit vector in the direction of wave propagation and
intrinsic impedance in free space.
So,
n"
176
is the
(at,:
a")
e-no"
:-fi{uo,+6ou)e-no"yfm
sol
7,1.5
impedance given as
ta420*
:'La
o-1=*
p
I
I
I
Page 476
I
I
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
45'.
'I
$sL 7"{,6
i
"l
field
I
form
: (5a,* 104')e'7ax-22)V lm
as
So we get the directio.t of *u"" propag,ation
E,
ar:ffiffi:*#?:w
iJr*
given as
H,
where
:^r(tnt)
sol.
7.1.7
29.66e-il4b22)
rlo
is
I
I
I
:-t-:-^:^ l.--^ronno i
|
is intrinsic impedance in free snace
x po,+
1oa,1e-\a"-2")vlm
I
I
mLlm
is given
The time average power density of the EM wave
g*"
1
: Laax
E,
:-
as
: {^oo
I
I
whereEisthemagnitudeoftheelectricfieldintensityofthewaverottsI
and
the unit vector in the direction of wave propagation
impedance in the free space' So, we get
JgTry (4ao-J9"\ :
(D
' ave - 2(t2oir) \ ./zo )
$0r-
?"1"8
To
is the intrinsic
I
l
L48.9a'- 74'L5a"Watt/m2
sol- 7.{.9
V x.l9
Given
oft
So,
:-#
E :100cos(ut- Bz)a'
E: 100Bsin(a,'t- Bz)au
:-#- v x,E : loopsi".(wt- Pz)a,
Yx
: -199."or1
I no1sin(ot - Bz)a,d't
:
ut
,/
pz)oo
(u:ffi\'
P'reo
:3xlOlocos(art-Ar)ou
sol-
?.'!.{0
.:.
.i,
phge 4?Z
as
Chap Z
IP:EXH
.
ElectromagneticTfaves
where .E is electric field intensity and .EI is the magnetic field intensity in
the region.
Now, the electric field intensity in the region is given
as
E :100cos(wt- Bz)a"
and as calculated in previous question the magnetic field intensity in the
region is
B: Jx
1010cos(art
pz)ao
P:Ex#
:
[100coi(c.,
[3
t- Bz)a"lt
10'0cos.(al- Bz)a']
P4
Bz\a.
t--t--'
w":f,eofl,.
as
E-,
.OJ
is its conjugate.
tr, =
(s sin nr"-t"12
"-t'4""
q) . (Ssinnre*r/'dfr""
au)
:ff-si^zTr
lol. ?.i.'ta Option (B) is correct.
Given the electric field
'
,E:
In phasor form, E" :
l0sinzrysin(6zr
10 sin
zr y2-h/2 s-i/
108,
p"?
-JEm)a,Vfm
a"
So, from Maxwell's equation, the magnetic flux densi[y in the phasor form
is given as
6,:!1v
" Ja\
E")
where a
Therefore, the time average energy density stored in the magnetic field will
be
'
of'
'tj)n
B,
,^:ffi125*5osin2zrr)
to medium
Chap ?
I
I
i
f:m
Page 478
where ?h and ?12 are the intrinsic impedance of the two mediums lespectively.
So, the reflection coefficient for the wave propagating from free space to a
dielectric medium is given as
Electromagnetlc Waves
I
I
]
' --T-rlo
q+rh
where 4 is intrinsic impedance of the dielectric medium and ry is intrinsic
impedance in free space. since the intrinsic impedance of the dielectric
medium is given as
- [7'"'r-\/ ttre-t/
4o-'n2
rnl2 - rn
'F
So, we have
no/2
rn
_rl2-7 __1
- Ll2+r-
E, : fEo:-*
$oL
?.t.'ra
f :T
So,
: 0.3cos("$ -
0u)",:
0.3cos(+
- gu)",
(T:2rlu)
Il
:0.3cos(0y-"1+)
or,
get
the plot of fI versus y as shown below
we
Therefore
up
:7.5 x
107
m/s
F, :4'8
o :0
Relative permeability,
(lossless medium)
Conductivity
SincephasevelocityofanEMwaveinamediumisdefinedas
vp
",_
-
F",
,le'il
thl
7.5
I07
(c:3x108m/s)
oIt
s,'= 3.33
Now the intrinsic impedance of the medium is given
_
n:
'' \/t_@
o *.iue -
:377
.
as
lm:4b2.4e
(o:
0)
g77
0)
E":gsfl.z,r,Vl^
(1)
E": pos-it3ia"yfm
e)
given as
n,:rrloix
war,-e is
n"
so,
: ffi"nt,
au
(at,: - a,)
r|.oiefli, aumA/m
I0z
E(r,t)
H(r,t):
So,,we get
lEl
goocos(5
t06rt
as
l3r)arV
lm
- pr)a"ylm
900,
l,Hl: 1.9, cu: 5 x 106n
1.9cos(5
106zrf
,t
:g:
lIIl-
gog
1'9
:473.2
-:ru'r
:9-up
5=x 1o6zr :
o.224m-r
7x107
Therefore,
o:
m
,l:,/E:rh
and
=fi:Z/t"r,
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
in a, direction
Page 479
(1)
(2)
Page 4E0
"
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
,*w):[*61p6
+.ffi,
+ L37
,,
ssl
7,1"t?
3.4
(trn
and we get,
_:_
(tr,
P = Eocos(ut+lr)a,
P: i)
wave is given as
Therefore, the ryagnet.ic field intensity of the
p :fr(o,) x (E)
so,
Ir -frt-"")
= ffcos(,,t
$oL
?"1.{s
[Eocos(r"'t
+ir)a"l
(o*: - a')
+lr)a,
lc is the wave
where o" is unit vector in direction of polarization'
: t'
propagation with amplitude k : A^u
r: aa,+ 11ro't+ zo" is the pmition veetor'
origin to point (1,1;1)since, the warreis prqprgiing in tlre direction from
in the direction of wave
So,
So,
*"
to r-z plane
=ffi
where
Now,theelectricfie}clofwaveisalwaysperpendiculartothedirection
propagatior,r of EM wave" So, we have
k'a-=0
lu
Igi &i
3211
, lrna' + nn,l =
[7\---;6-ll l{ara
rn*n =0
]
'ln :" n
polarization of the wave is
Therefore, the unit vector in the direction of
1
q, -
*o,*(-m\d,"'
az__sz
Paqe 4E1
puttingarthe"","",l"ffiffl,*]ftl""oricnerd,rrJ:;?
o'\ rro" +uo^.+ za-\11a,-:a"\
4 : Eo"orlrt-',(o'*
9=* ') .'('o'+a%*'")]1-m-)
c\
lz
I
: Eocos[r,.'i -
sol
7.{.19
ft;(*
+r
. 4l(W)
(/:10GHz)
2zrXr.l0loxixasSx1oT
: I.I2 x 108 >> 1
6-r-A-\/E-
(olue >>
"w
1)
:
\/ 2rx 1010x1x4ztx L0-7x6.2bx107
: 6.36 X 10-7 m : 0.636 F,m
Thus, for the successful exppnirr\ent, wfdth of coatin$ must be greater thhn
skin depth
i.e.
sol. 7.{,20
r > 0.636
t > 0.64'pm
a =107
0 =A.z
io-q
_u_10t_.
u':7:ffi:5x1o7m/s
^,
ort
-+:=5x10?
where c is velocity of wave in air and e" is the relatiyg permittivity of the
medium.
So,
^ /3 x 108\'
":tE*toE/:"o
=its=36e0
Now, the complex perraittivity of the medium is given
ac-e
where
a4d
Thus,
,,r,
-JE
: :36g0
-r, o 2XlO7
a
10'
:
e" (36e6 - P)F l^
'
4s
Chap ?
Electroriragnetic Waves
Page 4E2
sc'. 7.{"2{
option (A) is
correct.
Conductivity of all the metals are in the range of mega siemens per meter I
and frequency of the visible waves are in the range of 1015 Hz. So, we can I
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
assume
":"uTfl@-1
So,
>>
":r.r[E^/E
--T
- \/@
r_1_t2__E
- e- \/ ,tto - t/ 70ttx4rx
10-7x
106
= lnm
Thus, the skin depth is in the range of nanometers for a metal and that's
why the wave (visible wave) can't penetrate inside the metal and the metals
are opaque.
i.e. (A) and (R) both are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
sol
7"1.22
rro
: p!
\o
t in z:
t(psec)
z:(7 x
So, the amplitude of IIo
10
6- t) x 3 x
108m at
l:lpsec.
1 Jr,sec
z:(106-t) x3x108m
Thus, the plot of 1/r versus z will be as shown in figure below
Hr(Alm)
Page 4E3
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
-300 -150 u
30L 7.1.23
r50 z(m)
E"
Es(ar- io,,)s-io'
"
will
e-
be,
i a.
:=Y",I,17
Eo (o, cos(cuf ) + o,sin( ,,t)) e-i1'
Therefore, the magnitude of the field is
lEl:@
:
or,
l&f +lE,l'
Eo
tanl
as
Eosinat
bocosat
0:ut
ort
rotates from y
to z as shown in
figure
below:
and since the direction of wave propagation is in *a, direction so, the
rotation from y to z obeys the right hand rule. Thus, we conclude that the
field is Right hand circularly polarized.
sol-
7,,t"24
E,
:4(a"-
ia"1s-ioo
So, thc electric field intensity of the reflected wave
E* : ffL(a,- jo,))"tun
where
l'
will
be
:4(-
E*
be
,B
- 4(-
Page 484
Ctap,7.
lEl:@
Dlectromagnetic Waves
or,
ejP'
IE
l'+l0rl':+
as
tanl:ffi
0:ut
figure below
to r
the
as shown
since the direction of wave propagation is a,long - aal sQl the rotation from
z to r follows left hand mle. Thus, we conclude that the EM wave is LHC
(left hand circularly) polarized.
sol. 7"t.25
K :6ay*8a,
Since the wave is incident on the perfect conductor so, the magnitude of the
reflected wave is given as'
(f:-
E,o:-Ett:-Ija,
8a,)
n:o
Therefore, the field intensity of the reflected wave is
E" :-
10@'
''-i(6u-8t)
T\us, the net electric field intensity of the total u'ave in free space after
reflgction will be
E" : 8,, * Eu : r1a"s {9u+a') 1 [- 10a" e-(6e-82)]
: I}a"e fru (e-r8" - t') - - 720a"e rosin8r V/m
"
sor
7,,*.2s
k:
Pege 485
"Chep ?
Electromegnetic lVaves
Ga,"-f 8au
Since the wave is incident on a perfect conductor so, the magnitude of the
electric field of the reflected wave is
Ero
: -
(reflection coefficient,
E;o
**
The reflected wave will
25a,
propagate
as shown
l-:-
1)
in figure
below:
Y:l)
So, we get the electric field intensity of reflected wave as
E" :
-- 25A, e i(6'-8u) Y f n
Since, the rnagnetic field intensity of a plane wave in terms of electric field
intensity is defined as
:lbnx
rlo' "
El
H,":f,,@^yE,,)
where,
So, we get
on
H,"
6a, 8a,,
: lc
i: ffi,-- : (0.0a, - 0.8o,)
: - (# +
sst- ?"i"37
-8!)
e- x6 "
67T.9')
au)1
A/m
V (13,r+
/ry + 0,2):
0.01ur(-3
a,* JE au-
Jo")
-3a"+'/3ou-2a"
-to-L!'-LA
9+3+4
- - k
-r'
Page 486
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
:|1-n,+/3ou-2o,)
sol- 7"{,28
: *(JE a,-2ayr, y
o,:*,
on:-r#,
3o,)
g,:-*
Therefore, the apparent wave lengths along the three axes are
:T: #^: #:
^,
28'87 m
\-rE-l
:ffi:pg1:125m
\2r2r
\":
sol.
7.1,29
2r
21501
w n:.+rt:+?
ll-rr/l
16'7 m
k:#(J3a,-2au-3o")
Therefore, the direction of wave propagation is
o,:I
So
&-?'--e
: k' at:0'I6r
apg
:1.51 x
108rad/sec
up":
in
previous
p, - lJJr\
\E/
u"-6,
^,
-u -1.51 L108:6x10sm/s
,
ano
sol.
7.1,30
l-'*-l
k'Eo:g
where lc is the propagation vector of the wave and
.Eo
is the amplitude of
the electric field intensity of the plane wave. Now, we check all the
options for this condition.
(A) From given data we have
k :,/5 an*
Eo
So,
:- ja,-
given
a"
2o,u*
j/E
a"
k. Eo:-2^/3+jJg+0
: a, - J2au k:e,l/Ea"
k. Eo:1-3*0
Eo
So,
,/E a"
E,
so.
ili
o"
: ^/i a,*3ar*2a,
k.Eo:t*++r++-plE+o
E,
jJE
a,
k:"/ia"*3ar*2a"
So,
k.
Eo
q /;
/o
--3- jt**B-j+L+pJE:0
.EI" defined as
E, : Eoe ja
and
H, : l{us-i?
The condition that it represents the field vectors of a uniform plane
Eo'Hs:Q,
wave is
In Option
(D)
and
So
Eo
Eo.
Therefore,
it
V..E:0
Y xE:-0-P
+o
dt
Now, we check the condition for the given fields as below.
page 48?
Chap Z
Electromagpetic Waves
*''
Page 4E8
Chap-7
Electrpmagnptic. Waves
So,
and
i.e.
-*',n.
is a possible EM field.
agarn,
So,
and
: Q"or( ut-
2p)aa
V. Q:0
v x Q :|ftlroo.s(r.,r-
2p)!a"*
R :Sp2cotSao+lcosSa*
So,
i.e.
v.R:f,Strt"otOyff+o
Sp,
lsindsin(cuf
.s=J
r" stn
6r)aa
0^sirtut-arf
\Y'6) +o
Or
sol.uTloNs 7,2
Page 489
ehap 7
Elecirbriraineiii'Waies
Ir :
:6
get,
ar
x
So, the wave no is,
We
k
sol.
7.2.2
1'07
: t:
H#
:0.2
space)
Correct answer is 2.
Given magnetic. field intensity in the non magnetic medium is
.Er
Comparing
We get,
and
1.5cos(roet- Sz)a,Afm
intensity
ru
as
,r:ft:#:2x1oqm/s
sol.
7.2.3
p in a medium
A:2I
-p
so, the phase constant of the wave in terms of wavelength can be given
p
sol-
7.2.4
:+ : &:
o.b
(,\:
rad/m
and
0 :2rad/m
as
12.6 m)
as
'up:fr:2xL08mfs
since the medium is non magnetic so,
of the medium is given as
ltr:
permittivity
Page 490
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
$fiL
?.2.5
:2.25
:(eY: /l tx lqY
\uol \2 1oE/
Comparing
w:b x 108rad/s
So, the time period of the EM wave is
,
$sL
?"4,$
:+:a
, ,Zn.^u :
5x10'
12.57 ns
B : Eocos(wt- pr)arA,lm
it with the given expression of electric
u:4 x 108rad/s
So, the time period of the wave in air is given
21 2tr
u -4x108
'
:
Since
15.71 ns
t
s{}L
?"2"?
as
)/4
:T:+
so, time
3.93 ns
Tl:@
- t/ o*
where
())
distance is
p is permeability, o
as
jae
is conductivity and e is permittivity of the
medium.
Since the given material is lossless, nonmagnetic and dielectric so, we have
O:0
p:po
and
(lossless)
(non magnetic)
(ur:2'25)
:7s:(2.2b)eo
s{il.
?.2.s
llo
1.5
377
1.5
251.3 O
Given,
Flequency of the wave propagation,
Conductivity of medium,
Relative permeability of medium,
Pr:er=1
So, the angular frequency of the wave propagation is
w :2rf :2n X 0.5 x 106 : zr x 106
and
---- we-
get
o--
orx 107
a - zr X 106.3X 8.85 X 10-12
:0.1 x 1013 >> 1
Page 491
n-t""t--**rr"";"T;"1
_T
tra _\/
- fd4a
(olwe >>
1)
iffi
v-
:7695.29ndf m
So, the wavelength of the radio wave in the medium is
,2n
.oL
2.2.s
^:?:o.8mm
Correct answer is 9.08 .
Given the magnetic field intensity of the plane wave in free space is
H" : (2 + jl)( an + 2ja,) e-jB, Af m
Flom the Maxwell's equation, the maximum electric field intensity of the
plane wave is given as
:nolHl
,Ei
I
tmu
I
lmd
where ri6 is intrinsic impedance in air and
field intensity of the plane wave.
lf/ [*
Now, the maximum magnetic field intensity of the plane wave is given
as
So,
lIrL*:
:
r/2g x 2o :24.1Alm
Therefore, the maximum electric field intensity of the plane wave is
lE l-* ,hlIJ l** 377 x 24.I 9.08 kV/m
tot.
z"2.to
!- tq
E-r/ ,
&_
T: \/tI,,
\:
\,/e,
So,
SoL
?.2.{1
k :20"/g :
in the
(,\:
60 cm
glass,
ro-12
, :2.25
S/rn
20cm,
6":
g)
pel1itti$ty
Page 492
So, the
Chap 7
: or:2,258o
Therefore, the time taken by the charge to flow out to the surface is
(2.25) x (8'85 x 1o-L)
Electromagnetic Waves
of" gJass
is
-'-o
= : 19.9 = 20 sec
soL
7"2-t2
"
: *NP/m and. o :
pr)arV lm
(11
propagating
plane
il
wave
The general equation of electric field intensity of
a" direction is given by
(2\
E - Ese-o'sin(wt- Pr)aoYlm
Comparing equation (1) and (2) we get,
Eoe-"/3sin(108t
108rad/sec
Let
ffu,e,(n*
Therefore,
(rn-1):
ort
Now, we put o
1)
u2Q2
uf pnoU,,,
= 113,'p,= ;:4) u:
^ 1_zx(rftf
4
'- (ro8f x (af
cB
JA-L--
('o
3 x 108\2
ro-7:2(YZ"
"
rtrx+
:3x108m/s\
a:|+t
_9_g
14
fiw:&
Thus,
so|.
7.2,13
loss tangent
: #:
O.SZ
u:!}er
it
o:
0.01
S/m,
e,: 8.
0:,
:
10ezr
poeo(exos)[Fm.,l
20.95
Page 493
Cbap 7
Electromagnelic tYaves
7r
z-: 18t-@os4:6'rrmm
-813
Correct answer is 542.
The attenuation constant of a propagating wave in a medium is defined
as
":,J+WIW_\
Now, from the given data {rre have
1f,,:0.5, o : 0.01 S/m, e, : 3.
'.
So,
:1gnn
.u
,f@
:'0.9425
Initially the amplitude of the electric.field : 0.5
So, after travelling distance z amplitude of wave :0.5e-"".
Therefore, the distance travelled by the wave for which the amplitude of the
wave reducedby 4O% is evaluated as
60
0'5e-"' '= U.5
^t" x ffi
,'
(0.e+2s)z
(amplitude reduces
9.6
z:6&rstt(#)
oft
to 60%)
:s42mm
6:1
Le.
:"ffi
Now,
022
u 2trfe,e6 2r x b0 X 103 X g0 x g.gb x 10-12
i.e.
:8991.8
So,
ae
d
))
>>1
-\/
IAnr
(o/ue>>
/t
:0.4n
v-
Therefore,
sol. 7.2.{6
as
6:1:-j-:o.Zg6m
(\.
t)-47f
' c:
^/*:3
1o8m/s
uPl:
- \/tET'
7)
in dielectric 2 is
c
tltn
oo:/guo:g
Page 494
Chap 7
Electromagtetic Waves
the interface at
r:5m
t:hltz-lh
_ 6 -3 -2
3 x tbr-;/'-;F
l
i
l
$oL
?"4.{r
0.06
Jr,sec
{
1
Given
:
$0L ?.2,{8
0.99
Correct answer is
105
S/m
-60.
"f:8GHz:8x10eHz
z :0.775mm : 0.175 x
10-3 m
Permittivity of dielectric,
Lr:6.28 X 10-7
and as calculated in previous question the conductivity of the dielectric
medium is
S/m
So, t\e attenuation constant of the wave in the dielectric medium is
':
:
0.99
105
Jnfw
3.95
104
NP/m
sol. ?"2.{9
20logro
e-(3'e5
x 10r)x
(0 175
x 10 3)
in dB after travelling
- -
60 dB
,EI
0.1cos(r,.,t
By)a, Alm
So, the time average power density of the EM wave is given as
po,"
: |rorr o,
so,
r7s
poo":|$zo"){o.ty",
:0.6tra,
(no: L20r,I1:0.1)
Therefore, the total power passing through the square plate of side 20 cm
is given as
Putot
: P"," ' dS
I
- Pou" . San
S : (0.2tr : 0.04 m2
(Side of square
and an is the unit vector normal to the plate given as
0.2 m)
:%ilu
a,
so,
ptotot
J2
:(o.atra,).
:
:
[r
*(#)]
0.05331Watt
53.31mW
answer is 10.025
Given, the electric field intensity of the incident wave,
Ei"
ge,-rtu
6"y
l^
or,
Atr
lJl -
as
t)
:r
i"/@Yi : s
f/
(A:9\
''
w,u"
uP
,:)
Now, the intrinsic impedance of the lossless medium is given
n,: {T,:rr/t:2qo:754
and the intrinsic impedance of lossy medium is
,n:lrnl/!,
where, the magnitude of the intrinsic impedance is given as
60tr,r :95.48
'
(15.18I/.
tan2lr,
or
0,n
: +:3.77
uz
:
37.57"
n2q2+
rh
ry
95.48
/37.57"
uo-1*lrl
-1+0.8186
-1-ll-t
-1--o-31s6tl
10.025
- 754
95.488.57" +754
0.1886/171.08"
Therefore, the standing wave ratio is
chap
Elictromagnetic Waves
i.e.
page 49b
as
?"2"r{
Page 496
94up z
" Eldtromagnrctic,Waves
.and
a,
Ga")
4_ (-za,- zq+,/E a")
-ffi
_ *2a,_B.au+,/5
a"
0:k'ax
. -2a,
= [o.oarr(-z a,--1'3au* 6r,)] (
\au *,fi
- -T-
a"
0.16n
A:4:12.5m
lJ
$oi-
?"2"22
0,04r(/E a, -
2au
3o")
3o")
_(J3a,-2au-3a,)
4
13:k'qn-0'L6zr
Since'the wavd is prop4gating in'ftee qpace so it's phase velocity will be
up:l x 1oqq/s
9:3x108
or,
11
So,
tle
(3 x 108X0.167r)
f" :ffi:2'4xro7Hz
(+o
:2rfl
:24MHz
s$L
7,2,23
t nt2:100
lr
I 20
of,
lf I :
^1A.2
:+
0.447
wl;rcre 1- is
have
Tt
rh+, Tt
:*
0.447
(,r: dt,,2:
!a+
:+
rt2)
0.447
1t'o
ltr '-l+0.447
-TTTW
IL :2.62 or 0.3g
ttn
l'Lt2
9o
So,
g-
7.2.24
r7
(UeY:
\Wt
0.056 or LT.9
Tt: !qfN
and the intrinsic impedance of 2"d medium is
!z
't': ^E
So, the reflection coefficient at the interface of the two medium is given as
'r --Tz-rlt
n2+ry
/W
tT
tT
tt'o
'-" : {--pz--l,q
fp^_ M
\/er'\/e,
1
ort
!e, !e,
lr 11
\/er'\/e,
5+1
5
--I
t
a-
(given
": +)
t-/Ez
Var
r+'!tF
2
o /ez
!t
Page AQf
. Chap.7
Eleetiondgieitc Wav6s
0.442
^{@z-^ffr :*
n'{t+q'{@
lt,r . ltQ
we
!ez
o
, -r 4 -'lqE
ct
*xxxx*{<*x<*x
(py rationalization)
soLUTloNs 7,3
Page 498
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
soL
7,3.,t
sol.
7"3.2
":,,/+l[lw-']
(1)
o(t
<<Q
o aa1
ue
":"^/+[r+]1;y-r]
tudl o o tu
2 Jrue - 2! e
6:!:Z
E
a oy'LL
which is independent of frequency
scl
7.3.3
$oL ?.3.4
sol.
7.3.5
$oL ?.3,6
soL
?.3.?
sol-
7,3,8
sol
7.3.9
so|.
7.3.{O
sol
7.3.{l
sol. 7.3.{2
30L ?.3.{3
sol.
7.3.14
(c..').
(olue << I)
sol.
7.3.1$
.sol
7,3,t6
'
Page 499
Chap 7
Electro-a gnetii Waves
"
sol. 7.3.{7
sol
7.3.{8
I.e.
Er:Ey
Therefore, the wave is circularly polarized. Now we will determine the field
is either right circular or lefb circular. The angle between the electric field
.E and r-axis is given as
Q
:tan'(rffi)
- +^--rTcost''f 1 :|-ut
zr
so, with increase in time the tip of the field intensity moves from y to r
in a, direction therefore, the wave is
d'8"
-aFdv --'^zo2E,
As the field component ,8" changes with z so, we conclude that the EM wave
is propagating in z- direction.
sol
7,3.20
as
))
&16
q:r/ry:/yrc:
so, we get
SOt :.S,zf
as
6:-L
i.e.
or,
/"fw
6. -L
/7
6oJi
(\:
"/f)
So, the depth of penetration (skin depth) increases with increase
in
wavelength.
sol
7.3,22
Page 500
chp
makes an angle
Electlo&gnotic.Wavec
sol
?.s,23
as
"1
"-Jm
So, statement 2 and 3 are correct while are incorrect.
sol.
$oL
7,3"24
7,3.25
tb
j
i
as
1_
1 _c
"-rG-7G;
-7where c is velocity of light
constant of the
medium.
Since e"
1, so u
R,
is correct
explanation of A.
$oL
?.3.26
P:ExH
So,
sol.
EX
unit area.
P:ExH
I.e.
$oL
7.3.28
E:
Comparing
5osin(107
t+
kz)a,,y f rt
as
B: Essin(at- l3z)arYlm
We get,
^:i
:+:
*#i":188.5m
,*"at:0.033
it travels.
Pa!e.5O1
taa,
toafactor et or7fe.
-a-laG
6--1-
So, as
30L
?,3"34
: 0: /"fW
6:* o, d :tr
@:0)
as
. :t 2tr
11
So, we have
s{fi-
?,3,3S
.1^
u:
p:2n
It
sol.
7.3,3S
Chap 7
Electronagne0ic"Wavi*
solurloN$
Page 502
Qhnp 7
7.4
Electromagnetic Waves
60L
?.4.1
-3arl4a,
Flee space
r:0
i.e. the reflected wave will be along the direction
field of the reflected wave will be
E, : (-
8a,
6au
3a,*
5o") ei@t-\x-4i V
lm
sol.
?.4.2
Now, the angle formed by the electric field with the z-axis is given
as
0:at
with increase in time the tip of the field magnitude rotates from z Lo g
-axis and as the wave is propagating in o, direction so) we conclude that the
wave is left circular (i,e., left circular polarization).
The phase constant of the field is given as
n _wt-c
So,
o< 2rf
(0:25)
25x3x108
r" - 25xc
21
2x3.14
: l.2GHz
$oL 7,4,3
,t
:,/T:
r[E^
:ry:60tr
Page 503
Chap 7
po,":L"r:t#
Electromagnetlc Waves
11
-ztTni-w
sol-
7.4"4
(E:IY
lm)
(Fleespaceg<0)
_400tr-120n _
'. _q2-rlr
rh*nt - 40n-t720tr -
as
,, _va _tt-lbB_'
3x108
E,
where
E16
fEncos(3
(0:
108+ g)
r rad/m)
i.e.
So, we
:24a,
n* :-|lZ+cos(3 x
E6
have
108
+ g)0,]
:_
H"
:!(ar
q'- x E,\
n,:
nonLfo,
x (-12cos(3 x
108+
:,ficos(3 xt08+u)a"
sol 7"4.5 Option (C) is correct.
The intrinsic impedance of the wave is defined
,t
'
rc
I
\/e
-
as
y)"")l
Page 504
c@P7,
Electr6dagnetic Waves
'
rl2+
rh
and rp we have
,:r/r=-/E-:r-{E:t-{g
^/++J+" r+J;- 1+Js
as
I
(t': r)
:- 0.5
ll-l:0.5
or,'tt-
I
I
$oL ?,4,6
Since, the wave is propagating in a direction making an angle 90" with
positive y-axis. So, the y-component of propagation constant will be zero.
As the direction of propagation mak6s dn angle 30' with positive r-axis so.
we have the propagation constant of the wave as "'
'
7:
p cos
30'r
-F psin 30'
gr
'
^r
=++.tTto =$'+\u
Now, in all the given options the direction of electric field of the wave is
Sd; considering that direction we'get the field intensity of
giverr along
the wave as
",
E
sol-.?.d7
auEsei@i-t)
-,p,f"'-(*"fr)l
'
I Hl'
soL
7"4"8
tanln
@ watts
as
: ' f@
Yt
tan60':
-\/ tE
1
Of
$oL 7.4.9
rZ:B
'r --rlz-\r
rh+ry-So, the transmitted'power is
lE-J*
_L4E _r-{4 _
/..+{E - r+G-TTIT--s
P,:(7_lruPt
OI'
as
4:(t -t)o:$e
n8
Pr-g
,;'|
+:
+
Je, - Jz
g :45"
=t
or
r rr:
rr
":',T;l=
t.
,zl\
/t\
rr:i:__;:;)
ozitll-J-=-\
'
Now
AO:1m
Flom geometry BO :1 m
Thus,
area: nf :rx
tor.
7.4.'ti
OB:n
i-
ri2
i.
F11
r:
:Saul5a"
Ero :4e,
Now, from the boundary condition we know that the tangential component
of electric field is uniform. So, we get
and
Ezt : Ett:3au*5a,
Again from the boundary condition the norma-l component of displacement
vector are equal.
i.e.
Or
or
ot
Dzn: Dn
e2fi, : e1fin
4eo4^ :3o4a",
&,,
:3a,
&:4r*
ta-12
Ezn:3a,*}au*5a"
constant, 0 :0.004
nn
{11,e,
l.s
FYequency f :t1taHz
c:3x108m/sec
The wavelength of the l}La Hz beam of light is
Page 505
. QhBp z,
Electromagnetic Waves
!I
^:1:%.g:3x10-6
as
Page 506
Chap ?
Electromagnetic lVaves
+: "f#{ :2 x 1o-6 m
Option (A) is correct.
:
sgl-
^,
7.4.14
po,":{netz x r/,']
as
I
where, .8, is the phasor form of the electric field intensity and IfJ is tne
I
complex conjugate of the phsor form of magnetic field intensity. So, we have I
E"
ia,t
" he
(-, u) jrl:
"."1hPoo":fn"1r, x .Er,-]: o
Thus,
an)
"-!kz+iat
I
j
$*r-
7,4,15
we
I
i
have
: "ffi:5: i;]+J
lfl:Z3
vswR
or
Ij
As the wave is normally incident on the interface so, the reflection coefficient
will be real (either positive or negative). Now, for a wave propagating from
medium 1 to medium 2 having permittivities sr and e2 respectively.
(i) If e2 > e1, the reflection coefficient is negative
!.
:
(ii) If
1-
f :-?3
or.
or'
rlz,\
rh+ rlt --2J
rn- 72Ur 2
;;+m;:-g
So,
sol
?.4,ts
rh
:24tr
n
b- n
fcr
Therefore,
l1
n
lL- \/4
2561
tT
6D: t/ i"25:12.5cm
$oL
?.4"17
is defined as
\
TE
n:\/7
So, the reflection coefficient
is given
Page b07
as
-r:ry-l!-/#-/4
rh*rh IE+JE
:-l-'fe,
tiG: -1-/4
m
: +: 0.333/180"
since
':
r.4.1&
10 cos (2zr
107
u :2tr X 107,
0 :0.In
So, we get
0.Itrz)
Dt 2.4.{s
'o
fr:u#Y:2
as
x 108 m/s
g : (0.5a,*
We have
So,
and
i.e.
aneG)"i(ut-kz)
lE,l
lnrl
9.5"i@t-*z)
s6 sj{"-t"")
ln,l + la,l
Since' the components are not equal and have the phase difference of
so7 we conclude that the EM wave is elliptically polarized.
rf2
tan6
ae
(w:2trf)
J-
7.4,21
LT x10-4 x g
3t1otx
10e
39
1.3
10_5
lJ"l:lJdl
oft
oft
laEl : lue t1
o :2nfoe,
r_
'
(u:2rf,
2o
2T X or 4tfoe.
9
10e
X2 x
10-2
:45 x 106:45
MHz
e"ee)
Qhln
Electromagnetic Waves
Page 508
sol.
7,4,22
Chap 7
t1
Eleciromagnetic Waves
a.s
where -l- is the reflection coefficient of the transmi3sion line. So, we get
od
-
or,
1+li-1
I
(VSWR:
1-TlT
tt
3)
lrl:0.5
Therefore, the ratio of the re{lected power strength to the incident power is
given as
,P,
n:lr|:o'25'
?.4.23
sin4
sin4
sin30"
-:---:-;-6
t_
srn4c
J2
--,rr
/^
!Er
-o
sol.
7.4.24
as
'n2tr
P:T:a\/Pe
,2r
A:----
a\/
1"-!\/e
oft
So, we get
sol.
7.4.25
l'
\z-l
as
tE;
e'
tE-,*olE^
"o
af
where
a*
,o
:o
:
fr
...(1)
(Phase velocity of the wave)
of zor
roty.
Page 50Q
\:r/T
where
So, we get
n:@
' \ o,
:120r.x
:
3(}L 7.4,27
I20n
x Utr, :'188.4
as
(r":
*)
, : H?
so|.
7"4,?8
o")
* o,
:-To"
So, we have
lm)
of'
'l:Q*i0:O.1rr*.fi.2n
0 :0.hr
2f : o.zn
A:&:1om
sol.
?.4.29
.fr
10
MHz is given
as
-ffi
6_
or
OIt
70-2
/" i iot
Il,O:'7t
10-3
lou
(,fi
"
", _
Putting p,o: l0-3 f r
,,
ehspz
Electromagnetic Waves
("fr:
1000MHz) is
^,/ Lto
in the above expression, we get
,,:ffi=ox1o6m/sec
10
MHz)
PaS"e 510
soL
7,4.30
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
P;
AS
where,
rh_ rlt
-tr - -ETz*qt
(2!
where 41 and q2 are the intrinsic impedance of the two mediums (air and
glass) respectively. Since, the refractive index of the glass is 1.5
i.e.
where
Pa
e2
(3)
Ltn
(Permeability of glassi
crao
(Permittivity of glass|
and
Jd :1.5
tu"
,h: ,/;:
rh
rh
1.5
T^
!Er
(for
\^"^ free space 11: ryf
as
e:(ff"e
or'
*0L
7.4.31
E:n%
"{_-
as
,/;lF
(_
' _;ER 1x10ex4z-x10-7x106
*aL
7,4.32
15.9 u,m
we
," :
:
$0L ?,4,33
]1a.ss
1.3g
x 1o-"Xloo./;f
10-7 Jf m3
:13gnJ/m3
sol
7,11.34
{?,
tanlBu: ,Fn
or,
EOL 7.4.35
: tan-t/i\
d"tt
\2)
.D : locos(107 t + kz)ouy lm
The general equation of electric field component of an EM wave propagating
in a, direction is given as
So, we conclude
or
.E : Eocos(ut* kz)ouylm
that the EI\I wave is propagating in o. direction.
: 107 rad/s
2rf : 107
107
I __E
So,
.\
?:%g
X 2tr :188.5m
number'
:+: #: #
:0.033 ,ua1^
The wave doesn't attenuate as it travels. so, statement (2) and (3) are
correct.
tanfll1,:
,/?
or,
tanli: {#
4
: tan-t(+)
a for no reflection
a :90o - 0t
83.66'
is
Page
5ff
Cbrp 7
Electromagnetic Wewr
-P.age
sor- ?.4.32'optio,{'@JifS,in-1dfut.
ffZ
7' "OhaP
nr"co.ori"g"*id
Waves
'So,
Ev =- p sin(ari
:-"
pz
75")Y I m
(D
(a'f +ln'l)
360
(3r+6r)
: ,1z .,n --T60L'6.25 x ro-zW/*?
:62.5'mW/-'
soL
7,4.38
.f :'3'GHz : 3. x 10e Hz
p = 47T i<'ro-'H/m
e
Lo-e 136r
o, :5.8 x
10?S/r4
trl=ffi:
5.8
r.(
:2.02 x
Ztr
o,:|tan-'(#) =fxtun-' /
=2ng:4
So,
$oL
7.4.39
L0?
t;lo'tE il"
\tO?T
10_20
| .. r
5.8
lr".
1t
as
107
r\ w
"
10-e
n:ln1{")o.\2et'/aQ
F:
5osin(108r+ 2z)quY lm
Compaiing it with tirp genqral exprps'siop electric field of a plpne wave
traveiling in a, directipn given aq
F : Erdb(at,* 1z)q
We Sp,t the directiou pf propagatip4 qf
sol.
?.4.40
t\e
F:
(g,"+ !qr)e-jP'
Sq, it is clgar lhat y-compor.reni of field lea{s tfe r-component by 90" and
the wavg p,fpPagaies'ip z-$irgption. The components are same. So, the tip
of electric fipld traVefge in crypulal pa,th in the plpckwipe directiqil and wave
prop4gates in z-directipn as ohpwn in figule.
Page bt3
Chap 7
Electromagnetic \ilaves
Therefore,
it is negative circularly
polarized wave
wave).
?"4"dt
So' it is clear that the incident and reflected wave both makes same angle o
with the z-axis i.e. reflected w,aye in sarne direction.
will be reversed
E : 10cos(6zr x
11: ltl
108t
Permittivity of medium,
e :81e0
trlom the expression of the electric field, we get the angular frequency
:6r x
as
I08
up-
br)ou
as
r:
,/ Pe
-ffi
:--3x108
9--: +, k:]-:Bxlosm/s)
p,oeo
r.t_u_62rx108
P
- -
107%
lgzr radfm
"/
Page
Cbap
5r4
7
Electromagnetic
sor-
r.A.u
phase
Given, the
Waves
veloaityoi the
in free SpaCe
ap :0.4c
Sinee, the phase velocity of a medium having
"tj
i.e.
p is defined
(1)
as
,r-- .{ I
t',
So,
:0'4c
$oL
7.4.45
(lt:
lr^lt,,e
eo)
Poe,eo
/1\' :6'25
- : (oz)
@:
-):'1
{
Poeo
:60
Poo":(P*")x(trf)
:!
sol.
?.4.46
x{#
"
n(+l :240 w
E,:-qrH,
E1 : r12H1
So, (1) and (3) are correct while (2) is incorrect.
sol.
nrsin4
,/ taqsinfa
,/ 1aQ$ sin6o'
nasinlz
: ,lffisin22
: ,/ 1tae2sinZ,
sind2-(r"+):./t-s>t
which is not possible so there will be no transmitted wave.
soL
7.4.46
(a-+
1)
(2) When
(drz)
leads
(c-3)
clockwise and so
7
Eldctromagnetic Waves
(4) when E1 lags Ez by 90" then the tip of field vector E will
sol.
7.rt,49
traverse
(b-a)
'y:a+iB
where
a: g: ,/qy
a--+1
is defined as
fPo,"
:,'w:(fi)tnr
(c)
b'+
qH6
q:#
so|.
7.4,50
c+3
i
I
sol
7.4.5{
H:%xE
where, 4 is the intrinsic impedance of the medium. putting the expression
for electric field in equation, we get
H : Q x (E,a,t
sol-
7.4.52
Er%)
|(n,oo
Eua,)
as
E:TH
where 4 is intrinsic impedance given as
,l:.@
\/ o * j,ue
Assume the medium is perfectly dielectric
of,
,l: /!
E_ ro
E: \/;
Page 515
'Chap
(o:
Page 516
sol
?"4"s3
Chap ?
Eloctromagnetic lVaveq
7"4"54
frequency,
cr,'
Wavelength,
106
rad/
:+:T
(2)
sec
:3.14
A* X A,a:_(O, X A"):
A,
is correct.
Flom Maxwell's equation, For a varying magnetic field B, the electric field
intensity .E is defined as
YxE
--0P
dt
B in terms of rnagnetic
vector potential is
given as
B:Y xA
So, fiom the two equations we have
haA
E :-'.:-
A : a"A,sin(ut-
Given,
7"4,$6
V:0)
pz)
n :-S[o,A,sin(at- 0r)]
:* a,uA,cos(wt- !32)
So,
stll.
(For V
dt
rlz)a,
direction of propagation,
:-
(trk
Q,
Page 517
a6: as X a7
:aux(-a"):-o,
and the electric field arnplitude is given as,
:[rirat- {cos(ut +
oz))
:-
20cos(c,'t+ l3z')
So. the eiectric field vector of EM wave is
E(z'
FST
TT
t)
20 cos(d
* Az) a,,
as
So, we get
?",$.,$E
stx-
?"d,"$t,
as
'--.1-:.
"/
"ftto
So, we get
ssL
?."$"6s
x 3 x lo8rad/s
0.
' infinity
l,:9
( ) In charge
free region
v,
cn
(p":0).
:*?
V2V:0
which is Laplace equation. Therefore only statement 2 is incorrect.
g${" ?.*"sd
Chap 7
Electrouiagneiic Waves
as
Page 51E
$oL
?.4.62
Chap 7
Given,
Electromagrretic Waves
: l2}rcos(ut-
pz)a,
densit-v
(ax:
o"\
as
poo":]n"1r x rr.)
?.4.6s
E:
10sin(3zr
108t
-rz)a,*
E
H -&*X
rlo
:
7.4.64
ffisin(3zr x
10cos(Szr
108,
-nz)an
as
(Direction of propagation is
108,
rz)ao+
$cos(3zr x
108,
a1
4,)
nz)(- a,)
as
t, -Ge
Which in turn given the values in the range of 10-20 sec. While the radio
frequency wave has the time period '?' in the range of nsec to psec. (10-e to
10-12) So the relation time at radio frequency/microwave frequency is much
less than the period.
(3) For a lossless dielectric (o:0) and so,
T,- 9tcn
(4) Intrinsic
0) is
?.4.65
?.4.66
V.B
l.e.
-.0
Page 519
v.(vx.4) -0
div curl A
sol
7,4.67
Chap 7
Electromagetic Tgaves
:0
E : !o
as
-!^-o"
nb"o
HI:
as
2n6o,
P:ExIf
r_r :- *sus,'
,PF;uo
sol
?.4.68
sol.
7.4,69
),:2
-f
where
Since,
So,
: phase velocity
/ : frequency of the wave
a, : *
!Er
uo
,\ .,
!cr
2- t;
T-\/A
r
sol.
7.4.70
:4
as
Z":^E:l2;tr
Veo
so both the terms are independent of frequency of the wave i.e. remain
unchanged.
sol
7.4.7'
:5cos(loet+Boz)a,
and
w:70e, and
g :9
since
up
p:
39
I- : --9:1
(clJe,)
Page,5!0
''
. : I Pl\' -/30 x 31 10E\' : sr
"'-\r/-\
1oe )-
Chap ?
Eleeiromagnetic Waves
sor-
ur: -Ly
n='
?.4.?2
?.4.?3
is correct.
InaGoodconductor
B:{lrfry
So,
u,
Phase veloci IY
: fr:,rl
4
po
sot-
lE-l:E,
t'l
lnol: n,
lE"l + lE,l
is correct.
skin depth is defined
dielectric,
For a lossy
as
r- '\
u-2t
so, as the wavelength increases the depth of penetration of wave al-so
increases.
sol
7"4"77
$oL
?.,4,78
pr# :-
A is given
as
p,J
as
l < r'
Page 521
ssi*
SpaCr:
the
wavelength.
o:0
and propagation constarrt,
".t:a* jH:{J"p\"+tr]
a+ jJ - j'{t;;
i.o. g o G,
0 :,rfii
sel.-
T.d"s*
60r
is defined
as
[T
12ur(e,
r':4
s{3L
selL
?.{"r}a
.= Hoe-n'' sin(c"t
p,t:)o,,
\&b get
(it)
alt
1:
(trk' : a,
: &,,
!!I'' :5 x 10;m/s
ss{.
?"4.$3
:-(e1,
or) :-(o, X
6
So,
as
-t-- J nfpo
A*_'1.-anddo,-!:
ro
/t,
$sr-
?"*"{t{i
_ E:
ChapT
Eleotromagnetic T[aves
l0sin(10c^rt
- rz)a,f
10cos(u,rt
- rz)a,
Page 522
Chap 7
Electromagnetic Waves
and
sol
?"4.rs
since,
So
${}t- ?,4.ss
-:*
377 O)
(a) intrinsic
impedance of medium
'B' is
,":#:rre:!rt2or:8or
(b) Intrinsic
(a-2)
6otr
lA : 802'- 6011
: 1
r :- !!,1"+ rt^ - EGloz + 60r 7
(c)
(b-3)
Tlansmission coefficient,
2rr, 2 x Sotr 8
-i:nB+ry:Eotrro;:7
(d)
0
sor
7.4.87
(c-a)
:6r
(d -+ 1)
EM
:1o"(*
wave is defined as
x rd)
:!*5ox#:3.316
So, the average power crossing a circular area of ra.dius
Por"
: (s.sto)(zr( /%f):
sol
7"4.88
J24 m is
: P*"(nf)
250
watt
o:i:10
1
Page 523
Now, the electric field intensity after travelling a distance z inside a conductor
is
Eoe-""
where, Eo is the field intensity at the surface of the conductor. so, the
distance travelled by the wave for which amplitude of electric field changes
to (.Ile')
(v/*) -;"1ff
"
e
Bnr,-r}z
"ez
E!
:2
z:20cm
702
Alternatively, since the skin depth is the distance in which the wave amplitude
decays to (l I e) of its value at surface. So, for the amplitude to be 7 f e2 of the
field at its surface the wave penetrates a length of. 26 :20 cm.
So A and R both are true and R is correct explanation of A.
o:0.
AS
,:r/T:,[Tro
sol-
?.rt-g{}
For media
1,
For media
2,
for media
3,
: fiGz7): 188 Cl
n, : ,pr@72) : 11319
n, : ,[f@TZ): s77 g
n,
. _E,_ H,
'-E--E
r
and
So.
vv'
Z
7 -Tz-ry
rlr+ Tl, --22,Z+Z :-I3
4:-E
E --iI- -L3
#: 3 and ft:sol-
?"4"s1
6:_L:o
,/ nfPo
*>t***r<:kt<**<x
cp
Chap 7
Eiectromagnetic Waves
-l
TRANSMISSION LINES
IIITRODUCTION
Thansmission lines are the guided conducting stmctures which are used in
power distribution at low frequencies in communications. The main aim of
8.2.1 Primary
Constants
defined as follows:
1. r? is defined as loop resistance per unit length of line.
2. tr is defined as loop inductance per unit line length.
i.e.
Z-ll,
)14
as
rhf
:4
-ZL
zr,
7 - lR+iaL
"u_fG+W
Zu
,/
Z^Z*
oV*
ztt_
f
So, all the three statements are correct.
Zr :0
So. the
(Short circuit)
as
: ",\__2,
$sN.
s.4.*4
Characteristic impedance,
Zo :600Q
Load impedance,
Zr. :900Q
So, the reflection coefficient of the transmission line is given
, -Zt-2,
,r_TrlZ,
_900-600
- 9Q[J6ffi -
as
u'z
^o
as
1=u\R+1rL)(G+1,,)
and the characteristic impe<lance is defined as
7 _ fR+jeL
to:le+j;z
7_ I
_R+jaL
-dTJwe :
j
"o
s$l-
&.s.s$
ftttr
g1rt
lb
Page 624
Chap
Wavt{,aides
single
R,
9.3
The paraliel plate waveguide is probably the sirnplest type of guide that
can support TM and TE modes; it carr also support a TEI\I rnode, since
it is forrned frorn two flat plates or strips, as shown in Figure 9.1. The
plates are assumed to be infinite in extent in the r-direction. It is assumed
that the wave propagates in a, direction, and the fields do not vary in the
o" direction. The characteristics of the various modes of propagation are
exa,mined in following sections.
1:
i1,r.r;r l).1:
9.3.1 TE Mode
For TE morle irr a parallel plate waveguide, the non-zero field components
are expressed in phasor form as
H,":
H2(u)e-1"
: B,cos(T)u"
i{
Page 526
Chap
Tlansmission Lines
For coaxial, two-wire, and planar lines, the formulae for calculating t
values of R, L. G, and C are provided in Table below.
Table 8.1: Primary Constants of TYansmission Lines at High FYequencies
CitA ti
,,
:,,
;l$6i,t,{l{l
L,ine
,,|,,,:,,1...:.,l
-':
:.rt$.,t,,tit,t'll.l,lllt'
',','j&','
:ra*Il
- '
rrrr'rrr"
"
::.W.:,";:t:l,ti',:',:.,.:,::::,,,,::,,t:.;,,,,:::i);,,,:,:,,:.:
t ,-
lnlr,
\a;l:ataa., 8;:.:.:::::1.
-.t
::::::::::,,:::.,,. .:a::,::::.4:t::,:;.:
,$lm}',111,
..ff',i.,tu''< <
-d
*-!W3!e
-ffi
reW,+n[!J
Lyff'try-re'*
ffi*'
"'Wffi';As*d;ffiiffi
6W
f#%
'ryffi,hr;
ffi
".w"
j:*s.*{wiiffif
(")
";""*
-.;tSM
c}}ffi
ffi
(b)
.<*_._-,-,t
(c)
Figrn'r: 8.2: Ttansmission Lines: (a) Coaxial Line, (b) Two-wire Line, and (c) Planar
8.2.2
i,
Li !
Secondar
rdary Constants
The secondary constants of a. transmission line are
1. Propagation constant, 7
2.
Characteristic impedance,
zi1
L. Propagation
ragation Constant
t
t
I
I
I
l*^
7:
.".G
Page 527
@+ 1"t')(G + ItC)
CbaP
DEFINITION II
Intermsofattenuationconstant'oandphaseconstant'B'thepropagation
constant is defined
as
7:a+
jp
DEFINITION III
Foratransmissionline,ifthevoltageandcurrentatsourceendbeV",l,'and
thevoltageu,'d"""""tatloadendbeV1'16t'henthepropagationconstant
for the transmission line is defined as
.y:20r"*,.(+)
: zoros',(f)ae
2. Characteristic ImPedance
Characteristicimpedanceofatransmissionlinecanbedefinedasfollows:
DEFINITIOil I
R,
For a transmission line with primary constants
characteristic impedance is defined
za
L, C
and G, the
as
: \,tGeries@
;E[nt-admittance
: I 1ETFT
G+ L'te
ll
Foratransmissionline,iftheforwardvoltageandforwardcurrentatany
pointbeVon,Io*;thenthecharacteristicimpedanceofthetransmissionline
DEFlNlTlol{
is given bY
o Vn*
ao:T
DEFINITIOX III
Foratransmissionline,ifthereflectedvoltageandreflectedcurrentatany
pointbeVo,Io;thenthecha^racteristicimpedanceof,thetransmissionline
is given bY
I.3
-v;
zo:_
h_
d'Y
dz"
'
d2I^
as
: r,v
_
-rz1
dz"
wherelisthepropagationconstant.Thesolutionofthelineequationscan
be obtained in Phasor form as
V,(z):Vs*e"+Voe'"
rr+
v2
I,(r) : Is+ s-1'* Io e1' : h"-'" - oo ""
where
Ilansmission Lines
Vo*
and
ff
travelling
are the voltage and current for forward wave
Page 52E
Chap
+4,
along
-j
Ttansmission Lines
+1,
+
Source
L,
I/o
Load
I
l
i"'lgr:r.*r
of Tbansmission Line
: V"(z - 0) : Vo'* Vi
to:1,(z-0):W;%Ls
Vr
2,.
as
: z,ltr:,I i :ixiil,,l
lir
z':Yl- Ir.
where
77,
V1
: V"(2:
17.
l)
:Vo*ett ny-"tl
11
: I,(2:
:Ya*-"
[1
""
Vn
2,,
""
to input impedance
transmissiorr line.
FOIltr$ Ts nEilFlilBxn
1. , 3'ar ,* shsrted tran*rnissi,ort
line,
(Zio)
Zr.:
"@,
2.
3.
(Zn)o' : Zocoth-Yl
From the abole two results, we have
(Zi^)*(26)*
4.
Zt-
Zfi
26,Lhc input impedance is
Zrn
Za
Reflection Coefficient
Page 52e
,
rt
as the
ratb,
'L - vte:i
as
n -Zr-Zo
'r-Zr+Zo
The current reflection coefficient at any point on the line is the. neg?tive
the voltage.ieflection coefficient at that.point, so we have
Io'e't
_rn
L
rb'Ssr-ess
oJ.
-_fitr
rRnilsiltsglolt qfi
1.
2.
lr
-B:O
G:
Itopagation Cotrst<rnt
The propagation constant of a lossless transmission line is obtalned as
ory
0:0,9:uJLC
Characteristic ImPedance
The characteristic irnpedance of a lossless tra,nsmissiotr line is obtdined
Zoa
-\/
4.S
/-T
C
,r: u1
p:m
,4.4
as
chp
lbwiseimfiD8
r
"Y:jp
Page 530
Chap 8
flansmissisl Linsg
So, we have
tanhTl
: tanhj|l: jtanpl
ry : zoLZ;+
ry[Zt* Zotanhill
z,i"
Z;iunh.yl l
I Zt -l jzotan gll
,
- "olzJ
jzLtanml
8.5
DISTORTIONLESSTRANSMISSIONLINE
A transmission line is said to be distortionless when the attenuation
a is frequency-independent and the phase constant, p is linearly
on the frequency.
8.5.1 Primary
RG
T:E
8.5.2
Propagation Constant
The propagation constant of a distortionless transmission line is obtained
:/nc(t.+):a*io
Thus, we obtain the attenuation and phase constants
as
:,/ RG
g:r/LC
o
Characteristic f mpedance
The characteristic impedance of a distortionless line is obtained
as
- tR-+ iaT
4u-\/
G+pC
- | FGrlil
e(+ rdfq
tE tT
:\/G:t/e
8.5.3
",
various
Ftr t
Page 531
Chap 8
I!'ensnission Lines
iittr,6l,lffi:
:
',s.
ls#f6,.
zo
,ffi',*..ffi
:.($.
r&
.9,
E.6
" -E
-4;-irll-,l
Q_vmu_rmu_'tl'L
,.1,,,,,,1,St
.*a@,,,,a,r*.so;nl1
,:l$X**l;i*,wi*.'l X
Bo
,fur,q*plitude
h[e'Sl
8.7
bubre
SMITH GT{ART
The Smith chart is basically a graphical indication of the t*o"dr"""
transmission line and of the corresponcling reflection coefficient as one "r.l
-oo'o I
along the line. The Smith chart is constructed within a circle of unit radils I
(l i. I 5 1) as shown in Figure 8.4. f,. and f, are the real and imaginary purrc
I
the reflectio"
tr*hndtdrtiht,tffi$
-ltt:Tl',il:
r,+
jri
@l
(8
uI
i trt:t,s-lll:l,s:m
lrl:0, s:1
tr;igurr: I.,1:
;:^"nce
,t : Z,:
r* .lir
Since, the reflection coefficient is defined
be
I
...(8.2)
a^s
:ffi:ffi1:t;
r,:fo--$:e-t:zt'-r
"'(8'3)
2,.:r*i,:f*,Pfi
8,7.1
..(84)
as
_*[,
_
[r ,=rl' + r? i
ir
"t;
2.
tfw.ee$tfe$:of:rit1''i1"i1*1es'1ie on the
The
r:
,,', , . ,r ':
'
largest.
.ir',,r;,,r l lra
at the
(fl.,==
hn
h*rb
(r, t12)
(u)
,
liiguri:
r.i:
(b)
Typical Circles on Srnith Chart: (a) 'Iypical r-circles, (b) Typical tr-circles
J,7.2
for r-circles
as
lf *[.,- ]1":[]l'
lr.-l
These circles are also called constant resistance circles. Figure 8.5(b)
shows typical r-circles for a transrnission line. Some important properties of
r-circles are given below.
i
i
I
t
l.
,,,
**,prrrE*ell*-.,,,
',,;
i;;ti;::;:;i!;;;i'i.,,;iti rii'
I
I
:
z:::':'::
.;::,
r', r r
-':
r'"r':'
,e,r'tt"
,iiecome progree*i.vely, sniailgf asllcl,,ix*!ryi4'hsq,O"
"-ctrcles
oo, ending'xrili'g{ *r fl.r; :,0i,,poii1t
.. : ; tnward
,9ry1_ :itcuit,
::r4, 911,
p-ass tbroq :thd,(1.:; *:,,1; fi,*-.0):.p4&ii. :,:,: : , :: , . ,..:: ,
. l :':t
:
:t,
.
'
.
.
_,r,,, .:
"*;rcles
.'.::aa
.'.'
a,nd
vice-versa.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
hf
Page 534
Chap
Ilansmission Lines
% is xSt
':i$:rffu9,,,{6$
.sti
:I
step
t*:.
ry::'llYagU.
ee*i.
d:'circle
5a,,
.'..,1.i,;:r.::::rl.illi
Z; + &oa,
8.8
T:l
where
ap
,r.,0
Page 535
Chap 8
flnnspis5i6a [,ia6s
f&l
After ?
secondsT the wave reach the load. The voltage (or current) at the
load is the sum of the incident and reflected voltages (or currents). Thus,
V(l,T)
and
I(I,f):
the generator,
so
V+
* V-: V* lr.V:(t+
1+* I-
: Io- lr.Io:(I *
tr)V"
fL)l"
where l-z is the load reflection coefficient. The reflected waves V- : lr,V
and 1- :- lt lo travel back toward the generator in addition to the waves %
and 1" already on the line. At time t - 27, the reflected waves have reached
V(0,27)
and
Zo- Zo
rc:Zo+Z
Again the reflected waves (from the generator end) trz+ : lcltV, and
I+: le lr,Io propagate toward the load and the process continues until the
energy of the pulse is actually absorbed by the resistors Zn and 27.
8.8.2
Bounce Diagram
Instead of tracing the voltage and current waves back and forth, it is easier
to keep track ofthe reflections using a bounce diagram. The bounce diagram
Page 6fG
chrp
Xtagrnitdoa
fin6
consists of a zigzag line indicating the position of the voltage (or curr
wave with r@pect.tb,the gbnerator end, as shown in Figure 8.7. On
bounce diagram, the voltage (or current) at a,ny time may be determined by
adding those values that appear on the diagram above that time.
f:fr,
z: I
l: lc
z:0
f
f:-lz
z: I
f:-lc
z:0
,:0
2tr
-tctlt"
rcr.lu"
4tt
rir?.u
i
i
rZrT
6tr
(")
(b)
i:'igurt ii-7: Bounce Diagrarn for (a) Voltage Wave, (b) Currerrt Wave
l
*
f**********
iI
:i
'I ",2'ili
''
,t,' ' "',,
:l#
"
PrggSt?
'''lbp
llennmisgisa Lins
HCg 8,{,1
I
-t
[co
a.1.2
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
A
A
A
A
is false
HCd 8.r.4
The space between the strips of a parallel plate transmission line is filled of
a dielectric of permittivity, e,:1.3 and conductivity, o
= 0.If the wi{th of
the strips is 9.6 cm and the separation between them is 0.6 cm then the line
parameters G' and C' will be respectively
"
Inductance and capacitance per unit length of a lossless transmlssion line are
250nHlm and 0.1nF/m respectively. The velocity of the wave propagation
and characteristic impedance of the transmission line are respectivelv.
(B) 3
:0.2k0/m, L' :
(C)
+p.5)m-1
(1.2
t08m/s, 50fl
100f)
at a
MCQ 8.t.6
(D)3x108m/s,
parameters R'
illcQ Lt.s
but R is true
htt t'''
J
fr
line
(A)
50
(c)
100
wiil
be
J2Q
- j|o
(B) 4 - j100f)
(D) 100 + rto
(A) halved
(C) not change
(B) doubled
(D) none of these
Page 538
r**{l
8"1.7
$c&
8.1"8
Qhap 6
T!'onsmission Lfurcs
(C)4x10-2NP/m, loo0
n*c0 s.t.E
150
and to a 60 V
Mcg $.1"{$
A purely
(D) 1/3,
-1
of Zr will be
(B) 450 O
(D) none of these
(A) 50 CI
(C) (A) and (B) both
8.1'{1 A
8.{.{2
(t) Tf ; n:0,1.......oo
e) Q!#1"1 n: r,2,8,....a
ereQ 8"t.{3
(D)
P!#!"
;n
: 0,1,.......*
fff; n: 1,2,3.....oo
(A)
(c)
MCO A-1.{4
@)
': *
l: +
'
(B)
I:+
(A) .\/8
(c) 5ll8
(B) 3^/8
(D)
^14
'GQ
8,'tr,tS
(rt#:o
@+:;
S,{,16
lcQ 8"{,'t?
(A)
(e0
(c)
(30
- to)o
jr2o)Q
(B) 10 f,
(D) (40 - 730)c)
,7\
20
zL:$0+fl')
rcQ 8,1.18
(A)
(38.3
(c)
(64.8
- 164.8) 0
- 738.3)fl
(c)
!Q 8.{.20
(e2.06
21.80)
CI
i lorr
x
102,
-g7.44")v
_ g0.) V
Page 539
Chap 8
Tlansnissi6n I/i[q6
Page 540
Chap 8
Tlansmiesion Lhes
150
M{:& A,l.2t
o
(c) (215.14+j113.4)CI
(A)
lrlcQ s"t"23
(2.15
- jr.rr;
GHz voltage generator with 7,, : 150 volt and an internal resistance
zg:100o is connected to a 100o lossless transmission line of length
l: 0.375,\. If the line is terminated. in a load impedance zt: (100 - J100) o
then what will be the current flowing iu the load ?
0.3
i,tcQ 8.{"25
\;,
resistance
Short
circuit
lEoat
Page 541
Chap
Ilansmission Lines
6V
1.5
V
0
Zs:100f).
l": l/3
z:0
Tr:-r/3
z: Lbm
will
be
Il :1/3
\:-1/3
z:
L:
5ns
I.JM
10 ns
10 ns
(A)
(B)
lll
ns
30 ns
20 ns
ft:-I/3
z: Lbm
tr:
= 1/3
113
Z:L5m
5ns
5ns
10 ns
(c)
15 ns
0.74 Volt
(D)
-i.rr
vori
15 ns
Page 542
rR,Chal
'
a.'i"c? The
u(t)
of
the
transmission line.will be
TYansmission Lines
o(t), Volt
t
10
(B)
(A)
i.
6.67
5.6
10
10
t(nsec)
t(nsec)
r4.4
13.3
10
'(D)
(c)
1o
s..r.zs
t(nsec)
1o t(trt"c)
The SWR circle' LrLz' is shown on the smith chart for a lossless transmission
line.
If line'is
(A)
0
(c) 20 0
125
(B) 250 0
(D) (A) and (C) Both
Page 543
Chap
IhansmiEsion Lines
8.1.2e
(A) 4.+e-'''u'
(C) +.+et'a'
8.{.3o
8'{'31
(A)
(0.61 _
(c)
(61
fr.22)o
- r2.2)o
(c)
McQ 8,1.32
(B) o.24en6'
(D) 0.24en6'
0.106^
(B) 0.456^
(D) 0.544)
u'@
impedance 50 e is terminated by an
8't.34 A
(^) z,s,
(C) zrS,
zoS
zos
@)
?,
@)
?,?
Page
i4a
HCA Ll"3$
Chan,Q
Ttansmissior Lines
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
s.t.36
intrinsic impedance
thickness'f'
42
frt'Tt
,6Jn'
{nJ,t'
{nnt
^14
^12
^14
^12
(A)
(Bo
+to)f,
(c)
(3'o
- j4o)o
8"r.3? A
and
will
be
I
j
10v
(D)
mco B,{,3S
'r[ffi]
(c) yr(f#)
tB)
1aj
(D)
*x*xxr******
vr(#)
yr(1+)
EXERCI$E 9.2
Page 545
Ghap
Ilalrgdidlon I{Bet
QUES 8"2,1
----
CI/*.
QUES 8.2"2
A transmission line formed of co-axial line with inner and outer diameters
l.b
cm and 3 cm respectively is filled with a dielectric of permeabirity :2p..
1r
It's line parameter .L' will be equal to ____ nH/m.
ous
9"2.3
1/8 cm and Ll2cm respectively then the conductance per unit length
of the
qus
be
mS/m
transmission line
having inner and outer diameter 1 cm and 4 cm respectively is
: ges then
the capacitance per unit length of the line will be
pF/m.
____
QUES 8.2"5
quxs
8.2"S
10-5.
QUES
Lt.s
Qucs
Page 546
Chap E
Trmmission Lines
-u'*l
degrees.
ours $,2.{o A transmission line operating at 5 GHz frequency has characteristic impedance
Zo:800 and the phase constant 0:l.\rad/m. The inductance per unit
nH/m.
Iength of the transmission line will be
I
I
----
I
I
of 6volt and minimum magnitude of.2.4volt. The reflection coefficient of I
the transmission line is
I
I
euEs 8.2"{2 An insulating material of permittivity e : 9es is used in a 25 O lossless co I
axial line . If the inner radius of the coaxial line is 0.6 mm then what will be I
eu;s
a,n.ri
ouss
magnitude
I
line of cha,racteristic impedance Zo:25{l is I
connected to a loa.d impedance ZL: (15 - J25)C). What will be the standing I
s.z.rt A
lossless transmission
I
I
euE$
qucs
s.t.t4
s.2"is L
150 Q
wavelength,\:4cm.
s.z.i6 What will be the distance (in cm) of the first voltage maximum
load
from the
I
I
l
I
i
i
I
QUss
6.r'{?
The distance of the first current maximum from the load will be
cm.
QUE$
a'2.r8 A
QUES
QuEs
Zn:I50
Zn:I50
Zoz:I0O
Qi
Zot:200
Page 547
Chap 8
Tbangmission Lines
rage
Ftap
rje
&uns
meter.
Tlarsmlsdon Irines
eur* e.s-ss The unit step generator voltage connected to the line has an internal
resistance Rs:100f). What will be the load impedance (in O) connected
to the transmission line
QuEs
8.*.24 What is the thickness'f ' (in cm) of the dielectric coating
ours s.?.ar A
eux$
s.z"ts At t :
0a
50
Volt D.C.
will
be
volt.
30 f,) is connected
characteristic impedance having a load of 45 Q
source
to a transmission line of 15 fl
. The stea.dy state load current for the transmission line
Common Data For
is
Ampere'
q.27 and 28 :
transmission line
-5 mA
QuE$
be
Qtlxs E'2"2s The load resistance terminated to the transmission line will be
*xt<********
CI
c)
xxHRGtSX 9.3
trts&
Page bZ{i
Chnp 8
tlangmie3$ii'f,isog
E"3"'t
which one of the following statement is not correct for a transmission line ?
(A) Attenuation constant of a lossless line is always zero.
1l
(B) Characteristic impedance of both lossless and distortitnless ]ine is real
(c) Attenuation constant of a distortionless line is always zero.
(D) Both (A) and (C).
iil*Q E"*.?
(B)
(D) ^12
M$*
^14
A"3"3
A transmission line of length / is short circuited at one encl and open circuited
at the other end. The voltage standing wave pattern in the transmission line
will be
(A)
-l
0pcn
circuit
'-
(B)
*Short
circuit
end
end
open
circuit
end
Short
circuit
end
(c)
Open
'
circuit
end
n4c& &"3.d
Short
circuit
end
end
tennirrals is
(A)
(c)
MeQ 9,3.5
Open
circuit
^12
^
it
Short
circuit
end
@)
(D) o^14
(c) 1+ pooa
(D)
100 +
j2a
Page 550
Chap 8
ftensmiss,iqn I/ins5
MCQ 8.3.6
(N\"
,", (rr+ ^),
a)
rc\
ZL
.n
is
zo is
@9j4
' \ztzo)
***xx**x***
(D)
"Zt
&
the characterkli
EXERCISE 8.4
Page 551
Chap
Ilrnsmision Line
rcQ
9.4",1
cable is
f'
(A)
330
(c)
143.3
(B) 100 o
(D) 43.4 o
c'
rca
a.d"t
rcc
8,4.3
(C) 1.6
5GA
A"4"4
108
m/s
(D) 3 x 108m/s
HCo 4.4"5
HCQ 8.4.6
l::ffiS.?ff]
is
ffcq
8.4.7
(A)
5oo
(c)
0.014
(B) 5
(D) o.oo2
?r*#2
Chap E
fbalonfoshF LittGt
mca s.jt"8
t-:
Z.=50 Q
z,l
MCA a"4.9
MCQ 8.4,lll
Z.:50
Z.:50 A
:;[:
ntgo 8"4.{{
;1
(")
,",
[? l]
-i]
[_+
\
P3ge 553
Cbp t
Ilorsmission LiDcs
(A)
.7
(B)
-Jg
.5
(c) J7
xcQ
8.4.12
(D)
+
+
utcQ 8.4.{3
(A) 50 c'
(B) 100 +j150 o
(c)
7.6e
+ il1.54 0
\
a.4.14
(c)
8.4"t$
\/2
12.5
(B) 2oo 0
(D) 0
(A)-0.6
(c) 0.6
(B)
(D)
-1
0
Page 5!4
Chap
MCO 4.4"t6
Tlaosmission Lines
MGA A"{-{?
Meq 8.4.18
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
MCA 8.4.19
(c)
0.11
(B) 33.33
(D) 11.11
- --t
rGGl
Page 555
Chap
Tlnnsmission Lines
(A)
(0.01
- fl.02) mho
(C) (0.04 - p.02) mho
HGQ $,4,2t
s.4.22 In an
constant
RL:h
is distortionless
if
(B)
(c) LG: RC
ftr:
GC
(D) .RG: LC
(c)
$cQ
8.4.25
75
100
Q and
25
s.4.2s In air, a
lossless transmission
C: 40 pF/m is operated
(A) 0.5 meters
(C) rlZradians
Page 556
adsf; s.4"t?
Chap 8
Ilansmission Lines
MEQ
8.4"18 A very
rxsa 8.4,?s
tc)
xca
The capacitance per unit length and the characteristic impedance of a lossless
transmission line are C and Ze respectively. The velocity of a travelling wa\-e
8,4"30
''
i,tcE
(A) ZoC
@#
ZU
,n,
1.-i c
@fr
8'4.3{ A
line, shorted at one end, presents impedance at the other end equal to
(q
(A)^14
Zo
(c)
lt
zo
(D) 0
where Zo is characteristic impedance of the line.
rrrlcQ 8"4.33
Ill*Q
(A)
25
Q)
225A
8'4.33 If maximum
(B)
(D)
50
f)
250 C'
respectively, VSWR is
rv!s& 8.4,34
(A)
0.5
(c)
(B) 2
(D) 8
nticc s.rt"35
1.
2.
3.
4.
Z1
-'t
(A) 1, 2.3
and 4
Page 557
(B)land3only
Chap
Thansmission Lines
(C) 2and3only
(D)land4only
rco
I'd'36
50 f,) is terminated
f,)
rs
(A)
(B)
(c)
(n)
-r
List
a. l<^14
b. Al4 < I <
c. I:
d. l:
Codes
\14
List
II
1. Capacitive
2. Inductive
^12
3.0
4.
\12
oo
abcd
(A) 21.43
(B) 3142
(c) 2413
(D)34r2
llcQ 8..4'3$ Consider the following statements regarding a transmission line :
1. Its attenuation is constant and is independent of frequencv
2. Its attenuation varies linearly with frequency
3. Its phase shift varies linearly with frequency
4. Its phase shift is constant and is independent of frequency
Which of the above statements are correct for distortion less line
(A) 1, 2, 3, and 4
(B) 2and3only
(C) land3only
(D) 3and4only
meq
8.4"40
The reflection coefficient on a 500 m long transmission line has a phase angle
of -150'. If the operating wavelength is 150m, what will be the number of
(A)
(c)
(B) 3
(D) 7
_J
I
.
Page 558
tucQ 8"4.41
Chap 8
with
regard
correct?
Ilansmission Lines
MCQ S.4"42
(q ?o
r!,!cQ 8,4.43
(D);o
MCq 8,4"44
Zn":- jZstanBI
Zo":- jZstanpl
l$c{t
8.4"46
List-I
a.
b.
c.
d.
Short Circuit
Open Circuit
List-II
1.0
2. -1
3' +1
4. +t/3
:
a
2
Codes
(A)
b
t
(B)43r2
(c)23r4
(D)4732
c
3
page db9
d
4
Chap8
TransmiEEionlineB
I/0"
(^) 312
(c) 512
@)
215
{RlG
lossless
{qc
g lrTrc-
rco 8'4'50
(B) 2/3
@ /R/c
List-I
a. Input Impedance l.
b Reflection coefficient Z.
c. VSWR
3.
Codes
List-II
_ 1to
*1
1to
oo
to
oo
abc
(A)231
(B)321
(c)312
(D) 2r3
tlcQ
s'4'5{ A quarter
ucQ
0'4'52
Page 560
Chap
iltcQ 8"4.53
Tlangnbeion Lines
*;;,,
towaros source
ill
MCQ 3"4.54
l3l
3,:',::.,,""
lll
it
li*:
is best to use a
!\t!c{t 8"4,5s
sfi**
4.4"56
I
I
A plane wave having r-directed electric field propagating in free space u,toog I
the z-direction is incident on an infinite electrically conducting (perfea I
conductor) sheet at z: 0 plane. Which one of the following is correct ?
|
(A) The sheet will absorb the wave
I
(B) There will be r-directed surface electric current on the sheet
I
(C) There will be g-directed surface electric current on the sheet
I
(D) There will be magnetic current in the sheet.
For sea water with o : 5 mho/m and e, : 80, what is the distance for
radio signal can be transmitted with 90% attenuation at 25kHz ?
(A) 0.322 m
(C) 32.2 m
M*0 4.4"57
which
(B) 3.22 m
(D) 322 m
(B) 2 and 3
(C) 1 and 3
(D) 1 and 2
MCe 8"4.58
(100
J75)O load
is
connected
to a
co-axial cable
of
characteristic
n$cQ 8"4,59
I
i
l
xcq a"d.6o Zr,:200C) and it is desired that Zi,:50O. The quarter wave transformer
should have a characteristic impedance
C)
(A)
100
(c)
10,000
of
Ch.p
(B) 40 O
(D) 4 o
Cl
(D) 2 and 4
line is
(A) purely reactive
8.4.s3 A transmission
1a) ao
(c)
MGo
400
(B) 1oo o
(D) 425 o
impedance
transmission line is
(A)
(C)
zero
capacitive
section of
a lossless
(B) inductive
(D) infinite
tlcQ 8.rt.6s Match List I (Parameters) with List II (Values) for a transmission line
with a series impedance Z: R' 1- jal'Qlm and a shunt admittance
Y: G' + jec'mho/m, and select the correct answer :
List-I
a.
b.
c.
Characteristic impedance
Z. {ZF
input impedance Z^ when the line B. {W
Propagation constant
The sending-end
Codes
abc
(A) 311
(B) 233
(c)21.2
(D)t22
Lbt-II
1. .{Zy
26
Zs
ftansmiBEion Lines
papEof
Page 562
Chap
ilrGQ 8.4.66
Ilansmission Lines
(A)
(B)
,t: G: 0
RC: GL
(C) Very low frequency range (ft >> uL,G >> uC)
(D) Very high frequency range (R << uL,G << uC)
ruGQ 8.4.67
In an air line,
at
12.5
cm and
37.5 cm.
zo
"+
llii
E+lii
+-c
I
z:O z:l
Figure I
",rl Ii
I
z:0
i-
z: I
Figure
II
(B) t: tlc
(D) t < 2Ilc
(A)
is
25
(c) 225a
MCO 8.4.70
th*
l-l-
rtco
tirrr
(B) 50 rl
(D) 250 o
For a lossy transmission line, the characteristic impedance does not depend
on
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
tutcQ 8.4.7r
(c)
2.0
(D) 8.0
and
Mce
Q)
MCQ 8.4.73
If
RG: LC
8:g
RC: GL
(D)
ft:
Chap
(c)
(B) 4
(D) 2
1.5
(c) rl2
(D)
MCO 8.4"?5
tllco
8.4.?6
22
(A) 4W
(c) 2w
MCQ 8.4,?7
Z/2 LineB
Line A
(B) 3 r44
(D) 1141
64 Cl respectively,
MGQ 8,4.?8
2.
3.
Tlansmission Lines
reflection coefficient for voltage be 0.6, the voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR) is
(A) 0.66
MCQ 8.4.74
Page 563
(B)
-4'!-..'14-
iltco
Page 564
Chap
8"4.7s
lhdnsrision
Lines
rurcQ 8.4.80
(A)
(c)
1f
8.4.8r
(A) 1/3
8.4.82
.$ff=Y
.(,8=)}
in a load of Zp sttch
(B) 2/3
(D) -r12
(c) -113
scQ
.-"{(*)
3re
.*"{{*)
ilcQ
,-C
(B)
A transmission line has ,R, L,G,C distributed parameters per unit length of
line. If 7 is the propagation constant of the line, which one of the following
expressions represents the characteristics impedance of the line
w E+Fr
rc\
+ tuc_
'v
r3n
4lt'L
rotfffir,
MCO 8.4,83
What is the value of standing wave ratio (SWR) in free space for reflection
for reflection coefficient f :- Il3
(A) 213
(B) 0.5
(c) 4.0
(D) 2.0
MCd 8.4.84
(A) o:0
(C)
ilGQ 8.4.85
o:
(B)
t,e
ft \/
o: Rl[g
(D)cv:
fry
(A) 0.25 pH
(B) 500 pH
(C) 5000 pH
(D) 50 pH
itco
8.4.46
The open circuit and short circuit impedances of a line are 100
What is the characteristic impedance of the line ?
(A) loovec,
(B) 100o
(c) rcol/t9
(D) 50 CI
each.
{$ca s.d"s?
atcQ E,4,s$
!r,tc& 8.4,*$$
MCQ *.4"9{J
40
pF/m
(B) 0.2)
(D) aOr
(A) 20)
(c)
108"
Which one of the following is the correct expression for the propagation
constant in a transmission line ?
(B)
(A)
(C)
(R
j,'L)(G
- rrc)
(D)
(c
- pc)
nllca *r,4,9'!
tltc& *.4.$?
1. ^E+4,
V G+.!dL
2 ^[Z*2",
(2""
'
and,
2""
are
Iine)
3.
V' I I' ,
( I/'
and
I'
(B) 1 and 2
(D) 1 and 3
in
Pagp 565
Chrp
I}enrmhrftn Lirec
Page 566
ilrcQ 8.4.94
Chap E
flensmirsign l,irs6
is
MCQ 8,4.95
(A)
0.2
(c)
0.667
(^)
EltuL
Qst#
MCQ 8.4.96
I
McQ
(B) 0.5
(D) 1.5
@)u#
(D)
mcQ 8.4.98
$oLUTIONS g,{
Page56?
tllt7htyIfYlltlJllrI
Ch,pE
Ttnnrllissiea lrirres
sot.
s"'t.t
u:4 x 10azr
and the wavelength of the voltage wave is
^
Therefore,
:7:r#
(f
: #)
*:9##a
:ffi
1o8m/s)
:1.33 X 10-5
Since, * 'o'ot
So the effect of transmission line on the voltage wavg is negligible i.e. the
output voltage will be in the same phase to the input voltage.
Thus, A and R both are true and R is correct explanation of A.
sol.
4.1.2
:
:
9.6
n'
v :-ewd :- ror,#:(g.g5 x 10-12) x
: 1.84 x 10-10F/m :0.18nF/m
aoL
8.1.s
10-2 m
0.6 X 10-2 m
G':T:o
and the capacitance per unit length of the line is given
o=o
as
1.3
Sfi-i$
1_1
"o-E-r-m
:2 x 108 m/s
as
Chap
llaormirsion
x10_T
Lis
:"':1
. Tr
ffir1oT
oo:nl
e:10.1
Page 56E
.R'
:50O
sol. 8,{.4
u:6 x 108rad/s
and the parameters of transmission line are
R' :0.2kA/m:200Q/m
L' :4pH/m:4 X 10 6H/m
G':8pS/m:8 x 10-6S/m
C':4pF/m:4x 10-12F/m
So, the propagation constant of the transmission line is given as
t-
:
:
sol. 4.t.5
R'
:70elm
L' :O.ApHlm:
x 10-6 H/m
x 10-12 F/m
G':AopS/m:40 x 10-oS/m
C'
l0 pF/m
0.1
10
Zo:
:100_lo
30L 8.1.6
10-6)
10
10-
-A\/
'o -d
as
7-'-2d tF-z
"o -tW\/ E :
Therefore, the characteristic impedance
sol. 8.t.7
oo
will remain
:
Zo :
ap :
o
10
same.
mNP/m
0.1kC)
0.5
:
108
100
10 2 NP/m
fl
m/s
Since the transmission line is distortion less so, the resistance per unit length
R, :
aZo :
as
page ico
(tO-r)(tO0) : 1O/m
chap
and the inductance per unit length of the lossless transmission line is
given
AS
L,
sal.
8.{.8
::h:---1Q0
d: o, -
:2v'Hlm
-2u,H/m
:4{llm
G':4 x 10-4S/m
R'
and
So, the attenuation constant of the distortion less transmission line is given
AS
r--4--'
- :,/ ttr
3 : rl A" r0= : 1000
distortionless line
Zo
sot.
4.1"s
a"s
r,:zt-$:199,i99:1
2,11 Zs - 300 + 150 - 3
and the reflection coefficient at generator end is given as
n -Zn-Zo
ts-ffifi
where Z, is internal impedance of the generator. Since, it is given that the
internal resistance of the generator is zero (i.e., Zn:0) so, we get
0-150
rn:o+150:
sol 8.1"{0 Option (C)
is correct.
:
S:
impedance,
Voltage standing wave ratio,
Characteristic
Zo
SO{L
Since, the load connected to the lossless transmission line is purely resistive
so, phase angle of the reflection coefficient of the line will be
0r:0 or r
Now, the magnitude of the reflection coefficient is given
rnt_,s-1_
i''
as
3-1
nr
i:s+1:3+1:u'a
f :l llI le,fr'
: 0.5e! or 0.5er
: 0.5 or -0.5
For
l-:
z,
and for
l-:-
z,f+#1
: rro[ffi] : aso cr
Ti"n"mi$ion
Lim
Page 570
Chap
: z,lf$1 :
z,
tso[,
*L**]:
so
Tlansmission Lines
line are
:50 O or 450 O
Zt'
$oL
8.l.tt
z,
Characteristic impedance,
Zo
: (zo0 - 72oo) o
:700Q
I :10cm:10 X l0-2:0.1m
uoft) :3cos(a'
10et)volt
c..,:ZfX109
and the phase constant of the wave on the transmission line is
(t fi x 10e
^ : ,r:5t-loT:
't
x 0.1:5
PI
10n'
-F
(in air
up:3 x
108
m/s)
:+
,^:^(Hitm)
.,nnl 200 _
:t'r\@/
:(25 $0L
8.'1.12
i200
+ i100tan(zr/3)
125.a)0
f,
:Q#9,
1.,2,t,....a
sot. 8,t.{3
/as
):;
where, c is the velocity of wave in free space so' at
J:
500
Hz we have
):560
Therefore, the length of transmission line is
c
\-
- 10TO
: lkHz:
1000H2 is given as
Chap
r c
':2ooo
30L $"1,{{
(c/1000) )
:---2-:z
\f2 : I0cm
l.e.
) :20cm
Now, the distance between first minima and load is
/-i' :
7'5 cm
l*r>)
So, the distance between
/,"*:4oin
30L S.{"15
-i:T.r-/.:ffi*
:
^-+ t
: 8"e,"
H :- Ha&u
E
and
(1)
(2)
ar a!
a
ld dy
)4,
l0 -4,
It
o:
0)
az
dz
jueE"a.,
0Hu
-aT
-0
VxE:_jupH
la, o,, a"l
a al.:* I'tPHrou
la
I ar du a" I
lo o E,l
dE.'
aE, :
_ __;- 4.- dr 4". PFfluAu
da
__
So,
it
0!,
0y
Page 571
:o
Tlansmission Lines
Page 572
$0r- &"{"{$
Chap 8
Given,
Tlansmission Lines
l-*
The position of first voltage maximum,
Position of first current maximum(voltage minim&),1-i.
Standing wave
:
:
4.5 cm
1.5cm
: 3
^9
Zs :50Q
ratio,
impedance,
Characteristic
since, the distance between a maximum and an adjacent minimum is
discussed
in previous question.
l-*-
t.e.
l-t"
)/4
as
\14
4.5-1.5:\14
,\ :
So,
12 cm
Again the distance of first voltage maximum from the load is given
as
, - 0r\, n\
qn*47tT 2
4.5:or!12)
+o
417
(For
n:
0)
tr:T
Now, the magnitude of reflection coefficient is given
as
lrl:fi+:3#:?:os
So, the reflection coefficient of the transmission line is
r :1r /0r
":::;Ji;-:50[ffi]
$oL s,{,'l?
Zo
:50(l
Z,
(zo + j1b)
C)
I :7)J20
Since, the transmission line is lossless so, the attenuation constant is zero
a:0
'f : (t+ i0: i0
i.e.
oft
0:
(u:Tl
"I
I
I
t
"I
(32.4
j7t
jr9.2:)o,
3()L 8.1.18
Page 573
Zr,
get
t3,
Chap E
llansmission Lines
t : \14
line,
:0
: (+)(i):
(0:2trl\)
as
jZrtan0l )
. ljZstan|\
: zol:t'\:
J@
\zol"
(07
as
+ znn) l2p
2,.
-tt
as
: zo(#4#\
(,
-"\r*/ : r,(:*ll'':n::^'.'^*'\
t_;1a;w;=n"') (f:lfle/')
::"
/'j-]l'\
: ""\1-lrli
Znl .
so, zin is real if. zo is real and since, zs is always real for a distortionless
line' Thus, zi^ will be purely real at the position of voltage maxima in a
distortionless line.
i.e. A and R both are true but R is not the explanation of A.
8.l.le
l:6m
Zo
cr
:30Q
a.aQ
--toR
zL:(30 - j10)o
a :8r X
I07
and the phase constant of the volatge wave along the transmission line is
p_ti_82rx107
up cfJe,
_ 8tr x 707 x ,/2.25 _
P,:h:i;)
'
3x10o
gzr
107
1.5
3x108
2tr
-5
fl :+
or,
x 6:2.4r
rad,
,,.:^(Hffipj)
:
(2J.r4 + 7b.a8)
:rr(rffi)
C)
,{
,lt
l'f,
I
I
Page 574
$ot- 8.1.20
Chap 8
Tlansmission Lines
lQs-r3o'
Iine is
(23.74+ i5.a8) fl
voltage, we draw the equivalent circuit for thc
input
the
determining
for
so,
transmission line as shown in figure below :
zi,
zs
Usingvoltagedivision,wegettheinputvoltagetothetransmissionlineas
u,: vs"(*A)
,
or,
vs,,^:
v",(*z)
:.u,uo'(##ffi:r.)
:
- {.{s-P2'56'
line is
Thus, the instantaneous input voltage of the transmission
un^(t) :RelV,,i,e,tf
: 4.4 cos(Sn x 107 t - 22.56") volt
sol- s.{.2'l
Zn:
'; Zn: 150
Load impedances to the line I and 2,
ft:: lu: \f $5
ft
Length of the transmission lines 1 and 2,
be Zln and
No*, *e consider the input impedance of line 1 and line 2 be
the input
so'
identical
are
line
Znz rgspectively. Since, the transmission
given
as
and
impedances of the transmission lines 1 and 2 will be equal
(lossless transmission linel
zrnr: znz:
f)
rr(?+mT)
+aoot.n(T+)]
Irso
: tttlr..r,r*4441
(0:2rl\l
:
:'"'[to;-o"6;1
'oo[tto*'100""(3)l
:(70.4- iL7.2qa
be equal to tbc
Therefore, the effective load impedance of the feedline will
i.e.
5(,L a.l.22
(35.20
78.62)
Zm:
Znz
feedline is
: (95.20 _ 79.62) A
ot :(\)t0.3.\):6.61
ZL'
ry_
/ Zr't jZotan0I\
)
"0\6T iZltanql
'*(#.ff##
0
(21,5.14
00tan(0.6n')
62)tan(0.62r]
jl13.4)
Operating frequency
Load impedance,
Characteristic impedance
Generator voltage in phasor form,
I/,g : 150 volt
Internal resistance of generator
Zc : I00Q
Length of the transmission line,
I : 0.375.\
So, the input impedance of the lossless transmission line is given
,,":rr(ftffi)
I roo - /oo *
:1001
,^^.[too-i 1(1oo
it00) A
10e
Hz
as
jrootan(40.875^\ ]
\^
- rroo)tan(f
0.375^),|
(200 +
Therefore, the voltage across the input terminal of the transmission line
is
given as
V,,n
: V""(-Z--\
'"e\Zs+ Zi")
Ila$mission Lins
so,
Page 575
Chap
--2-------r-
2.
: rso(m#ffiifirolo) :
Page 5?6
Chap
"'
1oo' t
"
Since, at anv point, on the transmission line voltage is given as
Tlansmission Lines
zs
:o.szs\
ar
ll
Z.+l
Io'
I
|
zo:loo
zL:G00-
j100)
I
I
I
z:-l
Now, the reflection coefficient of the transmission line at load terminal is
r:/j{:tffi
:o'45e-n343'
VT
106.1eP
13"
;twl O^;:pt.n-;4s
ar -i135"
:loe"
I"(z)
as
:%k-*" - t"i,")
(at
z:
0) is
t,,:fig _ r)
: tffi(t - 0.45e Fr.nr')
af
-11,71
Q.$l
"-lrozt"
Therefore, the instantaneous current at the load terminal
il(t) :
will
be
P1e{I't'evt}
:0.67cos(27T
$$t-
8,1"24
Zon:
Zo
-lZt*Zntanh"Yl\
Z,n: Lo\z;+zrtffi1t
So,
tr:tr(ffiffi)
tanhTl
\t'1
erl
_ e-rl _.
t
Pa6c 67?
;IT;4 e-11
Chap E
Trrscafoeion Llder
i.e.
real part of 7
a*0
ort
Q: a+ i0)
As the attenuation constant of the voltage wave along the transmission line
is not equal to zero therefore, it is a lossy transmission line.
sol-
4"1.25
a(t)
v{ + ft v{ + lnfr,vt
at sending end at t = 0, lt and d
(1)
(Zt:
-1
'n
and
RO_ Z,
(Zo:
Rn* zo
Putting these values in equation (1), we get
u(t,): Vr*-V{-lnVr*
u(t') :- 7nY1
a)
Ro)
(2)
From the shown wave form of the voltage at sending end, we have
t'(t1)
6 no1tr
Vt :24volt
Putting these values in equation (2), we get
6 : - fn(24)
ls :- 4
Ro-Zo _
E;+z; -- -^
of,
- '-'At I :
Rg:60f)
(zo: tooQ)
v{
: v,(Erta)
24: %(60+%0)
n,
8.1.26
:'1$1-!4:
l:
(Vt
38.4 volt
1.5
Rs:200O
% :1A0Q
: 30 volt
Zr :50{l
%
24vok)
Page 578
I
r,:m:333i133:*
r,:ffi:f3;+33:_+
Chap 8
llansmission Lines
is
v{
: v,(qrt%) : ro
" (zoo*oo):
1o,,ort
Now, the time taken by the wave to travel from source terminal to the
terminal (or load terminal to source terminal) is given as
load
r:I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
t :,*%u: 5ns
Therefore, for the interval 0 < t< 5ns, the incident wave
from source to load and will have the voltage
Vi :
10
will be travelling
volt
10
source
ns
<I<
15 ns
3.33
will
be
volt
V{
: lnfz; :-
g'g33
:-
1.11
volt
For 15ns < f < 20ns again the wave reflected by load travelling from load
to source will be added that has the voltage
V;
: ft v; :+:
0.37 volt
This will be continuous and the bounce diagram obtained between source
(atz:0) and load (at z:!.5m) will be as shown in figure below:
Z:0.75m
=Ll3
Ir,: -l/3
Z:1.5m
5ns
15 ns
\
sol.
a.1.27
u(t)
: 10 volt
for 0 < t< 10ns
< t < 20 ns, three voltage waves with y1+ : 10 volt
Vr+
V{ + Vl -t V}
10ns<l<20ns
:10 -
3.33
1.11
volt
Thus, the obtained voltage wave form is plotted in the figure below
10
5.6
10
sol. a.{.2a
t(nsec)
for
Page 579
Chap 8
Tlnngmission Lins
I
I
Baep
As shown in the smith chart, SWR circle meets the 4 axis (real part of
reflection coefficient) at ,Lr and .L2 respectively. So, We have the two possible
values of normalised impedance (real values of z1).
at L1
zn :2.5
al Lz
zn :0.4
is defined as
normalised
impedance
the
Since,
[80
Ctnp.i
ftansmisclo. Llnot
Load impedance
pL-
Characteristic impedance
?:2.5
So, we have
Lo'L
v_
201
oIt
Zr,
- ntr
Z ..)
:fr:
zoo
: fu:
Similarly,
,r,
or,
Zor:fu
g,4
Loz
_ 50 -_ .,.r".
,oo ro
Q.4
- - Zt ,r:"d
100+J5o
:1*fl.5
general form
zt:r*jr
where r is the normalized resistance (real component) and
normalized reactance (imaginary component). we get
i:
r is the
r:1andr:0.5
lr t:
OP
oQ
_ n,
g'Acrr. - u'""
--2.icm
(6) Angle of the reflection coefficient
at point Q
in
as
0r :76'0"
(7) Thus, we get the reflection coefficient of the transmission line
f :lfll- t/0r:0.22e'16
as
Ir
tf
rlrl|l+?r
ALTERNATIVE IUIETHOD:
as
0.24
/lS::
0.24en6'
sol
8.{.30
(5)
: r* jr :0.6I+ j(-0.022):
0.61
J0.022
arn
17
Ll)
100(0.61
j0.022)
(61 _
p.2)A
ALTERNATIVE TETHOD:
We can conclude the input impedance at
Page 582
Chap
l:
v - ,7 /Zt* jZotan7l\
";" "o\joa iZjan6l)
l}ansmission Lines
roo + Jbo +
:lool
---[t,
jloota"t/?o.ss.\\
'l
\1= /l
+lloo 1:ro;ta"(2f
0.35)),|
: (61_ 12.2)0
l,
$oL
8"{.31
with chart.
l:0.25),-0.144^
0.106)
80L 8,'r.32
sol- 8,{,33
r+V+1
' - Zo-
Zn
(I/+: l Volt)
Page 5E3
and
Chap E
flensniqsign Lines
Zn
,:L#
v++v :2*e.+I-)
7+v':r*l+l
(V+
1,
Zo:
50)
I dvIt v :_%_dT
-25dt
=dV=,
I+ V
(t+
Cr
whereGisaconstant
(1)
- 1"-25t
wave is incident at t:0 so, at f:0+ the current
through inductor is zero and therefore, from the property of an inductor at
f: 0+ the current through inductor will be also zero.
tz-)
(I/*)
(1++1-)",r_n*:o
l.e.
t%- uLL*:'.:o
:0
lh-81*_o*
(Iz+: l Volt)
: l volt
So at l: 0+,
Zo
Putting it in equation (1), we get
(t+r):1
A:2
V- : (2s-n, _
sol
s,1,34
1)
Volt
l-*
: llzo* l[t + r]
and at the point of voltage maxima the current will be minimum bnd given
AS
l/,1*,":\V_ rl
So, the line impedance
z^*:ffk:z'(+#)
: zos
Now, at the voltage minimum the voltage magnitude
is
(t:,
\
_t#)
l% l-"
IYJ l[1 - i-]
and at the point of voltage minimum current will be maximum and given as,
11,,_*:sv*rl
Pare 5E{
gbP a
z^io:#k :
Ilmrnbeicn r.noe
sol. 8.{"35
will
be
z,(#+):?
(r:ij#)
{zta}{z[a+(r" -
')+]]
:{"(ffi)}i^r,{HFB}
:^[+ffi\=Hffii]
:^[=ffiilffir;+t
:*l*ffiltl;#l
:23
8.{.36
rl2z or
impedance
t _ 0r) -r, nA
Inu
- 47(
2
so, for l"t voltage maxima we have n
voltage maxima as
f l/!1is
-G
--0"A
0.125)
:o{\
:T
"'-2
4r + g,
S-1 3-1
lrnrl:3+l:B+T:z
swR
i-
: lf l/!t:t"^,, : *
"":t;:n
\1-+/
:
of
: {rlrrt,
,
,rn*
(a)
(60 + 780)0
as
sol. 8.t,3?
will be given
as
W : #h
(Zn
: ffi+# :
As the wave travels in the
*Z
lovort
'r:j=-:+
L'C' J@.2b x
,/
10-6)
:2 x 108m/s
So, the voltage pulse will reach at l: 5 m at time,
5 : zc
^- ns
t'(t: tt-loT
So, at l: 5m for 0 < f < 25ns,
V:0
and for t ) 25 ns
V:V{:lOVolt
(100
10-12)
Therefore the plot of voltage against time at a distance b m from the source
is as shown in graph below.
soL
8.1.39
[+
so, the
Vl:ftVf
The 2"d forward pulse voltage is given
as
V{ : lnVl: fsLV{
The 2'd reflected pulse voltage is given
as
V; : lr.V;: fnf?V{
So, summing up all the pulses at load end for steady state
the load voltage as
,t=
(l +
oo) we get
v{+vl+V{+v;+...
rzJ[r + n t ryrt + rnfi -y ....1
tz,*[(r + tntr* 4r] +....)+rr(r + rsrL+.
'r[(T=+/]).(,+E)]
v{(#h)
X)t<**X******
)]
Page [E5
Chap
Ilangmission Lines
soLUTloNs 8.2
Page 5E6
Chap
Dansmission LiDg
sol.
8,2.1
Given,
:Zil Ffitl
no,-r
-i\a*t1
1 T"x(+xto\x(zx+"xtotir 1 , 1 r
l.oi;lo--TiJ )
-- fr\l
:
s$L
8.2.2
0/m
0.788
r,'
:ftn(*):ry%fg'(#i#)
:2.77 x
sol.
8.2.3
10-7
H/m
277
nHlm
Given,
r :-27ro
-2tr ,.4H9; :,
hrT:
$oL
8"2.4
u:lrrT:---l"m
:
3.61
10-10
F/m
361pF/m
as
sol
s.2.S
Page 58?
Given,
Width of strips,
Conductivity of strips,
u :2.4 x
Permeability of strips,
Operating frequency,
So, the parameter -R' is given
l.r
-Po
f:
1.16
Chap 8
10-2 m
108
Tbansmissien IJins5
S/m
4GHz: 4 x l}e Hz
as
R':2.@
uv o
__2
M
2.4 x lj-'tt/
1.16
108
:0.9722Qlm
sot- 8,?.6
w
d
:4.8
:0.3
cm
:4.8 x 10-2 m
0.3 x 10-2 m
cm :
Permittivity of dielectric,
l.I :2p4
So, the inductance per unit length is given as
L,
sok
a.2.7
_2x4zrx10-7x0.3x 10-2
-pd
w
4.8 x 10-2
: 7.57 x 10-7 H/m : I57 nHlm
Operating frequency,/
l GHz :
10s
Hz
+:
En-{ fud
o :-\/ tr"rfrrfi4x10:
sot
*_g.s
7.22
(u
10-5
V:
:2rf)
along a
Voe-o'
Now,
it's
source amplitude.
So, we get
:
e-"Po) V
Voe-"t
ISVo of.
Vo
o.1g
a :0.10Np/m
sol.
8"2,9
'y:a-ti0:0.5+P,A
(/:20m)
Page 5E8
a:0.5
Chap 6
Tlansmiesisn Linss
:2'4
V:
along a
i
Voe-"I
where Vs is the amplitude of the source voltage wave. Since the amplitude of
a voltage wave after travelling a certain distance down a transmission line is
reduced by 87% so, for the given transmission line we have
L\
e-"1
l/se-or:(t
- ffi)
:0.13
r:]r"(#)
:a.oa-
Therefore, the shift in phase angle for the travelled distance is given as
o'l 360" t
,_ p,\T)
: (2 4X4 08)(#)
sol.
8.2,10
:561'
f :SGHz:5
Operating frequency,
Characteristic impedance,
Zo
X 10eHz
:80Q
0 :7.5 rad/m
Phase constant,
So, the inductance per
r,-FZo - 1.5x80
a 2rx5x10e
: 3.81nH/m
sol. 8"2.tt
(w:2rf)
:
/*io :
V**
volt
2.4volt
as
as
J.-:r.s
- "'"
2.4
f -,S-1-2.5-1:n.43
-S+1-25+f-'
$oL 8,2.12
Zo
Characteristic impedance,
:25Q
t, : rym(l\
Je, \al
25-60'r-l
-
6"'\uo;
tb=7
b:(0.6
OI,
Y1g-t)"zs{stao
Page 589
:0.0021 m:2.1mm
sol
8.2"13
Chap
zL:(r5-125)A
Characteristic impedance
Zo :25{l
so, the reflection coefficient of the transmission line is given
as
zo _05-i25)-25
-r _zr
zt* Zo (rb * ps)+25
:0.57e-J7s'8"
s:ff:i+*#:365
8.2.'14
I-l
Operating
a :2rf:4tr
x IO6 rad/sec
When the line is short circuited, input impedance is
Z:; : jurL
(Equivalent to 32 nH inductance)
j(4tr
106)(82
10*,)
fr.4e
-," -
(Equivalent to 20 pH capacitance)
3UC
:@:-i3979'9Q
Therefore, the characteristic impedance of the transmission line is given as
zo J zi;-zi;
: rrre{Fqsl8g
:40e
sot.
8.2.ti
ft:
12: \f {
So, the input impedance for line
1 is given as
2..:23,-(100f
zialzL -T50-: -2O0.,
3 ,'
F}om the shown arrangement of the transmission line it is clear that the
effective load for line 2 will be equal to the input impedance of line 1.
l.e,
Zt'
Ztnt:
Sn
z -z&z- QooY
z*:il:ffii:600o
sol-
4.2.{6
Thansmission f,ines
Page 590
0"), .
4lr'
ho-
Chap 8
n).
(1)
Tlansmission Lines
:-
-:
-i-3-75
0r
:-
for
e.
79.8"
n:
0 we have
4x
47r---79.8" 4tr
^u--fu^
:- 0.44 x 10-2 m
70-2
T
u
"180"
which is negative (i.e. the point doesn't exist). Therefore' the l"t maximum
voltage will exist for n:l and the distance of the 1't maximum from the
load is
i.e.
,^*:T*i
(n:
:- 0.44 x 10-2 +2 x
: 1.56 x 10-2 m
: 1.56 cm
sol
a.2.{7
1)
10-2
3^14
(Dista.nce
from load)
^/2
^14
Now, it is clear from the figure that the distance between two adjacent
maxima and minima is ),14
i.e.
I**
- l-r :4
-4
l*o :
at a distance
1'56 cm
h-
Lo
- I :1.56
-t : o.so"ro
Thus, the distance of 1't current maximum from the load is 0.56cm.
sal
8"2.18
%o
Page 591
:150V
:
Zr, :
I:
Zo :
Chap
l00Q
I50Q
Zg
''":"(ffiffi)
_,nn[ 150*/00tan(+15)
-'*[@]
: too(ffiffi)
as
: {ro.r -
1',2.7)a
zs
+
uin
Znn
z^
rZ** Zo=\)
82'5 - i32'7
: 150/
sz-fuftioo
V.nn:
vn(
input current is
tt
1's
t ta"
"-
77'8e-itl+s"
::Lti; -:1i,ffiffi7
- o.81eto16'
P,,:|n
to the
transmission line
fu,n^Ifnl
8,2.{S
h: la: \12
input impedance of the line 1 is given
as
,,"r:rr(*+Em)
jzotan(+ll
z^lz',*
- "lz'+E;taneil]
: z,(2#):'u
Similarly the input
;t"::3"
of line 2 is given
as
Ilansmission Lines
2zrlA)
Ctap
lt -
26,r:
Page 502
15gg
The effective load for line 3 will be equal to the equivalent impedance of tbe
parallel combination of input impedances of line 1 and line 2.
Ilansmission Lines
Zr,'
1.e.
Zn
:ry
tll
Zo*
:75Q
v,i,
as
(Length of line
3,1: )/2)
: v,,(ZkZ) :5oo(zs+%o)
:2I4.2Bvolt
1",,n
:V:Zn
2.86
Thus, the average powel delivered to the lossless transmission line 3 is given
as
Pn:P',efV",n ltn^l
Pt
i$t"
Pz:
+:+
306.11
to
each load
tr53.1Watt
line
i.e.
1.
Zr"
Zoa: 200 O
il
ll
Z;,2
: Zn:200o,
of line 2 will
(I:
^12)
as
Therefore, the reflection coefficient at the load termirral of line 2 is given
an-Zrr-Zoz-200-100
-1
-Z;2+Z;-200TT00 -3
Now, the input voltage of line 2 is determined by using voltage division rule
AS
I z*'z \
V"jn_ t',*\j*ae)
-*\200Tf00)*3
[;
v"(z)
8
z:-A/2
Page
vt("+(+)+ re Px(i))
: v{(e-'* feF)
(v,(r):
:;x1_ri5
I/o+-8"
:-
V,a at
z:-\12)
(.:$)
2volt
of line 2) is
P:,
:lr
pk: (+i
X 2o
: 2.2 mwatt
Pk
sol
8.2.2'l
: Pl,- Pk:20 -
2.2:'17.8 mWatt
as shown
in figure below.
The generator voltage is applied .to dlre transgrission line at time f : 0 for
which the voftage at the send!4g etd is
o(O) : 10 volt
(at f: 0)
After time at:Aps the volgage u(d) at the sendiqg end changes to 6v.
This change in the voltage w.ill be calised onry if the reflected voltage wave
from the load cornes to the sendipg end. so, the time duration fqr the change
in voltage 4t sending end can be.given as
the load)
oI'
where
A,t
=L+L:21
up I)p
(1)
Up
UP:c:3X108m/s
Putting it in equation (1) we get
2I
4Ps: 3xL08
"
Thus, length of the transmission line is
r_3x108x4x10-6
':ffi:6(x)m
bOS
Chap 8
flrnsmisgiqn Li1sg
({t:
a ps)
Page 594
sol. a.:"22
Let the load impedance connected to the transmission line is Zr, so the
equivalent circuit for the transmission line will be as shown in figure belor' :
Chap 8
Tlmmission Lines
Es:100
Sending
end
Zo:lOO
zL
].e.
: Zo: 100 O
So, the reflection coefficient due to source resistance will be zero and
therefore, the change in voltage at sending will be caused only due to the
reflection coefficient at load terminal given as
Au(t1 : 7Yo'
where, 7s+ is amplitude of the incident voltage wave and f is the reflection
coefficient at the load terminal. Since, the change in voltage at, t:4 ps is
:6 - 10:-4 : \0f
Au(t)
So, we get
:-#:-
Zo)
(7t*
10
V)
0.4
0.4
(Zo:
effi):-04
100o.)
ZL-700:-0.42t-40
Zt :42'86Q
sol.
4.2.23
Correct answer is 4.
As determined in previous question, for a wave travelling through the three
mediums of intrinsic impedances \t, qz and 43, the condition for matching
dielectric (the intrinsic impedance of medium 2 that eliminates the reflected
wave in medium 1) is
,t, : ,/ rlrrl,
all
the
media
have ;l :
Since,
equation can be rewritten
t@_
t/ er-
,t,l0
as
u#)G/#)
sot- 8.2.24
(,: '/T)
:4o
The thickness 'f ' of the dielectric coating for the perfect matching (the
condition for eliminating reflection) is given as
t: j
(quarter wave)
where
frequency is
terms of
Chap
\:lt-f
flanimissisl
where oo is the phase velocity of the wave in the propagation medium which
is given as
,o
so, at frequency
/:
3 x-108
: l:
1
s ru 1o8
r'v
rv
+JPe Jpoheo 2 1.5 GHz the thickness of
as
,_up
: _: 1.5x108
So,
sol.
8.2.25
'
Zo
Load impedance,
Zr.
:60Q
:780Q
% :100V
Zs :120Q
Voltage generator,
Internal resistance,
So, the first forward voltage pulse will be
6o--^\too:190vott
Vf: / Zn \" (60-_r
\z;T4)v,: ' ,zu7
,r
tr-4-A-180-60-1
- z;Tz,: r8o-TTo :
as
11
Zo-Zo 120-60-l
l' - 2,;6:
T2o +60:3
as
vt(#h)
v,:
t.e.
100/ 1 ++ \
: -r\1-Gxt/
:l$q rt"9:60vort
$EL
8,2_26
Page 595
Voltage generator,
: 50 Volt
Zc :30{l
Zo : 15Q
%
Internal impeda.nce,
Characteristic impedance,
Load impedance,
So, first forward voltage pulse is
v{
Zt :45Q
:(#z)v,:(mrfm;, :ry
n -Zo-Zo 30-15
ro-/ot-fi:m+lb:5
, _zr_zs_45_15
'L -
Z;T4:6115:2
Linsg
Page.E96
Chap
So,
at steady state
(r:
v,: v,.(|:ifi.)
sol 1-+ \
=
Trirnsdilbblon trities
a\r:6157
:$" E"t:3ovolt
r,
sol.
a.2,27
:g:
gg: ?:0.67
td
LJ.
V{
: Vn:6Volt
and from the plot we get the first forward pulse current
as
1i :75mA
Therefore, the characteristic impedance of the transmission line is given
as
.:goo
zo:yi:
-jl-tE 6LF-'
sol.
8.2.28
as
r -Zn-Zn--'
to
-Zo+7o--'
and
Now, from the plot of input current (current at generator errd) we get,
Vl :75mA
(1)
V'*-Vl'fV{:-5mA
and
(2)
where, Vr+ is the first forward voltage pulse, V1 is the first reflected voltage
pulse and I/2+ is the second forward voltage pulse. So, putting the values of
these voltages in terms of reflection coefficients we get
Vt*
r-2n
or,
5rnA
5mA
:-+
f
/i)
(r,:-1)
(vr*
:75 mA)
n:f5
For determining load resistance of the line the reflection coefficient is written
as
zL-zo_g
Zr* Zo - 15
z,-80 Lffi:fr
(Zo:80Q
ZL(15-8):80x8+15x80
Thus,
Zr.
:262.85Q
******
r<* r<*
as calculated
in previous question)
SOtUTlOlrl$ 8,3
Page 597
Chap
*aosnirgi{rn Lins
$sr,
$.3".t
as
^t:a+jp:w
where,
a is attenuation constant
p is phase constant
unit length of the line
G' is conductance per unit length of the line
.L' is inductance per unit length of the line
C' is capacitance
nce per unit length of the line
-R' is resistance per
R,
R':G':0
-tT
oo: tld
and the propagation constant of lossless transmission line is
O:0
R,
i::c
G,
E'u-ld-lG,
ry
til
Of'
rv
* i0: ^/Ed
a:^/Hd+o
I,t{Td
Therefore, the attenuation constant of distortion less line is not zero but it
is real.
Thus, (A) and (B) is correct statement while (c) is not a correct statement.
$sL
s,3"?
and,
wave length
(Short circuit)
(Open circuit)
: )
iZoraiQl\
:Z,\ffi)
z, - z^lhi
Page 598
Chap
Ilansmission Lines
where,
I is the length of
t-T'l:4r.
t:ixb:Znn
: \14
sor.
8.3.3
Open
circuit
end
8.3.4
Short
circuit
end
So,
z^: 4(?li4j44\
-"\zo* jZ;tanPI )
o: z,(wmp!)
(zr: o, zn:
:0
pl : 0, T, 27r,..........
jtanBl
8.3.6
)-/
.W
eol-
(B:Zn\
xxx********
0 so, we get
o)
soluTloNs 9.4
'
Page 599
Chap
llansmiesi6n Lines
ssl
S"4".1
: !" [EmlL\
e"'\a)
6 - outer cross sectional
as
Ztt
where,
--+
So,
Zo: t/F6-hlL\
e6e, "'\a
4trxl0-7x36zr
-105x
:
s$L
$$.c,.?
100
10s9
f)
'(+)
Since.
diameter
Zo:J422
100:r/50x200
As this is quarter wave matching so, the length of the transmission line
would be odd multiple of ),/a.
Now,
For
For
/t:
$:
(2rn+ 1)+
429M11z,
"
1GHz,
T+z: +zg?ffi7
o'174m
'':i+4:di*%:o'075m
both lr and
/2 as
(2rn* r;
(2rn-r 1)
: LF -
1',58
h
:9
21
lD
n,4.:3
d :2mm
f :I0GHz
0:nl4
since the phase difference between the two points on the line is defined
t:To
d is the
,*
4:-Xa
A:8d:8X2mm:16mm
as
Page
Chap
600
E
rlansmission
a,
Lines
sot 8.4.4
as
]"*: ?
Zt :fZnl^io
sol-
4.4.5
: ?: $ :
fO
ff
(Zo:
5052,
^9:
5)
:1
l&'l'+l&'1'
So, we
get
0.2
network,
Sn:
Szr
szr:0'9 /90"
sol.
4.4.6
-m
zo: t/ G
(1)
:,fRG
(2)
o:*:?#:o.ooz
sol.
8.4.?
v -- uolzo
vlzr'+ jz"tan0ll
* jzt tan Pl ]
ain
impedance,
:30Q
Z":30{l
Zr.
l:I
as
:t*(f f): *
tanpl
So,
(u:'f)
,-r':lm"l:d:6oQ
:0dl
Load impedance,
Zt
Characteristic impedance,
Zo :30o,
(Short Circuit)
,,-)
-g
:t*,(f *):
tanpt
Z;*
jZ"tanBI:
as
frO
60+130 O
Zt :60 *730
So, the reflection coefficient
'
is
- 160+F +To l: m
', _lZr-z"l
- lZ;'r2; | _160+:3-6ot
1
: r-7.i :-t+ln
s:1+l{l
-ffi:
sol.
a.4.a
L'64
Zr:50
Zr:50
,z
o2
"i" -Lo
-Z
()/4)
Chap 8
Ttansmission Lines
I Zt t;zl
Tltan7l'r""1-o'
znn Now, ror A/8 transm
Page 601
Page 602
Chap
where, z() is the characteristic irnpedance of the line and 21 is the load
impedance of the line. so, for line 1 we have the input impedance
as
Ilansmission Lines
:4: # : f)
Similarly, for line
the input
z,:*:#:2ooo
zo,
2oo
2,
impedance is
Zn
Zrll
Zn
:2000
||
2000
100f)
,o:*:#:2be
soL
8.d.,$
as
:'"\2.+ jzia@D)
zn-7lzt+iz"tun(p')\
since, the given transmission line of characteristic impedance zs:75o is
short circuited (21: 0) at its one end. Therefore, the input impedance of
the line is
26": jZ"tan(pl)
Now, the operating wavelength of the line is
so,
^:f:3i#:0.1 morlocm
fl:+t:?o"r:F
Therefore,
Zi,
: jZ,tan[
(/:3GHz)
(l:
l cm)
,:
[i;l f;;]
zo) - z"
(50 | 50) - 50
:- (5oll
:-'o -:(Z'll
soF 50
6p;;4
I
i
1
sn:sz'::dft#!r":#Hr1%
(Ztll z")- z" _ (b0 ll50) - b0
,r^^ _
(zrll z") + z" (50 lTo;1_ 56 : - 3
1
soL s.4"*t
:4
-Zt
znt
: *:
#:
ru
: h: #: r2.s
zta
Page 6oJ
Chap 8
as
Tlansmission Lines
: 25 ll r2.5: +
So, the input impedance of the 50 O transmission line is
,, :@x)":300
T
r :4-A- z;+%:
3oo
50
300+io-
as
:- 75
have
l0logGo
10 dB
Gp:lo
The power gain of the antenna is defined
as
__t
"p n
Proa
where P,"a is the radiated power of the antenna and. p", is the input power
feed
9:&e
-1W
or
sol-
8.rt"{3
P,od
:10
Watts
5ox5o bo
" -z&- z*- 100+750:
zTSj:49# :7.6e - tr.skj
"""
sot.
8.d"t4
4
oc :ffi:1:4
-V^u-
as
A
Since, voltage minima is located at the load terminal so, the load. impedance
of the transmission line is given as
sol
s"*.ir
zt :lzn l^,^:
?
:5f :
tz.s
r :ftjfu:1;*i*3:-06
sol.
8.4.ts
(zo:
as
sofl,
,9:
4)
The ratio of the load impedance to the input impedance of the transmission
line is given as
Page 604
Chap
Va-Zo
Ttensmission Lines
Vn -
: +^u,
:463@:
v,
sol.
8.4.t4
Zno
6o
r+
i(-I)
If
at
is
h: r-0'5j
4: Z*0.5j
or
8.4.te
as
"o-1-lrl
-1+ll-l
where
2:1-!!l
'-t+1ri
(s:2)
tr,l:
lr l:5 1
or
P,
as
_tTp_l
z:t, t_g
P,:+
or
8.4.20
o
z'":
Now, for
)/2
as
o lzr'+ jz"tan0l]
toQo+
iz'tanfr
l:Al2
and
Zn :100(7
So, the input impeda,nce of the )'12 transmission line
z": z"W+im:
is
zn:roo{,
(u:T\
I:\18
and
Zn
:0
(short circuit)
.\/8 line
is
Page 605
zlo+iz'tanil- jZ":il}{l
zinz=2"ffi:
2rt
-r)
:4-+]-
Lint
as
Zin2
:#+i*o:o'01-P'02
100
sol- 8.4.2{
as
1+]"* _
-r_f
where
0 to 1. Therefore,
so|.
sol.
sol.
8,4,22
8.4.23
8,4.24
,S varies
8,4.25
leSs
if
LG:
in the constant
RC
sol-
o.
from 1 to
ZocZi: ft00 x 2b :
10
x 5 : 50e
|:zz.s-t2.s
ort
),:2x15:30cm
f : x: Lt#n1:
$oL
where
pl
: T, l:
50 cm
l GHz
(c:3X1010cm/s)
Chap
flansnfusiel l,insg
tr
Page 606
Chap 8
\:9:1"
T T
Tlansmission Lines
as
1
lJ--
JLC
_ 1 "
_____1_
25 x 100
Jtox 10-6 x 40 x 1o-12
JLC
-5x107-:2m
25 x 10'
So, the electric path length is
fl:+
sol-
8,4.27
50
x 19-':frradian
fzo*]^^:
where S is standing wave ratio along the transmission line. Since, the
reflection coefficient lz, of the transmission line is given as
!9:g:l
,,:4:4:199,
- 150 - zr.* zi - 100+50
-r-+ _r
-r-lnl _1+l-
uq_1+lrrl
Izn
$oL
8.4,28
l*":9
:zsa
'' -
Load impedance, 21 =
Length of line,
I-
Zo,:
So,
"olz;w;iffiill
^*4m]
Zo
: jtanhfu-n"
sol
8,{.29
as
(ta"rtf
- "";
2n
:- "olz'+-izLtan0|]
z^l4ii4t""-41
where
Zo
and
Zt 'LoadimPedance
I - Length of transmission
0 :2nl\
So, we
have PI:++:+
Zt
:0
I
and
Zo
:50{l
Page 607
Chap 8
a.:,'[ffiffi]:*
Tbansmission LineE
i.e. infinite input impedance and thus, the current drawn from the voltage
source
sol
4"4.30
will be zero.
:v:ffi
as
'r*Q -
...(1)
as
...(2)
', sor-
8"4,31
_1
frThJ4:
z;e
as
"
o," --ZB
Z,
where zs is characteristic impedance of the line and z7 is load, impedance
of the line. Since, the ),14 lineis shorted at one end (i.e. Zr. : 0) So, we get,
Zi' : zrliYl$:
t u2L
sol-
a.d.32
...(1)
4T
where l^* is the distance of point of maxima from the load,, 07 is phase angle
ofreflection coefficient and ) is operating wavelength ofline. So, putting the
value of l-o is equation (1), we get
^*-
\ _er^
4- 4tr
0r:r
Now, the standing wave ratio of the line is given as
1+lt-l
or,
i.e.
"e _- 7-lr
3:1+l?l
-1-lr'l
(s:
3)
lr'l:112
fr:lfrlrer:LA:-*
-!2 - tu-75
Rr,+75
as
(Zt:
Page
608
Chap 8
rlansmission
Rr,
Lines
t*{}1-
s. :3
: 2Rr, - 150
:
3Bt 75 + Rr' :
75
25 Q
o - l7-*l
-+ -"
"-lY*;l-2-4
$t}t s"4.34 Option (A) is correct.
Characteristic
impedance,
Zo
SWR
So, we
have
:60Q
:4
++ : S: 4
L.D:9:
0.6
as
n _Z;T%
,L
-Zr-Zo
So,
O.a:ffi
tr:ffix
60
:240O
$:L
s.4.3s
$*L
8.4.3?
as
--.F0T-50'L-z;TA
-j
*
vsw*_1+lrrl_1+l_*
vuYvrr --[l/;1-1=Tsot-
fi.4.3f
Zr =0
,,^:
Now,
for
<
r,(ffiffi)
+ pt<
as
= izotangt
^14
So, tanpl is positive and therefore, Z;n is inductive
a.+2
Zm:
- Pt:r
':i
tanBI:0 and therefore, Zin-
cn4
d-3
For
s"*.s$
o:JRG, 0:aJLC
and for lossless transmission line,
:0,
0: o,/rc
So, for both the type of transmission line attenuation is constant and is
independent of frequency. Where as the phase shifb p varies linearly with
frequency
rr,,.
s.4.48
I :500m
/0, :- 150'
,\:150m
Phase angle,
Operating wavelength,
Consider the reflected voltage wave for the lossless transmission line
terminated in resistive Ioad as shown in figure.
by 150'angle.
total no. of
)/2
distance,
maxima:ffi
-
500
(150i2)
02
"3
:4
PaE Cet
Chp t
I}ansrirsimLlE
t:i- 0t:5
For
tanpl:
b-1
fi, is capacitive
360"
:240"
F}om the wave pattern shown above we conclude that the remaining phase
(240") will include one more maxima and therefore the total no. of maxima
Page 610
Chap
Thansmission Lines
is
8(}L 8.4.41
7.
as
n -Zt-Zo
'L-Zrj^
For a matched transmission line we have
Zt --
Zo
lr, :0
So,
i.e. matching eliminated the reflected wave between the source and the
matching device location.
sol
8,4,42
,7
1tm
jz'stan(\X))l
(z'oY
o,lzr+
-z;
- 2'l
z,+Eianey3;1-
r.e.
oL:
Zo :
zL:-20il
Z'r,
a5s:(?:^t
- 200
Z,O: /G@pool
sol
8.4"43
: 3oo r)
Zv-a
t:+
,,,:
-rq+
8.4,44
(quarter wave)
t,(Hffi):-
__ jz,cot(+)(*)
5('L
(open circuit)
(27
izocotgr
' a1
:o
(open circuit)
as
Page 611
(zt: *1
l}ansmission Lines
Chap
impedance,
Lineparameters,
Attenuation constant,
:0
R:G:Q
o :0
Load
So, the
(lossless line)
Zn
(short circuit)
(loss free line)
(loss free line)
as
rr:4=4:-1*o
Ltt
Lo
sol.
8.4.46
So
7r-Zr-Zo--1
- z;+z; --
So,
(Zt: *1
zt'- Zo
l, - z;+z;-
(a-2)
(b-3)
1
L
(Zr:
7, -- z:-4: o
7o;
(c. -+ 1)
Zo*
fi
sot- s,4.47
Tffi2;: t
It :7/o'
sol
8.4.48
so,
1+l
vswR: 1+ll-r
i=5:
r
Option (A) is
correct.
-p1:
so,
sol
8.4,49
l-:
'
vswR:1*lli:9:l
1-lfl-4-2
oo
(d'+
a)
Page 612
Ohap
[T+.loL
on:
t,-:C
f
TlairsmlssiDn Linos
line (,R
So, for lossless transmission
-G+
v_trC
as
0)
"o_\/
4.4.$t) Option (C) is correct.
(a-3)
s.4"5{
(c -+ 2)
(b-+
1)
as
-za
:
T,
zt"
s.4.sz
8.4.$3
l(r) : ft.e
as
2"'
So,
:0.1\
(Given)
t'\;
: (0.3r: r3(]')(('-?'.t(0
f(z) : lrs
: g.3s- ito"1s tt't"1
: 0.3e j1o2' - o.3e'2t'3
2r(tt
1)))
(Assurne o
0)
5(}L 8"4,54
$oL
8,4"55
sol.
e.4.s6
Operating frequency,
Conductivity,
f :25kHz
o : Smholm
e" :80
Relative perrnittivitv,
The attenuation constant for the medium is defined
as
n: r,FF
(o >>
c"'e)
Chap
0t:
po)
as
Voe,"L
(1)
it with equation
(1) we get
(0.11
.${}t- $.4-r{7
: r "'
_
It :-
or,
In(0.1)
_""J.27 m
ffi1zi:
always measured in
anticlockwise direction. So, statement 3 is incorrect while statement 1 and
2 are correct.
${3t
$.i!-sa{
h :75(l
Characteristic impedance,
Load impedance,
zL:(7oo-jrs){)
Z'r' : Zu
load impedance of the transmission line after
conrrecting an additional circuit. So, the best rnatching will be obtained by
a short circuited stub at some specific distance frorn load.
where
S$L &,!i-It
or,
:
:
'S
201o916.9
(t0)6/20:
as
:311:;i:o'33
Ir-S-1
'-1
${:rL tt"4"rii}
Z*:4
Zr.
Ilanemissiqn Lines
:0.7025
V
Page 613
Page 6L4
Length of line,
Chap 8
l}ansnission Lines
Load impedance,
l:)/8
Zt :0
So'
p,
: (+)(+):
t,^:t,(Hffi):r,(tu#)
:
jzo
(2) Given,
Length of line,
Load impedance, Zr. -- 0
t:\14
n:(+)(+):+
So,
z - v IZL+izoLanPl\
"o\/oa jzrtan6l)
"n"
:,,(!ry):r."
(3) Given,
Length of line,
Load impedance, 21 :a
l:\12
pr
So,
: (+)(+):
"
,,":rr(Zr*Um)
: Zr(#)
:- i."
(4) Matched line have the load impedance equal to its characteristic
impedance
i.e.
Zr, _t7
-LO
sol.
8.4.62
o (Zr.* jZstanPll- ,?
-- "o\z;+izian0l
)- "o
line, I : \18
Load impedance, 21 - 0
7t
r2n'tl lt
So,
Pl - \T/\8/
-4
Length of
z,^:
If the line is distortion
z,(Hffiffi):
less (i.e.
o:
z'*',ntt
is
So,
reactive.
or
s9L
&.4.63
Zt :25Q
Load impedance,
l:\14
Length of line,
The characteristic impedance of quarter wave transmission line is zs that
connected between the load and the transmission line of output impedance
400
as shown
in figure.
25Q
So,, the
,r,:tr(Hm):q
Therefore,
sol
8.4.Sd
as
Zo
JZn
h :
,/ 4oo
x 2s:
100 Cl
I:\/8
:0
Zr,
p,:(+)(+):+
So, we get
t'' :
t'(*ffi):
a(fi): in
which is inductive
lossless
zo:
r.:L tz
C+Fe : \/
R+
(a-+ 2)
a^s
as
1 : ^/(N1rfi@+q"Q:,/Zy
(b-+ 1)
,,"_r,(ft1ffi)
Given,
So, we get the
Zr,
: Zo
input impedance
as
Page 615
Chap E
llansmisslgn Lingg
Pgge
6rf
Chap
Ilanemis3ion Linej
/t7
Zn: Zo: \/Y
sol.
4.4.66
("'2)
cu.
R:G:0
a-s
.y:a-t j0:KR+Jrire+t
o :0 and fi: rJ LC
cu
so,
it
phase
RC:GL
R _G
L_C
.f
:a+
j{3:^/RC
i.e.
o :,,/EG, and p: g
Since, B is not function of r.r so, it is not the distortionless line.
$oL 8.4.67
(d)
R<<wL,G11aC
.Y : cy * j0:
rn-(p^j"e)
i.e.
:0
and 1J:
,'frc
^f2:(37.5-12.5)
),f2 :25cm
i.e.
l:5Ocnr
c 3x108
rt -^-50x10-2
: 600 MHz
3('L
S,/t.68
vi::a:F:4
- Zo-l Z,t" -
as
(21:
co)
so.
Page 61?
Chap
flansmissietr Linsg
_ r.t/'-E
_Z
v,, _tLvo
The tirne taken by the wave to travel the distance between source alcl loacl
terminal is giveri as
,
,.t
-l
-E
i.e.
('L . t.4.(:
$$*
8"d.,{{t)
s*i-
*.4"?&
${3L *"41,?t
s*L
$.4,??
RG
T:E
or
ssl.
&."{"?3
RC:GL
<-,f
the line is
f :0.6
Srr. the voltage standing wavc
ratio is defined
as
swR:!tf,+:J+99:+
1-li-i -1-0.6$$L
S".4"?S
Zo
:50Q
Zr :700Q
7+ : l0V
100_50:3
', -_zr,_za_
TlrZ,, - Too++ 50
sol.
*_4"?$
\
Option (C) is correct.
Characteristic irnpedance,
Zo :50Q
Load impedance,
Zr-15-.i20A
norma\ized
So, the
\oad impedance is given as
',:2;:H
-rH
:0.3-io.4
as
Page 617
lL
Chap
Tlnnsnission Lines
-.r/+_ZE
_tLvo
V/o-_
The tirne taken by the wave to travel the distance between source and load
terminal is giveri as
, -l
,,t-c
where
wave. Now, frorn the plot we observe that at z:0, voltage of the line is r!',t!
rvhere as at z: l, voltage is E therefore, it is clear that the voltage wal,e tras
been reflected from the load but not reached yet to the genera,tor.
I.e.
L. t.4.c
*$&L S,d"{i*
ssl-
e"4,"?8
$$N- S,4"?1
s#,- ti"4"7*
RG
D:E
or
$st-
&,4-y3
RC:GL
f :0.6
So. the voltage standing wave ratio is defined as
swR:ftlfl
-1-0.6r- fl :1+99:+
s$t-
&"4-?d
t, :- LssL
&.d."?ti
,,:fi:#- i#:o.z_
io.4
as
Page 61E
$0:* 4"4.?6
Chap 8
Ilansmission Lines
Po:l&
-22
1UL
6"4.{
:- YL
zl2
and
P,
Given,
Pa:
So,
vA
and
W,
: (22)W
--
36{L,
a,s
20.".:64{l
: J Z,,Z*. : /36 x 64 :
48o
r:ffi:o
: Zo
l':0
Zr'
(2)
and so, there will be no reflected wave and the wave will have only forward
voltage and current wave which will be equal at all the points on the line.
(3) For a lossless half wave transmission line
Zn:Zr
So, statement 3 is incorrect while statements 1 and 2 are correct.
;*ill*
S""1.7S
SWR :7
So, expressing it {n terms of reflection coefficient, we get
l.e.
1+li-l
1-ij-l -1
lr-l *0
Zr,
Zr,*
Zo
Zo
-0
Zt'
Zo
4"4"&8
: n: t
: r
{u
Page 619
Chap 8
Tbansmission Lines
.,
C:
:
ltc
.,/W=]
b*"[*
sol.
a.4"a{
r-
Reflection coefficient,
ZnZa*
: 4-
4+
sol.
8.rt.82
as
Zo
Zo
zo
zo
:_
tl2
i'c)
v-F+W
I G+fue
as
oo:
o R+ iuL
"o_ .y
sol.
8"4,83
f:-l
1+l.f
_.
"a _-1-lrl _4
-2-z
I
sol-
8"4,84
and so,
sol-
8.4.85
RL
e:e
the attenuation constant,
o:,/RG-Fg, :R![g
.7-tr
oo_t/e
5o:
- Vt4
1o-to
So, the inductance per
unit length is
as
Page 620
7,
pil/rn
0.?5
Chap 8
t"ensmission Lines
$$x- s"6.&*
2,,: [z^Z*
:100Q
${:*i* s"4"s?
(Given
v(loo)(loo)
Zo": 2,,,:
100
I,oad irnpedance.
zr.
Characteristic impedance.
Zo:75Q
(75
j50)
&,4.{iS
:
Zt:
Surge impedance
Zu
'r-Zt-Zo
- Zr*Zu
-0
$$L
/:50cm:0.5m
.f:30MHz:30x106H2
Line parameters,
L:I}pH/rn:10x106H/m
and
C :40 pF/m : 40 X
10-'12
So, the phase constant of the wave a,long the transrnission line is
:{!^'rox
1oo,/.(10
_9"
xlrT4o-x lo ]
Therefcire,
r$&r- fi"4.1is
fl :+
X 0.5:0.6a
108"
1 : {@+i,fi@T1,Q
$lrtlL a"4"sd
as.
**
lrc
F/m
Page 622
Chap
So,
:.reooxloO: looo
Tlansmission Lines
sol.
8"4,9?
or
$OL B;t,S8
lrl<
as
_ rE+Fr
|
,7
"o G+fue
So, Zo can increase with increase in resistance or inductance per unit length.
xx***r.{.*r<**
t\
CTIAPTER 9
WAVEGUIDES
9.,1
INTRODUGTION
o
o
"
E(r,y,z) :lE,(r,a)+
E"a")eip"
H(r,y,z):lH,(r,a)* H"a,fe-i,"
where the first terms Er(r,y) and - H1(r,y) represent the transverse
components and the second tetms E" and H" represant the
longitudinal
components of the electric and magnetic fields, respectively.
Colsidering
the expression of field components, we define the foliowing modes
of wave
propagation:
Thansverse Electromagnetic
(TEM) Modes.
In TEM mode, the electric and magnetic fields are transvrse
to the direction
of wave propagation with no longitudinal components, i.e.
E,: H,-0
E":0,
Tbansverse Magnetic
H, +
(TM) Modes
H":0,
E"
;
n*
: Y B,sin(ff)e'
E2(g)
Page 625
"-r"
where the amplitu de Bn depends on the strength of excitation of the
particular TE wave.
Propagation Constant
Propagation constant for TE" mode in pa,rallel plate waveguide is grven by
1: ![W_",tu
Cut-off fhequency
TE,
rt"-rm
n
9.3.2 TM
Mode
For TM mode in a parallel plate waveguide, the nonrzero field mmponents are
Iq(U)"-r'
: ffA,cos(T)"r"
Propagation Constant
Propagation constant for
.'/
Cut-off flequency
TM"
mode is gil/en by
: \m-r'tu
The cut-off frequency for TM, mode in a paralhl plate waveguide is given
by
rt"
-
2bG.
En:'A
Propagation Constant
ip a parallel pfate
:/a-w2p.e
Cut-off Fleguency
The cut-off frequency for TEM mode (TMo mode) in a parallel plate
waveguide is
/.t
:0
f"
Various propagation parameters
summarized in table below.
of parallel plate
waveguide are
Chep 0
Wawggidc
Page 626
Chap 9
Waveguides
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
Rectangular waveguide is one of the earliest type of transmission lines used to
transport microwave signals and are still used today for many applications.
The hollow rectangular waveguide can propagate TM and TE modes, but
no TEM waves, since only one conductor is present. Figure 9.2 shows a
rectangular waveguide with its cross-section of sides o and b.
9.4.1 TM
Modes
For the TM case in rectangular waveguide, the non-zero field components
are
:
E* :
8," :
E^
H""
Eo"(r,a)
_
"-,"
n,ri"(:H!)rr"(ry)"
: r1(r, y)
)*,(ry)"","
e- 1"
- +(+)
",r"
(ff
)* "(ry)
"","
H*
where
o,
:[ry]'.[+]'
Page 627
Chap
\ilaveguides
Propagation Constant
k, m,
ar,.d
n:
Case 1: Cut-off
ti
If
a2tte:[ry]'
.[+]'
"Y:0 ot q,:0:0
Then,
The value of
r,,'
that
causes
; that is,
'":h llry]'.[+[
If
ti
Then,
'y:et 0:o
rr
t*
Then,
'Y:
a2
tre
,[ry]' .[T]'
j0, a:o
Cut-off Flequency
The cut-off frequency for
TM-,
"-tz
i?z.
"
...(e.2)
Cut-off Wavelength
The cut-off frequency for
TM*,
^":!f;:
,
*g
-5-
i-:-
Page 62E
Phase Constant
Cfcrp e
$hafrriidc
:r{G^Fffi
: p'rE-W
can be written in
Intrinsic Impedance
The intrinsic wave impedance of the
^E,Er'Y
?rru : Eu:-fi:
TM-,
mode is obtained as
:#:#[-w
or
where q'
medium.
-7u,
Jru : n'lE-W
: / lt l
TE Modes
For the TE case in rectangular waveguide,,the non-zero field components are
Ho
rr2(r,a)
",,"
n,*"(try!)*,(ty)"""
E9
Propagation Constant
'
is
defined as
Cut-off flequency
r": ,h /l+l';f",f
Cut-ofr Wavelength
The cut-off wavelength for TE-n mode in rectangular waveguide is given by
2
Phase Constant
bv
where
g'
: r^/G
trr
is the phase
medium.
"onrtuot
Intrinsic Impedance
The intrinsic wave impedance for TE,,n mode is given by
7tE: :Jwhere
rt'
plane wave in
the medium. Following are some important points about wave propagation
rnode in rectangular waveguide:
P'*anptei
Plqsq Corstad
r:+Mm:i:;;
.*j
ur=$:15
'lJ
rt:Tt'fry I
9.4.3
Wave Propagation
in Rectangular Wavegurde
Guide Wavelength
qrt
Et
Page 630
Chap 9
Waveguides
where
)'
'U' 1
n\/ :7:7G
are
"e--9 p
-.u
..(e.3)
Group Velocity
The group velocity is the velocity with which the resultant repeated reflected
waves are traveling down the guide and is given by
"n
T4FA
:U'ffi
...(e.4)
9.5
CIRGULAR WAVEGUIDE
Page
Gll
ChT
Waveguidet
l:igule
1.,1.3;
9.5.1 TM Modes
For the TM case in circular waveguide, the non-zero field components are
: fif;s-t": C,J,(hp)cos(nb)e-1"
Er" : Ef;e-1" :-tOO C,Ji(hp)cos(nd)e-1"
En
Eo"
E!e' ,,
Hn"
If;e-l,
:-
H6"
: If
e-1,
g:C^J^(hp)sin(n')"-,"
:-
h"p
j?uun
\ '/
h'p C,J*(hp)sin(ng\e-,"
jgn,
C,J,i(hp)cos(ny)e-1,
r^(hp):ft,#flffi*
Phase Constant
p:JE:R:/*ffi
where
k: u"/G, and. P,
J,(P, ) L
is the
rn16
as
root of J,(r),i.e.
Cut-off Flequency
The cut-off frequency for
TM,-
f. : -Jc:: r(
2tr./ 1te -!t"
2ra"[1,te
Intrinsic Inpedance
The intrinsic impedance for TM,* mode is given by
^
rl.ru
where ,7'
medium.
Ea-T'0
:-8,jI;:_Tr:
i
Page 0ll2
9.5.2
Chap 9
Wrvo1uilet
TD Modes
For the TE case in circula.r waveguide, the non-zero field components are
Ho : f!f;s-'t, : CJ J"(hp)cos(nfi)e-l"
: -{
Ho"
Hr"
= I|e-r' :
Eo"
E*"
= E\e-,'
1,
Hf;e
Ef;e "'"
C,'
Ji(hp)
cos(n4y s-',,
J,(hp)sin(nd)"-,"
#ci
ffic,i J,(hp)sin(r,Q)"-,"
: #r;r,'(hp)cos(ng)e-l'
Phase Constant
For
TE"-
where
k: w^fG,
ar'rd.
Jr'(P^-'1
Pn'
J,'(r),
i.e.
Cut-off fbequency
The cut-off frequency for
TM"lc"
Pn'
t _
t"-2nG-r";G
Intrinsic TrnFedance
The intrinsic impedance for TM"^ mode is given by
'
where ,'
medium.
E.6
Trt
E"
_ rl'k
=fr:-fi:T
Eo
WAVEOUIDE.RESONATOR
\dig.'yeguide resonatols
I
I
t
I
i
i
I
i
I
I
;
z-axis
I
I
*\
il\
I
a^nd
9.6.1 TM Mode
Page
: Eo sin(:r)"^(W) *, (ry)
Hu"
where
* :lryf .[ry|
""-
(ry)
Resonant trYequency
TM*,,
mode
r:#ffi
:#'m.W;W
Resonant Wavelength
by
f*
:4:
r
^,iEJGY+1xY+Gf
2
',
'.
r'*:'"
r.f ir
TE Mode
TDnnp mod.e
in a waveguide
are given as
"
11*
cos
^(ry)
#(TXT)
Resonant trbequency
Chap
lilaveguides
Eo
For
GIl
"
"''
r:#,m*W;W
Page 634
Resonant Wavelength
Chap 9
Waveguides
I,:
9.6.3
,r@ie,yi ?f
Qualitv Factor
The quality factor of a resonant cavity is a means of determining the loss.
It is also a measure of the ba,ndwidth of the cavity resonator. The quality
factor may be defined as
where T
,F** *
*rt<
rF***,t
EXERCISE g.{
Page 635
Chap 9
Waveguides
M{}& $"{",i
x 4 cm waveguide
MCQ S.1.3
ntsa g"{-d
A parallel plate wave guide has the plate separation b : 20-mm is made with
s-lass (e" :2.r) between it's plates. If the guide is operating at a frequency
f : 16 GHz then which of the following modes will propagaie ?
(A) TMI
(B) TM3 ;
(c) TE,
(D) all the three
me*
9,,t.5
s+
ua{& s.{"$
Page 636
Chap
ingcl c"t.7
Waveguides
An
"12 r
3trl2
2tr
?t'
*x
'.6)
,o
mcQ s.t.8
(A)
(B)
("/
r)
(f./
MCA 9.1.9
r)
of
(\/I)
versus
(///"; *itt
P{e
ue
Ctap
()ri ))
i\
_ _ _ _i_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ulf")
Ull.)
(!l f")
(fl f")
(c)
".o
MCQ 9"t.t1
frequencies
TEs are respectively u)",, Q"z, r.r". then Which of the following represents the
correct relation between the cutoff frequencies ?
(B) ," 1u", 1u""
(A) ,", : 0)"2: oJ"t
(D) ,/r"1a,: ,",
(C) ,", ) u",) u",
f-B
(B)
(A)
,,
'fz
/'
I,
/'
(c)
't,
(D) j;
Waveguides
,}..
(B)
437
p) of the
Page 638
Chap
&acq
s,{.{:
Waveguides
(c)
P,"
'B
mc& g"'!."r3
2.8, n2 - 7.7 , nt :
wave propagation will be
2.1 ,
(A) 48.6"
If
n1
(c)
rKs(l g-{"{{
4t.4"
(B)
(D)
37.4"
54.1"
If the refractive
n1
) nz> nz the
(A) n3c
(B) clnl
(C) clnt
(D) cln,
(c is velocity of wave in free space)
n6g& $.{.{5
If the characteristic
width of microstrip.
(A) 2.83 cm
(B) 0.28 cm
(C) 0.36 cm
(D) 0.14 cm
d:
0.316
cm with
,:2.2
will be the
trcQ
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
ee
t.TO
2.8s
0.158
18.87
^s cm
2.83
1.26 cm
18.87 cm
0.158 cm
page63g
Chap 9
Waveguides
**{<+*****x*
.\.:
.r1
Page
6z10
Chap
EXERCI$E 9.2
Waveguidee
QUES 9.2,1
)?
qur$
quc$
e.2.3
rxrF$ s.2,4
{}irE$ s,2.5
&Lrs 9.2,6
otles
e.2.7
The cutoff frequency of TMr mode in qn air filled parallel plate wave guide
is 2.5 GHz..If the guide fs operating at wavelength .\ - 3 cm then.what will
be the group velobity gt.fE, mode will be
x 108 m/s.
-------
auE$ s,2.8
\
Common Data For Q. 9 and 10i
A strip line transmission line has the ground plane separation,
and filled of a material with e": 8.8.
guEs 9.2.9
0.632 cm
Qurs
9.2"1t An airfilled,
and
c:
20 cm.
o:30cm, b:25cm
TE161 mode ?
quc$ e.2"13
e.2.14 An air filled parallel plate wave guide has the separation of 12 cm between
it's plates. The guide is oper'ating at a frequency of 2.5 GHz. What' is the
maximum average power per unit'width (GW/m) of the guide that can be
propagated without a voltage brea.kdown for TSM mode,?
quc$ e.a",rs A parallel plate waveguide filled of a dielectri. (r": 8.4) is constructed for
operation in TEM mode only6ver the fggqueiicy range p < .f < 1.8 GHz. The
maximum allowable separation betweed.the flates will.be
cm,
Guss
Qurs
e.2.t8 A symmetric
n:2.I
d:20
modes
Ml
Chap 0
Waveguller
QuE$
If characteristic
Quss
quss
Page
e.z,le A symmetric
Page 642
Cbap 9
Waveguides
QuEs
3.2.20 An air filled waveguide is of square cross-section of 4.5 cm on each side. The
waveguide propagates energy in the TErz mode at 6 GHz. The wavelength
of the TE22 mode wave in the guide is
QuEs
e.2.2t
cm.
u-u-
Fropagating
Propagating
'vfave
QUE$
'
QuEs
b:2cm
TE1s1 mode
and
will
be
GHz.
QUE8
e.2.24 If the resonator is made of copper then the quality factor for TE1s1 mode
(Conductivity of copper r: 5.8 X 10? S/m)
QU:a
ouEs
is
GHz.
(P'rr:1'841)
PtEs al3
Cary
Wercgrider
**x****<**x*
EXERCI$E 9.3
P{p M4
(lrp9
Wrrgddi
r{tcs
e.3.t
modes
as
TMrr,TMrz,TEroandTE20'Ifa:2bthentheascendingorderofthe
e.3.3
in
rectangular waveguide.
The correct statement is
(A) only 1
(C) 1 and 2 both
mce
s.s.4
(B) onlY 2
(D) None of these
(A) TMru
(B) TN{i1o
(D) TM1ol
(c) TMol1
Ince
rurce
e.3.5 If the dimensions of cavity resonator are equal (i.e. o: b) then the lowest
. order TE mode will be
(B) TEloo
(A) TEoll
(D) (A) and (C) both
(C) TE1ol
resonator has the dimensions a> b> c. Which of the
amanged in ascending order with respect to their
are
modes
following
resonant frequencies
llcQ
e'3.7
h!"Gg
. Gbr
(A) zero
(C) E"
(B)
(D) Ey+ E,
muqddce
ItdsQ
s.3.s
Msa
e.3"e
(A)
(C)
zero
infinity
(B) /
(D) that of TEro
McQ
e.g.tt)
MCQ
t<r<
Lcm
EXERCT$E 9.4
Page 646
Chap 9
.Waveguides
ltco
9.4-{
:3cos(2.094
102r)cos(2.618
uo
11,
102y)cos(6.288
x I0lot-
pz)
1.2 cm
(A) uo> c
(C) 0<
ircQ
9.4-2
(B) ?,:
(D) oo:
uplc
(D) The TM16 and the TMsl modes both exist and have the same cut-off
frequencies
lltco 9-{-3
The electric and magnetic fields for a TEM wave of frequency 14 GHz in a
permittivity 6" and relative permeability
are
given
by
E:
Ers!('t-2eu"d
a"Y f m and ,E[ - g"i@t-28oru) a, A.f m.
F,:7
Assuming the speed of light in free space to be 3 x 108m/s, the intrinsic
impedance of free space to be 1202r , the relative permittivity s, of the
medium and the electric field amplitude ,8, are
(A) r, 3, Er: I20r
(B) r" : 3, Ep: 3602r
homogeneous medium of relative
(C) r"
iltco
9.4.4
:9, Ep:
(D) r,
3602r
P: Coaxial
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Q: Cylindrical
ffi
R: Rectangular
Mcq
ItrlcQ
4 cm a.nd b : 3 cm)
to be operated in TE11 mode. The minimum operating frequency is
(A) 6.25 GHz
(B) 6.0 GHz
(C) 5.0 GHz
(D) 3.75 GHz
$"4"$
is
, : #(+)n,,i"(T)sin(r.,t - g") a,
Where Ilo is a constant, and o and b are the dimensions along the r-a>cis
and the y-axis respectively. The mode of propagation in the waveguide is
(A) TEro
(B) TM11
(D) TElo
(c) TM,o
McQ
s.4.7 An air-filled
c2
(c) 4oo 0
(B) 355 o
(D) 461 o
(A) 308
l{lco
e.4-a A rectangular
a cut off frequency 18 GHz for the mode TE36. The inner broad - wall
dimension of the rectangular wave guide is
(A) f cm
(C) f cm
IttcQ
(B) 5 cm
(D) 10 cm
e"4"e Which one of the following does represent the electric field lines for the
mode in the cross-section of a hollow rectangular metallic waveguide
(A)lltlllllllllll.
l_
(c)lllllllllllill"
(B)
l:l
l:l
(")l-l
a
I
!-l
McQ
9.rl"lo
McQ
9*4"{{
page 64?
Chap 9
waveguide
Page 64E
McQ
Chap 9
e"4'12 A
permittivity
Wavquidea
5.0 GHz
e"4.13
$ca
e'4't4
,pr."
e'4'15
has
MGq
e'4'tc
e'rl't7
(A) 5 GIIz
(c)
tucQ
cH;
(B) 10 GHz
(D) 12 GHz
e'4't8 Assuming
,
ileQ
15
r/
s'4'to
cavity.
(A) iE,io
(C) TMrio
(B) TEml
(D) TMll1
MGQ g.{.20
called as
Chap
Consider
ItcQ
s.4.22
-et
represents the
constant in
(D)
^h{w.w
h,[wiw
a:
(D) TEro,TE2e,TEsl
iitcQ 9.4.25
3.
spaced.
Uu
"*r,
its dimensions.
Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
(A) 2 and 3 only
(B) 2 only
(C) 3 only
(D) 1, 2 and
l,tcQ 9.4,26
(B)
rucQ 9.4.24
.hurrg"d by altering
Waveguides
(A) 8cm
(C) acm
Page 649
p're TEM
Page 650
Chap
MCQ 0.4.27
Waveguides
List
;\
TEto
b.
TEb
List
1.
2.
3.
4.
c.
d.
II
2.5 GHz
3.75 GHz
4.506 GHz
4.506 GHz
abcd
(A) r234
(B)4231
(c)1324
(D)4321
9.4"28 For plane *ui" proprgating in free
(A) ,o )
(C) ,o :
$ca
9,4,29
c)
c:
(B)ro1c4ug
(D),olus<c
us
'us
1.
is
2.
rilcQ 9.4.30
II
List II
Modes of Propagation
List I
Type of lSsnsYnission Structure
a.
b.
c.
d.
Strip line
Hollow rectangular waveguide
Microguide
Corrugatedwaveguide
Codes
(A)
(B)
(c)
'(D)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Quassi TEM
Pure TEM
TE/TEM
Hybrid
).",",,
in a TEM wave.
(A) Both A and R are individuaily true and R is
the correct explanation of
A
(B) Both A and R are individually true but R is
not the correct
explanation
ofA
and
rscQ 9,4.33
1.016
a.\T2cm
propagating
e'd'35
List
a.
b.
c.
(Mode)
List
Evanescent mode
Dominant mode
TMro and TMor
Codes
a
(c)
(D)
.)
(A)
(B)
II
(Characteristic)
Page 651
Chap 9
Waveguides
Page 652
Chap 9
lVaveguide
Reason (R)
,t?
*(ryY
*(Tf : (+),where
is the wavelength.
(A) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanaric
A.
(B) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct
of A.
ilcQ
9.4.38
(A) 3 cm
(C) 1.5 cm
mcq
9.4.41
(B) 2 cm
(D) 2.5 cm
Assertion (A)
propagation.
Reason (R) : A microstrip line suffers from various forms of losses.
(A) Both A a.nd R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
1.
2.
3.
MCQ 9.4.45
(A) 1, 2 and
(C) 1, 3 and
Match List
(B) 2, 3 and 4
(D) 1, 2 and 4
List-I
a.
b.
c.
d.
Coaxial line
Recta.ngularwa,veguide
Microstrip line
Coplanar waveguide
Codes
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
List-II
1.. TE
2.
3.
4.
Quasi TEM
Hybrid
TEM
II
(Type of
Page 653
Chap
IVaveguides
Pa.ge 654
&frSe Lit"46
Chap 9
Waveguides
MA{!
S"4"4?
n{s& s.4.68
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is
MCS S.4,{9
Assertion (A) : The greater the 'Q" the smaller the bandwidth of a lesonant
circuit.
Reason (R) : At high frequencies the Q of a coil falls due to skin effect.
(A) Both A and R are true R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(B) wave impedance is never less than the free space impedance
(C) TEM mode is possible if the dimensions of the waveguide are properll-
chosen
(A) transverse-electric
(B) transverse-magnetic
(C) longitudinal
(D) transverse-electromagnetic
ru{:{t 9.4,52
i[cQ
9.4.$3
lltco
tscQ 9,4.55
propagate.
2.
3'
propagates.
4.
9.4.56
(B) o : 2 X Powerlost/powertransmitted.
(C) o : Power lost per unit length/ (2 x power transmitted)
(D) a : Power lost/ (power lost * power transmitted)
MCQ 9.4"57
filter
*+*******x*
Chap 9
Waveguideo
9.4.54
Page 655
be
$oLurloNs 9.{
Page 656
Chap
Whveguides
ssl-
e.1.1
8"":Eosin(ff)si"(ff)"tu
(2)
where a and b a,te the dimensions of waveguide and since, the waveguide has
the dimension 10 x 4 cm so, we get
o : 10 cm and b: 4cm
*o.1,"o*Ouring equation (1) and (2) we get
ry:25ry
) n:!
s*L
e"1.2
r
ano
Er --r 08,"
uBh2 or
r1E"
r,
Ey":_FZy
*-
Eosin(5Qnr)sin(4ozrgr)
So,
8,,
:-
fi(50a'),Eo
and
E:,
:-
#(4ozr
) E',
cos (50 n
n)
e--
VI
sin( }n y) e- "
E* :
^
ffi cot
ffi -50n
sol.
s.'r.3
1.25 cot
(5Oz'
r)tan( }ry)
(5Ozrr)tan(40ny)
e, :2.25
p,:
Operating frequency,
f : 10 GHz : 1010 Hz
so, the phase constant is
in
TEM
mode
is
operating
the
waveguide
Since,
:,^/G
:
:Tlia:Ti#
Chap 9
Waveguides
1_
"g-up-
phase
\/ --I,t
:2x108m/s
rx$L $,d,d
Page 657
(1.b)
JI4.2 rad/m
lJ,,
f
2
f 'r
' ' zu/weor,
X J2.T
n < 3.09
So, the maximum allowed mode is
n:3
since, all the modes given in the option are in the range, therefore, all the
three modes will propagate.
!t{11 s { {
sst
s",r"s
n:dn{W;W
(.[]o :
3 " *: *
c: tl ,/G)
as
(f")rr: *
For the given condition design frequency will be
f:
1.1("tlo: 0.9(.fL
f :5GHz:5 x
70eHz
Page 658
So, we get
\J" ho
Chap 9
Waveguides
-TT-
2A
2x(5x
5x10e
: --T35x10e
c
t6 : -T.g-
(/"L
and
(3 x
, _:7t
9""t.?
ro8)
'
sol.
3.3 cm
(b
q.g :2.7
cm
103) -
H*
: ffHocos(ff1e-'a"
So,
H*
: ff
Ho"o"(ff)'-
ri':
1)
jP'
n,
At
:o
H,:ff"or(ff)sin(Bz)
Hu: lI' :
l.e.
(1)
and
Thus, the field will have the component only in z-direction for which we
sketch the field lines in y-z plane. Flom equation (1), we conclude that the
field intensity ll,depends on the values cosines and sines of the trvo variables
defined as
t,.ut :l-u"
[f ve 0 < y.< 0.5
cos(t')
0.5<y<1
[+ne
' s\nPz:t_r"
021r
r<pz<2tr
<
using these values we get the sketch of the field lines in the Ez-plane
shown in the figure below where r-axis directs into the paper'
rl2
3tr/2
2.n
a
as
sol. g".f.i
Page 659
as
Chap 9
ar-9
-p
Waveguides
p:tF-(ffi
^.
U4:-
So, we get
or
waveguide
0J
7/t (f,lff
_
(tl.(+i
:'
The above equation is the equation of a circle. so, the graph betwe en (cf
an'd
ao)
(f"/ t)
sol
9.{.9
where
p is the
where
as
-tr
^o:4
"/G ytt-(fl
,2tr1
Ao:_-=-:
ulto0re
':(f)(ffi)
r:16;
or
\' :
(f/f:f
ulf"r
(flil
and
(\/,\)
is as sketched below
pa,
e:
es)
I'
Page 660
Chap
Wbveguides
(fl f")
sol. s"l.t0
as
(1)
^l
: jp
(attenuation constant, o
:0)
-0'+Srr:(Tl
At the cutoff
frequency,
u):
u)c phase
p:0).
So, we
get
err:(Tl
w. -- WT
b"/ pt
So,
w^
'-
7f
hr/--1tr
u..:
' bJ22
ttt
,""-' - -3!:
bJ pe
So TE2 mode
sol
9,{.11
-0'+J"t:(Tf
,ip'e: f *(Tl
f'(i : 0' * (Tl
or
So,
Ps1
(n:
2)
(n:
4)
f : #Gl':'+ t1;Yl
f': nJrrl'r'+e(f I]
f :#Gl6'+ t6(flJ
Thus, for the above obtained expressions for the frequencies at clifferent
modes, we sketch the f -p curve as shown beiow :
-!
Page 661
Chap 9
Waveguides
ft
f,
f,
.ss*- s,'*"1?
u* :-fOnosin(kr)e-ia,
H,":iK
"Qp
Eocos(kt:\ert,
exists in the
waveguide.
a,
\
as
Since, 11* hns a factor j. So it would lead to an imaginary part of the total ,
power when cross product with E, is taken. Therefore, the real power in the '
case is found through the cross product with complex conjugate of ,F1* as
below
p",
Po,g 0
Thus.
**!-
s"'1.1i:i
It
9.r
sin
$-.1"-*d
'/&\:48.6'
\.nt I
will be 48.6'.
as
ur:#
So, rnaximurn phase velocity for the guided mode is
"'n'u^
where
s)
(1)
ar,rn
pha^se
constant given
as
(2)
0^o : nikosind-io
in
free
number
is
the
wave
where d,"io is the minimum possible wave angle, fto
space and n1 is the refractive index of propagating media (slab)'
Now, from the given relation for refractive index, we have
Page 662
Chap 9
Waveguides
'na ) ns
in previous question the minimum wave
angle will be
n2) which
and
of
nr
interface
(i.e.
the
at
determined by larger critical a.ngle
so, as described
is given as
sind-io
sir
l.rr:fr
0*: uldff:
nzlt
soL
9.1.15
nDleo rk
TE-'
,: fr)
mode is given as
' P'^n
t
Jcmn:t;;G
and the cutoff frequency for TM-n mode of the waveguide is given as
'
Jcmn:
D
lmn
,";G
where a is the cross sectional radius of waveguide, P'*n and P^n are the
roots of the Bessel's equation. Their values are related as listed below in
increasing order
f"
TMrt
Thickness of substrate,
0.316 cm
w
a:7r1
8eA
where o
: 30,[+ * r[#r(o.x + +)
for
ff <2
Page 663
EJt , t2.:
ro-v ---z-"1#;f;10
: 100
A_
23+
W):"'
:a%:
s.1.1?
# : o.sgo
u:(0.896)xd
: (0.896) x (0.3i6) :
Oft
$sL
o'8e6
was correct
0.288 cm
7:
w
o'gge
'P
permittivity is given
_r.*1 e"-1 1
--2----2--REy L-f
_(2.2+I),z.z_ t
as
-u
-_T----2--7=T
:1.7b8
v^'0'896
where
/ e.f
^s:-+-
we get
\ ^'-@ffi;1sxro)
3x108
2.83 cm
t(*********rt
,f
:8GHz
Chap 9
Iilaveguides
sol-urlol{s
Page 664
Chap
9,2
Waveguides
sol.
9.2.1
as
.,. FJ-t")?rM-":_,tu|,_\_ri
Since, the operating frequency is twice the cutoff frequency
l.e.
:2f".*,
sol-
9.2,2
:377
:32.6.49Q =
327 Q
o:10cm:0.1m
b:4cm
and,
TfL
:2, n:7
f :7.5GHz:7.5 x
up: c:3 X 108m/s
Operating frequency,
10e
Hz,
(air filled)
: il(,+l *(+l
:tn.--r@;g
;*.t;1? tf:
E-W:''t!cl re
0:9
-i,l'\//f
: #iou x
:
sot- 9.2.3
120.7
ro'g
,t(if - 1a.sY
rad/m
o:5cm:5x102m
b :3cm:3 x 10-2m
f :3.75 GHz : 3.75 x 10e Hz
Operating frequency,
Since operating mode of the waveguide is TEls (i.e., rn: 1 and
the cutoff frequency of the airfilled waveguide is given as-
f":ir/WJW
3x108
10e
,r:"ffi
as
n: 0) so'
:3 x 108
: 1.8 x 108 m/s
Page 665
'-(*#ihl
s$t*
$.9"d
Chap 9
Waveguides
a:2.5cm:2.5 x
Dimensions of waveguide,
10-2m
b :5cm:5 X 10-2rn
f:l5GHz:15x10eHz
o:0
(lossless dielectric)
and
Oferating frequency,
Conductivity of medium,
c
Relative permittivity,
-c
Relative permeability,
F, :1
The operating mode of the waveguide is TEzo mode (i.e., tn:2 and n: 0)
So, the cutoff frequency of the waveguide in the TE2s mode is given as
f,:rl;rtrfTflT
3x10b
- 2rT;
8.5
V \z.s x
,,
ro-'?/
10e
rrEx:
qnt
0?q
as
FS:r'{*(Tfr)
Correct answer is 9.
Given, the cutoff frequency for TM2 mode is
()"L:2mm:2x103m
for tM, or TE,
(1"),
r:
:_2b
XJ r,
(1)
x ro'
'
:+/;
(n:
2)
b:Lug_-*
! e,
less
l.e.
the relation
):0.1crn
as
10-2
o.l x
1o-2
0.1
.4J;
er
h v
u,
/=?r2Lj-'-J+
I cr
, -
,*,e have
Page 666
Chap
"<#i#
n<4
Waveguides
Therefore, the possible modes that can propagate in the waveguide are
TEM, TEi, TE2, TE3, TEa, TM1, TM2, TM3 and TMa
Thus, there are nine possible modes that can propagate in the waveguide.
snl
9,2,6
Correct answer is
9.
b:10mm:102rrr
Plate separation,
(f")_
So,
: ,G
n,
(t),
: ,;rffi
as
15x1oe-sx(sItO
2 I0-'/;
/+:3
, :9
Of
$oL 5.2.?
(.[),: /.'
Correct answer is
2.
(/").
:3(i)
3
2.5
10eHz
:7.5 x
10eHz
f :*
where ,\ is the operating wavelength. So, the operating frequency of the
parallel plate waveguide is
/:##:
loroHz
as
(r,),:hrf_(H
:3 x 108
:2 x
sol.
9,2.S
108
'-(%#ql
m/s
At cutoff the mode propagates in the slab at the critical angle which means
that the phase velocity will be equal to that of a plane wave in upper or
lower media of refractive index n2. so, the phase velocity at cutoff will be
,o
: h: gjjq :
r.2
108
m/s
scL
$"2.e
line,
Characteristic impedance,
So,
Jd zo: /es (gs) :
Separation between strip
Since,
^/1zo <
Chap 9
waveguides
103.8
120
page 662
6" : 8.8
b : 0.632 cm
Zo : BS
transmission line is
given as
w : 30r
-o {e,Zo -0.44I
w - 3o+- - 0.44r
os3z:@XBs)-u.rar
w :0.295
$sL
e.z.{s
^r:-=\/ ,J
where, c is velocity of wave in free space, / is the operating frequency and
e, is the relative permittivity of the medium. So, we get
' : -ix--lE(/8.8X3 x
: 3.32 cm
,\,
sol $.r.{,
10'g)
r*
So, for TE161 mode
. (Tl * (Ifl'''
h\+'t'
(^: p:1, n:0)
/,0,
: rXrlo'[(rr+,-f +1"j--f]','
:
:
$oL
9.?.r?
as
9.01388
108
Hz
901.4 MHz
f*-rmn,
as
hu+r
. (+r * (trl'''
p _ 3 x lo8lzl't'
rmnp2 larl
(a: b:
15x1oe:a+t{"+
i.e.
sol s.2.13 Correct
a:L.41 X10-2m:1.41 cm
a: b: c : l.41Cm
answer is 414.
Operating frequency,
f :lGHz:5 x
70eHz
c)
Page 668
Chap 9
Waveguides
X 10 2m
rl
'' -
zutJaeo
3x108 -:2.sxloeHz
2x6xIO-2-''"
and
Escos(T)u""
H,":-- -L
co.(Ty)"-r
^'l'-(+l
Puu":[]n"1n"xHl)as
d,v)
:tI' - j=+ir.cos'(ff)au
'-\j)
Ea r,1+ cos(ry) ,^. _ ,u
^tl
_u
-2
;F-1q-r'--z-"': r;m
Et
The maximum power propagation will be due to the maximum electric field
in the medium (the dielectric strength of the medium). so, we have tbe
maximum average power as
(P*")^*
:*
x touf
;Fg
(a
((Eo)**: 3 x
Putting all the values, we get the average power per unit width
(P',")-* 6 x lo-2 r. - (3 x 1o6f
:
$0t
Le"',d
4.135 X 108
106
v7m
'
as
l:::;:fi
r2orlt-(f)
:
aL4MW
lm
plates,
b :72cm : 0.12 m
Operating frequency,
f : 2.bGHz : 2.5 X 10e Hz
For the TEM mode, phasor form of electric and magnetic field components
Separation between waveguide
are given as
Er,
H,,
- -In
P","
Eoe-1"
"-
''
- Io"{tn"x n{}as
_ f r,
- J ZR"{-(A"Xn*)ia"
as
-T
:- I'i@'tF"A'* :
ffi'u
Page 669
Chap$. ..
.:r_.
Waveguides
.
.:
'
(Eo)-*:3x1o6v/m
So, the maximum average power propagated in the waveguide is
(P",")-*
: z=(tx1-t^o='L
(tzor) wft.r2\
Therefore, the maximum time average power propagated per unit width in
the waveguide is
(Po,"),"*
w:
1.432
10e
t.432GW
s&L $,p"1ii
lm
e,
1.5
10e
Hz
:8.4
as
(f"),:
So,
"f*o
2b7G
/f\
\rrh _
--l
tilfiG
0<
Oft
"f
/< (r),
<--]:
2br/ paese,
b<_L
2f,/ pae6e,
As the frequency inside the waveguide ranges in 0 < f < 7.bGHz, therefore,
the maximum allowable separation between the plates is
c
A 2.f^*Je,-
sst
s,2"ts
0.345
3x108
2
1.5
10e
oorr
1.5 GHz)
3.45 cm
(/**
x /&4
as
: ,/?,
: tu'-'( {ry):35.e'
r1) is
given as
3x108
(rI: %tra= 2xt4.7x1O-3,/2
7.52
10e
Hz
./\
670
I
Waveguides
Page
So, the frequency for which there is no any reflective loss is given as
/ f\
Chap
fr: .o,9
where
ilOTE:
Brcwslcr'$ a.rigL: is ilx: in<;irltnt nrrgic ol a pl;ln,: rrirlo
ivhith thr.:r'e is rio a,nv rcficrl,itin in ihc rnerlirrnl.
$EL
9"3.{7
i:rl,
i,.r:
Correct answer is 1.
As we have determined in the previous question, the value of /6 is
lo : l2'8GHz
and the cutoff frequency for TM1 mode is
(t)
:7'52GHz
(f"\r:2(f"\ : lLofGHz
Since, the operating frequency /e is below the cutoff frequency for TMz
mode so, TM2 mode or the higher modes can't propagate at the frequency
9.2.18
, _2d,G,r_ ,
.\c_
.rc---1
n_l
where e"1 and e,2 are the permittivities of dielectrics and
d is the
slab
\ -2 x20x:roar/y2-yt
n._T
_
1.26
n-l
10-5
Since the operating wave length must be lower than or equal to the cutoff
wavelength
) < I,
i.e.
):
2.6
pm in the dielectric
2.6x10-6.1.26x_10-5
n- |
n_I<1.26x10-"5
2.6x106
<
n- 1 4.85
n < 5,85
So, the possible values of z for which the
propagate in the waveguide a,!en:1,213,4,
modes as follows
,}
sol- 9.2"{9
Page 671
Chap
()"),
: 2dG"=u
(1)
:
n, :
n1
and
"/
e,1
nfe*
()"t:2d'm4
Since, the waveguide supports only a single pair of TE and TM modes. i.e.
supports n: 1 mode and denies all the higher modes. Therefore, the
operating wavelength ) must be with in the range.
it
()")r>)=()"),
l.e.
(\)r
(2)
n:1
and
n:2
(.\") : o"
Therefore, the condition obtained in equation (2) reduces to
()"1
3.1
10-6
_!.1 X_Uj_
rrd_@e <
-2x10x10-6
zr < 3.304
Thus, the maximum value of n1 is 3.304.
,
sol
9.2,20
a: b:4.5cm
The cut off frequency of the rectangular waveguide is defined
(I)*,
:rGl\;)
I
as
lrmv+(t)l
/n\21't/2
So, the cutoff frequency for TE22 mode of waveguide of square cross section
is
r _ 1 [12\r,t2\r]r/,
n"-rG[\;i
-\r/]
- .,a .,^ 108 x /-L :2GHz
"/0.045
t \/ /
2rx6x10e[' /2\2f1/2
3x1o_[r_(6/J
J
L1847
102
m-l
as
Waveguides
Page 672
Chap 9
:T : #*:
b.3og
x 1o-2: 5.3cm
Waveguides
f :6GHz: 6 x 10e Hz
So, the wave number in the waveguide of dimension
'a' is given
as
:2nf
c -
(a:
C\:
- @otrf :
(#*l
0.04572m!
55'63 t'{p/m
since, the total required attenuation is 100 dB along the attenuator so. se
have
dB :20loge-ot
where I is length of the attenuator. (length travelled by wave in the smail
100
,
$&L S.*.*p
"-at
: #*
:o.2o17 :20.6T cm
: 1.07 cm :
:
:
Operating frequency,
"f 10 GHz
Permittivity of dielectric, 6" : 8'8
tand :0.002
and
a
0.0107m
10
10e
Hz
1010
Hz
as
1"6
P
where k is the wave number in the unbounded medium given as
(ko is wave number in free sparei
tc :
^/lleo
''F-
:1[a.af!
(o:?#l
:(/8.8)Ti#
:
621.3
(c:3 x 108mfst
P:trcnsYGffi
:547.5m-1
Therefore, the attenuation constant due to dielectric loss is given as
_ t*ta''6 _ (621.3f (o.oo2)
Q4
2(547.5)
2p
:iHiliit
$.*r* $"2,n3
TE-',
mode is defined as
n:
So
for
+(!:121"
r.
Page 673
3.87
10e
(t,
Waveg;lftis
to,e =
3eo)
Hz
3.87 GHz
Q""':
dhap'9
cavity resonator,is
:W[(#*l*(uhil"'
:
:
$QL 9"A.A4
,hlffY.fff
(a2
6l2b(a"
as
c')abc
+ c')+
ac(ct
c')l
6where
f, -
taG
,,
sol.
9.2"?5
a:1-cm:0.01 m
TE-, mode of a circular
rr,nn - P'^n
- 2ra"/ 1te
P'n
waveguide is defined as
(J'^:
0).
I'841
So, the cutoff frequency of TErr mode in the circular waveguide
r
trll :-
is
1.841
2*(lo-\7G
_3x108x1.841
2r x 10-2
:
sol
9.2.26
8.79-
10s
Hz
8.Zg GHz
: -l - n4t-Wl;e
f,,,,,t:
2"7G1\ r /+(z/
as
Page 674
Chap
Waveguides
in
cylindrical cavity
is
TM616 so,
the cutoff
rcoro
Por
--r;;Jffi-z?ta
-Potc
./c010
=L
2 x l0-2 _2tra
Por
u--
:
:
(2.40b\(2
a lt
7.65 x'10-3
0.765 cm
****i<*****x
1o-2)
('\",s16
cm)
$ol.urtoN$ 9.3
Page 675
Chap
Waveguides
so|-
9.3.1
sol
9.3,2
(f")*,
- 2/G
1
l,:#ffi*W:#^tH;W a:2b
:/'(#)
For TE2e
f""
f",
mode f"n:
r)t2
* (')y:n(r",r*L)
,7G
1
2J pe
,G
1
(*l
2aJ
p,e
:21 1
\2a/
pe )
9"3"3
It
Ps-"9?,9
Chap 0
qe""t"tdrq
sol-
9"3.11
$0L
9,3,S
s6L
9-3"6
as
a>b>c
(1)
(1) for fM*,r mode, neither m nor n can be zero however p can be zero.
(2) For \E*nn mode p can't be zero but either rn or n can be zero (but not
both at a time)
The resonant frequency of TM-,, or TE,n,o mode in a cavity resonator is
defined as
m,nandp
using the relation defined in equation (1), we ge.t the lowest order rnode will
be
TMlo
9"3.7
col
9"3.8
sok
9.3.9
sol- s.3.{o
sol-
9"3,1{
TMrtr
ssil,rvtsXs 9.4
s$L
$.,4"$
r
1!'i:.! ': i ,
vqge,a!7,
Chap g
tltcrecddeg
So,
:2.094 X
l3u :2.618 x
a :6.283 x
13,
102
lo2
1010
rad/s
: ^lVc'o.] - 1i+ ni
p
'
'Since,
l.e.
p is irnaginary
up
^;;. - i^io.z _
: y.l (6.:2P+:g:I
\ 3x10" I Q.os42 + 2.618) x 10,
= j26l
:0
s.4.3
d :280r
or
'f, :rtnn
- ^: rlo
't,:lEl__E,
- Hl- 3
-_tzotr
G,
(1)
f:
l4GHz
c
3x108
3
"r ,trJ-G14xloe-l4o,/;
1_ 3
140 - Tn/;
/i
or
OI,
---
--
--
6":9
rT ) E,: 72otr
-1 : J9
u+
sot"
e"4.4
Page 678
sol-
Chap 9
s.di.s
.
r : r,/
Waveguides
So,
as
(+I.(fl
(c:3x108cmsl
aol.
g.rt.s
, : #(+)n"t"(+)sin
(c..'t
94
ou
Buosin(T)*'(#)
it with the given expression
the propagating mode is TEzo.
So, comparing
sol
9,4,7
we get
m:
2 and n
0. Therefce-
t"
as
: iJ (+l. (ff
is
2
t :-c/tn\-3x108i\;): elt'L " of,g:- lo GHz
(o: 3clfl
I"
30L 9.6.8
rh
TT_ '-(r#*i
:400f,)
(/:30Glrrtt
as
f":irrcfTw
So, the cutoff frequency
: i(+)
18 x 10e : t#nq*
is
f"
or
or
sol-
9.4.9
3(}1- 9.4-.to
(l:
1s
o:h*:f"-
ap>c>us
i.e. the phase velocity of the wave inside the waveguide is greater than
velocity of light in the free space.
$oL 9.4.{t
sol
9.4"r2
rE-"
7 flinn,/-nS
I : rTE^/(;/
+(t)
Page 679
Chap g
Wavegrldes
since in the given rectangular waveguide o > D so, the dominant mode is
Tffs and the cutoff frequency for the dominant mod.e is given as
r:#r[WiW
(#:")
:riE/HFH
: t#g
SOI- 9.,t.13
:2.bGHz
,rry
f>l
Therefore, the phase velocity of the wave will be always greater than the
velocity of wave in free space.
l.e.
sQL s,4.14
up)
where
?p
uo
ag
Phase velocity
9.4,15
sol
9.4,16
sol
9.4,{?
.I
up nm^z.
- z\/
as
(;/ *(t/
/n^2
since, for the given rectangular waveguide a > 6 so, the dominant mode
frequency of the dominant mode of rectangular
t:#:##:15
1oe
:15
GHz
(For air
up:3 x
108)
PageffiQ,t
$sL
9.4"tS
chep,9'
implies that
electric field vector is always perpendicular to the waveguide axis. This is
not possible in semi-infine parallel plate wave guide.
Wav,ggi{ee,
sol
s,4.t$
$oL 9.4.ttl
p:
1. So, the
Or
lEl:
'tlH
, :EJ
- lHl
i.e. the ratio of transverse electric field to the transverse magnetic field is
called waveguide impedance.
sol- 9.d.2t
r_
as
,2 - -T=-i::
,u
-
/(i)
:16cm
$oL
9"4.2e
(o:8cm)
*o
.,:W
$oL 9.4.23
1- /(ux* +1rm'>
r ::r;TG'/
\ )*(-a-)
'
f",o:_L:frWiW
1
3x108..r
r
: ---T
" (4.755t-10=z/
:
3.16 GHz
(m:l,n:0)
/,,:(s+u)" (_"f,;.)
Page 681
Chap
WavftiHee
:6.77 GHz
cut-off frequencv for TE11 mode is
,,:L1d"
:7.47
GHz
: i+1c
f*,
1nr5* loa
f :L2GHz
will propagate.
: 6.3 GHz
f"n, f"ro)
}*OTX:
riir:\(:iril]it
$oL
$.4.2S
r.r1;1.i1,1 r1"i,
rl]tc,,'ilt
l_ll :l rr],1r.1,"
,*:iG{ef.WW
so for the different modes (different values of rn, n andp) the resonant
frequency are very closely spaced and also the resonant frequencies of cavity
can be changed by altering its dimensions.
sal. 9.4.ts
s{tl
9"4"2?
,f :3GHz:3 X
Operating foequency,
and
f"^,
:hffirw
f^o
_3x1010
--T-
(u-
1)
f*, -3x1010
2
(b-
2)
So,
for
?E1s,
for TEu,
10eHz
a :6cm
b :4cm
Dimensions of waveguide
TE^,fTM-,
--
mode is defined as
Page 6E2
For
Chap 9
ZE11
or TMt11,er,
: q!ry/ffi
Waveguides
("
r* i,.
13.4,3&
3,d
4)
as
as
'-$l
where c is the velocity of wave in free space, I is the cutoff frequency and
/ is the operating frequency. As the operating frequency / is always grater
s{:}t- s"4"*$
l. so, comparing
) c) us
as
),: \r/1
is free space wave length and e" is the effective dielectric constant.
So, Statement 1 is correct.
The electromagnetic fields exist partly in air above the dielectric substrate
and partly within the substrate.
Statement 2 is correct.
The effective dielectric constant of microstrip line is e" and given as
l<e"<.
i.e. greater than dielectric constant of air (1). statement 3 is correct.
conductor losses, increase with decreasing characteristic imped.ance in
microstrip line.
Statement 4 is correct.
ss*-
s"4"so
${}L S"4"${
A TEM
ssL
9"{,?E
L_
So,
m
2
Page 683
Chap
Waveguides
ffi
2
:2b:2.032cm
sol.
$.4"33
sot
s,4.34
r r'rnv'-.nP
f",-rffi\/
\o/ -(t/
3x108.: ---2^ Stl0_t
1
:5GHz
at 6 GHz dominant mode will propagate.
Statement 1 is correct.
At 4 GHz no modes will propagate so the modes are evanescent at 4GHz.
Statement 2 is correct.
At 11GHz along with the dominant mode TErr mode (f, : b/r) will also
So,
propagate.
Statement 3 is incorrect.
Degenerate modes are the different modes that have the same cut off
frequency and at 7 GHz frequency TE61 and TEls propagates that has the
same cut off frequency i.e. Degenerate modes propagate at 7 GHz.
Statement 4 is correct.
sol
9,4"3$
A-2rB-3,C-L
sol
9.4.3s
l cm
.,e:L11q.(r*r")
:lGHz
:(+)
"Page 6E4
Chap
for
a:3"
b:'1'wehave
k?-(lnirr-ffr
Waveguides
:(f)'
s$t" 9.4,37
stlt
s.4"3&
$sL
$"4"3S
$sL
9"4,4$
f,
ltmP,tftP'tt/2
,J:t',^l\;) + (t) l
1ox los
:ffi;l(*f.(BIl"
(l :
10
GHz)
1ox10e:L50"*
,:##:r5cm
snl*
e.4.rll
as
Since, for the evanescent mode of waveguide the operating frequency is less
<f"
o,f.t
7 is purely real.
$0L
9.4,S2
s$L
9.4.43
$s!.
9,4.44
So
the l't
\
statement is incorrect rvhile rest of the stat,ements,are correct.
StlL
$.4".1$
sol
s.4.4s
as
where
--+
,f -
cutoff frequency
operating frequency
So, 'uo is a nonlinear function of frequency.
,f"
$sL
s.4.47
sol.
9-4.48
as
sol.
!t.4"49
ffi
Q:
or,
Bandwidth
as
:*.
Therefore, the greater the 'Q', the smaller the bandwidth of resonator
Q is also defined for a resonator as
a:*
so
u:./'a^d
-\/ 2 o,*
a.I
\-
kC!aE
ct?t
Wawguilcs
Page 686
Chap 9
Waveguides
,\<L
t.e.
)r2)
So, we get
sot
9,4.5t
soL
9.4"52
SOL g"rt"Sg
up:
or
sSL
S.4"54
u,
) C
s$L Lrt,55
sol
!t"4"56
as
"-tP,-@
sol
9.4,57
filter.
*******xx**
-t
_.
,IO.{
G,HAPTHR tO
ffi
INTRODUCTION
Antenna is a radiator and sensor of EM waves. The main aim of this chapter
is to provide the fundamentals of antennas. They include:
o Antenna definition, functions, properties and parameters
o
o
.
o
o
waves.
any other shape of excitation. Following are some functions and propertie-s
of an antenna:
__J
;-]
10.1.
&
re
f;age 688
rqp t0
;MHdr andfiatfattug
.$ystins
I''iguri-, I {1.1 :
wire Antennas (a) Dipole Antenna, (b) square Loop Antenna and (c) circuiar
2.
It
(a)
(b)
(.)
(d)
3.
ff
planeHorn, (c)
Reflect
or (Parasitic element)
Page 689
ehep
ven element
pl Di.""to,
IV
'-il------
Systems
(Parasitic element)
td
ll
l:t r1r.r
iir i'
Yagi-L]da Antenna
5.
in Fieure 10.5.
1. Alternating Cunent
2.
3.
4.
5.
Short Dipole: It is a linear antenna whose length is less than ,\/4 and
the approxirnate current distribution is triangular.
Short Monopole: It is a linear antenna whose length is less than .\/8 and
the approximate current distribution is triangular.
Half wave Dipole: It is a linear antenna whose iength is ),12 and the
current distribution is sinusoidal.
Quarter Wave Monopole: It is a linear antenna whose length is )/4 and
the current distribution is sinusoidal.
It
10
Ro+ jX
,to-:V
Page
Qhap
690
10
Here, the reactive part X" results from fields sulrounding the antenna.
The resistive part, ft, is given by
Systems
Ro
where
.R1
: Rt*
represents losses
ft.ua
radiation
resistance.
2. Radiation Resistance
Power-{adiated
J
rms
: #
l r-"
3. Directional Chaqnsteristics
It
of EM
energy. .
ofthe antenna,
as a radiator or receiver
.r
(u)3fJ,;:i"tfiigl"_9,#trffl-il*f
ffi;':J"li-T,#1*,:lJ;
tr
r : 1
(rom)r*
rH
= i'J-lVY'
e*t(.,:+
I1.
Effective
less
.(-
i.e.
U(0,0):
t
..t
wherei
f P'"a:#
r:
(C))
a;-rJM
--P,ua
\
Ptge 691
CbaP 10
Artenna and Radiating
7. DirectivitY
It
to the average
is defined as the ratio of the rtrdrimum radlation intensity
max{t/(d,d)}
a, ..
,-.,
u:---U*-- udru
8. Power Gain
The power gain of an antenna is defined as
G'
: +u@'o)
: P,n:* P1
9. Antenna EfliciencY
'Itisdefinedasthatratioofradiatedpowertothetotalinputpower,i.e'
^
Tt
Theeffectiveareaofareceivingantennaistheratioofthetime-average
the time average povler
power received r" (or delivered to t6e load) to
!
,'
o":#
/ sYe
A" =hGo(o,0)
11. Antenna Equivalent Circuit
{0.3
RADIATION FUHDATENTALE
Beforeexaminingtheradiationpropertiesofanantenna,weshouldfirst
the radiation of electromagnetic
understand the physical process that causes
waves.
in an electromagnetic
The Poynting vector (instantaneous power density)
wave is given bY
P
: E"x H,*
SYstens
i
Page 092
So, the
Chap 10
Antema and'Radiating
Systems
Ptota.r
: ir*t'|o"lt.
-Er.
is
*)rJS
where S : 4rf is the spherical surface area. This is the r nergv per unit
time that is radiated into infinity. Thus, E\{ wave radiations constitute both
electric and magnetic fields. Keeping this relatiorr in tnind. we analyse the
following three results.
POII{TS TO REMEMBER
:,'l
2
J.
and
v:hl!]u,
.t:fr|,fra,,
.ftO
1)
t'
: t- &
1)
'
POTEHTIALS
Step 1: Obtain the time varying
vcctor poterrtial
Uslltc
RETARDED
(10.1).
H =lr(v
p' x A)
Step
3:
#:|1v
dt ' x rry
Step
4:
as
as
14.4
Page 693
n,,
: lrde;t (# * $)u,,,
D tndcos|l d
",- ' 2nr \rr.0,,
Lo'
i,)"
oT t
...(10.2a)
,,,
...(10.2b)
...O6':"1
Thus, the electric field is in th-e (r; d) plane,-whereas the magnetic field has
@ coniponent.frfy."Tne fields can be classified-into three categories:
1.. Raciiation fields (spa,tial va.r.iation 1/r),
2. lnduction.iieids (spatial variation Ilf ), and
3.
l/t')
In the foilowing texts. the field cornponents are generalised for near and
far zone.
,
aTl(l
Ho":o
fi,"=-'I'tdcosQ"it'
lrt"sf
E,. -- - ,l'1lsitt? , ,r
Ane.rro
),f
2r. In far
Chap 10
Antenna and Radiating
System.s
Page 694
QhnF 10
Antenna and Radiating
llf
and
7lf
: iIoA-FlLo
" 4Tr "-ia'
E, :0
Er, : iloq'=q^Yo
ar
"
ur"
Systems
and
47f
",u'
.::.ll..-],ll]:]j]]:]:]].]'']]]:.'.:i.].
,,r,44$,,:,
be
i**.i.fr i,,a*ffWd:
&.@!b
is.,s,i'..$st,l
as
P,,a:*t*l
...
(10.3)
where I: Iocosat is the current through the Hertzian dipole, d is the la,rgest
dimension of antenna, q is the intrinsic impedance of the medium, ,\ is the
wavelength in the medium. In free space, intrinsic impedance is r1o:129n
, so the radiated power in free space is given by
P."a
\r/'o"
4gnz1dt2
13*rR"*
: $Io'R,^a
...(10.4)
So, from equations (10.3) and (10.4), we obtain the intrinsic impedance of
Hertzian dipole as
ri."a
('l\'
: 2+
- T-\r/
|s" -2'ln
resistance
R,,a:ggnzld'f
\f/
{0.5
Page 695
Chap 10
Anteuna and Radiating
SYstems
j1*3rffii1""
d<<)
1.
2.
distribution
d<^14
ffi"
Current
,\
1..
I ,'
/ IV'-.'
/
l{J.:.}:
plane
Image
(")
Figur{,
Perfect
conducting
(b)
f-t
I| i current
[-,
**l
-l
/l-.
/ distribution
ffi'wffiG;ffi
currenr
12"'ibution
t"
\. Perfect
/ conducting
r
plane
Image
(")
(b)
Figruc l0.l{}: Sinusoidal Current Distribution in (a) Short Dipole and (b) Short Monopole
{0.6
Page 696
< AI4r* -
Qhnp 10
Practical elementary dipole is a centre fed antenna having ttre length that is-very small in wavelength. The current amplitude in such antennas decreases uniformly from maximum at the centre to zero at the ends. For the same
current, the short dipole of length dL will radiate onlv quarter a^s much power
as the current element of the same length which has current 1 throughout
its length. This is because field strengths are rerluced to Li2 arrtl hence
power density is reduced to ll4. Therefore, the ra<liation rcsistance o[ the
short dipole antenna is given by
(ft,"a)rr'ortatpo*
t
.'-
't
",^ \f/
= r6b(*l
-tP"
1O.7
(R.ud)"u,,"'t"lo*"'t
] X
< I/8)
: ]
tft
:10"r(*)
Itr
-_-]
1..
,"
/l
Perfect
conducting
/"
plane
Image
figrlrtl
{O.8
l{.1.1.1:
"
rr*
qfrcos'($ cos?\
: _ Bpisfu:%
Therefore, total power radiated from half wave dipole is given l,! trrkr:.!,
the surface integral of power density over the spherical surface of radius r. i.e. ,
P"ua
: f n",'
In free
o.(1'218)
intrinsic impedance is
sp&ce)
Pluo:
r7s
sprace is
WxI.2I8:36.54ff
t'\.
lr
Il{
lr
lr
t'It
Current
dirt.ibrrtiort
I"cos
,32
d:Al2
l/
lt
Lrr'
(u)
(1,)
l.,,.,gir.
li.,,
l:r
a,s
. llrad
D -21^t
r
1,i
_ 2 *lqqafr') =
Io'
IO.9
73
()
V .,
I:
I"cos 0z
i
Figrur-
ll1.
Perfect
conducting
plane
lll: A Quarter-wave
Chap 10
Antenna antl Radiating
Systems
aS
P'"a:(it#)
Page 697
N,Ionopole Antenna
Page 698
Chap 10
@ - ffifcos'?(fcosd)l
"'- 877L--s."To ]
: f f."'
aS
:\!;
*
- 4n I Yrzcos2(zLcos?)
sin0
Solving the integral by Simpson's or the Ttapezoidal rule we get,
D - lrtk'\ .
P'^d:
(#-/
(o'6oe)
n,*:?
be
lD
-ry#e=36.b4f)
IO.IO ANTENNA
I
i
ARRAY
produce
\\
t*_d_*l
liigrrr<'
1{}..1,1:
Array Factor
Page 699
lr' :
2cos[
[{0a
rine
"o"
Chap 10
Anterna and Radiating
as
+ il!"ilP
Systems
So, the normalized array factor of the two element array is given by
rAF |
:
I
In the ,Fl-plane,
0:
-'(@5@)
".'(+)
rAF |
1""'(@-#{)l
: -'(5)
|
The total field of an array is equal to the field of single element located at
the origin multiplied by an array factor. Thus, in general, the far field due
to a two-element array is given by
E (total) : (E due to single element at origin) X (array factor)
Resultant Fattern of an Array
At point P (far-field zone) in Figure 10.14, the total electric field is given by
,, : 4#"or6"-iar
In
"iat,
Zcos(E!$
t!)
the "resultant pattern" is the. product of the unit pattern and the group
pattern, i.e.
Resultant pattern : unit pattern X group pattern
This is known as pattern multiplication, and it can be used to sketch, almost
by inspection, the pattern bf an array,
Array Factor
Array factor of an ly'-element array is defined
as
. NiIt
sm-zIAFI: .-Esmi
where
iP
pdcos$* a
.:tAF.i;i;
',
v,.
Page 700
Chap 10
'':r_l
:rr'
.:
,0,* 0d cosd
'{:os:$
3,
-|
*
1.*.
- :ffi
Wh;n.leFj.;0i'lgf1,[*inulls.(or,,zeros);i,e,
Y:t*,
:'
k:!,2,J,...
.''..'ofiire,.'arrry':i'e....41.*.:'6;d:[1*thata:[ur..
...
lO.l1FRllS EQUATION
.._..:-=',._l
.-.--.
_,_.-
Friis trarrsmission formula relates the power received by*orre antenna to the
power transmitted by the other. Let the transmitting antenna has eII'ective
area A"l ancl directive gain Qo,, and transnrits a total power Pr(: P.^a). Also,
assume that the receiving antenrra has effective area of A"' and directive
gain G7,, and receives a total power of P". So, at the transmitter, we have
_ 4rf Po,"
-pP^," : J-uco,
41(f
t-t
L'dr
...
(10.5)
Puu"
p,:
Puu.A",:#G0,.r,,"
...(10.6)
P,:
Ga,C.flnn;fr,
***********
ffiKffiffisxstr'$o-{
Page 701
Chap 10
An'tenna and Radiating
tffidi]iffi
$tcs
$:'5terrrs
(A)
,:!
(B)
(B)
":
'r'
is
the Jroint
to a satellite in space'
e$** 1$."r"2 A certain antenna is used to radiate a 0.2 GHz signal
Giventheradiationresistanceoftheantennais3l.6fl.Theantenrrais
(A) half wave diPole
(B) quarter wave diPole
(C) one-fifth wave diPole
(D) none of these
power density of
antenna receives 1.5p,W of power then what is the
the incident wave ?
l
(A) 8.331,W/*'
If the
If
power of acertain antennawith an efficiency of 95%is 0'8Watt'
directivit'y
it's
the antenna has maximum radiation intensity of 1w/sr then
q'ill be
(A) 5.26
(c)
tv!s*
,*.,{"s
0.76
(B) 16'53
(D) e'55
the rtirectivitv
An antenna has maximum radiation intensity of 1'5 W/Sr. If
oftheantenhaisD:20.g4thenradiatedpowerofantennawillbe
(A) 1.11w
(B) o.3o w
w
(D) o.eo w
(c)
0.26
Page 702
Chap 10
2lol0o
Iolo"
+\12-o-\12-t
:2:1
as shown in figure
loloo
The resultant group pattern of this array will be same as the two element
antenna array with
(B) o: 180", d : \12
(A) a: 0, d,: \f 4
(D) o : 180', d: 2.\
(C) a:0, d,: \f2
$cq {*.{.s When the two three-element a.rrays with current ratio 1:2:7
by \12 then it forms
(A) Four element array with current ratio 1 : 3 : 3 : 1
(B) Three element array with current ratio 2 : 4 : 2
(C) Four element array with current ratio 3 : 1 : 1 : 3
(D) Three element array with current ratio 1 : 3 : 1
are displaced
ll .
I
ll
tsc&
(c)
nfiso
to.l.{t
antenna is
(B) 3sin'z0
(D)
lsin'?d
d: \12 on
d:\,/2
,l
t
t;
,i'
t
+
('
''
t^--
'i)
il
*.y
,
will
be
carries a current
(A)
(B)
(D)
\\
\.
12, respectively.
\14
t
If
antenna array
rf2
o1'
t'
\:'
(A)
"i
(B)
1:3*
rtr
I
1-(c)
(D)
't -'a.
.
--i_
_-.1
.-t-
...-
a'
,i
{
Page 704
${$& 1qr.*"'r3
as
Chap 10
Antenna and Radiating
Systems
i.,12<v
I"la
I
10"
1"1 d
(A)
(c)
tsr[-'(
[cos(P@e!#s)]'-'
oonry
*")1"
(D) [cos(Bdcoso+o)]''
[cos(44541CI)l'.'
ir{,r 1'! 1
of antenna is
(A) -2.02 dB
(c)
;,:ri tn
(B) e.6 dB
(D) -20.18 dB
o.ooe6 dB
powcr gain is
l 1{; If thc minimum detectable power is 0.13 mW for a target of cross sectiorr
1.25m2 then the maximum range of the radar is
(A)
(C)
rfr
ti
1{::.i
1?
584.3
(B) 1270 n
(D) e77.8 rn
2e2.1m
The average signal power density at half of the range of rarlar will be
(B) 69.80 Wfrn?
(A) 350.25 \Y lm2
(c)
80.6e
w/m'z
(D)
250.35 W
l*'
srcQ
McQ
t{lcQ
lo.t.te
Cbali ro
10-6 O
10-4 Q
Page ?0b
Antenna and Radietisg
Systems
(A)
18.36%
(c)
10.8e%
(B) 0.101%
(D) 0.055%
(D)
ffcq
at point F
at poipt
t:0
will
- i(1,2
10-2) e-'looo
a,Y
In
o.\ f m
*i(l.2 x 10-2)e-rrooo a"V/^
x 10-2)e+oooqYlm
i(1.2 X 1g-?)6
be
tlmo
^1.2
(B) -9.92(q, * o")mYfm
(D) *12(a,* a"),mYfm
Page
706
Chap
10
Radiating
svstems
Antenna and
ilcq {o.,t.2s
.86"
at poinl
p (r:100, g : T/2, dL
116) is
P(100,4,ff)
"n"r,g.,
,o
lm
(B)
(D)
(0.r,+,f) ,t"",
\
g.1e-rtooo" en';" Y
g.1s-rtooor e*n.sr
,86,
at point
/m
r,^
{o'{'25 An antenna
(c)
17
(D)
****t ****xx
EXERGISE
Page 707
Chap t0
'9.2
:2bMHz.
{o.2.2 A half wave dipole antenna is located at origin as shown in figure below. The
antenna is fed by a current i(f):33.3"osof mA. What will be the electric
field strength (in pV/m) at point p ?
:2MHz.
ours to'2.5 The current in a short circuit element of length t:0.03) is given by
tt'
for
Ir,
b, f;<l,l=
IQ):]2
0<lrl=L
+
to'2'6 A dipole antenna radiating at 100 MHz is fed from a 60 O transmission line
matched to the source. What will be the length (in meter) of the dipole that
matches the line impedance at the signal frequency ?
ques
--'
---.--_-----_
rn0- -,-.'---
s:l
--
//
7
{ase Jop
Chap lQ
Antenna and Radiating
Systelhs
If a 0.5 MHz current flows in the antenna then the loss resistance of the
antenna is
0.
QuEs
10.2.8
ouEs
QUE$
{o,2'{o A
of the antenna
10.2.11
QUEa
10?
S/m)
A quarter
{o'2.{2 Radiated power of a vertical antenna is 0.4 kW. What will be t}re maximum
electric field intensity (in mV/m) at a distance of 10 krn from the antenna ?
to.2.14 A dipole antenna in free space has a linear current distribution. If the length
' of the dipole is 0.01,\ then the value of current 16 required to radiate a total
power 250 mW is
Ampere.
QUE$
{0'2.15 A monopo}e antenna in free space has the length of the antenna 0.02). The
antenna is extending vertically over, a perfectly conducting plane and has
a linear current distribution. What value of 16 (in Ampere) is required to
radiate a total power of 4 W ?
OuEs
oux$ lo.2.l? An antenna has a uniform radiation intensity in all directions. What is the
directivitv of the antenna ?
lo
otherwise
u(a)
f4
:to
0<0<rl3
rfl<o<r
Page?O9 1
ChaP 10
whereU(0)isindependentof@.Whatisthedirectivityoftheantenna?
L*"nna.nd
n;dhtiDg
SYetems
----
AtransmittingantennaisbeingfedbyacurrentSourceofamplitude
1o:50Aand"frequencyf:l80kHz.Theeffectivelengthofantennais
20m.
r
at a distance 80km
*rr*s {s"x.xr what will be the maximum field intensity (in mv/m)
from the antenna
is
&uss 'i*.3.4* The time average radiated power of the antenna
----
kW'
antenna
&i!rs ,rE.?.*3 What will be the radiation resistance (in O) of the
e{Jr$ .,*.e.;4
----
the current
ca,rries
as
I(z).:"['- ?l'
&{rss .i$.e"x$
^'
ohm'
-L"'
at a frequency
A 2 cm long Hertziarr dipole antenna radiates 2 w of power
of 0.6 GHz. The rms current in the antenna is
t<**t<* ***(*
*X<
----
Ampere'
EXERGISE {O.3
Page 710
ChsF 10
Antenna and Radiating
Systems
rucQ to.3.{
McQ
{o.3.t
{0.3.3
(D) ellipse
(A) wb/m
(c)
(B) v/m
(D) wb-sec/m
v/m'?
(B)
, (c) 80l(*l
ilcq ro.3.5 Effective length
(c)
10.3.6
(B) <
^12
(D) 0.6)
^12
0.55A
Far-field consists of
(A)
(C)
f term
'r" 1 term
McQ
mcQ
to.3.8
36 c'
(D) 2e2A
@) >
Mca
(B) ft,
(D) .R, - ftr
(B)
(D)
consists of
term
fi
r
term
1,term
(A)
'r
1t"r-
(B)
(C)
4r term
-T
(D)
12
(B)
(^)
R?
(C)
I,
(D)
******r<***(x
term
EXERCISE 10,4
Antenna and Radiating
Systems
McQ
{o"4.t
u@):cosndl o<o<rf2
The directivity of the antenna is
(A) 10 dB
ts.4.?
(B)
12.6 dB
(c)
11.5 dB
(D)
18
dB
For a Hertz dipole antenna, the half power beam width (HPBW) in the E
-plane is
(A) 360'
(B) 180'
(c) 90'
(D) 45"
efficiency
is
(A) 15 dB
(B) 25 dB
(c) 35 dB
(D) 45 dB
10.4.4 A
(A)
(c)
6.
d2_
.b
a
(B)
(D)
@)+
(B)
Q)+
(D) 20#
/
Page 712
Chap 10
lucQ
to'4'6
(A)
lrtcQ to"4.?
power is fed to
(A) a
mW
(C) 7 mW
illcQ to.4.a
MCA 10.4.9
If 1mW of
be
(B) 1 mw
(D) i/a mw
(A)2"":(+)
(B)
(c) 2cos(T)
(D) 2sin(#)
2,i"(+)
MCQ to.4.10
(c) 50
tttcQ t{l.4.tl
(oj
ze
cr
ificq
lo'4'{2 If the diameter of a )/2 dipole antenna is increased from )/100 to A/50,
then its
{0'4'13
IttcQ
Chap 10
(A) 7.5 cm
(C) 15 m
(B) tb cm
(D) 1b0 m
2)
(A) a monopole
(B) a dipole
(C) both a monopole and a dipole
(D) a quadruple
lllcQ
antenna
located 100 m away from the transmitting antenna, has an effective aperture
of 500 cm2. The total received by the antenna is
(A) 10 pw
(C) 20pw
(B) 1pw
(D) 100pW
McQ
lllco
(A)
(c)
McQ
c)
o.o5 o
0.002
0.01 O.
Theradiation
will be
(B) 0.010
(D) 0.25 Q
McQ
MHz
r
'+
(A)
, r,
(c) +
'
with distance
(B) +
,r-,, 1
(D)+
'
"/r
as
page 71J
ancl
(
I
I
1
Page 714
ffcQ
Chap 10
l
I
Systems
(A) 0'
(c)
(B) 30'
(D) 90'
45"
ntcq
to.rr":*
(A) 1.5
(c) 2
ll}ca
10"rt.23
l
l
I
i
I
I
I
MSQ {$.rt.?{
@)
1.66
lt
(B)
rad/m
17.82 radfm
16.82 radfm
16.82
(A) Zero
(c)
McQ
fp wl^'
B\
"
La-Wlm2
(D)
*",r, wl^'
avera,ge
'17
ruset {o.4.t6
A dipole with a length of 1.5m operates at 100MHz while the other has
a length of 15m and operates at 10MHz. The dipoles are fed with same
current. The power radiated by the two antennas will be
(A) the longer antenna will radiate 10 times more power than the shorter
one,
(D) longer antenna will radiate ./10 titn"r more power than the shorter
antenna
MCO 10"4.27
A short current
(A) o.o72io
(B) 8olo
(c) 72a
(D) 80 c,
MCq {0.4.28
MCQ {O"S.29
mce
{0"4.3$
List-I
a.
b.
c.
d.
Power gain
Directive gain
Average power radiated
Codes
List-II
1. W/W
2. W,lan
3. 4"4/W,
4. 4"d/W,
abcd
(A)3427
(B)432r
(c) 3412
(D)4312
$Ge {o.4.3{
MCO 1O"r1,32
(A) increases
(B) decreases
(C) remains steady
(D) behaves unpredictably
MCQ 1$"4,33
7lb
t0
XChap
Page
Antenna andtadiating
Systems
Page 716
rdlsq
Chap 10
Antenna and Radiating
Systems
MoQ
to"4"34 For taking antenna far field pattern, what must be the distance .rt, between
transmitting and receiving antennas ?
(A)
,q
r+
(B) n
r+X
Q)
Rr#
(D) ,?
,Y
to"4.35 A transmitting antenna has a gain of 10. It is fed with a signal power of
1W. Assuming free-space propagation, what power would be captured by
a receiving antenna of effective area 1m2 in the bore sight direction at a
distanceoflm?
(A) 10 w
(c) 2w
mcQ
(B) 1w
(D) 0.8 w
a.
b.
c.
d.
List-I
Aperture
List-II
antenna
Circularly polarized
FYequency independent
Isotropic anteirna
Codes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Helical antenna
Microstrip antenna
abcd
(A) 324t
(B)4732
-(c)3142
(D),4 2
McQ
r2: l).
30'
(c) 60'
(A)
(D) 75"
2,
or abore' compared to
illeQ {o"4"4o Assertion (A) : For extremely high frequenc.r'rangs
useful'
linear antennas, aperture antennas a're more
Reason(R):Thelargertheeffectiveareaofanantenna,thesharperisthe
radiated beam.
(A)BothAandRaretrueandRisthecorrecterrplanationofA
(B)BothAandRaretruebutRisNoTthecorrecterplanationofA
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
srritten in
$ca ro.4.4t The current distribution along a traveling wave antenna can be
the form
(A) lZ:los-i1'
(c) l(z) :
Me&
McQ
l,
(B) l(z):lsirBz
(D) l(z) : Icos(ot
Jz)
at UHF/
{$.4.42 Following antenna is frequently used for local area transmission
VHF
(A) Ground monopole
(B) Tirrnstile antenna
(C) Slot antenna
(D) LooP antenna
a
t{r.4.43 For frequencies up to 1650kH2, the tra,nsmitting antenna used is
(A) Parabolic dish
(B) vertical antenna
(C) Yagi antenna
(D) turnstile antenna
(C) Llrs
(D)
Ilra
as
(L) LWle,h
(C) e,LWlh
(B) LWleoe,h
(D) ese,LWlh
The
ueq ro.4.4? A radio communication link is to be established via the ionosphere'
virtualheightatthemid-pointofthepathis300kmandthecritical
frequencyi'gNaH,.Themaximumusablefrequencyforthelinkbetween
the stations of distance 800 km a^ssuming flat earth is
(B) 12 MHz
(A) 11.25MH2
(D) 25.5 MHz
(C) 15 MHz
Page ?17
ChaP l0
Anterna and Radiating
SYstems
Page
Chap
718
10
r&*{t
Radiating
svitems
Antenna and
ro"4.4a Assertion (A) : Program broadcast by radio stations operating in the medium
wave band of 550 to 1650 kHz situated at long distance in excess of 500 km
cannot be heard during day-time but may be heard during night time.
Reason (R) : In the night-time, radio waves reflected from the F-layer suffer
negligible attenuation since D-and E-layers are absent during the night-
time.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
'
rrllco
----;
-.- of A
Both A and B are true and R is the correct explaf,ation
Both A and R are true and but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
A is true but R is false
-:
A is false but R is true
i.
'
"rrrr"ni
in
successive antennas
horizon.
Reason (R) : The atmosphere has va,rying density.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
McQ
(c)
?tncQ
0.6
(B) 40 ct
(D) 20 o
{0,4.52 Consider the following statements about the effective length of a half wave
dipole (Elevation angle 0 is measured from the dipole axis)
1. Effective length is a function of d
2.
3.
4.
rl2
sol.uTloNs 10.{
Page 719
Chap 10
Anterna and Radiating
Systens
sgL
ts.t.'i
-,0-_2d2
)
r:
ro (distance from
So, the near and far zones of the field are as following
Near zone for r ) rs and far zone for r ) ro
'u
Since
and
_2(^150f
-
,:? ,
t
":*
-\--:m
,o
10.r.2
.l
0.2
10e
Hz
3x108
:7: fit-ior:1'5m
\:9-'
Now, the radiation resistance of the antenna is defined
R'od
So,
as
: """
80'?(4\'
\)/
31.6: 80i(4Y
"""
\)/
dl
i=o'z
dr=+
i.e. Antenna is one
*o.1.3
^:?:u%XS:
Now, the effective area of the dipole is defied as
'q"
r 5m
: #Go
where Ga is the directive gain and since the directive gain of Hertzian dipole
v
Page 720
Chap 10
o" :(ti*Y
(1.bsin2d)
o.2T sinzg
Systems
sol
{o"t.4
(D
tave- _p,
Ae
where, P, is the received power and 4, is the effective aperture area and
as calculated in the previous question, the ma:<imum effective area of the
Hertzian dipole is
A" :0'27
m2
x 10-6
KA,,\r//-2
,@
ave _
-1.5 0.22 _-( u.vv
sol
to.{.5
TPin:
(0.95)
[/^* : 1W/Sr
\:95%
: 0.8 Watt
P,"
as
x (0.q) :
0.76
Watt
:
$oL
16.53
inlen*t{,
Directivity of antenqa;
Since, the ditectiv-ity of'anterlna is delined as
:ry**
q,s
_azr(1.b)
_NS{
tprad. _
:0.QWatt
eot.
{0.{.r
'"(''
*1, 'l:(!"
^1r-!0"
We can split the piddle elgrqent to two elqrqrerrts each of them carrying
current.[s/0' as showp bgloly.
3r
1
-\/2-2.-\f2-*.
Page 721
Chap t0
ADterna and Radiatiag
Now all the four elements are carrying current Io /0" and separation between
them are d: \12. So, this array can be replaced by two array antenna with
two elements as shown below :
t,2
+
3,4
la<
Since the currents are in same phase, so the phase difference between the
currents will be zero.
i.e.
o:0
and separation between the antennas as obtained from the above shown
figure is
d,
\12
1:2:l
+\12-o
L:2:I
"r
a-a
-'-------------'-+A/4---.\-aa\
16
as showrl below
l aa
\
The three current elerrrents /s located at the same position can be treated as
the single element carrying current 31s as shown below :
I^
r1-r
,2
3I^
;o
31.
r io
1'o
rn...........-io
'lo.'l"s
'
0'5
and
(r,lr|)
due to hertizian
Hs": I{n-g
n^" : il:7dl sinoe-ia'
'
47fr
svstems
rPage 722
do
Chap 10
t)(+X#)sin6o",-(,f
"^ -- azr(100,\)
j uJE
_
2
- (4 x 104)^
, 2rc - 2r X 3 L10u : 6r.
o:
,:__ld_
'tQs
As,
;r,oo^y
(.u
108
rad/s)
H:
:
sol.
io.{.lo
: il:7dl
sinoe-io'
41f r
E6"
\H6"
po,":f
RelE,
x rr,
as
:L1#l$"r"',
as
as
fPoo"
:(IodI!
-
So, the
32/2
^B2sin2o
total radiated power of the antenna
is
, P*a:fu@,il(sinr.dfrdfi)
: I" I^ g#r1oP2sin3odfrdg
:S^o'(+)
Since, the directive gain of the antenna is defined as
vd -
Proa
Go:ffi
sol-
'to.{.{l'
:fsin'a
ha-s
PagE 7:13
ChaP 10
Adenna and Radiating
Systems
as
where
f,(o)
:*'[;(++"oso
'r)]
+ zr)]
"or[]{rr"osa
This field pattern is plotted as below :
be drawn by
f(0)
tn(d)lx [/,(d)]
Thus, the obtained plot for the antenna array has been shown below
sol. {0.{.{2
Page 724
Chap
f'(0)
l0
lcosd
where d is angle
with z-axis
Systems
f'(0) :cos[](6dcos0 +
where
o is the phase
cv)l
in the dipole, B
is
phase constant and d is the separation between two antennas. So, we get
r,(o)
: "",[](+]".,, - +)]
: *,[+(+",,, _ +)]
Therefore, the resultant pattern f(0) of the antenna array will be drawn by
just multiplying these two patterns
l.e.
f(0):tn(d)l xlf,(o)l
Thus, the obtained pattern for the antenna 6rray has been shown below
aol
{o.1",t3
(Atr!,
as
1 ....rnr-l)v
l
where
t!:(l3dcos1+a)
and
+ N+
l(d-,l)
N(N- il(nr-
2)
Page 725
Chap L0
: (1 + lf ':2"-'
(AF),:#tt + "*l*-'
so,
ett'tz1N-tre-t{/z
#l
: #i
cosltl2lN
eiv/2lN-1
:l
f(o)
oa*'_e
+'1
"",1
l"-'
field,
Eo,*
as
Poo":]ne{a x rrJ}
So, the radiation intensity of the antenna is given as
U(e,4)
fPo,"
: |n"1n" x rr,.)
I
rr_*:i!_n"1n.xrr.-)
:ti#l
:
fi{u^*f $!19#
(o
(r:+)
x
ro{f
(rn:
r2otr)
:4r_!^*
I
rad
so, we
ger
0.0096
l0logroD:-20.18dB
$$t- 't&.'$"'ts Option (A) is correct.
consider the maximum power gain is Go and directive gain is Ga so, the
radiation efficiency is defined as
or,
,1,: G"
d
:
G, \,Gd : (0.9b)Gd
(q,:
gb%)
G^^*)
Gp,**
:
:
: (0.9b),
0.95 x (0.0096) : 0.00912
(o.os)G4**
:9.12 x
10-3
(D
Prge 726
Ctap
{o.l.ts
10
tansmitted
Sy*ems
P*i' :0.13mW
Praa :30 kW : 30 X
power,
f :}GHz:
Operating frequency,
Target cross section,
103
10e
Hz
o :7.25m2
o :1.8m
since, the effective area of the antenna is 70% of it's actual a,rea so. the
effective area of the antenna is
Radius of antenna,
,4":# x(tra2)
: (0.7) x (r x (t.8f)
:7.I25m2
As the maximum range is the point where the received power is equal to the
minimum detectable power. So, the received power by the target located at
its maximum range is
P, : Porin
mW : 0.13 X 10-3 W
Now, the operating wavelength of the antenna is
:
^
0.13
4tr x (7.!ZS)
:4r4"
- l'?- - --lo'T- :285otr
1*l'/o
lX
-t6y-,
G'oo
where P' is the received power by the target located at its maximum range.
So, putting all the values in the above expression, we get
rw
(t.zs)
: [(0.lF(2850rf
30
x 10, l'/o
t----@r--ont.tr=l
: ttn'''' ^
tioo
So, half of the range
584.3 m
,:lr"u:292.2m
Therefore, the time average power density at half of the range of the radar is
(D
tauc-
GaP,,o
(28502r)
250.35 W
4Tf
30
----A"{Lrf
1o.l.l8
103
/^,
:
b:
mm
1m
10-3 m
: 0.5 MHz :
N:10
Operating frequency,
"f
No. of turns,
0.5
106
Hz
Page 727
Chap 10
Antenna and Radiating
Systens
3x1!::6x102m
1_c_:0.5x10"
n:.f
Therefore, the radiation resistance of the antenna is given as
R'oa
:ltl'x
:
102
SZO"t(ff
320
x f (=-l-"\o :2.37 x
\6 x 10'l
1o-4f)
:2.37 x
10*4 O
R.-^FA
"vo
ffi
- \l
2.9 x 107
:2.6I x 10-4 f,
Therefore, the loss resistance of the antenna is
Rr"
:Nx/g\n,
\0/
l-\x2.6rx1o-4
:1ox/
10-'/
\6 x
0.435
f)
n-.,:
,lr"o
=R'oo=:0.055%
- Rroa+
Rt
to.{"eo Option (A) is correct.
Radiation function of the dipole antenna of height h is defined
as
F(o):!g!@gFi
Since, the height of dipole antenna is h
lr(d)l:l
cos(t.25 cos d) -
cos (1.252r)
sin d
This function has been drawn as to obtain the pattern shown below
'to.l.ai
Page 72E
Chap r0
A.denna and Badiating
Systems
p is r:1000
and
g:90"
(i(t) :4cosr..'f A)
as shown
in the figure
as
esH6,
: ,k(W#singe:,e,)
)(
- ^r'z,"4r(1000)
? lfjllsi
i7.2 X
as
E"
)
*atrooo
"-
(u:T)
10'2 e-ilooo V
field
n eo
/m
will be zero so) we get the net electric
o,)
E,
:_
j(r.2
l0-2)e-itooo a"Y
l^
E :-(9.92 x
10-3)(o,
* a)y
fm
E, : Qsin Qs-ironr
So, at
point
p (r:100,d :
7T12,
: r/6)
as
6r,
rtlU
qr
,'o"r'oor
Ssin($1e
IUU \ZI
: o.re ,'ooor v/m
tu*emdfrft
Sy*rr
Eo*:lEs,le-11o"('-t)
(1)
(0.1,r12,'nl2)
P(100,n/2, n16)
:0.1-'(5)
as
:0.05
t'
s6L
4$,'1.2S
:
/:
r:
wire,
Operating frequency,
Cross section radius,
d,l
as
Length of
1cm
0.3
as
0.01 m
GHz:0.3 x
lmm :
10eHz
10-3 m
R,oa:8ol(*l
Rr:J- o2raf
where
--r
Conductivity
o - Radius of the cross section
6 - Skin depth
tr - Length of the wire
Since, the skin depth of the wire is given as
as
(^:
i)
T
Page 730
A_
"_
Qhrp 10
Antenna and Radiating
Systems
:
So, we
get
Rt:
/;IW
Jr(0.3 x
10'g)(4zr
3.82
10-6
(5.8
70')(2r
10-?Xb.8
107
0.01
10*3X3.82
10-o)
0.0072 O
ffi:ro'977 = lt
R,oa
***:f ****rf **
sol.urtol{s to.z
Page 731
Chap 10
Adlennr and Radiating
Systems
s$L "t{}.:.{
Correct answer is 3.
Given, the operating frequency of the antenna is
I :25MHz
Since, the antenna is quarter wave monopole so, the length of the monopole
antenna
will be given
as
l:U4
where
as
3 x 108- t'
):9-f-25x106-^"
Thus, we get the length of antenna
as
,12
[-
4:Jm
sol
t{t,2.2
i(t)
83'3
10-3
as
r:100Km:105m
and
0 = nf2
lpr" I
P is given
as
:
(1202r)(83.3
2z'(105)sinf
(t2ozrX83.3
x ro-3)(r)
2zr(105)(1)
:
$oL 10.t"3
10-5
b0pV/m
so,
I(z):r,(r-t)
is amplitude of source current and h is the height of the antenna.
Therefore, the effective length of the antenna is
where
16
l"
z\,1'
lt - J,fo \'
E)"'
:lr-#l^": h-.f:9:zs^
(given
h:5om)
ry
Page732
chaP 1o
$ll",
{*,*."{
Systems
: T.bm
f :2MHz:2 X 106 Hz
dl
frequency,
Operating
^:i:H-t,,3:
:r5x102
R.oa
$r?;,
lt*.?.fi
r sz er
lt+
k
: #:0.75{r
I^"
Since, the average current flowing in the anterrna is 0.75 times the uniform
current 1o therefore, the radiated power will be (O.ZSI times of the value
obtained for 10 and due to the same reason the radiation resistance will
down to (0.75f tirnes the value for a uniform current.
i.e.
:(o.zs),[sol(*i]
R,oa
0.5625[80t(0.03I]
0.4
i.e.
R,ua
Zrt
/i"; :
60
sor(ff :
(jl--Y :
8o',?
\c/J I
:
1$.?.?
oo
60
:[#, (r-3*%i]*
dr
ljijrr-
f)
0.827 m
(/: looMHz)
,(t):
b:
loop,
locos(2a..
30 cm
107t)
30
10-2
t :Ui#:707
Hz
Since,
) ))
:1: %s:30m
D _
:^F 52
: Z20na
rtrud
__-_ n
where
is area of the circrrlar loop.
^9
___r
(S:
rb2)
-q@
:
$*L
s*.?.&
0.003076
hF nlt
ff," ll
(30I
0:
l-dfrftE
3.076 mQ
antenna,
Conductivity of the antenna,
Length of antenna,
Operating frequency
Cross sectional radius of
:4cm:4x10-2m
:2.9 x
:30m
o
dl
f :
107
0.5 MHz
S/m
0.5
106
Hz
D
/i
,rr-V
- Ffw
o-lW
:2.61x
10-n O
*,
${},. t0"x.$
0.031Q
H'od_.",,
on:z
as
d'l\2
\)_i
we get
Rro,r:nr?x(+l
Q,:
cl.f)
: t .ot
(sx10") ) -"
\
Therefore, the radiation efficiency of the antenna is
: 98.6%
n, : VfuV,: rSz +
Bo#,. / 30 x-qr 4--1CY
o-U.OSr
Given,
Operating frequency,
/:
b:20gm:20 x 10-2m
o:5mm:5x10nrn
100 MHz
Conductivity of copper,
o : 5.8
The surface resistance of antenna is given as
107
108
Hz
S/m
'
Rt,- lb\.""
\4i
**"*"1{
2o
1o
5t-10-5
o.1o4f)
Syr-
/
Page 734
of monopole antenna.
Chap 10
Zr,:
l.e.
Since, the
Systems
Zn
Zu,:(36.b+j2r.zb)a
So the reflection coefficient of transmission line is given as
zt - zo _ $a5 + p.t.z5)- 75
t, -_ Z;+Z;
+r2Tjtr ?b
l3ab
is
s:1+lll
"'"""
" - l-lr1-:2.26s
sOL
ll),2.'r2
:-
F=3lY
72n
as
(1)
,oB,
where .I is the current in the antenna, dl is the length of the antenna and B
is the phase constant.
Now, the maximum electric field intensity at a distance ,? from the antenna
is defined as
lE,l-*
:(#)ry
(2)
lEr
l.*
: +/soP^
: mjlos/9o x 0.4 x 103
t
:
$oL
{o.2"{3
19
(P,.a:0.4 kW)
mV/m
Io
in the antenna is
:47.7 mA
= 73{l
:63.5mW
sot.
{o,2.{4
P,oa
:250 mW:
0.25
dl :0.01)
p,aa:|trrY^,"0
(1)
where ft"oa is the radiation resistance of the antenna. Since, the current is
Iinearly distributed over the antenna So, we get the average current in the
antenna as
Prad
: i(ir;
^,,,1
o.2s:fx4"*l(*l
Oft
{o.z.ts
l"'(1ol)(o.o1f
I3 :25.33
1o : 5.03 A
o.2b
:0.02\
P*a:4W
dI
Length of antenna,
i.e.
R,od:1[*",(*)]:
*r(*l
As the current is distributed linearly. So, the average current in the antenna
is
I*n:+
the average current flowing in the antenna is half of the uniform
current 16 therefore, the radiated power will be ftir of the value obtained
for 10.
Since,
:i(*ll**(*ll
I 2x4
2P'oa lr/2:['#Gfu]
' -[
p..d
1r/2
or,
":1,*61
:t42A
f(0)
cos[(zrl2)cos d]
sin 0
So, the normalized radiation intensity of the quarter wave monopole antenna
is given
as
u(0,0)
: f (0)
_
cos'z[(?r/2)cosd]
sin2d
[/*:1
Now, the power radiated by the qua,rter wave monopole antenna is evaluated
as
P,od,
Page 735
Chry r0
Io
,aug __
2
: f {ute,Ol}{sinodad|}
ArmrdBrtrg
SFL-
'\&
Page 736
: I','' I^ 2{E:y-rlsiuodfrd.Q
: (lzr)(o.ooo)
Chap 10
Antenna and Radiating
Systems
p :AnlrnI
r,trl
:
ts.*.'t?
@;ffioel:3'28
Correct answer is 1.
As the radiation intensity in all directions are sarne so,
U(0,0)
r1o,"
G,(0.6\
-o\"\vr
:ulT'q)
-r
- uou" -- au
u^,,.-'
D : G1,n*:!
silL
**"4.{E
as
U^o:I
So, the radiated power of the antenna is evaluated as
Prod
:f
u1e,|lr"inodfrdo
fn/2 rhr
J
L'
:
J'=' J'!3'"t)(sinodfra61
'.
'
{s,*.{s
.
_4rV_*:n\(!.):2.b46
!'u=v
p*,t
-
,t
Correct answer is 4.
Given, the field pattern of antenna,
the,",.,,,Jj:::ok",
f2r
",:f";ffi
ft/3
P-a:lJ6:o Js:I
: 4x
:4n
0<0<rl\
[4
so,
lz -
is given
as
U(O)sin?dflrla
2trf_
cosd][/3
!:
D
${3f-
: 4T!-:4n.(4) :
P*o
4tr -
o
T
,$.?"9$ Correct
answer is 3.
The field intensities of the Hertzian monopole are defined
and
D
ne'
:,nhljdt.
-frr
H,.
'
,"
: il:frdl
4Tr sinoe
^
slnae''"'
,tr
as
averageportrofem
Po,":|n"1a x 8".) :+(#f
u(o,o)
fPo,"
as
:ffi^O2sin2l
u^*:Srn|t
(maximum value of
sind:
1)
as
: f U1e,611"i"0dfrd,4)
<
i,0
<
: t"r' 1^ U@Iqsl32sin2lsinldld'o
o'
"",t"',
[(,f
-)(I';r)]
4tr1
:127'70'"
- UratY ^ pz |l\T/
Since, the
as
bp,^
So, putting the values obtained above we get the directivity of Hertzian
monopole antenna as
n
1a,p.zl
: (+r
!T(l), :z
l3)
Operating frequency,
Effective length,
1o
:50A
.f
180
kHz
I:20m
180
10e
Hz
-R:80km:8x10am
Location of the observation point,
So, the maximum field intensity at the observation point is given as
lE,l**
:ffi,^g:ffin|x2t"
^:1:rr'#%:+
A:+:ft*G:72tr
10 {
l&[* :
:0.002827
t*.z.zz
4" x&l'
2.83
(1202r)
L2r
10-4
x2x
20
mV/m
as
Page 738
Poo":**"{t, x rr,-}
Qhap 10
Antenna and Radiating
Systems
** :-t;
:+I"''
I*^(M#4f "
:j*,""r,(Mi&l
eonao
[li"en
to.2.as
P,oa:0'43kW
Amplitude of the current in the antenna is
1o
:50A
R,ad,:8ol(*l
R,,joa
where
as
:8ol(a*l :2.84e
But, as the current is not uniform so, we determine the average current
through the element. Now, from the given expression of current in the
'\'
element, we get
, tI+22\
tr(r) -,0\--l-/
and
lr(z)
for
: ,^11--221
"\ I )
!<
for0<
z<
r=t
r _-1,(z)+Iz(z)
__2__
^orn
since, the average current flowing in the antenna is half of the uniform
current 16 therefore, the radiated power will be
]th of the value obtained
for rn and due to the same reason the radiation resistance will down to th
of its value.
-1,
i.e.
$sL
LR^o),",
IR,"o:
d,l
:2
cm
0.02 m
-T
-{power,
Operating frequency,
Radiated
:2W
.f : 0.6 GHz :
P,oa
page ?89
0.6
10e
Hz
QhaF 10
Antenna and Radiating
?:
*is:
svstems
0.5 m
R.ad:so",(*i
:8o",(%fl:W
:l{rrYn,",
:(1,.^.,.YR,oo
: tl ffi:
Ir.^".:E;:E
| 6e76:1'26A
***********
r,.^.":
tol/z)
$ol.urlo].|$ {o.3
Page !4Q
Chap 10
An{enna and.Radiating
Systems
sol.
18.3.{
$oL
sot-
to.3.3
$oL
'to.3.4
sor-
{0.3.5
sor-
"to.*.s
sol-
{0.3-?
***
t<t<**(*
***
$otuTloN$
lg.4
Page741
Chap 10
Antenna and R^ailieting
Systenis
is correct.
as
D:W
U o.r.
where
is
the average radiation intensity. Since, the given antenna has the radiation
pattern
tJ(0):gostg
('<d<rrl2)
U**:1
The average radiation intensity is
rT
Uo"
:- ii1 Jf F@'d dQ
: *ll'.
I'h(e'')'in',*
*l
D:#:10
or,
scl.
{4.4.3
D(in dB)
10log 10
10
dB
sol"
{0.4.3
U:2oGHz)
G'
: 'lf (K)
:
or,
l0logro
0.7
,?
(+l: 30705.4
\lod/
(efficiency, rt
70%)
Gp:44.87 dB
-=
Page 742
QheF 10
Antenna and Radiating
Systems
\/2
Perfectly conducting
infinite ground
\/2
Here
d: ), 0 :
zl, thus,
pd: hr
A.F.:
:
sol {o.4.$ Option (A)
*,elorfltl
"o"l4rylal : si'(n'"or,r/)
is correct.
R oa
is correct.
Here,
: *'(P4ryjt)
d:
+
and
o :90"
as
A.F.
rhus,
A'F'
: ."(i$ry) :
"or(1,
ir.l +
+)
(u
: T)
is correct.
The directive gain ofan antenna at a particular direction
Go(0,6):gW9
(d,/)
is defined as
(1)
So, we
get
Pin
P,od :4,:
1 mW
l0logGa(0,5) :6 dg
So,
Gd@,Q):3.98
Putting it in equation (1) we get the total power radiated by antenna
4trU(0,Q) : P,oaGa(0,d) : 1m X 3.98 : 3.98 mW
A.F.
: zl"o.4l
'1"""2
as
as
-\
-r/
: Bilsin?cos@ * d
0 :90',
where,
t[
: J2 s,
6:45",
page 74t
chap
1o
d,
'
svstems
6 :180"
so,
A.F.
: ,l*"tl : r".'[@ry#@]
: z"orfffliscos+5' . ryl
:2cos[T+eo'] :2ri"(T)
$er1
t6.4.s
i.e.
P-+r
So,
'
+:4
d:4
(1)
Therefore, f; :
halved
(10'zto: 100'3: 2)
t- -ri
s2
:|r/i
rz
km :
or
(n:5km)
7071 m
: rz- rt :7071 -
5000
207I m
), :492 m
have
and height of
antenna,
d,l
:124 - =
*
Wehave
' where
is correct.
{:pdcos?*6
a :4
4
(1)
t :0
0 :60"
o:Txlcos6o'*d:$x!+a
or
:-t
BW cr --=-L-
(Diameter)
Prye 744
Chap lO
A!0err[a aDd Rediating
Systems
as
^_2d,
,-^
where d is the largest dimension of the antenna and ,\ is the operating
wavelength. Now, the operating wavelength of the antenna is given as
or
c 3x108
T: zt-lbr:
40
P.'
:4o
x A"
Atrt'
is the distance
between transmitter and receiver and A" is the effective apertufe area of the
receiving antenna. So, we get
E, _ 25I x 500 x
,4"
10-4
100 p,w
:Lv
So,
and
$oL
as
x,4
I,L
l:
''
,function.
V . H - V . (V x A): g
Vx.EI:VX(Vx,A)
l0
as
R,od:$rn["#]
i
:
Rroaq N2
where N is number of turns. Since, the radiation resistance of a circulalloop
is 0.01Q.
i.e.
Xa
so, we get
tle
nr
hP
(LOIO
redidin nsi*rc
fuz: Nt X 8,1 :
(S)t
0-01
(l{:5)
:0.25O
power
Aperture area of a receiving antenna is dfind in trms of received
Aperture
Area:po
_Etr
-
Since,
P,
:+
So,
A"
^
10-6
3.14
Lzv
x 12ox
:-2x
- {ZO-2 x>< 1o-6"..
-Z1lT-:
rgq2 ^
E12
a"s
"fi"ffi
A
ne
\-6 /
2x10-6x12x3.L4:1.884m2
:----_-.8-400 x 10
sol. lo.4.t9
as
J*:+
t
sln
where
$ is critical
"f_*:ffi:,fu,:ftrvr*,
\-r-i
sol-
'10.4,20
sot.
10,4.2t
o1
as
J-:+
t
sln
where
20 X 106
of,
ort
soL {0,4,22
srnu
10+
sln
"6
106
?
:21
i :30"
as
cos'($cosg)
6,
So, the
:1.66--ffg
:
:
1.66(1)
1.66
=##0).
7{5
Cb4 r0
7
I
I
Pase
chap
7a6
10
sysrems
sGL
ofthe
: c
So, at frequency, .f : 63 MHz (Channel 3)
3x108 :4'76m
: i:c ffit-iot
wavelength,
^
So, phase constant,B :T:1,.32rudf m
i.e.
ap
and at frequency,
"f
803
:1- ES*%:
waverength,
^
:*
o.3z4m
:16.82 rad/m
i.e.
+:
Now, the average poynting vector (power radiated per unit area) at a
r from the antenna is given as
distance
P*":4u
Trwhere
So,
for
r:50km,
we
have
P..":#S:& *:*o,trw,o.'
sst xo.4.25 Option (A)
is correct.
as
:sol(*l
...(1)
Given,
The length of
d,I :5m
operating frequency,
.f :3MHz :3 X 106H2
So, the operating wave length of the antenna is given as
dipole,
),
t 14: loo m
:9:
J ?3x10"
:80l(#l :#
:r.e7
- 2e
as
p,aa:ir3^,,0
i.e.
P,oa
d R,oa
l.e.
R,od,
:80r?(4\'
--"
nrto
\^/
...(i)
rx:i
Since
So, we
get
R,oa
Page 747
Chap 10
Airtenna and Radiating
...(ii)
(d,lY
p,aa. (a$(yf
Now, for the 1"t antenna we have
(drx/) :
(1.5X100
x 106): 1.b x
108
(d,t\(l):
(15X10
x 106):
1.5
106
Since, the product of length and frequency axe same for both the antenna
So, the power radiated by both the antenna.s will be same.
R'od:80l/l\'
-- \)/
: 801/0.q3.\\2 :
\^
0.072)2
a.s
f)
'
is correct.
Input power
:W
Radiated power
-w
Radiation intensitv
-6
G,: 4nd
w
(a-3)
Ga: 4"P
W
(b.'a)
t,o _w,
-G
(c-2)
sor.
(d-+
1)
Systems
'
increase of aperture area, received powcr increases and therefore the gain
248
ChaP l0
page
increases.
Systems
BoL
$01
is correct.
In the helical antenna, normal mode of operation is very narrow in bandwidth
and therefore the directivity is high. while the radiation efficiency is low.
For an antenna near and far zone are specified by a boundary defined
as
a,r:;tl*'*;"".,
where, R is the
i, tt lirgest
dimension of antenna
"
and ,\ is the operating wavelength of antenna. so, any targetJocated at a
distance R> + from antennu ir iti the far zone for the antenria and any
target located at a distance R < $ is ln the near zone.
: l0
Pr : 1W
A", : !m2
r : lm
Ttansmitted power,
Effective area of receiving antenna,
Distance between transmitter and receiver )
so' totar
Gat
received';::'#:r:,,;""":'Hlffx
(1)
: s.7s1ry
'
that
on2
ff
sol-
fro
,, +
.
$oL
where
??r
- nesin9O"
(1)
respectively.
Since, refracting index of a medium having
p is defined
So, putting
as
n:rlG
it
,/1arsino": {t,o,
sinl, _,{?r:
g"
\,\
sin
'1*\:
\J2 )
as'
-\
tol to'ir.s @ion (B) is correct.
Page 741
Chap 10
Anr-dlcting
W.ms
Folded dipole
(Driven element)
Directors
Yagi-Uda antenna must have one reflector and one driven element while it
can have any number of directors. So, the four element Yagi-Uda antenna
will have 2 directors, one reflector, and one driven element.
sol-
1s.4,40
sol
10,4,4,1
4") :
[os-iaz
is correct.
n^
ue"
or
hIoAil
_
- _Ti_r
is defined
as
sin1e-,o,
tr^t-rlluldtsinl
I ---Ttrr oI r
uos
f,,.r .
.r,
,111.
:r
'
,"r;,,,#:Tftffiffih"
'i!!f
/ irrt,
else it is elliptically pcilarized. Irr conclusion for a general term we can say
the wave radiated by a helical antenna is elliptically polarized.
vr
r
3e 750
nr0
ll
bna
tm
and Radiating
C_
o,LW
-----T
frur: Q+(#l
f, is critical
as
frequency
:1.b x toTHz:15NIHz
.r*_
#.Rudiu,
o',
R:-4
"rrrr"r,rr"
of the wave
J.,n*
dlt'
Solving
it,
horizon)
as
Since,
So,
R"ad
:sO"'(ff : z O
i---;
t-
"
\
tsctive
fr*ato
Iength of e
t"
(0)
of.
Atr:Ef
:''
0.
Lis *l 0:
-fr:*.
1.e.
maxlmum
The effective
modes.
So, statements, 1, 2 and 4
*
bbrDdrd*.h
+
h benmitting
&e
lffie
and receiving
$atement 3 is incorrect.
-T
Efiective length of a half
Page ?51
ehrp l0
r"(0)
futin
:?[*'!-rr;")]
of d.
nh of I, is at
0: rl2.
tl:3: ) ' 2
A
o'"I* ).
1-,