Application:

CentralPlantwithAHUandVAV

CLASSROOM
STOR.

CLASSROOM

CLASSROOM

CORR.

CORR.

CLASSROOM

CLASSROOM

CLASSROOM

CLASSROOM

STOR.

CLASSROOM

MULTI.
STOR.
CLASSROOM

STOR.

GIRLS T.

STOR.
T.

OFFICE

BOYS

CLASSROOM

Location
Atlanta,GA

Occupancy
ElementarySchool:K 6Grades
Schedule:

9Months(August May)
8am 4pm
8am

Marine(C)

Dry(B)

Moist(A)

 AdvancedEnergyDesignGuide(AEDG)forK12
d
d
d
f

SchoolBuildings
Relevantcodes
Standard90.12010
Standard552010
Standard62.12010
Standard189.12011
St d d 8

10

11

Betterenvironment=Increasedlearning
Favorablelight,soundandtemperature

BetterIEQ=Lowerabsenteerates
Improvedtestscoreandteacherretention

BetterDesign=LowerUtilityConsumption
Lifecyclecostanalysisvs.firstcost
Consistencyinannualbudget(lowerriskdueto

utilityfluctuation
12

Rememberthatdesigndoesnotaloneguarantee
goodoperationalperformance
Constructedperdesign Commissioning(Cx)
Constructedperdesign
Chapter5andAppendixBofAEDG

Properlyoperated
p y p
Trainingofstaff
g
Monitoringbuildingperformance
Identifyoperationalissues
y p
BuildingEnergyQuotient

www.buildingenergyquotient.org
EnergyStarPortfolioManager
www.energystar.gov

13

Maximizedaylighting,minimizeheatingand
coolingloads,andhighefficiencylighting
andHVACsystems
d

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

HVAC systems,loads,humiditycontrol,energyrecovery,equipment
efficiencies,ventilationandoutdoorair,construction,etc.
ffi i i til ti d td i
t ti t

SixSystems:
1) Singlezone,packagedDXunits(orsplitDXsystems)withindirectgasfired
g
,p
g
p
y
g
2)
3)
4)
5)

6)

heaters,electricresistanceheatorheatpump
WSHPsorGSHPswithadedicatedOAventilationsystem
Unitventilatorswithawaterchillerandwaterboilerorelectricresistanceheat
Fancoilswithawaterchillerandwaterboiler,orelectricresistanceheatanda
dedicatedOAventilationsystem
Multiplezone,VAVpackagedDXrooftopunitswithahotwatercoil,indirectgas
f
furnace,orelectricresistanceintherooftopunitandahotwatercoilorelectric
l
i i
i h f i d h
il l
i
resistanceintheVAVterminals
Multiplezone,VAVairhandlerswithawaterchillerandahotwatercoil,indirect
gasfurnace orelectricresistanceintheairhandlerandahotwatercoilor
gasfurnace,orelectricresistanceintheairhandlerandahot
watercoilor
electricresistanceintheVAVterminals
23

 Mostnoise
producingequipmentremote
Mostnoiseproducingequipmentremote

fromtheclassroom
UserControl
Reliability
Multipleunits

Maintainability
Serviceprimarilyincentralizedlocation
Outsideoccupiedspace
O t id
i d

FirstCostandLifeCycleCost
LifeExpectancy3035+years
LifeExpectancy30 35+years
Familiarity
24

Anairhandlingunit(AHU)servesseveralindividually
controlledzones
ll d

ComponentsoftheVAVairhandler:OA andreturnair
dampers filters fans coolingcoil heatingsourceand
dampers,filters,fans,coolingcoil,heatingsourceand
controls

ImageprovidedcourtesyofMcQuay International.
Allrightsreserved2011.
25

Fan
BAS

Relief/EA
OA
AHU
RA

26

Fan
BAS

Relief/EA
OA

AH
U

RA
T

VAV

2011JohnsonControls.Allrights
reserved.Usedwithpermission.

EachzonehasaVAVterminalunittomaintaintemperature
E h
h VAV
i l i i i

ComponentsoftheVAVterminalunits:airflowmodulation
device,controlsandaheatingcoil(exteriorzones)
,
g
VAVterminalunitsaretypicallyinstalledintheceilingplenum
abovetheoccupiedspaceoradjacentcorridor
27

Fan
BAS

Relief/EA
OA

AH
U

SPSensor

RA

VAV

AllVAVt
AllVAVterminalunitsservedbyeachairhandlerareconnectedtoa
i l it
db h i h dl
t dt
commonairdistributionsystem
Commonwaterdistributionsystemtoallequipment:
Coolingisprovidedbythecentralizedwaterchiller(s)
l
d db h
l d
h ll
Heatingisprovidedbycentralizedboiler(s)
28

CLASSROOM
STOR.

CLASSROOM

CLASSROOM

CORR.

CORR.

CLASSROOM

CLASSROOM

CLASSROOM

CLASSROOM

STOR.

CLASSROOM

MULTI.
STOR.
CLASSROOM

STOR.

GIRLS T.

STOR.
T.

OFFICE

BOYS

CLASSROOM

29

30

EQUIPMENT

AEDG

90.12010
90 1 2010

X
Comply w/90.1-1999
Water-Cooled Chiller
X
85% Ec
Gas Boiler
HP CFMs*0.0015
1.3 HP/1000 CFM
Fans
X:Dependsonunitsize,fuelandoperatingconditions
p
,
p
g

Notallequipmentislistedintheefficiencytables

31

WaterCooledChiller:

HelicalRotary=Screw=PositiveDisplacement
l l
l

32

33

Boiler

AEDG:85%Ec (CombustionEfficiency
b
ff
older
ld
ratingmethod)
90.12010:Et(ThermalEfficiency)
h
l ff

34

35

CoolingTower

36

37

RequiredinbothAEDG&90.12010when
R
i di b hAEDG&
h
coolingcapacity54,000BTUh (4.5Tons)
90.1definesfor3a(T6.5.1.1.3A):
f
f

Controlforhighlimitshutoffmaynot be:

Fixeddrybulbor Differentialdrybulb
Controlsettingsforhighlimit
DifferentialEnthalpy
Diff
i lE h l Mosteffectiveinallbuthot
dryclimates(moreexpensive)
ElectronicEnthalpy Mostcommononpackaged
equipment
38

BothAEDGand90.1requiremotorized
dampersforcontrolofOA
100%OAineconomizermode
Closedwhenunoccupied

MaximumDamperLeakage(3a):10CFM/ft
M
i
D
L k
( ) CFM/ft2
(T6.4.3.4.3)

Reliefmustbeprovided(6.5.1.1.5)

IntegratedEconomizerControl(6.5.1.3)
39

SpaceLoads

40

AEDG:
AEDG
DCVorEnergyRecovery
Energyrecoveryeffectiveness50%

90.1:
EnergyRecoverydependingon%OA
gy
y p
g
Energyrecoveryeffectiveness50%
OA=61.5%ERVisrequired

DCVisrequiredwhendensity>40people/1000ft2

(0.04)
Maxforthisarea:29people/1000ft2 notrequired
189.1wouldrequireDCVinclassroomsaslimitissetat0.025
41

42

ReducethesystemloadbytemperingtheOA
R d th t l db t
i th OA
priortoenteringunitcoils
OAi Atl t
OAinAtlanta:91.5FDB/74FWB,h=37.4
FDB/ FWB h
RoomConditions:75FDB/50%RH,h=28.2
50%Effectiveness(6.5.6.1)
E=(x
( 1x2))/(x
( 1x3))assumingequalsupplyand
g q
pp y
exhaust
0.50=(28.237.4)/(28.2x
5 (
37 4) (
x3 =32.8
3
3))
Energyrecoveryuseenthalpy
43

37.4
74F

32 8
32.8

OA (Atlanta)

28.2
Room
50%

75F

Condition of OA
E t i
Entering
unit
it

91.5F

Condition of OA
Entering unit

Reduced Load on
Cooling Coil

OA (Atlanta)

 AEDG:
AEDG
SealClassB(Traverseandlongitudinaljointssealed)

90.1:(6.4.4.2)
SealClassA(All joints&openings)

189.1:
SealClassA

46

AEDG:R6

47

48

MandatoryRequirements
M d t R
i
t
Previouslycoveredand/orcontrols

PrescriptiveRequirements
P
i i R
i
6.5.1.2WaterEconomizer
6.5.2SimultaneousHeatingandCooling
6.5.3AirSystemDesignandControl
53
y
g
6.5.4Hydronic SystemDesignandControl
6 5 5HeatRejectionEquipment
6.5.5HeatRejectionEquipment
49

Section6.5.1.2

BypassthechillerwhenOAtempisbelow
yp
p
50FDB/45FWB

50

Cooling
Tower

Load

Evaporator
Condenser

51

Cooling
Tower

Load

Evaporator
Condenser

HeatExchanger
52

Cooling
Tower

Load

Evaporator
Condenser

HeatExchanger
53

Section6.5.2
Zonethermostatstoprevent:
Reheating
Recooling
Simultaneousheatingandcoolinginasinglezone
Si l
h i d
li i i l
Mixingofmechanicallyheatedandcooledair

54

Section6.5.2
Section6 5 2(cont.)
(cont )
Exceptionsforreheat:
a Limitingtheairflowratenotexceedingthelargerofthefollowing:
a.Limitingtheairflowratenotexceedingthelargerofthefollowing:
Ventilationminimumflowrate
30%ofzonepeaksupplyCFM
AirflowrequiredbycodeforACHorpressure(i.e.,healthcare)
AirflowrequiredbycodeforACHorpressure(i e healthcare)

b.Ifabovenotattainable,considerthisoption.
c.Labexhaust
d.Zoneswhere75%ofreheatenergyfromsiterecoveredenergysource
p
g
pp
g
Reheattemperaturedischargewhensuppliedfromceilinglimitedto20F
abovethermostatsetpoint (6.5.2.1.1)
55

Section6.5.3

FanSystemPowerLimitation
y

VAVFanControl

MultiplezoneVAVSystemVentilation
M
li l
VAVS
V il i
OptimizationControl

SATemperatureResetControl

56

Section6.5.4

VariableFlowRequirements
q

PumpIsolation

AutomaticChilledandHotWater
A
i Chill d dH W

TemperatureResetControls

PipeSizing

57

58

Section6.5.5

Fanspeedcontrol(6.5.5.2)
p
( 55 )
Motor>7.5hp
Operateatlessthan2/3speedorhaveautomatic

controlstoreducespeedbasedonload

59

Thermalcomfortsetpoints
f

CLO=0.6 0.8(trousersandshirt)
(
)

MetUnits=1.0(reading,seated;writing)

60

Ventilationairflowcalculation
f

62

 Spacetemperature=75F
CoolingSAtemperature=55F
g
p
55
HeatingSAtemperature=95F
CoolingE
g z =1.0
HeatingEz =0.8
63

>15F

64

Equations:
Vot =Vou/Ev
Vou=DRpP +RaA
D=Ps/Pz

65

Pz =
66

 Pz =274(Peoplezonetotals)
Ps =261(Peopleinsystem)
CL.RM.
ST.
CL.RM.

CL.RM.

CL.RM.

CL.RM.
CORR.

CORR.

(13)

CL.RM.

CL.RM.

ST.
CL.RM.

MULTI.
ST.
CL.RM.

ST.
G.

T.

ST.
T. B.

OFFICE
CL.RM.

67

Vou =DRpP +RaA

Pz =274(Peoplezonetotals)
Ps =261(Peopleinsystem)
D=Ps/Pz =261/274=0.953
RpP =?
?

68

RpP =

69

Vou =DRpP +RaA =0.953(2735)+

=0 953(2735)+

RaA =?

70

71

Vou =DRpP +RaA =0.953(2735)+1263

=0 953(2735)+1263
Vou =3868CFM
Needtofind:
Vott =V
Vou/Ev

72

WhatisthemaxZp?
73

Zp =CFMvent/CFMmin
Classroom1
Zp =367/550=0.67
CriticalZone
(WorstCaseSpace)
Classroom5
Zp =369/475=0.78
=369/475=0 78
74

Zp=0.78requiresthatwelookattheequationto
7
q
q
calculateEv inAppendixA
75

 Ev =1+Xs Zp
Xs=Vou//Vps ((system%OA)
y
)
Zp=CFMvent/CFMmin (controlzone%OA)

76

Xs=V
Vou/Vps
Vou =3868CFM
Vps =?

77

78

 TotalofPeakAirflow=12,245CFMV
TotalofPeakAirflow=12 245CFMVps
Blockvs.PeakLoadsinmultizonesystem
Vps =AHUSA=11,000CFM
AHUSA 11 000CFM
BlockLoad=242,000Btu/h

Xs=Vou/Vps =3,868/11,000=0.35

79

Vott =V
Vou/Ev
Ev =1+Xs Zp
Xs=Vou/Vps (system%OA)=0.35
Zp=CFM
CFMvent/CFMmin (controlzone%OA)
(controlzone%OA)=?
?

80

Vott =V
Vou/Ev
Ev =1+Xs Zp
Xs=Vou/Vps (system%OA)=0.35
Zp=CFM
CFMvent/CFMmin (criticalzone%OA)
(criticalzone%OA)=0.78
0.78

Ev =1+0.350.78=0.57
=1+0 350 78=0 57

81

 Vot =Vou/Ev =3868/0.57=6785CFM

Minimumventilationwhencooling
ThisisgreaterthanthetotalofOAforeachroom
3998CFM

Butislessthandesigningaroundtheworstcase

space(78%OA)
11,000CFMx0.78=8580CFM
11 000CFMx0 78=8580CFM
82

83

Sofar,wevebeendiscussingmostlythe
p
g
g
technicalaspectsofaworkingdesign.

Butagooddesignconceptcanonlybecomea
goodinstallationiftheconstruction
documentseffectivelydescribethe
designersintent.
designersintent

84

ANDthedesignermustunderstandand
recognizethatthedrawingsand
specificationswillnotonlyguidetheworkof
f
ll
l
d h
k f
theinstallingcontractor

Itwillalsoguidetheworkoftheoperators,
maintainers,commissioningagentandother
designersinthefuture.

85

Thedesignershavearesponsibilitytonot
onlydescribehowthebuildingwillcome
togetherduringconstructionbutalso
h d
b
l

Tellhowthebuildingsystemsaremeantto
operate.

86

Ifa designer
sintentisnotclearlydescribedinthe
designersintentisnotclearlydescribedinthe
constructiondocuments,theneverycontractor,
operator,maintainer,energyauditor,designer,
p
,
,
gy
,
g ,
commissioningagent,etc.,willhavetoinferthe
designersintentfromtheprescriptiveinstallation
instructions.

Andfrequently,theywillmakethewrong
g
assumptions.

Yourspecsanddrawingsshouldnotbeariddleto
solve.
87

Whenweconductpostpartumstudies,we
findthatweusuallydontmaketechnical
mistakesfromalackoftechnicalknowledge
k f
l k f h
lk
l d

Systemsusuallyfailbecausethedesigners
Systemsusuallyfailbecausethedesigner
s
intentwasnotclearlystatedand/or
understoodbytheinstallingcontractor.

Tellingthestoryoftheentiredesign.
88

Contractorsfrequentlycomplaintome(when
C
f
l
l i ( h
Iworkasacommissioningauthority)thatthe
designengineerisweaselingoutofhis/her
responsibilities

O
Ownyourdesign!
d i

Understanditfully(bigpicture)
Workoutthedetails
k
h d
l
Describeyourworkclearly
D f dit
Defenditpassionately
i
t l
89

Overthenextfewhours,wewillwork
f
throughseveraldesignissuestogainabetter
understandingof:
d
d
f
Physicallimitationsofaproject
Constructabilityissues
Variationofcoolingandheatingloadsovertime

90

g ,
p
Intheevolutionofadesign,theoptimaluse
oftheavailablespaceshouldbeaconstant
concerntoamechanicaldesigner
g
Spaceallocationdisagreementsfrequentlydefine

therelationshipbetweenthemechanicaldesigner
andthearchitect
Youmustchallengeyourselftoneedaslittleof
thespaceaspossible
BUTALSO,bepreparedtopassionatelydefend
thespaceyouknowyouneed
h
k
d
91

Distributedspace

Mechanicalspace

92

AtyourEARLIESTconvenience,youshould
AtyourEARLIESTconvenience youshould
providethearchitectwithlocationsforduct
shaftsandpipechases.
shaftsandpipechases

Thesemechanicalspaceshavespecialfire
ratingrequirementsdependingonthe
i
i
d
di h
occupancy.

Theirlessthanoptimallocationscan
significantlyinfluencethesystemsefficiency
g
y
y
y
andinstallationcost.
93

Inourexampleofanelementaryschool,we
I
l f l
h l
willhave(relatively*)largeductstraveling
fromtheairhandlertotheVAVboxesineach
zone.

Astraight,symmetrical,naturalpathis
i h
i l
l
hi
desired;layouttheoptimalpathtominimize
materialandoptimizestaticpressuregains.
materialandoptimizestaticpressuregains

( relatively largebecauseinaVAVsystem,theductsare
(*relatively
sizedtocarryallofthesupplyairrequired)
94

95

96

Thelayoutinredusesslightlymoresheet
metal,requires2trunks

Butitlocatesmostoftheductworkover
unoccupiedspaceslikestorageroomsand
corridors,allowingforeasieraccessfor
construction,repairsormaintenance.

97

Optimizingthespaceforamechanicalroomis
f
amultistepprocess:
1.

Locatethelargestpiecesofequipmentin2D
basedontheproximityoftheirconnectedpoints
tothedistributedpipesorducts

2.

Verifythatmaintenanceaccessisprovided(for
y
p
example,achillerusuallyrequiresitslongitudinal
lengthinaccessforpullingtubes)
98

3.

Layoutpipesandductsin3D
dd

4.

TesttheconfigurationwithvariousO&Mscenarios
g
toensurethatyouhaveallowedsufficientspace
Canyouremoveandreplacelargepiecesofequipment?
Canyouperformallmaintenancetasks?
Canyoueasilyexpandthesystemsifrequired?

99

Inabuilding:
Centralizedtominimizeductandpipelengths
Closetomainelectricalroom
Closetowatermain
Accessiblebyvehicle,cranes,elevators,etc.,for

deliveryandremovalofequipment
Expandablespace
Vibrationandacousticconsiderations
100

Onacampus:
Centralizedtominimizepipelengths
Closetowatermain
Accessiblebyvehiclefordeliveryandremovalof

equipment
Expandablespace
Outofsight
Acoustics
101

102

Managingrefrigerantinanoccupiedbuilding
f
isveryimportant.Itismostimportantina
mechanicalspacewheretheconcentrationof
h
l
h
h
f
refrigerantisgreatest.

ASHRAEStandard15isaprescriptive
standarddetailingallofthefeaturesrequired
inamechanicalroom.

103

Specifies
f
Theseparationofboilersandchillersinmechanical
p

spaces
Theinstallationofrefrigerantleaksensors,exhaust
Theinstallationofrefrigerantleaksensors exhaust

fans(locationandsize),audibleandvisualalarms,
andselfcontainedbreathingapparatus
g pp
Constructionstandardsformechanicalspaces

envelopeincludingvestibulesfromoccupiedspaces
104

Allcalculationsarebasedontheroomvolume,
ll l l
b d
h
l
thetypeofrefrigerantandthechargeof
refrigerantinthelargestcircuit.
fi
ti th l
t i it

Youdefinitelyshouldinvestigatethepossibility
ofspecifyingsmallerequipment,alargerroom
ormorecircuitstoavoidtherequirementsof
someoftheprescribedprovisionsofthis
standard.
105

Whenyoudoaloadcalculation,youare
mostlyinterestedindeterminingthepeak
l d
loadsoyoucansizetheequipment.
h

However,anexperienceddesignerwillbejust
asconcernedwithpartialloads,because
designdayisrare,butpartialloadshappenall
thetime.

106

107

Summerpeakloadis380tons

Winterpeakloadis80tons
Loadingg
100%
75%
%
50%
25%

Number of
h
hours
per year
145
2355
4680
1580
108

Withoutlookingatthenextslidesinthebook

Usingtheinformationfromthepreviousslide
g
p

Discussingroupsof48peoplehowyouwould
breakuptheloadinto1,2,3,4,chillers

5minutes

Bepreparedtodefendyourchoices
d d f d
h

109

OptionA:
O ti A
3x125ton
Simplesttocontrol
Badperformanceatverylowload(winter)

OptionB:
1x80ton
1x120ton
1x180ton
Complextocontrol
Optimalperformance
l
f
110

OptionC:
1x80ton
2x150ton
Easytocontrol
Nearoptimalperformance

OptionCisselected
OptionCisselected

111

112

Putitalltogether

Presentedearlyintheconstruction
d
documentspackage
k

Tellthestoryoftheentiresystem
y
y

Withoutthem,designstrategyhastobe
inferred

Canbeusedandreusedthroughoutthe
commissioningprocess
i i i
113

114

Helpexplainhowthesystemworks

Clarifythedesigner sintent
Clarifythedesignersintent

Agoodsetoflinediagramswithwellwritten
notescanessentiallybecomethefrontendof

i ll b
h f
d f
asystemsmanual(farbetterthanacollection
ofrandomlycollatedO&Mmanualsand
f d l ll dO&M
l d
equipmentshopdrawings)
115

Thechilledwaterinthe
secondaryloop(orloadloop)
flowstoeachcoolingcoilinthe
building,propelledbyasingle
g p p
y
g
pumpwithavariablespeeddrive
(asecondpumpsetservesasa
backup)

Eachcoilisequippedwitha2
wayvalve;restrictingflowinto
thecoiltomeetthecooling
demandsetbythezone
temperaturesensor(actually,the
y
2wayvalveworkstomaintaina
nearconstantcoilleaving
temperatureof57oF)
116

Asthecoilvalvesopenandclose,thestatic
h
l l
d l
h
pressureinthesecondaryloopfluctuates;the
variablespeeddrivewillvarythepumpspeedto
i bl
dd i ill
th

dt
maintainanearconstantstaticpressure
setpoint (Thestaticpressuresetpoint islocated
setpoint.(Thestaticpressuresetpoint
inthemaindistributionpipenearAHU3;i.e.,
roughlyatapoint2/3oftheentireentire length
ofthepipe.)Thestaticpressuresetpoint issetat
20psig(andisadjustablethroughtheBAS).
117

Theprimaryloop,consistingofchiller1(80ton),
chiller2(150ton)andchiller3(150ton) each
chiller2(150ton)andchiller3(150ton),each
withaconstantvolumepump,workstomaintain
aconstantsupplyofchilledwaterat44
pp y
44oFatthe
topofthesecondaryloop.

Theprimaryloopmaintainsahigherflowthan
thesecondaryloop;theexcesswaterpumpedby
theprimaryloopreturnstothechillerpump
inletsthroughthedecoupler.
118

Thechillersandtheir
dedicatedpumps
aresequencedon
andoffinreactionto
g
thefluctuating
demandofthe
secondaryflow(see
chillersequencing
diagram).

119

Insteadofwritingalong,complicatedtextto
f
describehoweachchilleranditspumpis
turnedonandoffastheloadinthesecondary
d
d ff
h l d
h
d
loopfluctuates

Usearelativelysimplediagram

TheBAScontractorcanthendetermine
Th
BAS
h d
i
exactlyhowtowirethesensorsandcontrol
thechiller
h hill
120

121

pp
,
Inthisapplication,thechilleriscontrolled
simplybyasinglepointofcontrol:the
p
g
p
(
evaporatordischargetemperature(inthis
case44oF)

Thesetpoint mayneedtobeadjustedbased
onvariationswiththeoutsidetemperatureor
thebuilding sdewpointorinanticipationofa
thebuildingsdewpointorinanticipationofa
jumpinoccupancy,etc.,butthestrategy
workswithaconstantsetpoint of44oF.
F
124

Inthisstrategy,theprimarylooppumps
operateataconstantvolumeandare
energizedwiththesamesignalthatturnson
d h h
l h
thechillerhowthisisdoneexactlydepends
onthepreferredapproachofthecontrols
h
f
d
h f h
l
vendorandthechillermanufacturer.Asa
systemsdesigner,youshouldnt
d
h ld haveto
h
worryabouthowtheyactuallystartitup.
125

Thestartofthechillermayneedtobe
f
delayedforafewsecondsafterthepumpis
operatingtoletthewaterflow,proving
l h
fl
switchsenseflowthroughtheevaporator
thisisaconcernforthecontrolsvendor.
h
f h
l
d

126

127

Therearemanyschoolsofthoughtonthis
subject:
Manydesignerspreferasimplecontrolsstrategy

thatiseasilyunderstoodbytheoperators.
Otherdesignerspreferusingcomplexalgorithms
g
g
g
tooptimizetheoperationsofthepumps,chillers
andcoolingtowers;knownascoolingtower
optimizationstrategies somecontrolsvendors
optimizationstrategies,somecontrolsvendors
havewrittenthesealgorithmsintotheirBAS.
Thesearesometimesproprietaryandpatented
solutions.
128

Similarlytotheevaporatorsideofthechiller
plant,thecondensersideissetuptooperate
withconstantvolumepumps(inourexample).

Thecoolingtowersoperatesequentially(order
canbesetuptomatchthechillers,butnot
b t t t hth hill
b t t
necessarily)tomaintainatowerleaving
temperatureof85oF.
F

Thecoolingtowersthemselveswillmodulate
thefanstocontroltheiroutput.
129

Youcanalsomodulatetheflowofwaterwith
f
f
VFDsonthecondenserpumps,however:
Thequalityofthemistoutofthenozzlesinthe

towerdependsontheflow;areducedflowmay
promoteunevenflowoverthefilloran
t
fl
th fill
acceleratedaccumulationofmineralbuildup.
Innorthernclimates,reducedflowsare
Innorthernclimates reducedflowsare
discouragedbecausethetowermightturnintoa
hugeblockofice.
130

Coolingtowercontrolsaremoreforgiving
thanchillercontrols.
Ifachillersetpoint isoffslightly(i.e.,the
isoffslightly(i e the

evaporatorleavingtempishigh),thecomfortwill
likelybeaffected.
Ifacoolingtowersetpoint isoffslightly(i.e.,the
condenserwatertempisupordownfromits
p
p
setpoint of85oF),thechillers efficiencywillbe
adverselyorpositivelyaffected,butshouldnot
affectitsabilitytochillwater.
131

Condenserpumpsandprimarylooppumps
ontheevaporatorareconstantvolume
pumpscontrolledbyasingleonoff(BO)
signaltriggeredbythecoolingtoweror
chilleroperation.
chilleroperation

Secondarylooppumpsarecontrolledbya
VFD
VFDconnectedtoapressuresensorlocated
d

l
d
2/3downthemaindistributionpipe;it
maintainsanadjustablepressuresetpoint.
i i dj
bl

i
132

133

Forthisboilerplant,weselectedthesame
h b l
l
l
d h
controlsstrategyaswedidforthechiller:
Itsefficient
ff
Itsfamiliar
Itssimple
I i l
Itworkswell

Itsevensimplerbecauseallthreeboilershave
thesamecapacity,sotheycanbeinterchanged
inthesequence.
134

UsingairhandlersandsingleVAVboxes

TherealchallengewithVAVistheairquality
management:
Understandinghowtomeettherequirementsof

ASHRAEStandard62overmanydifferentloads
Astheairflowdecreasesinthezonetomatcha
decreasingcoolingload,theoutsideairflow
decreasesaswell
135

136

Beforeyousetouttowriteaspec,besure
f
thatyouareperfectlyclearwithregardsto
whatyouarespecifying.
h
f

Beforeyoucallanequipmentsupplierora
controlsvendor,besureyouknowwhatyou
wantyourequipmenttodo
Inotherwords,dontletthesupplierpickyour

equipment
q p
137

Methodologyforwritingaspecification
Startattheendandworkyourwayback:

4.SequenceofOperations
S
fO
ti
3.Execution
2 Products
2.Products
1.General
4.Howyouwantittorun
i
3.Physicallimitationsandconstructabilityissues
2 Whatproductscansatisfy3and4
2.Whatproductscansatisfy3and4
1.Listofstandardsthatapply
138

Usingplainlanguage,describeinyourwords
Usingplainlanguage describeinyourwords
howyouintendtousetheequipment.

Ifyouhavepreparedgoodlinediagramsuse
f
h
d
dl d
thenotestoguideyou.
Itmaybeappropriatetousesmalllinediagrams
b
ll l d
Orcreatesimplesketches

Yourspecsshouldbejobspecific,buttheresno
shameinusingexistingtextsasabasis;you
donthavetostartfromscratcheverytime.
139

Resistusingcannedvendorsolutionswith
prewrittentextsyourownvoicewillforce
youtoreallyunderstandthedesign.
ll
d
d h d

140

Clearlystatetheinstallationissues:
Schedules
Physicallimitations
Coordinationissues

Listallthatyouthinkispertinent;youwont
bewronginprovidingmoreinformationthan
youthoughtnecessary.

141

Forlarger,morecomplexpiecesof
Forlarger morecomplexpiecesof
equipment,youshouldconsultasupplier
beforewritingthissection.
beforewritingthissection

Providethesalesengineerwithsections3
and4,aswellasdetailedoperatingdata.
d ll d il d
i d

Donotincludeanyproductfeaturethatyou
yp
y
couldnoteloquentlydefendonyourown;
onlyincludefeaturesthatyoucanjustifyto
y
y
j
y
theowner.
142

Listonlythestandardsthatarerelevant.
Listonlythestandardsyouunderstand.

Inotherwords,knowwhatyouspecify.

Preferably:listtherelevantpagenumbers.

143

Nowhereisitmoreimportanttodemonstrate
thatyouownthedesignthanwhenyouwrite
aspecification.
f

Dontgetcaughtjustcopypastingand
Don
tgetcaughtjustcopy pastingand
deletingsectionsthatdontlookrightinthe
specs;reallygettoeachlineofthespec.

144

Wewantthecontractorsandthesuppliersto
readthespecs

Ifthespecslookandfeelliketheywere
actuallywrittenbyahuman,andnotjustan
impersonalamalgamofamasterspecification
andmanufacturers data,theyaremuchmore
andmanufacturersdata,theyaremuchmore
likelytoreadandunderstandit.

145

Intheprocessofevaluatinganapplication
f
thoroughly,weneedtolookatitsimpact
overanextendedperiodoftime.
d d
d f

Howlongshoulda life be?

Howlongshouldalifebe?
Usually25years;itwillspanmostoftheusefullife

ofbuildingsystemsandidentifytheequipment
g y
y
q p
withashorterexpectedlife,needingreplacement

146

Firstcost
Design
Construction
TAB

Operatingcost
Energy
Maintenance
Repairs

Training
Etc.
E

147

Financialcost
Interestrates

Replacementcost
Samecostsasabove

Inflationrates
Incentives/penalties

148

Design Element

ASHRAE 90.1-1999
Reference Building

Proposed Design
DOAS & Fan Coils

- Packaged Variable Air Volume

with reheat
- Building Envelope according to
ASHRAE 90.1 - 1999
- Lighting
Li hti d
design
i b
based
d on ASHRAE
90.1 - 1999
- ASHRAE 90.1 - 1999 Minimum
Equipment Efficiencies

- Dedicated Outdoor Air System

serving Fan Coils
- High Performance Building
Envelope
- High
Hi h P
Performance
f
Li
Lighting
hti S
System
t
- Condensing Boilers

63,000

63,000

30.1%

30.1%

Design Comparison
Total Office Building Area (ft)
Number of Storeys
Building Dimensions

Floor Dimensions
Window-Wall Ratio (%)
Number of occupants

Building Envelope

LPD (W/ft)

Heating and Cooling

Plant Performance

260

260

Roof Uvalue

0.063 (R16)

0.025 (R40)

Wall Uvalue
Glazing Uvalue

0.09 (R11)
0.59 (R1,7) Double 6/12/6

0.042 (R24)
Double Low e 0.39 (R2.56)

Glazing SHGC

0.39

0.39

R
Regular
l space

14
1.4

08
0.8

Drill Hall

1.7

0.8

80%
1.25 kW/Ton

92% boiler only

0.6 kW/Ton

Heating Et
Cooling Performance
Peak Heating Load (MBH)

1,900

1,350

Heating Load (Btu/ft)

30.2

21.4

Peak Cooling Load (Tons)

120

91

Cooling density (ft/Ton)

525

692

Peak Electrical Demand (kW)

Peak Demand Intensity
(W/ft)
Electrical Energy Use
(kWh/year)
Annual NG Consumption
(ekWh/year)
Total Energy Use (ekWh/year)

250

178

4.0

2.8

635 900
635,900

376 404
376,404

692,323
1,328,223

415,851
792,255

21.1

12.6

Equipment Size

Energy Performance

BEPI (kWh/ft.yr)
Percent Energy Savings

Financial Performance

Annual Operating Cost

($/year)
Annual Operating Cost
Savings ($/year)

40.4%

$80 278
$80,278

$47 748
$47,748
$32,530

Percent Energy Savings

GHG Enmissions

Tonnes/Year

Savings

Tonnes/Year

An example of a relatively
simple comparison of
DOAS and fan coils design
compared to a packaged
VAV system (compliant to
Standard 90.1-1999)

43.7%
267

159
108
23629
54050

12194
31993

149

Usingthefollowinglifecycledata:

Life=25years

TotalfirstcostofHVACequipmentinstalled=$1,500,000
$500,000materials
$1,000,000labor

Annualmaintenancecosts=$30,000
3 ,
Estimatedasanallinclusivemaintenancecontract

Inflationrate
Utilities5%
l
InterestRate4%
Labor3%
3
Materials2%
150

Annualgasconsumption=$40,000
A
l
i

Annualelectricalconsumption
HVAC=$65,000
HVAC 6
Lighting=$12,000

Fi t
Firstcostfinancingperiod(mortgage)=15years
tfi
i i d(
t
)

Replacementcosts:40%ofequipmentafteryear18

Depreciationrateoftheequipment:
f h
Equipmentwith18yearlife=5%
Equipmentwith25+yearlife=3%
Equipmentwith25+yearlife 3%
151

WhatistheresidualvalueoftheHVAC
equipmentafter25years?
Yourestimate:
Yourestimate:_____________________________
Theactualnumber:_____________________________

Whatisthetotalcostofownershipafter25
yearsofusage?
Yourestimate:_____________________________
Theactualnumber:______________________________

152

Usingasoftwareprogram
f
Manyarecommerciallyavailable
ManycanbefoundontheInternet
YoucandevelopasimpleExcelspreadsheet

153

Infinance,thenetpresentvalue(NPV)ofatimeseries
f
h
l
f
ofcashflows,bothincomingandoutgoing,isdefined
asthesumofthepresentvalues(PVs)ofthe
individualcashflowsofthesameentity.

InHVACLCCcalculations,afterthe1
InHVACLCCcalculations
afterthe1st yearof
ownership,wecanaddthecostofownershiptothe
firstcost;andsoon,foraslongaswewant.
;
,
g

Wecanthenestablishthevalueofaninvestmentin
today sdollars.
todaysdollars
154

Wecanthencomparetheinvestmentin
improvementstoothertypesofinvestments
NewHVACsystemsvs.hiringmorepeopleata

consultingfirm
Newchillervs.newmarblefloorsinahotel

155

System

RelativeLCC cost
over25years

VAVSystemwithHigh
EfficiencyCentralPlant
VAVSystemwithPackaged
RooftopUnits
p
VAVSystemwithMid
EfficiencyCentralPlant
VAV SystemwithLow
EfficiencyCentralPlant

$1.00
$1.98
$1.08
$1 09
$1.09

Why? Letsdiscuss
Why?...Let
sdiscuss
156

Returnoninvestment
paybackperiod
b k i d
<3years
YES!!
47years
4
7years
Maybe
7years
Notlikely

157

Comfort
f
Airquality
Productivity
Betteracademicresults
Betterworkresults

Hardtoevaluate:CIBSE isdoingresearch
158

159