Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
UC Cateaorv: 62
Randy Gee
January1983
To be presented at the
ASME 6th Annual Solar Energy Division Conference
Orlando, Florida
19-21 April1983
NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States
Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Department of Energy,
nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their
employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability
or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information,
apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not
infringe privately owned rights.
SERI/TP-1871
1617
Cole Boulevard
Golden,
COlorado
80401
H
Rprocess downtLe
Designing a solar industrial process heat (IPH) system,
sizing
easy
to
use,
calculation
accounts
for
method
the
that
impact
is
accurate,
calculator
peak
paper
solar
boiler
However,
collector
this
trough
steam
ther.ual storage.
steam
systems
generation
are
!loth
systems
flash
covered.
tank
that
and
'Readers
do
collector length
interested
to
Solar
Industrial
Pl:'ocess
Heat
rate (k s
lqR2).
:Is
(Mep)coll
collector
s torage system
ground
'!,
rea
array (;u-)
covered
for
no
by collector
s pe c ific
costant-pressure
( -1 " c- 1
J g
)
"''
area
(m2)
1d,c
annual
aharlin
loss
fsctor
for
annual
shading
loss
fact or
for
cov e r ratio Jf
(kg s- )
thermal
fild
collect:.i.on
average
ene1:gy
long-term
averae
of
long-term
average
annual solar
ses (J :n--1)
annual
long-tem :1verilge
deli;;ery (J yr-1)
:n
industrial
lectC!r array
(J yr--)
nr?Y
solar system
ener3"J
3ystem c
process
(J :-r-
.ollec
during
o :.down
annual
energy
;> l"oc e s s
OW\!
dalight
during
rate of collectot"s
da yl igh t hours (Y)
col
iays
collec
per ni:
collectora,
to l12c tion
industrial
solar
of
(W m -)
t i on
exchane
flow
mass
rate of
d e pende nt
collector field
number
tcoo ld own
hours
'shade, field
(J c-1)
c ol le cto r -rea,
midfield collectors
average
tio n
shade
c oll ec t or
total
capacitance
long-term
heat
fluid
heat
system
f ac to r
odifier
col
(m)
collector - t ie ld
AJ)oroaches for
col
latitude (derees)
unfired
an
annual
incident-angle
to
mo dif e r
at x degrees
not
of
normal
direct
a'7ailable
(W m-2)
cor1:ection
configurations.
in
averae
incident-angle
?arabolic
employ
system
irradiance
lectors
ety
(lT
(1 r.t )
irradiance
are required
ho r s
irradiation - ncirlent
long-term
of all important
daytime
process
downtime
annual asis (hr yr 1)
leetor plane
expected
industrial
beam
total
los
energy
use
sn!".ual
rat a
loac
loss
:rom
SERI/TP-1871
(C)
amient temperature
(oC)
ighest
expected
temperature (C)
M
J.a,n
annual
ambient
ambient
(C)
(C)
loss
coefficient
if
lJ
of
entire
thet'lllal
loss
weighting
INTRODUCTIOR
During te planning and design stages of an IPH solar
system, an annual energy calculation method is needed
for two principal reasons. First, a calculation method
is needed to ai d in the design of the !<Olar system.
''arious solar system configurations must be analy::ed,
alternate solar collectors :nust be co mpared, and the
collector field and other system components IIIUSt be
sized.
Second, an evaluation of the cost effectiveness
of !:he solar system (i.e., payback period or internal
ra:e of return) requires an estimate of annual solar
system energy .!elivery.
A nUMber of items impact the energy delivery of a solar
system, including collector field size and orientation,
collector characteristics, site characteristics, col
lector fluid properties and process load characteris
Because there are so many variables, detailed
tics.
coputcr models are often employed to make IPH system
tradeoffs and to provide the necessary performance
information.
However, tis a pproach requires computer
.: cilities, is time-consuming, 11nd can be expensive.
:he design engineer prefers design tool3 that are easy
to use and provi<le for a quick 11ssessment of various
desizn options.
Fortunately, design tools can be
3reatly simplified With the use of simple modifiers
that C1ave been analytically calculated.
A familiar
examole is the heat removal factor F (Duffie and Beck
man, 197!.), which accounts for the -performance illl1la ct
of the temperatare rise across the collector fi ld.
:-{owev<;!r, not all solar system co;noonent variables can
e characterized in this nner ecause of their time
<rarying '>ehavior.
Instead, by appropriately rou nin g
ime-va ryi ng v'iriables into "!eaningful. groups and using
regression
analvsis
techniques,
:heir
perfoance
imnact can be orrelated emnirically.
ef. S.
In a flash-steam solar syste (see Fi. 2), pressurized
11ater is circulated troug;h the collector field and
flashed to low-quality stea across a throttling val-re
into a separator tank. Flashing is a constant enthalpy
process that onverts the sensi'>le heat )f the ater
into a two-phase mixture of .;ater and steam at condi
tions prevailing in the nash tank.
Tl"te steam quality
(fraction of to tal !:!SSS now !:hat is flashed tO ranor)
usually is less than 10%. Steam separated !n the flash
tank ts fed into the plant team distribution system to
be used by the industrial process.
The saturated
liquid is recirculated through the collector field.
7o
:taintain the necessary liq ui d ::.evel in t:oe ::ash t'!.nk,
bo i le r Eeedwacer is injected into the no sucion.
*A
thi.d
elseh<;!re
confizuration
in these
cr
:or
<;ener"'tion is desc::-::<;!r!
(:-!av and '!urplw, :'JJ)
stea:
ocee din gs
SERI/TP-1871
Often parabolic trough efficiency is reported as:
Existing
Parabotic Trougn
Solar SYstem
Equoment
---- .......
CheeK
Steam
Header
Heat T:ansfer
This
efficiency
1980)
and
Plant
Circulating
Pump
be
has
physical
to
basis
the
(Tabor,
form
suggesced
a2/I
test
I
is the beam irradiance that was present during
test
the collector tesf.
If no Itest value is giren, take
I
as 1000 W/m
est
EJC1Sting
Equtpment
-----
Check
no
modified
where B
Flash
Va1ve
Parabolic Trougn
Solar Svstem
form
should
shown below.
L ____...J
Fig.
Ta1
1_....-.,
.; _
r ;:.)
I
II
I
.
I
I
Treatment II
Flwd Loop
F'TJ
Staam
Haaaerl
Pressunzed
Water Flutd
,
I
LOOP
I
I
I
I
I
Evaluate
Treatment 1
__
_P".!...J
system.
well
Circulattng
pressurized
boili
- ng
by
the
specified so that
above
able
field
within the
collector,
recirculation
the
pump.
The
the steam
temperature
delivery
"liUSt
temperature
be
pump
is
is
to obtain
reason
performance modified
accounts
is
industrial
owner
helow.
or
<Jhere Qload
procedure
no-storage
The
system
for
inputs
the
required
designer
are
annual
As a
hooks.
of
all
to
the
t"eadily
land
its
the
F'jt
ifier
test
tory.
solar
and
yearly
average
average
close
cur,e.
data
collector
F'n
This
stor"'ge
r
Is L hfg
Cp
(1"g
- 1"feed)
use
is
used
(ASIDL
Fundamentals,
Chapter
Z6).
area
;:.avout
dayti;ne
nighttime
tempera
tempera
approximation,
that
!s
to
:3
be
the
average
6C.
used,
oot:a!n
easured at an
should
independent
be
taken
testing
li:nitaticns,
invest;nent
considerations,
For
thermal
area
energy
A
:11
as an upper bound in sizing t:1e collector
c
x
field.''
maller collector fields ;nay be required due
t'se
ence
no
collector
load
collector
fl w rate
he
assumin.g
Intensity Tables
from
:!.abora
-fc.
field
and
-ieteine
collector
tank.
process
Ta,:"l
y be estimated for the site from ASrtRAE for
ax
As a close approximation, a value ,,f
"!any cities.
Define
recommended
the
I
can be estimated as 1100 ,_. !:1-z.
A '1!0re accurate
:"lax
estimate can be found in ASHRAE
Clear
Day
Solar
Another slm
StP
on
recommendations
as
12 ) will aid in this
calculation
provided
ll and
40C
enerJ collection of a
tem
manufacturer
(8, 9,
maximum
the
based
c ,malt
rate Qload and
STEP-BY-ST'ZP PROCEDU'RE
steo-b)"-step
(Collector
Ca lclate
Ta
- 1"s
as references
The col
considerably
water
outlet
lector
aT
at
step.)
Pumo
To
F'Ut
Calculate
rJ
(F accotmts
for:
th
field
expansion
valves.
temperatur
:::.se
SERI/TP-1871
Fs
F'or
c
AcFRUL/l\ i!
(
l Ts - TfHd )
T
+ c (T
h
p
s - feed)
f6
F ,. F B
s
l +
c (e
c p
c
c P -
-1
1-c:T ,,:.
c::
u..
"
u..
1)
incident- angle
modifier
annual
correc
Fig.
.6
.8
.7
.7
.6
.5
.4
.4
.3
Calculate
tion 'K,3
.4
.2
.2
.4
,8
Intensity Ratio
R o
__
,.
FRi"
' 0
Fig. 4
- u A /M c
o o
c p
the
-'1 A
/ c
c p
to
:i c
-U1A/tcc
c !'
A /:i c
p . --- - (e U o o c p
Ac'RvL
.._
qc /[75Fan
unsharld colactors.
F.,u;
Fig: 3.
l e
v u
- 'fa )/(?.,n'0
Ih)
of
se ?ig. 4 o dete i ne
no!":!al irr-diance
:ocate
?t. 3
'I,;,.
intensity
and loca te on
long-ta
ratio
:t-axis
averae
of
(fb + so)]"'
used
of
the
to
evalu
;>raphical
:2
+so): "'o.as1n-
O.C0391
L +
f,.tltiply ::-a:<iS
.iete!.":"liro.e qc.
'!alue
J)'
o.:n11
0.003864
L 2
latitude (degrees)
direct
nd
calculator
may
e
ate qc /[F9FRn; (lb + 50)] !.n3tead
determination
For east-west para b o li c tr oughs :
[ ,,t",'>]
Detein
'-u
::-
- O.J014R4
SERI/TP-137l
Step - Calculate annual
annual end loss factor.
shading
loss
factor
Calculate
Ac/GCR.
reuired
collector
field
size
and
collec-
as
A
g
accounting
qc
Correct
end'
lectOf area
for
1 + (NR- l) F
shade
R
shading
losses
by
multiplying
by
Correct c for
F
shade, field'
Determine end-loss factor for specified row length
(see Fig.:. 7).
1.0
Calculate ('!cp)
the total thermal capacitance of
oll
collector absor er tubes, flex hoses, and their con
tained fluid inventory .
f
Ill
0
0.95
"'
5
<n
;;
..
"i
u:
0.90
0.7
0.8
o,sys
[1
-C1c )
/( (-:1A)
t]
iJ sys
sys
e
C1c )
(T
p sys s
Lat1tucte (degrees)
Fig. 5
cooldown period)
"'
54,000
GCR
"
"'
"
:;
"
'035"f
0.1
0.2
o,coll
T
T
(c )
p coll ( s - a,n
0.3
(..
<
0.95
09J
t
J 85
0.6
Latatua
Fig. 6
f/L,
(Cegreeal
Latitude :r XS
Troughs
North-So urn
L = 45
0.90
0.85 .-__,:..___..:..___...:.___...,:___......
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
:o
25
'f
)
a,n
?ig. 7
vs.
End-Loss
:actor vs.
Length to Collector
Collctor Focal
Length Ratio
SERI/TP-1871
w here
239 + 0.2 Tb
F '0
solar
system
hardware
collector
level
trols.
is
problems
likely
components
to
with
reliability,
such
be
the
as
out-of-service
solar
and
system.
maintenance
circulation
system
and
con
not
should
accept
solar
include
unscheduled
shutdowns
Compute
the
energy.
solar
for
This
plant
oaintenance
syst
use
time
based
and
on
based
his
on
the
process
industrial
43 80
(te:
downtime.
downtime
F use
available
Ste?
12
Subtract
annual
annual
+ HRprocess
Ms
Qload
overnight
delivery
losses
(Step
10)
mated
This
obtain
solar
that
dnergy
fraction
result
of
(neglecting
the
is
the
process
electrical
and
solar
from
9.
the
solar
load
system
3.203
c, x
4227
met
Ste" 1
Tf
d
ee
"fa
solar
of
l20oC
3. 7"r
,. 11c,
?sraholic
of
total
m2
value
.so -
of
coll<:_ tor
l
field
f2?.0
row-to-row
energy
characteristics:
:."'!let
spacing
transport
Header,
Outlet
lieader,
3-in.
3-in.
fiberglass insulatio,
t'.ow-to-row
pipin.
e refe;::-ed
f"J!j\1 H n-- is:
=
ZSO ps ia)
row
S?Stem
sch.
sch.
the
a -
J.
T
.576 ""'
equation,
1.25-1n. ressure
14,
:1ssll!!1!ng
I-::ast
2-
' -
:! c
_s_::_
_\. F'T_T.,.
c
..
,
....
l i .64 (2301)
:!5()0 ( .7t.lj
:Ji th
:1
;:ollowin3
150
long,
3-i::.
40,
130
;n
long,
3-i:l.
1'10
l"ng,
sch.
40,
::1
::.
isolation
tank,
has
6'))
40,
1.25-in.
4.5
(Therm:!.nol
of I) .1 :n (20 ft)
of 2.44 m ( ft).
28
collector
insulated body,
rate
val:es,
:'-i;;.:'fiberglass
1.:5-i!!.,
L1sulat!on,
fficiency
.:>fJ -
!:lo;
gpm),
fiberglass insulation,
soc
.6i6
40
,
"
area of
not
17.64 kg
ISR
The
trough efficiency
=
6
10 /(.8(1100)- .741 (205- 40)] "'
5 m3 dxpansion
T'a,n
Ac,ax
north-south orientation,
Qload
temoerature at
Kg
----
the annual
(205C -
_}_
a,max
field is
is:
Qd
syste!!l.
is
"
:II
Kg
fraction
the
plant
immediately
"Y
is
by
processing
land
e
Ac,ax
Th
collector field
cess.
Oload/[F'o
Using Im
, . ,ax
parasitics),
EXAMPLE CALCO'LAT!ON
can he :net
food
This
105 2 + 4542
the
rate is:
in Step 11.
[ 1.92
l20 C)1
"' 3.203 X 106 !,l
:usR
'{ultiply
at
acres.
a-2oc-l .
'i
.741
..
+ cp (Ts - !feed)]
[h fg
5000 !a.(....!)!!!...
hr
3600s
downtime
energy
land
two
11C ,. 194 C,
- --743
80
r.alculate
to
\c,max"'
frac:ion.
,. ::SC
estimate
shutdowns
factor
The
limited
can be defined.
.676 + .000334 T
scheduled
For <l.T"' Ts - Ta
to
Consider
of
pumps
due
will
ru1
SteP
e
d,c
rel!f
valves.
SERI/TP-1871
F,..
R'o
'"
All
energy
system
are
values.
FB,
Calculate
1
value of 40,000 WOc-1 (7 5,820 Btu hr - F)-1.
U A
b b
F
B
AoF>U
L
['[
able 2
along
in
solar
their
UA
data g i '1e n in
are based on
values
the
with
:1
'\/
c
c p
] -l
-1
Reflective
proposed
(2500)( .724)
40,000 (1 64
uteria1
An
month
samples
site
average
has
centrator
as
were
soon
as
FRn "
2300)_
1
placed
the
site
specular reflectance
been
measured.
cleaning
is
Since
at
was
- u A 0 /M c
c P
128.1/[(17.64)(2300)]
loss
for
the
of
the
A F
5%
con
solar
incident
angle
of
the
K 7 "
3 .5
.96
In tensity
"3 7.5
on
valu'!s,
the
incident-angle
.33(.99)
.22(.96)
.10(.88)
.01(.65)
:'able
Weight:L.'lg
Factor
t17
. ...,,
.:>
;.;:-
.. c-7. :>
-., ,..
r..'t;;-.
'J7.:>
T )
a
-ZoC-l (0 5C - 11)
.780 (525
qc
_;;---- .8810
"' "' ::;-,
(-I + SO)
'
__
.7 1 5
sa o
rather
l,'
than
.3117 (0.396)
ig ht :.ng actor
orth-S<Juth
L=25
1"=30
L=35
L=40
o .:.s
0.'-3
0.35
0.2?
0.26
0.17
0.28
0.33
0.38
0.40
0.26
L=45
I..=50
0.24
0.47
0.23
0.30
0.12
0.:.6
0.18
0.22
o.:s
0.20
0.88
0 .. 10
O.l2
).10
0.07
0.07
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.0Z
0.29
-?
)
m
:<
')
calculator
Using a hand
techniq ue :
.9'124
:'lodifier
F n
I
R o
b
._
.35(1.00)
-.
3-:>
33
22
those
F U' !T
R L . s
Ratio
. 35
::7. s
::zz.s
- 163.2/[(1 7.64)(2300)]
Based
- 1.153
collector
:<7 .s - 1.00
:.:22.5 '" 99
-163.2/[(1 7.64)(2300)]
+
e
.997
4(2 300) (
17-6
12.11/[(17.64)(2300)]
2500 (.lz4) .e
}
5% is
modifier
( U A /M c
-u A,/M c
i c p
o o
c p
c R UL
!1 c
c p
sel
bimonthly
anticipated
- .997
system,
':'ne
R o
(1 7.64)(2300) (e
solar
e ct ed.
The
97 4
Steo 5
per
ub
H: c l e
c p
1 +
used
com-ponents
trA
5 and 8.
in
Fs
given
These
references
Stan
transport
the
o. 396
graphical
SERI/TP-1871
Table 2.
Quantity
Component
54.2
31.4
11.3
13.8
33
14
1
2. 3
5.3
28
4.2
0.6
long
30.8
5.7
10
14
Insulated
3 .1
t: A al63.ZWOc-1
i i
28
8
45.4
31.4
4.9
4.2
0.6
long
30.8
4.6
14
3.1
14
3.1
a
;:.
- .5046
'" 239
',f
-2
Ag
'"
Ac/GCR
Step
::'rom
0.95).
n. 6
2
2500 m
the
:I!SR
7 0 m2)
(.'0"'
6 --
Since two a c r e s is
in the space
nll fit:
(:'or
system
latitude
of
shade,field
39.7''),
+ (14 - l) .95
1
(1,5768
6.1
m long
Fsh ce
a
-:q:::
"
,
0.8 (223 ;1 :n--)
"'
.98.
223
!1
_,-
Ul
107)
106 .: 0.::-1
3.64
105
o ..... -t
.954
163.2 +
Ta
'a
128.1
,1- e
10(205
ll.
"c-1
106/(291.3(54000))]
J
- 5)
1.245 " 10
11o,coll
- 291.3
11.9
"!c )
''
? coll
e
8.791 X 10 2
i ndicates Lnd
is
!g.
_,
10
2
228 'J m Four
; :n
(c!c )
p sys
A "' 223
.40
557500 !1
557500
- q
Converting to Joules:
) (.5046)
_,
1ll
(.780) (525 + 50
974
(3.64 x
106
J C- )(205 - 5)
u.ax
SERI/TP-1871
Table
3.
Q uantity
"Component
1
280m
180m
0.06
Pump
5.32 X
4.09 x lOb
28
21
14
0. 94
.16
.32 X
Expansion tank,
.78 X
.16
106
6
10
6
10,
Table 4.
l024m
56
insulated
106
106
6
X 10
106
5
3.27 x 10
.37 x
106
"3.64 x l0 JC (HCp)
coll
" j .23
a,c
Hulti ply
0, 2 Ib
239 +
1.
X 10
Ste
"344
[1,245 X
10
Co nsi derin g
the
the
past
Qload
Additionally,
.'lont't or
ZR
he
system
ri v e
downtime
string (out
is
drive strings,
is
HR
Sten l2
as
.;. 144
380
18.3
0.954
.; ,
3
10 1
Qd
--Qload
yr
-1
7.73'1
o,75q
12 J
10
1013 J
yr-1
-1
yr
detailed hour-by-h:mr
a
comparion
to
SOLil'H
the
The
irradiation
S8.3 r/yr.
Btu)
1lecause there
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks are
Anoroaches
and
Su b t r a c t
9,769 X
esti
:he
food p roce ssi ng plant has a one
week. holiday
shutdown in December and a five day shutdown in e arly
spring.
This amounts to 144 lost daylight hour s per
Fu se
so l ar iowntime
year.
so l r f r ac t ion
tem iowntime is
r
Qload ( 24 cay
'; ( 365
'
3.203 x 10
load
estimated.
of 28)
"
o at ed
are
one
of
J (7 .336 X 10
12
For o
load
av'lilability o f
daylight
7.739 X 10
Jj
11
and
12
"(,954)(8,112 X 10
J)
J + 7,28 X 103
this
to
the
w..ork..
expressed
for
- ')
,.,
B.l:2 X 10-- J
1. A.l ..ris,
"so:ar
?_.
IP:t
L.,
(:aeror..,
3ytecs
C.
P.,
Jeveloped
Lewandowski,
J'ndr
te
;1.
.\.,
':e?ar::nent
SERI/TP871
of Energy SR Project."
Proceedings of the Sixth
Annual AS!fE Solar Energy Division Conference, A5m::,
April 19-21, 1983.
3. Duffie,
5. 1"..utscher,
6. lu
( tscher, C. F.,
Detailed Computer
Heat Systems."
A5m:: Solar Energy
1Cl-21, 1983.
7.
May,
CA.
11. Sharp,
12. Sharp, J., "Designing the !1anifold Piping for Parabolic Trough Collector l>ields."
SAND 81-1780,
April
1982,
Sandia
National
Laboratories,
Albuquerque, NM.
13. Tabor,
H. 1980.
Letter to
Enerw, Vol. 24; PP 113-115.
10
the
Edit:Jr,