Power Factor

Power Factor (Part(Part-1)

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Power Factor (part-1 part-4) Power factor linear load
displacement power factor Non-linear load
distortion power factor

Power factor

power factor

Power factor



power factor

cosine law

...




,
Power factor Law ...
Ohm's law power factor
Ohm's Law ()

Ohm's Law characteristic power

factor
1

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Power factor ( PartPart-2)

Power energy
energy energy
electrical energy
Source ( generator, battery ) energy
electrical energy load load
electrical energy energy
Electrical energy

energy
() Source
()
energy power
power flow source load
power flow Source power
load power power power
factor
power factor load real power source
apparent power Load Source
power power factor 1 (one) unity power factor
power factor 1(one)
power factor ( +1) (-1) power flow
source generate positive power factor ( 0 to +1) load
generate negative power factor (0 to -1) (
positive power factor
)
load power factor Figure-1

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FigureFigure-1 LOAD Power factor

Load Linear load Non-linear load
Linear load
Sinusoidal wave AC voltage Source load power Sinusoidal wave
AC current Load Linear load
voltage current wave shape in-phase
phase shift angle
,
Resistive load ( resistor, heating coil,.....), Inductive load ( inductor, motor ,
transformer,....), Capacitive load ( capacitor , .....)

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NonNon-linear load
Sinusoidal wave AC voltage source load power
Sinusoidal wave AC current Non-sinusoidal current
Load , Rectifiers, fluorescent lamp, electric welding
machines,...
Power factor Displacement power factor Distortion
power factor
Displacement power factor (DPF1)
Linear load voltage current phase shift angle
power factor
Distortion power factor (DPF2)
Non-linear load current harmonic current
distortion power factor
load power factor real power apparent power
DPF1 DPF2

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Power factor (Part(Part-3)

Power factor real power apparent power .. power
factor power
(... AC single phase
)
Apparent power
Apparent power voltage RMS current RMS

Apparent power = Vrms x Irms

Unit voltage unit V (volt) current unit A( ampere)
(VA)
AC AC voltage , current RMS
AC 230 V voltage RMS
RMS RMS
rms
Figure (2) RMS

Real power
power Active power Average
power voltage current

Unit W(watt) Figure (3) avearage power
power unit power
Figure (4) Real power (Average power)
Apparent power block diagram

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Figure (2) Root

Root Mean Square, RMS
AC voltage, AC current
AC wave

Sinusoidal current (lac)
AC current

resistance heating coil AC current DC current

DC current (Idc) AC current (Iac)
Idc Iac Irms ...DC current 1A
AC current 1A

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RMS
current square
current (n) square root RMS
waveform
waveform sinusoidal RMS Ipeak Root 2

Period(T) frequency (f)

AC waveform waveform
period (T) one cycle
cycle frequency (f)
period frequency
reciprocal

Period unit second frequency unit Hz cycle per second

AC source voltage freqency ...
230V, 50Hz 230V AC rms voltage 50Hz
frequency

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Figure (3) Average power

Voltage current rms voltage, current
waveform power waveform
power waveform
(p1,p2,p3,......) power (n) Average power
(RMS )
Waveform average Area
Waveform
area Figure
area (A) area (B1+B2) (dash lines)
dash line average power
Figure average power =0 , ( power factor=0 ??) ,
average power < 0 (Negative power factor ??)

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Figure (4) Power factor calculation

Figure (2) Figure (3) Apparent power real power (average power )
block diagram
load voltage load current
real power (average power) apparent power power factor

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Power factor (Part(Part-4)

Power factor for linear load
() linear load power factor
Linear load
() voltage, current, power

() energy transfer
() apparent power, real power reactive power power flow

Figure (5) Waveform and power triangle for linear load

Linear load current voltage waveform frequency
period phase shift angle ()
current waveform voltage waveform angle
power factor displacement power factor

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Voltage current frequency or period distortion

Phase shift angle

frequency or period waveform angle
period or one cycle time 360 degree
waveform 360 deg waveform
180 degree phase shift angle

Power triangle
Linear load power

apparent power square real power
square reactive power square
Leading power
power factor (capacitive load)
Capacitive load current waveform AC voltage source waveform
phase shift angle (leading) power triangle power factor
formula angle cosine ( cos ) power factor
Lagging power factor (inductive load)
load)
Inductive load current waveform AC voltage source waveform
phase shift angle (lagging) power triangle power factor
formula angle cosine (cos ) power factor
Linear load power factor leading lagging
(... leading, lagging power factor
power flow negative power
flow negative power factor
)

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Figure(6) Energy transfer

Linear load ...resistor,inductor,capacitor
linear load power factor
energy transfer
Resistor
Electrical energy Energy dissipated

Inductor
Electrical energy magnetic field Energy stored
Energy
retrieved

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Capacitor
Electrical energy electric field

energy storage device inductor capacitor energy
energy
energy oscillated
energy transfer energy
load energy source
Energy transfer power
power flow
electrical mechanical
( ...
modelling
control )

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Figure(7) Power flow process for linear loadload-1

Linear load AC voltage AC current power
() power flow ()
Power () apparent power, real power reactive power
Power flow power flow (+) Power flow (-) lagging
power factor inductive load voltage waveform, current waveform
voltage current power waveform
Power waveform Power flow (+) source
load apparent power
Power waveform Power flow (-) load source
reactive power
Power flow (+) voltage current polarity
Power flow (-) polarity one
cycle power flow (+) power flow (-)

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Power flow (-) Voltage current phase shift

angle angle cosine power factor

Power flow Single phase diagram voltage

current polarity power flow

Figure (8) Power flow process for linear loadload-2

Figure (7) block diagram

() Apparent power source load power

real power W1 power Energy storage
store
() energy real power W2
source reactive power

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(),() one cycle

Energy Reactive power source energe storage

Inductor, capacitor energy oscillation
linear load power factor

reactive power energy
storage power factor
correction

Figure(9) Power factor for linear load

linear load resistive load, inductive load , capacitive load
voltage, current, power waveform voltage
waveform , current waveform , power waveform

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() Resistive load
( voltage waveform current waveform in-phase
waveform )
phase shift angle zero cosine one power factor
one power waveform power flow (-)
reactive power source apparent power load
real power
() Induction load and (
() Capacitive load
Lagging , leading phase shift angle one power factor
Power flow(-) reactive power

() Induction load with power factor

factor zero
power factor zero inductive load
capacitive load power factor zero
power flow (+) apparent power power flow(-) reactive power
source Apparent power
load reactive power source
(... power waveform
power flow(-)
part-2 Negative power
negative power factor ( 0 to -1) load
power generate solar energy
load solar power source
power factor negative
)
xxxxxx

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