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SERI/TP-253-1871

UC Cateaorv: 62

A Simple Energy Calculation

Method for Solar Industrial


Process Heat Steam Systems

Randy Gee

January1983

To be presented at the
ASME 6th Annual Solar Energy Division Conference
Orlando, Florida
19-21 April1983

Prepared Under Task No. 1394.00


WPA No. 416

Solar Energy Research Institute


A Division of Midwest Research Institute

1617 Cole Boulevard


Golden, Colorado 80401
Prepared for the

U.S. Department of Energy


Contract No. EG-77-C-01-4042

Printed in the United States of America


Available from:
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Price:
Microfiche $3.00
Printed Copy $4.00

NOTICE

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States
Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Department of Energy,
nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their
employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability
or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information,
apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not
infringe privately owned rights.

SERI/TP-1871

A SDn'LE E1'IERGY CALCULATIOK M!THOD FO'R SOLAR


INDUSTRIAL PllOCESS BEAT S'TlWI SYST!MS
Bandy Gee
Solar Energy Research Institute

1617

Cole Boulevard

Golden,

COlorado

80401

H
Rprocess downtLe
Designing a solar industrial process heat (IPH) system,

its components and predicting its annual energy

sizing

easy

to

use,

calculation

accounts

for

method

the

that

impact

is

accurate,

ter is described in this paper.


hand

calculator

peak

The energy calculation


of

paper

solar

boiler

However,

collector

this

trough

steam

ther.ual storage.
steam

systems

generation

are

!loth

systems

flash

covered.

tank

that

and

'Readers

do

collector length

interested

spillage nd loss factor

to

Solar

Industrial

Pl:'ocess

Heat

rate (k s

lqR2).
:Is

(Mep)coll

collector

s torage system

ground

'!,

rea

array (;u-)

covered

for

no

by collector

s pe c ific

costant-pressure
( -1 " c- 1
J g
)

"''

area

(m2)

1d,c

annual

aharlin

loss

fsctor

for

annual

shading

loss

fact or

for

cov e r ratio Jf

(kg s- )

thermal

fild

collect:.i.on

average

ene1:gy

long-term

averae
of

long-term

average

annual solar
ses (J :n--1)

annual

long-tem :1verilge
deli;;ery (J yr-1)
:n

industrial

lectC!r array

(J yr--)

"liter latent :1eat of Taporization


(J <g-1)

nr?Y

solar system
ener3"J

3ystem c

process

(J :-r-

.ollec
during

o :.down

annual

energy

;> l"oc e s s

OW\!

dalight

during

rate of collectot"s
da yl igh t hours (Y)

col

iays

collec
per ni:

collectora,

to l12c tion

industrial

solar

of

(W m -)

t i on

exchane

solar system use fa cto r


ground

flow

mass

days) per yea r (days ::r-

rate of

d e pende nt

collector field

number

tcoo ld own

hours

collec tor heat removal factor

'shade, field

(J c-1)

c ol le cto r -rea,

collector efficiency fac=cr

midfield collectors

average

tio n

flash steam syst :ac=or

shade

c oll ec t or

total

capacitance

long-term

unfired boiler factor

steam mass fl o w rate

concentrator foc a l lengt (m)

heat

fluid

number of parallel collectc>r

heat

system
f ac to r

odifier

total therma l capacitance of s.:lar


sy'!tem exclJding c,ollecor ther1:1al
apacitanc e (J C-1)

collector area (2)


aximum

col

(m)

collector - t ie ld

AJ)oroaches for

col

latitude (derees)

unfired

lector types and/or system configurations are referred


Desilzn

an

annual

incident-angle

in application of this calculation method to other col


Syste (Kutscher at al.

to

mo dif e r

at x degrees

not

of

normal

direct

a'7ailable

(W m-2)

cor1:ection

method is applicable to a vari

configurations.

in

averae

incident-angle

describes the calculation method applied only to

?arabolic

employ

system

irradiance

lectors

to predict annual col

lector field perfonce and annual system losses.

ety

(lT

(1 r.t )

irradiance

Only simple graphs and

are required

ho r s

irradiation - ncirlent

long-term

of all important

daytime

process
downtime
annual asis (hr yr 1)

leetor plane

system ?a rame t er , and does not require use of a compu


a

expected

industrial
beam

delivery requires a method for calculating solar system


?erformance.

total

los

energy
use

sn!".ual

rat a
loac

aveage overnight er..ergy loss f_=?


piping syste coponets ( day -)

tot3l expected daytime hours of


3olar system ( owntie on an annual
a.s is (1!' :.,rr--)

:.pJerage overnight ,:ler!"''


ccllectors (J ay-)

loss

:rom

SERI/TP-1871

(C)

amient temperature

average yearly daytime temperature

(oC)

ighest
expected
temperature (C)
M

J.a,n

annual

ambient

average yearly nighttime


temperature (',C)

ambient

collector fluid temperature (C)

(C)

boiler feedwater temperature


steam temperature
colle2tor 1heat
(l m- 0c- )

(C)
loss

coefficient

odified collector heat loss coef


ficient (mod ied 1for pipe system
C- )
losses) (W m

if

unfired boiler heat transfer coef


ficient,
boi er
surface
area
product (W C- )

overall heat loss coefficient of


piping system co111ponents on outlet
(hot) side of field (W 0c-l)
overall heat loss coefficient o f
piping system components op inlet
(cold) side of field (W C- )
heat loss coefficilnt
piping system (H C- )

lJ

total solar svstem


coefficient (W C-1)

of

entire

thet'lllal

i:tcident angle 1110difier


factor for x degrees

loss

weighting

INTRODUCTIOR
During te planning and design stages of an IPH solar
system, an annual energy calculation method is needed
for two principal reasons. First, a calculation method
is needed to ai d in the design of the !<Olar system.
''arious solar system configurations must be analy::ed,
alternate solar collectors :nust be co mpared, and the
collector field and other system components IIIUSt be
sized.
Second, an evaluation of the cost effectiveness
of !:he solar system (i.e., payback period or internal
ra:e of return) requires an estimate of annual solar
system energy .!elivery.
A nUMber of items impact the energy delivery of a solar
system, including collector field size and orientation,
collector characteristics, site characteristics, col
lector fluid properties and process load characteris
Because there are so many variables, detailed
tics.
coputcr models are often employed to make IPH system
tradeoffs and to provide the necessary performance
information.
However, tis a pproach requires computer
.: cilities, is time-consuming, 11nd can be expensive.
:he design engineer prefers design tool3 that are easy
to use and provi<le for a quick 11ssessment of various
desizn options.
Fortunately, design tools can be
3reatly simplified With the use of simple modifiers
that C1ave been analytically calculated.
A familiar
examole is the heat removal factor F (Duffie and Beck
man, 197!.), which accounts for the -performance illl1la ct
of the temperatare rise across the collector fi ld.
:-{owev<;!r, not all solar system co;noonent variables can
e characterized in this nner ecause of their time
<rarying '>ehavior.
Instead, by appropriately rou nin g
ime-va ryi ng v'iriables into "!eaningful. groups and using
regression
analvsis
techniques,
:heir
perfoance
imnact can be orrelated emnirically.

Ideally, empirical correlations should be based on mea


sured data from operating solar systems, but suitable
data for solar IPH systems is not yet available.
Instead,
the empirical correlations that have been
developed are based on the results of a detailed, hour
by-hour
IPH system computer
model called SOLIPH.
Another paper in these proceedings descries the
computer model (Kutscher, 1983).
Typical meteoro
logical year (!MY) tapes provided the hourly weather
and solar irradiation data base for the computer
model.
'The Tlff data set is a COillt)OSite of months
selected from the so! historical d ta base for each
of the 26 stations With long-term records.
P'or these
soT stations, thousands of SOLIPH runs were made to
provide a large data base for developing empirical cor
relations.
With this large data base, a multivariable
regression analysis was used to generate empirical cor
relations that closely matched the SOLIPH runs. Agree
ment between the empirical correlations and the SOLIPH
runs is better than 4% (t'IIIS error).
Additionally,
these empirical correlations were checked for accuracy
against a larger weather and solar irradiation data
SOLIPH runs for the 208 ERSATZ sites (using
base.
ERSATZ tapes) were made and compared with the
empirical correlations.
Again, empirical correlation
accuracy (rms error) was found to be better than 4%.

A large amount of industrial process heat is utilized


in the form of low-pressure saturated steam.
A large
fraction of this energy is utilized by industrial
plants that have daytime, 7 day/week loads. For these
industrial plants, a no-storage, solar-steam .syst:em can
provide an attractive source of the! energy.
There are currently two principal configurations for
solar system steam production *
'l'l'!e first and most
widely used systent configuration is the unfired-boiler
system (see Fig. t).
This is the configuration used b y
In an anfired
all five MISR program participants.
boiler steam system, heat transfer flid is 'umped
throuh the collector field and then to an u nfi ed
The hot fluid Jithin the tbes of the boiler
boiler.
vaporizes water in the shell and saturated steam is fed
to the existing steam header that delivS!rs ener;;y to
the industrial process.
As the steam is "enerated,
make-up condensate is supplied to the boiler.
7o
account fr te temperature eld\Tation of :.:!t co!.lactor
loop inlet above the steam temperature a simple modi
fier is introduced--the unfired boiler fac!:or, F.
Derivation of the unfired boiler factor is orovided
in

ef. S.
In a flash-steam solar syste (see Fi. 2), pressurized
11ater is circulated troug;h the collector field and
flashed to low-quality stea across a throttling val-re
into a separator tank. Flashing is a constant enthalpy
process that onverts the sensi'>le heat )f the ater
into a two-phase mixture of .;ater and steam at condi
tions prevailing in the nash tank.
Tl"te steam quality
(fraction of to tal !:!SSS now !:hat is flashed tO ranor)
usually is less than 10%. Steam separated !n the flash
tank ts fed into the plant team distribution system to
be used by the industrial process.
The saturated
liquid is recirculated through the collector field.
7o
:taintain the necessary liq ui d ::.evel in t:oe ::ash t'!.nk,
bo i le r Eeedwacer is injected into the no sucion.

*A

thi.d

elseh<;!re

confizuration

in these

cr

:or

<;ener"'tion is desc::-::<;!r!
(:-!av and '!urplw, :'JJ)

stea:

ocee din gs

SERI/TP-1871
Often parabolic trough efficiency is reported as:

Existing

Parabotic Trougn
Solar SYstem

Equoment

---- .......

CheeK

Steam
Header

Heat T:ansfer

This

efficiency

1980)

and

Plant

Circulating
Pump

be

has

- Unfired Boiler Steam System

physical
to

basis

the

(Tabor,

form

suggesced

a2/I
test

I
is the beam irradiance that was present during
test
the collector tesf.
If no Itest value is giren, take
I
as 1000 W/m
est

EJC1Sting
Equtpment

-----

Check

no

modified

where B

Flash
Va1ve

Parabolic Trougn
Solar Svstem

form

should

shown below.

L ____...J

Fig.

Ta1

1_....-.,
.; _
r ;:.)

I
II

I
.
I
I
Treatment II

Flwd Loop

F'TJ

row, the collector ?'1'10 and

are given aa:

Staam

Haaaerl

Pressunzed
Water Flutd

,
I

LOOP

I
I
I
I
I

Evaluate

Treatment 1
__

_P".!...J

system.
well

Circulattng

Fig. 2 - Steam Flash System


prevent

pressurized

boili
- ng
by

the

specified so that

above
able

field

within the

collector,

recirculation

the

pump.

The

the steam

temperature

delivery

"liUSt

temperature

be

pump

is

is

to obtain

reason

team qualities downstream of the throttling valve

performance modified

accounts

is

industrial

owner

helow.
or

<Jhere Qload

procedure

no-storage
The

system

for

inputs

the

required

designer

are

annual

As a

hooks.

of

all

to

the

t"eadily

land

its

the

F'jt

ifier
test

tory.

solar

and

yearly

average

average

close

cur,e.

data

collector

F'n

This

stor"'ge

r
Is L hfg

Cp

(1"g

- 1"feed)

use

is

used

(ASIDL

Fundamentals,

Chapter

Z6).

area

;:.avout

and boiler feed

dayti;ne

nighttime

tempera

tempera

approximation,

that

!s

to

:3

be

the

average

6C.

used,

oot:a!n

values and its incident-angle mod


infor.nation

easured at an

should

independent

be

taken

testing

li:nitaticns,

invest;nent

considerations,

or available sizes of modular collector systems.

nihttime temperature can be taken as

For

thermal

area

energy

A
:11
as an upper bound in sizing t:1e collector
c
x
field.''
maller collector fields ;nay be required due

t'se

Average temperatures can


ture 1"a n of proposed site.
foun
in the u.s. Climatic Atlas and other refer

ence

no

collector

load

may be used as the aximum temperature for :"luch

collector

fl w rate

I't"ocess steao temperature 1"5

Jefine latitude r.,


ture _b and
yearly

he

assumin.g

Intensity Tables

from

:!.abora

-fc.

field

and

-ieteine

collector

Size enegy transport pLping insulation and

tank.

Calculate number of pipe suppN"ta and

water temperature ! arl"


Check that a stea2 require
e
!!!ent exists cluring da light hours, i days/ week.

process

Ta,:"l
y be estimated for the site from ASrtRAE for
ax
As a close approximation, a value ,,f
"!any cities.

IPH solar steam sys

1 - 0btain necessary infornation.

Define

recommended

the

I
can be estimated as 1100 ,_. !:1-z.
A '1!0re accurate
:"lax
estimate can be found in ASHRAE
Clear
Day
Solar

Another slm

for this temperature

available items of information.

StP

on

recommendations
as
12 ) will aid in this

of the United States.

calculation

provided

ll and

and that solar energy is never dumped.

40C

enerJ collection of a

tem

manufacturer

(8, 9,

maximum

the

based
c ,malt
rate Qload and

STEP-BY-ST'ZP PROCEDU'RE
steo-b)"-step

(Collector

Ca lclate

The flash sys


elevation--the flash system factor Fl:'.
tem factor derivation is given in :tef-. 5.

Ta

- 1"s

Configure collector field and enerl7 transport

as references

The col

considerably

and recuce the water recirculation rate.


;:>le

water

water exiting the collector field is

outlet

under sufficient pressure to prevent boiling.

lector

aT

at

step.)

Pumo

To

F'Ut

Define land availability at proposed solar site.

Calculate

rJ

(F accotmts

across the collector fiel).

for:

th

field

expansion

valves.

temperatur

:::.se

SERI/TP-1871

Step t. - Calculate system dependent heat exchange fac


tor Fs

For steam flash systems, calculate <r

Fs

F'or

c
AcFRUL/l\ i!
(
l Ts - TfHd )
T
+ c (T
h
p
s - feed)
f6

unfired-boiler systems, calculate FB.

F ,. F B
s

l +

c (e
c p

c
c P -

-1

1-c:T ,,:.

c::

u..
"
u..

1)

Sten S - Calculate effective optical efficiency.

incident- angle

modifier

annual

correc

Fig.

.6

.8

.7

.7

.6

.5

.4

.4

.3

Define expected dirt and dust optical loss odi


f:!.er. l!ecause this loss is site specific it should
be based on observed material coupon degradation for
the particular site.
(See Refs. 4 and 10 for :llOr e
information.)

Calculate
tion 'K,3

.4

.2

.2

.4

,8

Intensity Ratio

FeU (T,- ia)


Feil:, i;,

- Energy C ollection Rate CuJes vs. Intensity

W7.5K 7.5 + 1122.5K22.S + l:37.5!<37.5


+ 11sz.sKs2.5 + 67.3K67.s

Values of l{lt are found in Table 1. Values of JS.: are


taken from the collectors incident angle modifier
c.urve ..

1ultiply the normal incidence optical efficiency


(F.,ll 0 by both modifiers to arrive at the effective
)
optial efficiency (FRn0).

Step 5 - M"odify collector heat loss coefficient and


effective optical efficiency to account for thermal
transport energy losses.

Group energy transport components (i.e., piping,


1altes, fittings, pipe anchors, circulation pum!J,
flex hoses, and unfired boiler or Elash tank) into
ei::her inlet (cold) components or outlet (hot) com
onents. rlculate UiAi and U0A0
Correct the effectite optical efficiency to account
for steady-state pipe losses.
F n

R o

__

,.

FRi"
' 0

Fig. 4

- u A /M c

o o

c p

collector heat loss coefficient


account for steady -state pipe losses.
Correct

"' " '


. R"L
-L

the

-'1 A

/ c

c p

to

:i c
-U1A/tcc
c !'
A /:i c
p . --- - (e U o o c p
Ac'RvL
.._

qc /[75Fan

unsharld colactors.
F.,u;

Fig: 3.

l e

v u

- 'fa )/(?.,n'0

Ih)

of

se ?ig. 4 o dete i ne
no!":!al irr-diance

:ocate
?t. 3

'I,;,.

intensity
and loca te on
long-ta

ratio

:t-axis

averae

of

(fb + so)]"'

used

of

the

to

evalu

;>raphical

'). 6688- 0.6745 x- 0.3166

:2

For north-scu:h parabolic trouhs:


q::iL='sF'1n(T0
r.oere

+so): "'o.as1n-

O.C0391

L +

f,.tltiply ::-a:<iS
.iete!.":"liro.e qc.

'!alue

J)'

o.:n11

0.003864

L 2
latitude (degrees)

direct

or qc/[F5?;cT 50)] on y-xis of


consistent with te !tensity ratio, sits
value

nd
calculator
may
e
ate qc /[F9FRn; (lb + 50)] !.n3tead
determination
For east-west para b o li c tr oughs :

[ ,,t",'>]

Stery 7 - Calculate net annual average enerr collection


ta ki ng into account thermal transport. losses) for

Detein

latitude, and collector orientation.

'-u

- Average Direct ol irradiance During


Daylight Hours (1im-2)

"<: ,J. J:!n

::-

- O.J014R4

SERI/TP-137l
Step - Calculate annual
annual end loss factor.

shading

loss

factor

Determine proposed ground cover ratio (GCR


tor aperture width/ row-to-row spacing).

Calculate
Ac/GCR.

reuired

collector

field

size

and

collec-

as

A
g

Determine whether enough collector field area is


If not, increase GCR or reduce A
available.
c
Figs. 5
Locate annual shading-loss factor (F h
on
)
s ade
or 6 for specified GCR and latitude of-site.
Calculate field shading loss factor,
one unshaded row.
F
shade,field

accounting

qc

Correct

for end loses by multiplying by L

end'

Step q - Calculate net annual energy collection (taking


count thermal transport losses).

Multiply the-energy collection rate per unit of col

lectOf area

c by the collector area A c to cieter


mine Qc , the average annual energy collection rate of
the collector fiel.

for

1 + (NR- l) F
shade
R

shading
losses
by
multiplying
by
Correct c for
F
shade, field'
Determine end-loss factor for specified row length
(see Fig.:. 7).

Since Qc is an average collection rate (in W) bases


on all ciaytime hours, multiply c by 1.5768 x 101
(the number of daylight seconds in a year) to obtain
annual energy collection in Joules.

Steo 10- Calculate annual overnight cool down losses.

1.0

Calculate (Mcp)s s the total thermal capacitance of


y
system components including piping, valves, insula
tion, and heat transfer fluid.
Also, inclucie flash
tank or unfired-boiler fluid inventory.
Do not
include collector absorber tubes, flex hoses or their
contained fluid inventories.

Calculate ('!cp)
the total thermal capacitance of
oll
collector absor er tubes, flex hoses, and their con
tained fluid inventory .

Calculate average energy loss overnight from system


components based on (:-tcp)
and piping system UA
sys
from Step 6.

f
Ill
0

0.95

"'
5

<n

;;

..

"i
u:

0.90

0.7

0.8

o,sys

[1

-C1c )
/( (-:1A)
t]
iJ sys
sys
e
C1c )
(T
p sys s

Lat1tucte (degrees)

Fig. 5

Use <lt (average overnight


sec (15 hours)

Annual Shading Loss ultiplier vs.


atitude for EW Troughs

cooldown period)

"'

54,000

Calculate average energy loss overnight from coll<!c


tor components.
(Assume these conponents cool com
pletely to ambient.)

GCR

"

"'
"
:;
"

'035"f

0.1

0.2

o,coll

T
T
(c )
p coll ( s - a,n

Calculate annual ovenight cooldown losses.

0.3

(..

<

0.95

09J
t
J 85

0.6

Latatua

Fig. 6

f/L,

(Cegreeal

- .;,nnJal Shading Loss -!ulti.piier

Latitude :r XS

Troughs

North-So urn
L = 45

0.90

0.85 .-__,:..___..:..___...:.___...,:___......
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

:o

25

'f
)
a,n

?ig. 7

vs.

End-Loss

:actor vs.

Length to Collector

Collctor Focal

Length Ratio

SERI/TP-1871
w here

239 + 0.2 Tb

F '0

Estite the annual number of daylight hours that the

solar

system

hardware

collector

level

trols.

is

problems

likely

components

to

with

reliability,
such

be

the

as

out-of-service

solar

and

system.

maintenance

circulation

Estimate the annual number of

system

and

con

not

should

accept

solar

include

unscheduled

shutdowns

torical plant data.

Compute

the

energy.

solar

for

This

plant

oaintenance

syst

use

time

based

and

on

based

his

on

the

total expected daytie hours of solar system downtime


and

process

industrial

43 80

(te:

downtime.

annual number of daytime hours)


HRsolar

downtime

F use

available

Ste?

12

Subtract

annual

annual

+ HRprocess

Ms

Qload

overnight

delivery

losses

(Step

10)

annual energy collection determined in Step

mated

This

annual energy delivery.

obtain

solar

that

dnergy

fraction

result

of

(neglecting

the

is

the

process

electrical

and

solar

from

9.

the

solar
load

system

3.203

c, x

4227

met

Ste" 1

Tf

d
ee

"fa

solar

of

:!O:"'Jc ( sat'.lra tion


:s

l20oC

3. 7"r

,. 11c,

?sraholic

of

total

m2
value

.so -

4227 m2 h. larger than the !ISi!


2500 mz.
Hence, t!!e 2500 m2
too large for this industrial pro

of

coll<:_ tor
l

field

f2?.0

row-to-row
energy

characteristics:
:."'!let

spacing

transport

Header,

Outlet

lieader,

3-in.

3-in.

fiberglass insulatio,

'rocess load that

t'.ow-to-row

pipin.

e refe;::-ed
f"J!j\1 H n-- is:
=

ZSO ps ia)

row

S?Stem

sch.
sch.

the

a -

J.

T
.576 ""'

equation,

1.25-1n. ressure

14,

:1ssll!!1!ng

I-::ast

2-

' -

:! c
_s_::_
_\. F'T_T.,.
c

..

,
....

l i .64 (2301)

:!5()0 ( .7t.lj

:Ji th

:1

;:ollowin3

150

long,

3-i::.

40,

130

;n

long,

3-i:l.

1'10

l"ng,

sch.

40,

::1

::.

isolation

tank,

has

6'))

40,

1.25-in.

4.5

(Therm:!.nol

of I) .1 :n (20 ft)
of 2.44 m ( ft).

1.5-in. fiberglass insul a r. i on,

28
collector
insulated body,

rate

val:es,

:'-i;;.:'fiberglass

1.:5-i!!.,

L1sulat!on,

18, 3-in. isola cion valves, insulcrted C,ody,

fficiency

.:>fJ -

!:lo;

gpm),

fiberglass insulation,

soc

.6i6

40
,

"

area of

not

17.64 kg

ISR

The

trough efficiency
=

6
10 /(.8(1100)- .741 (205- 40)] "'

5 m3 dxpansion

T'a,n

for thi3 energy use

Ac,ax

north-south orientation,

Qload

temoerature at

Kg

fourteen parallel collector rows,

----

the annual

(205C -

_}_

a,max

field is

is:

two collector drive strigs per row,

Qd

syste!!l.

is

I!!lax - F'UL(Ts - Ta,max>J

Pipe supports every

"

:II

Kg

collector aperture width

fraction

the

plant

immediately

a center feed piping layout,

culate the expected annual energy <lelivery of the solar

"Y

is

The MISR system under consideration has:

by

A ;:ood processing ?lane near nenver, Colo.


uses
1723 kPa (250 psia) of saturated steam at a r:tte of
3000 1<g/h,r (11,023 lb/hr) seven days/week, 24 1-tr/day.
A 2500 :n- trough :1ISR system (Alvis, 1983) is being
C<)nsi<lered to provide some of the process steam.
Cal
system and the

processing

land

"' 1100 W m 2 and T

e
Ac,ax
Th
collector field

cess.

Oload/[F'o

Using Im
, . ,ax

parasitics),

EXAMPLE CALCO'LAT!ON

can he :net

food

This

105 2 + 4542

The maximum collector area

divide the annual energy delivered by the annual process load.


solar :ract!on

the

rate is:

annual energy total by the use factor esti

in Step 11.

[ 1.92

l20 C)1
"' 3.203 X 106 !,l

:usR
'{ultiply

at

acres.

a-2oc-l .

'i

.741

..

+ cp (Ts - !feed)]

[h fg

5000 !a.(....!)!!!...
hr
3600s

downtime

energy

land

two

11C ,. 194 C,

!be industrial process ener; use rate

- --743
80

r.alculate

to

adjacent to the ?lant.

\c,max"'
frac:ion.

,. ::SC

estimate

shutdowns

factor

The

limited

can be defined.

.676 + .000334 T

F'U "' .676 + .1)00334 (194)


L

daylight hours that the

scheduled

.80 and F'UL

For <l.T"' Ts - Ta

to

Consider

of

pumps

due

industrial process will be nonoperational, and hence,

will

ru1

From this equation both 7'0 and

11 - Estimate the solar system use factor Fuse

SteP
e

d,c

rel!f

valves.

SERI/TP-1871
F,..

R'o

'"

"R F'n .977 5 (.80) '" .782


o
F'

All

energy

system

are

values.

FB,

Calculate

the unfired boiler factor.

1
value of 40,000 WOc-1 (7 5,820 Btu hr - F)-1.

U A
b b

F
B

AoF>U
L

['[

able 2

along

in

solar

their

UA

data g i '1e n in

are based on

values

the

with

:1

'\/

c
c p

] -l
-1

Reflective
proposed

(2500)( .724)
40,000 (1 64

uteria1

An

month

samples

site

average

has

centrator

as

were

soon

as

FRn "

2300)_
1

placed

the

site

specular reflectance

been

measured.

cleaning

is

Since

at
was

- u A 0 /M c
c P

128.1/[(17.64)(2300)]

.997 (.782) .780

loss

for

the

of

the

A F

5%

con

solar

incident

angle

of

the

K 7 "
3 .5

.96

In tensity

"3 7.5

on

valu'!s,

the

incident-angle

.33(.99)

.22(.96)

.10(.88)

.01(.65)

.782 (.95)(. 98)(.9824)

:'able
Weight:L.'lg
Factor

t17

. ...,,

.:>

;.;:-

.. c-7. :>

-., ,..
r..'t;;-.

'J7.:>

T )
a

-ZoC-l (0 5C - 11)
.780 (525

qc

_;;---- .8810
"' "' ::;-,
(-I + SO)
'

__

.7 1 5

sa o

rather

l,'

than

.3117 (0.396)

ig ht :.ng actor

orth-S<Juth
L=25

1"=30

L=35

L=40

o .:.s

0.'-3

0.35

0.2?

0.26

0.17

0.28

0.33

0.38

0.40
0.26

L=45

I..=50

0.24

0.47

0.23

0.30

0.12

0.:.6

0.18

0.22

o.:s

0.20

0.88

0 .. 10

O.l2

).10

0.07

0.07

0.15

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.0Z

0.29

-?
)
m

:<

')

Incident Angle l'!od i f ier Annual Correction


East-West
All Latitudes

calculator

Using a hand
techniq ue :

.9'124

:'lodifier

ef E c i ve optical efficienc:- !.3:


" 0

F n
I
R o
b

._

annual corection can now be calculated.

.35(1.00)

-.

3-:>

33

22

those

F U' !T
R L . s

Ratio

. 35

::7. s

::zz.s

- 163.2/[(1 7.64)(2300)]

Ksz. '" .88


5
.65
K
67.5 '"

For north-south troughs at latitudes near 40, the


incident angle wei ghting factors (from Tab1 1) are:

Based

- 1.153

collector

t incident angles of 7.5, 22 .5, 37.5, 52.5, and


n7.3 are given below.

:<7 .s - 1.00
:.:22.5 '" 99

-163.2/[(1 7.64)(2300)]
+
e
.997
4(2 300) (
17-6

12.11/[(17.64)(2300)]
2500 (.lz4) .e
}

5% is

Because receiver clean

modifier

( U A /M c
-u A,/M c
i c p
o o
c p

c R UL

ing is a much easier operation than concentrator


cleaning, the receiver 'ill be cleaned biweekly and
only a 2%
loss in average optical efficiency is
e:oected.
tested

!1 c
c p

sel

bimonthly

anticipated

expected over the long term.

- .997

an average optical efficiency loss of

system,

':'ne

R o

(1 7.64)(2300) (e

solar

e ct ed.

The

97 4

Steo 5

per

ub

H: c l e
c p

1 +

used

com-ponents

U0A0 " 128.1 W 0c-l

The ISR system unfired boiler is specified to have a

trA
5 and 8.

in

Fs

given

These

references

Stan

transport

the

o. 396

graphical

SERI/TP-1871
Table 2.

Energy Transport System Component Loss Coefficients

Quantity

Component

Inlet Side Components


150m
3 in. sch. 40 piping with 3 in. fiberglass insulation
90m
1.25 in. sch. 40 piping with 1.5 in. fiberglass insulation
1
Unfired Boiler with 3 in. fiberglass insulation
1
Circulation pump, insulated, with seal cooling

54.2
31.4

11.3

13.8

Expansion tank, 3 in. fiberglass insulation


Pipe supports for 3 in. pipLg using calcium silicate

33
14
1

2. 3

5.3

Pipe supports for 1.25 in piping using calcium silicate


Pipe Anchor

Flexible hoses, 1.42m

28

4.2
0.6

long

30.8
5.7

Insulated hand valves for 3 in. piping

10
14

Insulated

hand valves for 1. 25 in. piping

3 .1

t: A al63.ZWOc-1
i i

Outlet Side Components


130m
3 in. sch. 40 piping with 3 in. fiberglass insulation
1.25 in. sch. 40 piping with 1. 5 in. fiberglass insulation
90m
Pipe supports for 3 in. piping using calcium silicate
30
14
Pipe supports for 1.25 in. piping using calcium silicate
?ipe anchor
Flexible hoses, 1.42m

28
8

45.4

31.4
4.9
4.2

0.6

long

30.8
4.6

Insulated hand valves for 3 in. pipLg

Insulated hand valves for 1.25 in. piping

14

3.1

Insulated pressure relief valves

14

3.1

+.3130 (0.396)- - .003919 (39.7)


+ .003864 (39.7)(0.396) - .001484 (39 . 7) (0.396)
';"'

a
;:.

- .5046

'"F F 1 (Ib +SO) (.5046)


S R o

'" 239

',f

-2

Ag

'"

Ac/GCR

Step

::'rom

0.95).

n. 6

2
2500 m

the

:I!SR

7 0 m2)
(.'0"'
6 --

Since two a c r e s is
in the space
nll fit:

(:'or

system

latitude

of

shade,field

39.7''),

+ (14 - l) .95
1

(1,5768

6.1

m long

Fsh ce
a

-:q:::

"

,
0.8 (223 ;1 :n--)

"'

.98.

223

!1

_,-

Ul

107)

106 .: 0.::-1

3.64

105

o ..... -t

(trA )sys " UiAi + tr.,.\o

.954

163.2 +

Ta

'a

128.1

,1- e

10(205

ll.

"c-1

106/(291.3(54000))]
J

- 5)

1.245 " 10
11o,coll

- 291.3

11.9

"!c )
''
? coll
e

8.791 X 10 2

:he total theraal capacitance of the collector system


6
is 3.64 x 10 J C-l as givP.n in !able 4.

concentrators are mounted adjacent to

i ndicates Lnd

:he total thermal cpacitape of :he nery trans?or:


system is 1 1. 8 x 10 J 0c-- as give n in !able 3.

is

each other on each side of the drive assembly of each


The focal length of ech
row o
Hence, Lc 24 ..4 !D.
ror Lc/f 2 4. 4 i 0. 61 40,
concentrator is I) .61 !11

!g.

_,

10

2
228 'J m Four

; :n

(c!c )
p sys

che field shading loss :3ctor i; calculated "ased on


1 rows.
F

A "' 223

.40

6250 2 is just over 1.3 acres.


avai l ab le ,
allocated.

557500 !1

557500

- q

Converting to Joules:

) (.5046)

_,
1ll

c.c "' 'l/20

(.780) (525 + 50

974

(fep)coll (Ts - 7a,a)

(3.64 x

106

J C- )(205 - 5)

u.ax

SERI/TP-1871
Table

3.

Lergy Transport ystem Thermal capactance

Q uantity

"Component

1
280m
180m

0.06

Pump

5.32 X

Unfired boiler with 76mm (3 in.) isulation


Insulated hand valves for 1.25 in. piping

4.09 x lOb

32mm (1.25 in.) piping with 38mm (1.5 in.) insulation

28
21
14

0. 94

.16

Insulated hand valves for 3 in. piping

.32 X

Expansion tank,

.78 X

.16

Pressure relief valves

106
6
10
6
10,

?6mm (3 in.) piping with 76mm (3 in.) insulation

Table 4.

l024m
56

insulated

106
106
6

X 10

106

Collector System Thermal Capacitance

5
3.27 x 10

32mm (1.25 in.) absorber tube,


including contained fluid

Flexible hoses, 1.42m long,


including contained fluid

.37 x

106

"3.64 x l0 JC (HCp)
coll

" j .23
a,c

Hulti ply

0, 2 Ib

239 +

1.

X 10

" 239 + 0.2 (525) " 344 days

Ste

"344

[1,245 X

10

Co nsi derin g
the

the

past

Qload

Additionally,

.'lont't or

ZR

he

system

ri v e

downtime

string (out

is

238 daylight hours per year.

drive strings,

is

HR

Sten l2

the entire collector system can

as

.;. 144
380

18.3

0.954

;nnual Jver-:Jight losses.

.; ,
3

10 1

Qd
--Qload

yr

-1

7.73'1

o,75q

12 J
10

1013 J

yr-1

-1
yr

detailed hour-by-h:mr
a

comparion

to

SOLil'H

the

conrn ut a r run was "-ade


,;tap-by-step
procedure

De nv er Tiff tape as used as the ;;eather/


'!'he annua! .:: nergy deli1ery
d ata b>1se.
result was 7.637 x 1012 J yr-1
is result como a ras
very closely
(within 2) of te atep-y-step pro
c e du re result and att es t s
to e ccuracy of te
si:nplified e ner gy calcul.Hion methor!.
result.

The

irradiation

S8.3 r/yr.

process downtime = 1!>4 hr/yr.

Btu)

" 0.079 (7 .9%)

1lecause there

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks are

Anoroaches
and

Su b t r a c t

9,769 X

esti

:he
food p roce ssi ng plant has a one
week. holiday
shutdown in December and a five day shutdown in e arly
spring.
This amounts to 144 lost daylight hour s per

Fu se

58.3 (= 48 + 10.3) daylight hours.

so l ar iowntime

year.

so l r f r ac t ion

equitalantly considered to be down 10.3 hours ( "'


2Ril/2R hrs).
?.ence, the total equivalent solar sys

tem iowntime is

r
Qload ( 24 cay
'; ( 365
'
3.203 x 10

load

estimated.

of 28)

"

to be down two days (24 daylight hours) of each

o at ed
are

one

of

J (7 .336 X 10

reliability of trough syste!DS


an on-site maintenance crew

24 hr/ day, it is expected that the encire collector


sys tem tlill rarely be out-of-service.
?our days (4il
hours)

12

For o
load

av'lilability o f

daylight

7.739 X 10

Calculate solar fraction.

Jj

11

and

12
"(,954)(8,112 X 10
J)

J + 7,28 X 103

by the solar system use factor.

this

to

the

w..ork..

to the ote r cc-au::hors of Des L:n


Solar Industrial Process l'!ea t S
U.S. Departnent of i::nerg:' for guppor::ing

expressed
for

- ')

,.,
B.l:2 X 10-- J

1. A.l ..ris,
"so:ar

?_.

IP:t

L.,

(:aeror..,

3ytecs

C.

P.,

Jeveloped

Lewandowski,

J'ndr

te

;1.

.\.,

':e?ar::nent

SERI/TP871
of Energy SR Project."
Proceedings of the Sixth
Annual AS!fE Solar Energy Division Conference, A5m::,
April 19-21, 1983.

2. ASHRAE Handbook, 1981 Fundamentals.


New York,
NY:
American Society of Heating, Refr!geratin,
and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
J. A. and 1!eckman, '" A., Solar Ener'!y
The mal Processes, Wiley, :w York, 1974, l'P 146:48.

3. Duffie,

4. Freese, J. M., "Effects of Outdoor Exposure on the


Solar Reflectance Properties of Silvered Glass Mir
rors.
SAND 78-1649, Sept. 1978, Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
C, - F., Davenport, R. L. , Dougherty, D.
A., Gee, R. c., Masterson, P. M., May, E. !<:.,
"Design Approaches for Solar Industrial Process
Heat Svstems."
SERI/TR-253-1356, Aug. 1982, Solar
Energy Research Institute, Golden, co.

of the Sixth nual ASME Solar er Division Con


ference, AS, April 1&-21, 1983.

R. }!eyer, R. D., "Energy TranSlllission System Heat


Losses."
SAND 1'12-1138, Oct. 1982, Sandia tional
Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
9 . rton, R., "Design of Collector Subsystem Piping
Layout."
Proceedinss of the Line-Focus Solar
Energy Technology Development Seminar,
Thermal
Sandia
National
Laboratories,
Albuquerque,
NM,
Sept. 1980.

10. Morris, v. L., "Solar Collector Materials Exposure


to the IPH Site Environment."
SAND 81-7028, Jan.
191'12, :<!c:Donnell-Douglas Astronautics Co., lfunting
ton l!each,

5. 1"..utscher,

6. lu
( tscher, C. F.,
Detailed Computer
Heat Systems."
A5m:: Solar Energy

1Cl-21, 1983.

7.

"The Development of SOLIPH - A


MOdel of Solar Industrial Process
Pr oceedings of the Sixth Annual
Division Conference, ASME, April

E. !{. and !urphy, L. M., "Oi rect Steam Genera


Proceedings
: ion in Line-Focus Solar Collectors."

May,

CA.

11. Sharp,

J., "Design of Collector Subsystem Piping


Layout II."
Proceedings of the Line-Focus Solar
!nergy
Technology
Development
!hemal
Seminar,
Sandia
National
Laboratories,
Albuquerque,
NM,
Sept. 1980.

12. Sharp, J., "Designing the !1anifold Piping for Parabolic Trough Collector l>ields."
SAND 81-1780,
April
1982,
Sandia
National
Laboratories,
Albuquerque, NM.

13. Tabor,

H. 1980.
Letter to
Enerw, Vol. 24; PP 113-115.

10

the

Edit:Jr,

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