AIR SYSTEM DESIGN

AIRSYSTEMDESIGN

Topics
Pressurization
AirDistribution
DuctDesign
i
FanSelection

Pressurization
Manyairpathstoconsider:
Many
air paths to consider:
SupplyAir
ReturnAir
Return Air
ExhaustAir
TransferAir
Transfer Air
ReliefAir
VentilationAir
Ventilation Air
OutsideAir
3

Pressurization
Spacevs.Building
Space vs Building
Space

50CFM
EXHAUST

TRANSFER
50CFM
300CFM

Negative

Neutral

SUPPLY
RETURN
250CFM
0 CFM
0CFM
4

Pressurization
Spacevs.Building
Space vs Building
Building

Negative
500CFM
EXHAUST

Neutral
Positive

SUPPLY
VENTILATION
2000CFM
RETURN

RELIEF
1500CFM

Typicall
5

Pressurization
Spacevs.Building
Space vs Building
Building

Negative
3000CFM
EXHAUST

Neutral
Positive

SUPPLY
VENTILATION
2000CFM
+
OUTSIDE AIR
OUTSIDEAIR
1000CFM

RETURN

RELIEF
0CFM

HighExhaust
h h
6

Pressurization
Spacevs.Building
Space vs Building
Building

Negative
500CFM
EXHAUST

Neutral
Positive

5000CFM
SUPPLY
VENTILATION
2000CFM
+
OUTSIDE AIR
OUTSIDEAIR
3000CFM

ControlfortwoCFM
setpointsormodulate
RETURN
0CFM

RELIEF
1500CFM
4500CFM

Economizer
i
FreeCooling
li
7

Building Pressurization
BuildingPressurization
Buildings
Buildingsarecommonlydesignedwithslightly
are commonly designed with slightly
positivepressure
Minimizeinfiltration
Minimize infiltration
Bettercontrolofspacetemperatures

PressureControls
Sensorscomparingindoorandexteriorpressure
controllingVFDonrelieffan
Gravityreliefdampers
8

Building Envelope
BuildingEnvelope
Drivethedrierairthroughtheenvelope
Drive the drier air through the envelope
Coolingseason:positivepressure
Heatingseason:negativepressure
Heating season: negative pressure

Winter Exfiltration
WinterExfiltration

10

Exhaust Air
ExhaustAir
Exhaust
Removalofcontaminants:odor,moisture,
chemicals etc
chemicals,etc.
Appliedto?
Applied
to?
Toiletrooms
Showerrooms
Shower rooms
Janitorclosets

Laboratories
Kitchens
Breakrooms
11

Exhaust Rate Calculation

ExhaustRateCalculation
CodeandCommonPractice
Code and Common Practice
InternationalMechanicalCode

CommonPractice
2CFM/ft2
10AirChanges/Hour(ACH) odor
20ACH moisture

12

Headquarterss 1st FloorPlan

Headquarter
Floor Plan
Calculation:
1.Code
50CFM/Fixture
5urinals/WC
5 50 250 CFM
5x50=250CFM
2.2CFM/ft2
Area=25ftx10ft
2 250 500 CFM
2x250=500CFM
3.ACH
10ACH
V l
Volume
=25x10x9ft
25 10 9 ft
=2250ft3
60minutesinanhour
/
10x2250/60=375CFM
13

Transfer Air
TransferAir
ExhaustAir=500CFM
SupplyAir=70CFM
CoolingLoad

Pressureistoonegative
Pressure is too negative
IncreaseSA
85%ofexhaustCFMtomaintainnegative
Increase70to425CFM
500x0.85=425

Subcoolthespace
Increaseenergyuse

Transferair
Air
Airfromanadjacentspacethatwouldotherwise
from an adjacent space that would otherwise
beenreturnedorrelieved
500 70=430CFMtransferred

14

Methods to Transfer Air

MethodstoTransferAir
Undercutthedoor(max.
Undercut the door (max ~150
150CFM)
CFM)
Space
Dividing
Wall

Doorgrille
Prohibitedinfireratedwall
Acousticissues

Transferairboot

Ceiling
Xfr Air
Adjacent
Space

Ductconnectingceilinggrilles
g
gg
Caninsertafire/smokedamper
(2)90
(2) 90elbowseliminatenoisetransferissues
elbows eliminate noise transfer issues

Xfr Air
Exhausted
Space

15

SA:70CFM
EA:500CFM
XFRA:
X
A
430CFM

16

AirDistribution

17

Characteristics of Air
CharacteristicsofAir
Airbehaviorisrelatedtoairtemperature
Air behavior is related to air temperature
Coldairdrops
Hotairrises
Hot air rises

ManyHVACsystemsarebothheating(hotair)
andcooling(coldair)
d
li ( ld i ) Shouldtherebetwo
Sh ld th
b t
distributionsystemsfortheairdependingon
th
themode?
d ?
Theoreticallybestbutnotpractical Spaceand$
Designedbasedonthemoredominantuse
18

Comfort Zone
ComfortZone
ComfortZone:6in.to6ftabovefinishedfloor
Comfort Zone: 6 in to 6 ft above finished floor
Maintainanairvelocity<50fpm
Airspeed<20fpmnotperceivable
Ai
d 20 f
t
i bl
Moretolerantofdraftatanklethanatneck

Temperaturegradient3F

6fta.f.f.
76F

6in.a.f.f.
73F
19

Placement
Thelocationofsupplyairgrillesand/or
The location of supply air grilles and/or
diffusersiskeytogoodairdistribution
Theoptimallocationdependson:
Interiordesignofthebuilding
Localsourcesofheatgainorloss
Outletperformanceanddesign

20

Ceiling
G df
Goodforcooling
li

P
Poorforheating
f h ti

Coolairwilldropnaturally,
properlycirculatingair
p
p y
g

Warmairwillriseunlessforced
downwithhighvelocityairflow

21

Coanda Effect
(CeilingorSurfaceEffect)
Thesurfaceeffectcreatesalowpressure
g
g
j
regionandencouragesthejetflowtoattach
totheceilingorsurface.
Thehighpressureoftheroomalsocontributes
The high pressure of the room also contributes
byholdingtheairstreamtotheceiling.
S
SupplyAir
l Ai
Diffuser

Ceiling
LowPressure

LowPressure

HighPressure
22

Side Wall
SideWall
Good for cooling
Goodforcooling
Coolairwilldropnaturally,
properlycirculatingair

Poorforheating
Warmairwillrise,potential
forstagnantconditions

23

Floor or Sill
FloororSill
F il
Fairlygoodcooling
d
li
Iftheairvelocityisgreat
enoughtocausethecold
airflowtorise
i fl t i

E ll t f h ti
Excellentforheating
Counteractsthecoldair
downdraftthatoccursat
anexteriorwindow
t i
i d

24

Stratification
V hi h ili
Veryhighceilings:
Atrium
Gymnasium
Multipurposeroom

Thesupplyairgrilleshouldbelocatedfarbelowthe
ceiling level.
ceilinglevel.
25

Supply Air Devices

SupplyAirDevices
Usedtodistributeconditionedairevenlyinthespace:

GrillesandRegisters
CeilingDiffusers
Sl t/Li
Slot/LinearDiffusers
Diff
Nozzles

Itemsconsideredinselection:

Velocity
P
PressureDrop
D
Noise
Supply air/room air temperature difference
Supplyair/roomairtemperaturedifference
Distanceofthrow
26

Ceiling Diffusers
CeilingDiffusers
Mountedintheceiling
Manysizesandconfigurations
y
g
Commonlyused
Coolingcontrolledapplications
C li
t ll d
li ti

27

Diff
DiffuserSelection
S l i

28

 ADPI(AirDiffusion
PerformanceIndex)
2009ASHRAE
Fundamentals
Fundamentals
Handbook,Chapter
20 SpaceAir
20
Space Air
Diffusion

30

Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
Area:20ftx15ft=300ft2

15
15

SpaceSensibleHeatGain:
qs=9,300BTUh
9 300 BTUh
RoomSensibleLoad:
9,300BTUh/300ft2
=31BTUh/ft
/ 2

20

SpaceAirFlow:
425 CFM
425CFM
31

LL =thelimitingthrowdistance
the limiting throw distance
X50 =Manufacturerratedthrow

32

Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
NumberofDiffusers?
OneDiffuser:
One
Diffuser:
7.5ftand10ftthrow
Controlling throw = 7 5 ft
Controllingthrow=7.5ft

15
15

7.5ft
20

10ft

33

Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
NumberofDiffusers?
TwoDiffusers:
Two
Diffusers:
5ftand7.5ftthrow
Controlling throw = 5 ft
Controllingthrow=5ft

15
15

7 5 ft
7.5ft

5ft

5ft
20
5ft

5ft

34

Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
NumberofDiffusers?
OneDiffuser:
7.5ftand10ftthrow
Controllingthrow=7.5ft
L=7.5ft
X50/Lrange:0.5 1.5
X50 range:
=0.5(7.5ft) 1.5(7.5ft)
=3.75ft
f
11.25ft
f

15
15

7.5ft
20

10ft

35

Example
Selection:
Throw manufacturerperformancedata
X50(oftenprovidedX
(often provided X150,X100, &X
& X50)

36

Example

X150 =4ft
X100 =7ft
X50 =13ft

4ft

7ft

13 ft
13ft
37

Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
OneDiffuser:
X50 range:
0.5 (7.5 ft) 1.5(7.5ft)
1.5 (7.5 ft)
=0.5(7.5ft)
=3.75ft 11.25ft
Manufacturerdata:
Manufacturer
data:
X50 =13ft
13 ft > 11 25 ft therefore
13ft>11.25ft,therefore
Dumpingwilloccur

15
15

7.5ft
20

10ft

38

Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
OneDiffuser:
10ftthrowrange
X50 range:
=0.5(10ft) 1.5(10ft)
= 5 ft 15ft
=5ft
15 ft
ManufacturerX50=13ft
13 ft < 15 ft therefore OK
13ft<15ft,thereforeOK

15
15

7.5ft
20

10ft

39

Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
TwoDiffusers:(2x215CFM)
(
)
5ftand7.5ftthrow
Controlling throw =5ft
5 ft
Controllingthrow
L=5ft
/L range: 0 5 1.5
15
X50/Lrange:0.5
X50 range:
= 0 5 (5 ft) 1.5(5ft)
=0.5(5ft)
1 5 (5 ft)
=2.5ft 7.5ft

15
15

7 5 ft
7.5ft

5ft

5ft
20
5ft

5ft

40

Example

X150 =3ft
X100 =4ft
X50 =8ft

3ft

4ft

8 ft
8ft
41

Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
TwoDiffusers:
X50 range:
0.5 (5 ft) 1.5(5ft)
1.5 (5 ft)
=0.5(5ft)
=2.5ft 7.5ft
Manufacturer data:
Manufacturerdata:
X50 =8ft
8 ft > 7 5 ft therefore
8ft>7.5ft,therefore
Dumpingwilloccur

15
15

7 5 ft
7.5ft

5ft

5ft
20
5ft

5ft

42

Example ConferenceRoom
Example
Conference Room
TwoDiffusers:
7.5ftthrowrange
X50 range:
=0.5(7.5ft) 1.5(7.5ft)
= 3 75 ft 11.25ft
=3.75ft
11 25 ft
ManufacturerX50=8ft
8 ft < 11 25 ft therefore OK
8ft<11.25ft,thereforeOK

15
15

7 5 ft
7.5ft

5ft

5ft
20
5ft

5ft

43

How to Decide?
HowtoDecide?
OneDiffuser
One
Diffuser
14in.neck
Dumping at room
Dumpingatroom
perimeter

TwoDiffusers
Two
Diffusers
10in.neck
More diffusers to install
Morediffuserstoinstall
Dumpingabovetable
Dumpingatperimeter
Dumping at perimeter

44

Example
Area:
Area:1822ft
1822 ft2
SpaceSensibleHeat
Gain:
qs=69,980BTUh
Room Sensible Load:
RoomSensibleLoad:
69,980BTUh/1822ft2
= 38 4 BTUh/ ft2
=38.4BTUh/ft

45

46

Example
X50//LRange=0.5
g
1.5
Throwlength:
Wall
Betweendiffusers/2
B
diff
/2
Obstruction

L=?
X50 =(0.5 1.5)(3ft)
=1.5to4.5ft
X50 =(0.5 1.5)(4ft)
=2to6ft

5ft

L 3ft
L=3ft

6ft/2=3ft
14ft/2=7ft
4.5 4ft
L 4ft
L=
4ft
L=
10ft/2=5ft

Example
Selection:
CFM
SA
SA=3,180CFM
= 3 180 CFM
12Diffusers
3,180/12=265CFM/Diffuser
,
/
/

Throw manufacturerperformancedata
X50
50 (oftenprovidedX150,
150, X100, &X50)

48

Example

X150 =3ft
X100 =5ft
X50 =10ft

3ft

5ft

10 ft
10ft
49

Example
X50 =(0.5
(0.5 1.5)(3ft)
1.5) (3 ft)
=1.5to4.5ft
= (0 5 1.5)(4ft)
1 5) (4 ft)
X50 =(0.5
=2to6ft
Manufacturer X50 =10ft
ManufacturerX
= 10 ft
ResultCollidingAirStreams
Dumping

5ft
3

3ft
7ft
5 ft
5ft

7ft

4.5 4ft
5 ft
5ft
5ft

L
L=

Example
Potential
Potentialsolutions:
solutions:
Considerlayout
Uniformthrowdistance
Uniform throw distance
Controldumpinglocation

Consideranothertypeofdiffuser
yp
LookforaincreasedX50 rangeperADPItable
Lookfordifferentthrowratings

51

ASHRAEApplicationsHandbook2007

Soundlevels<35dBarenotconsidereddetrimentaltospeechintelligibility

52

Acoustics

Balancing
Damper
(3dB 10dB)

Diffuser
NCfromManufacturers
Literature*

Ifdiffusersare<3fto.c.add3dBA
Manufacturer literature often has 10 dB
Manufacturerliteratureoftenhas10dB
Absorptionaccountedfor

Classroom:30=10+10+Diffuser
Classroom:
30 = 10 + 10 + Diffuser
DiffusershouldhaveaNC10
53

Example

54

Balancing
Maintain
Maintainasequalofductlengthorpressure
as equal of duct length or pressure
lossonrunsaspossible
Balancingdampersneeded
Locateateachbranchducttodiffuser
Imposeartificialresistance(allpathslookequal)
Setbybalancingcontractor
Fanselectedforworstcaserun

55

Duct Design
DuctDesign

FrictionLoss
Friction
Loss
DuctSizing
DuctFittings
i i
AspectRatio
ContinuityEquation
System Pressure Loss
SystemPressureLoss

56

Friction Loss
FrictionLoss
Resistance
Resistanceimposedbythesurfaceareaofthe
imposed by the surface area of the
ductonairflow
Resistanceincreases:
Resistance increases:

Greatervelocity
Smaller Duct
SmallerDuct
Increasedsurfaceareacontact ductshape
Roughnessofduct

Important:Frictionlossinfluencesfanenergy
consumed
57

Friction Loss
FrictionLoss
Duct
DuctsizingoftendoneusingtheEqual
sizing often done using the EqualFriction
Friction
Method
Alternatemethods:
Alternate methods:
StaticRegainMethod
TMethod
T Method

Settheacceptablefrictionloss
Lowpressuresystem=0.08in.ofwater/100ft
Low pressure system = 0 08 in of water/ 100 ft

58

Example:300CFM
9in. Duct
Velocity=680fpm
y
p
Velocity =CFM/Area
=300/(4.5)2/144
=679fpm
679 f

59

Example:3600CFM
23in. Duct(over10in. useeven)
24in.
Velocity=1150fpm
Velocity =CFM/Area
=3600/(12)
3600 / (12)2/144
=1146fpm
SP=0.065in.ofwater/100ft

ASHRAEFundamentals2009
Chapter21

PotentialRect.
DuctSizes:
9x60
10x51
12x40
14 x 33
14x33
16x28
18x25
20x22

Duct Sizing
DuctSizing
Whichrectangularductsizeisbest?
g
Allhavethesame
f i ti l
frictionloss&airflow
& i fl
butnotthesamearea!
9x60=540in.2
12x40=480in.2
20 22 440 i 2
20x22=440in.
Limitationsonspaceavailability
Limitations on space availability
AspectRatio

PotentialRectangular
D t Si
DuctSizes:
9x60
10x51
12x40
14x33
16 x 28
16x28
18x25
20x22
62

Aspect Ratio
AspectRatio
AspectRatio:theratiooftheheightandwidth
p
g
dimensionsofaduct
DuctSize
9x60
12 40
12x40
20x22

AspectRatio
60/9=6.7
40/12 3 3
40/12=3.3
22/20=1.1

Perimeter
138in.
104 i
104in.
84in.

Closertheaspectratioisto1,
the lower the material cost
thelowerthematerialcost
63

Friction Loss
FrictionLoss
Insteadofusingthesechartsforfrictionlossfor
Instead
of using these charts for friction loss for
straightductlength:
Ductulator oftenused
Tablesappliedtoawheel
Producedbymanymanufacturers

Computersoftware
Computer software
CADprograms
64

Continuity Equation
ContinuityEquation
VolumeFlowRate=Constant
A1xV1 =A2xV2

65

Continuity Equation
ContinuityEquation
Example:
12in.x12in.ductwithanairvelocityof800FPMis
changed to an 18 in x 10 in duct:
changedtoan18in.x10in.duct:
12in.
12 i
12in.

18in.
10 in
10in.

Whatisthenewvelocity?

66

Continuity Equation
ContinuityEquation
A11 xV
x V1 =A
= A22 xV
x V2
(12in.)(12in.)(800FPM)=(18in.)(10in.)(V2)
V2 =640FPM
Thesamequantityofairismoving
The
same quantity of air is moving
throughtheduct,justatalowervelocity.
67

Duct Fitting Friction Loss

DuctFittingFrictionLoss
Pressurelossfromfittingsissignificant
essu e oss o
tt gs s s g ca t
Changeinairdirectionresultsinturbulence
Fittingscostmorethanstraightduct

Minimizethenumberoffittingsinductlayout
Minimize the number of fittings in duct layout
68

Duct Fitting Friction Loss

DuctFittingFrictionLoss
Pressurelossfromfittingsissignificant
Pressure loss from fittings is significant
Changeinairdirectionresultsinturbulence

Considerthe
radiusofaturn
69

Loss Coefficient Method

LossCoefficientMethod
Hf =CxH
= C x Hv =C(V/4000)
= C(V/4000)2
Hf
C
Hv
V

==Pressurelossthroughfitting,in.ofwater
Pressure loss through fitting in of water
= Losscoefficient
=Velocitypressureatfitting
V l i
fi i
=Velocity

70

Example
20
20x22ductwith3,600CFMmakinga90
x 22 duct with 3 600 CFM making a 90
changeindirection
Planview:20in.iswidth&22in.isheight
Plan view: 20 in is width & 22 in is height

Elbowwithturningvanesvs.radiuselbow
ASHRAEorSMACNAtablesforCvalues

71

90Elboww/TurningVanes
90
Elbow w/Turning Vanes
V=CFM/Area
=(3600)/(20x22/144)
(3600)/(20x22/144)
=1080fpm

Hf =C(V/4000)2
=0.33(1080/4000)2
=0.024in.ofwater
72

90SmoothRadiusElbow
90
Smooth Radius Elbow

Hf =C(V/4000)2
=0.21(1)(1080/4000)2
=0.015in.ofwater

V=CFM/Area
=(3600)/(20x22/144)
=1080fpm
1080 fpm

73

Friction Loss
FrictionLoss
90
90w/TurningVanes
w/Turning Vanes
Samespace
0.024in.ofwater
Equalto30ftofstraight
duct

90
90SmoothRadius
Smooth Radius
Samespace
0.015in.ofwater
Equalto19ftofstraight
duct

Duct System Pressure Losses

DuctSystemPressureLosses
Itemstobeincludedincalculation:
Fittingpressurelosses
Straightductpressurelosses
Flexduct(keeptolessthan5ftinlength)
Fl d t (k
t l
th 5 ft i l th)
Equipmentpressurelosses(obtainedfrom
manufacturersliterature))

Coils
Filters
Diffusers
Dampers
Etc.
75

Duct System Pressure Losses

DuctSystemPressureLosses
WhyCalculate?
Why Calculate?
Mustbeovercomebythesupply/returnairfan

Calculateonlythecriticalpath
Greatestpressureloss
Usuallythelongestpath
Maybepaththathassignificantnumberof
transitionsordevices
76

TypesofFans

77

Centrifugal Fans
CentrifugalFans
Bladesthatareslantedawayfrom
y
thedirectionofwheeltravel
AirFoil(AF)
Mostefficient
HighCFMandhighpressure

BackwardInclined(BI)
B k
d I li d (BI)
SameasAFjustdifferentshapeblade

ForwardCurve(FC)
Forward Curve (FC)
Usedinsmallapplications
(
(lowSP&speed)
p
)
Volumeblower
78

Axial Fans
AxialFans
Usedwhenspaceislimited
Propeller
P
ll
LowefficiencyandverylittleSP
Typicallynoductconnection
Typically no duct connection

Tubeaxial
Moreefficient
LowtomediumSP

Vaneaxial
Compactfootprint
MediumtohighSP
GoodEfficiency
Good Efficiency
79

Direct vs. Belt Drive

Directvs.BeltDrive
Directdrive
Direct drive
Lowmaintenance
Smaller
Requiresacontrollertochangespeed

Belt
Performanceflexibility beltandadjustablepulley
Easyaccess
Requiresmaintenance(bearings)
80

Fan Selection
FanSelection
LargeApplications AirHandlingUnit,Relief,Exhaust,
Return etc
Return,etc.
Typeoffan
Drive(DirectorBelt)
Drive (Direct or Belt)
FanCurves
StaticPressure
Static Pressure
CFM
RPM
HPandBHP
Soundmeasuredinsones (typicallysmallfanlocated
withinthespace)
81

System Curve
SystemCurve
2
Pressure2 //Pressure1 =(CFM
(
/CFM
/
)
2
1
Example:TSP=3in.ofWC,CFM=3600
CFM
Pressure
1000
0.23
2000
0.93
3000
2.1
3600
3.0
4000
37
3.7
5000
5.8
7

TottalPressure,inofw
water

6
5
4
3
2
1
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

CFM

82

To
otalPressure,inofwater

FanPerformanceCurve
SystemCurve
4

OperatingPoint

0
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

CFM
83

Fan Performance
FanPerformance
Usingmanufacturerdataanddesigncriteria:
Using
manufacturer data and design criteria:
CFM:3600
StaticPressure:3in.w.c.
S i
3i
MHP:3
BHP:2.8
FanRPM:1400
Fan RPM: 1400

84

Installation Performance
InstallationPerformance
Good
Goodductdesignandinstallationarecritical
duct design and installation are critical
toproperperformance
Whenmeasured,airflowdidnotmatch
When measured air flow did not match
designbecauseofunaccountedforsystem
effect
Design
Actual
3600CFM
3200CFM
p
g
Fanspeedincreasedtogetairflow
85

Installation Performance
InstallationPerformance
Actual
Revised
3200 3600
1400
00
?

CFM
FanRPM
CFMnew
CFMold

RPMnew
RPMold

3600
3200

RPMnew
1400

RPMnew =1575
86

Installation Performance
InstallationPerformance
Actual
3200
1400
00
3.0

CFM
RPM
SP
SPnew
SPold

RPMnew
RPMold

SPnew
2.8

Revised
3600
1575
?

1575
1400

SPnew =3.8
38
87

Installation Performance
InstallationPerformance
CFM
RPM
BHP
HP
BHPnew
BHPold

RPMnew
RPMold

Actual
3200
1400
00
2.8
3
BHPnew
2.8

BHPnew =3.99
3 99
HPnew =4

Revised
3600
1575
?
?
1575 3
1400
88

Design vs. Installed

Designvs.Installed
CFM
RPM
BHP
HP

Design
3600
1400
00
2.8
3

Actual
3200
1400
00
2.8
3

Revised
3600
1575
3.99
4

89

7
NewFanCurve
(increased
RPM)

TotaalPressure,,inofwate
er

6
5

Actual
OperatingPoint

ActualSystem
Curve
DesignSystem
Curve

FanCurve

4
3
2
1

Design
OperatingPoint

0
0

1000

2000

3000
CFM

4000

5000

6000

90

Questions?

91