Energy Efficiency Guidelines For Street Lighting in The Pacific

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
GUIDELINES FOR STREET

LIGHTING IN THE PACIFIC
Promoting Energy Efciency in the Pacic (Phase 2)
2015 International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC)

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific
International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC)
12th Floor, UBC II Building, Suite 1208
591 Sukhumvit Rd,(Corner Soi 33)
Wattana,Bangkok 10110,Thailand
Tel : +66 2 662 3460-4
Fax : +66 2 261 8615
www.iiec.org
Published by:
Photos Title Page:
Photograph Courtesy of All-free-download at all-free-download.com/free-photos/night_traffic_
182757.html
Design:
Produced under:
Promoting Energy Efficiency in the Pacific Phase 2
With funding support of:
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Acknowledgement:
This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the Asian Development Bank. The
contents of this document are the sole responsibility of International Institute for Energy Conservation
and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the Asian Development
Bank.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
GUIDELINES FOR STREET
LIGHTING IN THE PACIFIC
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1
1
1
2
2
Objectives of the Guidelines

About the Guidelines
Who Should Read these Guidelines?
Other Energy Efficiency Guidelines
2 OVERVIEW OF STREET LIGHTING

2.1
2.2
2.3
3
3
3
4
Purpose of Street Lighting

Basic Lighting Terms
Standards, Regulations and Recommendations for Street Lighting
3 COMPONENTS OF STREET LIGHTING

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
5
5
5
7
8
16
16
16
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
Optical Systems
Lamps
Control Gears
Luminaire
Photoelectric Controls
Structural Systems
Poles
Mast Arms (Mounting Brackets)
Bases and Foundations
Electrical Systems
Grounding
Voltage Drop
Energy Metering
Service Cabinets
4 DESIGNING AN ENERGY EFFICIENT STREET LIGHTING PROJECT

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.4
Understanding Roadway Categories and Lighting Recommendations

Classifying Roadways by Category
Understanding Lighting Quality Recommendations
Determining Actions Retrofits or New Systems
Shortlisting the Appropriate Lighting Technologies
Advantages of LEDs and HPS Lamps
A Quick Selection Guide for Replacing FLs and MVs with LED and
HPS Lamps (for Retrofit Projects)
Simulating Lighting Design and Calculating Costs
Design Components to Consider
Simulating Lighting Design with Computer Programs
Conducting a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)
Calculating Financial Payback Periods
Measuring and Calculating Average Illuminance
Contents
22
24
24
24
25
26
26
27
28
28
29
30
30
31
...
5 MAINTENANCE OF EE STREET LIGHTING

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Cleaning Luminaires
Lamp Replacement
Electrical Wiring Inspection
Measurement of Voltage Input
6 APPENDIX 1: LIGHTING TERMINOLOGIES AND BASIC UNITS

7 APPENDIX 2: LAMP REQUIREMENTS AND SAMPLE TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATIONS
7.1
7.2
HPS Luminaire Requirements

LED Luminaire Requirements
34
34
34
34
34
36
38
38
40
8 APPENDIX 3: SAMPLE OF LIGHTING MEASUREMENT SHEET
42
9 APPENDIX 4: LCCA ALTERNATE FORMULA REPRESENTATION,

AND EXAMPLE
43
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
.;
Contents
46
FIGURES
Figure 3-1
Figure 3-2
Figure 3-3
Figure 3-4
Figure 3-5
Figure 3-6
Figure 3-7
Figure 3-8
Figure 3-9
Figure 3-10
Figure 3-11
Figure 3-12
Figure 3-13
Figure 3-14
Figure 3-15
Figure 3-16
Figure 3-17
Figure 3-18
Figure 3-19
Figure 3-20
Figure 3-21
Figure 3-22
Figure 3-23
Figure 3-24
Figure 3-25
Figure 3-26
Figure 3-27
Figure 4-1
Figure 4-2
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4
Figure 5-1
Figure 8-1
Figure 9-1
Typical HID Lamp and Control Gear Circuit

Typical LED Array and Driver Circuit
Cobra Head Style Luminaires
High Mast Style Luminaires
Vertical Mount Style Luminaire
Shoebox Style Luminaires
LED Style Luminaire
Basic Functions of Reflector, Refractor and Lens in Street Lighting Luminaires
Reflectors used in HID and LED Luminaires
Refractor of a Cobra Type HID Luminaire
How LED Lenses Control Light Distribution
Cutoff Characteristics Full Cutoff
Cutoff Characteristics Cutoff
Cutoff Characteristics Semi-cutoff
Cutoff Characteristics Non-cutoff
IESNA Lateral Light Distribution Classification Types
Ingress Protection (IP)
Mechanical or Impact Protection
Internal and External Installation of Photoelectric Control
Single-sided Configuration
Staggered Configuration
Opposite Configuration
Twin Central Configuration
Mast Arms (Mounting Brackets)
Base and Foundation for Lighting Pole
Pad Mounted Service Cabinet
Pole Mounted Service Cabinet
Designing an Energy Efficient Street Lighting Project Flowchart
Geometry of Street Lighting
Illustration of Illuminance Field of Calculation and Measurement
Calculation of Lighting Quality Parameters using an Excel Spread Sheet
Comparison of Lamp Replacement Frequency of HID Lamp and LED
Sample of Lighting Measurement Sheet
Example of LCCA between 100 sets of MV and LED Street Lighting Systems
Figures
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
21
21
23
28
31
33
35
42
45
TABLES
Table 2-1
Table 3-1
Table 4-1
Table 4-2
Table 4-3
Table 7-1
Table 7-2
Table 9-1
;.
Lighting Terminologies and Basic Units

Types of Lamp Technologies
Recommended Illumination Level for Different Classification of Roads
Recommended HPS Lamp Wattage and LED Luminaire for EE Retrofits
Lighting Design Software Tools
HPS Luminaire Requirements
LED Luminaire Requirements
Life Cycle Cost Analysis, Mercury Vapor Luminaire vs. LED Luminaires
Tables
4
6
25
27
29
38
40
44
ACRONYMS
ADB
CCT
Cd
CDM
CIE
CRI
E
EE
GEF
GHG
HID
HPS
IEC
IIEC
IESNA
IK
IP
J
kWh
L
LCCA
LED
LLD
Lux
lm
MH
MV
PDMCs
PEEP2
PNG
RETA
U0
U1
UNFCCC
USD
UV
W
Asian Development Bank

Correlated Color Temperature
Candela
Clean Development Mechanism
Commission Internationale de LEclairage
Color Rendering Index
Illuminance/ Illumination
Energy Efficiency
Global Environment Facility
Greenhouse Gas
High-Intensity Discharge
High-Pressure Sodium
International Electrotechnical Commission
International Institute for Energy Conservation
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
Mechanical Protection [from Impact]
Ingress Protection
Joules
Kilo Watt Hours
Luminance
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Light Emitting Diode
Lamp Lumen Distribution
Luminous Flux Per Unit Area
Lumen
Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Pacific Developing Member Countries
Promoting Energy Efficiency in the Pacific Phase 2
Papua New Guinea
Regional Technical Assistance
Overall uniformity of Luminance
Uniformity of Luminance
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United States dollar
Ultra Violet
Watt
Acronyms
;..
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives of the Guidelines
Based on a consultation process conducted in 2007 on behalf of the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Pacific Alliance for Sustainability, five Pacific Developing Member Countries (PDMCs) the Cook
Islands, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Samoa, Tonga, and Vanuatu assigned high priority to reducing
their use of fossil fuel. In response, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved Regional Technical
Assistance (RETA) for promoting energy efficiency in the Pacific in September 2008. This project was
implemented in 2 phases. The first phase concluded in May 2011, and focused on identifying a pipeline
of specific energy efficiency projects for funding and co-financing by ADB, GEF, and other sources.
The objective of the second phase Promoting Energy Efficiency in the Pacific (PEEP2) was to
improve the efficiency of electrical power for end-users in the residential, commercial, and government
sectors across the 5 PDMCs. This goal was addressed with several complementary methods: building
stakeholder knowledge, mainstreaming government policies, implementing energy in new and existing
buildings, and disseminating information to build awareness and change behavior. These actions
resulted in: enhanced energy security, reduced energy costs for end-users, and overall reductions in
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific were developed under PEEP2 in
order to help achieve energy and financial savings, while increasing public safety for drivers and
pedestrians. The guidelines help achieve these goals by providing methods and techniques for
enhancing efficiency and quality of street and public lighting in the Pacific.
1.2 About the Guidelines

The Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific were designed in accordance with
the specific needs and requirements of the PDMCs, which have limited resources due to their geographical placement. The utilities, public and private sectors have limited experience in developing and
implementing energy efficiency projects capable of making considerable impact in the region. These
guidelines were designed taking the above factors into consideration, and are intended to significantly
reduce costs, save energy, and lower GHG emissions.
These guidelines employ a simple and effective approach for achieving such reductions; they provide
guidance on how utility and municipal staff can improve the energy efficiency and performance of
street and public lighting. They also provide methods for reducing the operation and maintenance cost
of public lighting in order to ensure on-going quality and functionality.
These guidelines provide a range of easy to follow techniques and methodologies on the different
steps in design, installation and maintenance of energy efficient street lighting in the Pacific.
Introduction
1.3 Who Should Read these Guidelines?

The Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific are developed for utilities and municipalities in the Pacific. This document will be particularly helpful for:
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1.4 Other Energy Efciency Guidelines

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Hotels, Commercial, and Public Buildings in the Pacific are also available. To receive a digital copy, please contact IIEC or visit www.ee-pacific.net.
Introduction
OVERVIEW OF
STREET LIGHTING
2.1 Purpose of Street Lighting
Street Lighting (or Roadway Lighting) is one of the most common forms of exterior lighting 1. The general purpose and importance of street lighting is to allow drivers and pedestrians to travel safely, see
hazards, recognize objects and have a sense of security, as a result of improved night time visibility.
Properly designed and maintained street lighting can provide comfort and safety during nighttime conditions for both vehicle and pedestrian traffic.
In fact, street lighting does more than just reduce nighttime traffic accidents, and it can also:
r Reduce the level of petty crime and personal robbery, and give citizens a better feeling of security;
r Help road users without head lamps (e.g. the non-motorized, two-wheelers, etc.) to see potholes
and small obstacles;
r On multi-purpose roads, it can enhance commercial and social activity during the hours of darkness, particularly after dusk; small installations in village centers, even operating for a few hours,
can enhance community life;
r Make urban centers more attractive, especially for visitors and tourists.
Some of the major issues concerning the design and specifications for roadway lighting include the
light level, colour quality, light distribution, maintenance and initial cost. In recent years, energy
efficiency has also become a priority consideration particularly in countries where electricity tariffs
are high due to the long operating hours of most outdoor lights.
Increased energy efficiency in street lighting systems significantly reduces operation and maintenance
costs. Through cost-effective energy efficiency measures, energy and monetary savings of 20%- 50%
can be achieved. The initial investment cost associated with more efficient lighting technologies is
easily outweighed by the lower overall life-cycle costs 2 of efficient lighting.
2.2 Basic Lighting Terms

Important lighting terminologies and basic units are summarized in Table 2-1. Detailed descriptions are
given in Appendix 1.
1 Other exterior lighting applications include landscape, building facades, monuments, and signage, retail and commercial establishments
2 A life-cycle cost is dened as a sum of an initial purchasing price of equipment, installation costs, as well as maintenance and energy costs
incurred throughout the equipment life time. More details on Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) are given in Section 4 and Appendix 4.
Overview of Street Lighting
Table 2-1: Lighting Terminologies and Basic Units

Term
Quantity is a
Measure of
Luminous
Intensity
Ability of source to
produce light in a
given direction
Luminous
Flux
Total amount of light
Illuminance
(Illumination)
Amount of light
received on a unit
area of surface
(density)
Luminance
(Brightness)
Intensity of light per

unit area reflected or
transmitted from a
surface
Symbol English
Unit
I
Metric
Unit
Denition of Unit
candela (cd)
Approximately equal to the

luminous intensity produced
by a standard candle
lumens (lm)
Luminous flux emitted in a

solid angle of 1 steradian
by a 1 candela uniform
point source
fc=lm/ft2
cd/ft
lx=lm/m2
cd/m
One lumen equally

distributed over one unit
area of surface
A surface reflecting or
emitting light at the rate of
1 candela per unit of
project area
Note: 1 meter (m) = 3.28 ft; 1fc = 10.76 lux
2.3 Standards, Regulations and Recommendations for Street Lighting

The International Commission on Illumination (Commission Internationale de LEclairage - CIE) has
published various technical reports, recommended practices, and developed design guides and
guidelines for roadway lighting applications. These include:
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The above-mentioned documents provide ways of improving nighttime visibility, and enhancing nighttime road safety. These CIE publications also give recommendations concerning average illuminance
levels and overall uniformity of illuminance for different classes of roads, as well as measurement of
street lighting illumination quality. CIE technical reports and recommendations have been referenced
by regional and national standards agencies around the world in the formulation of specific lighting
standards, including ones for roadway lighting applications.
The AMS-II.L CDM methodology on demand-side activities for outdoor and street efficient lighting
technologies, (approved by UNFCCC Executive Board in 2011) also references the aforementioned
CIE documents.
Keeping in line with recognized international recommendations and standards for roadway lighting,
this document references the recommendations for average illuminance levels and overall uniformity
(U0
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used in these guidelines, are fully consistent with the AMS-II.L CDM methodology. Detailed recommendations concerning illumination and uniformity, as well as measurement guidelines, are discussed
in Section 4 of this document. For other applicable recommendations pertaining to street lighting luminaires and their components, please see relevant recommended standards, published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 3.
3 The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), founded in 1906, is the worlds leading organization for the preparation and publica
tion of International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. These are known collectively as electrotechnology.
Overview of Street Lighting
COMPONENTS OF
STREET LIGHTING
The components of a street lighting system are classified based on their respective functions. They are
generally described as:
rOptical Systems: consisting of lamps, control gears and luminaires
rStructural Systems: consisting of poles and pole bases (foundations)
rElectrical Systems: consisting of control systems (which include service cabinets)
During the design phase, these systems, and their component parts should be selected in order to
meet all road and lighting recommendations at a minimum life-cycle cost. To achieve an effective,
energy efficient design, it is essential to select the proper optical system. Careful selection of
lamp/ballast and luminaire combinations will yield higher system efficiency while meeting design
requirements and minimizing both glare and light pollution.
3.1 Optical Systems

The optical system consists of the lamp, (also referred to as the electric light source) control gears,
and the luminaire body. These three components are described in more detail below.
3.1.1 Lamps
The lamp is the most important component of the illumination system because it is largely responsible
for determining the quality of light, system efficiency, and operating costs of the overall illumination
system. The lamp transforms electrical energy into visible electromagnetic radiation, or light (lumens).
The rate at which this conversion takes place is called luminous efficacy, and is measured in lumens
per watt (see Appendix 1 for more details).
The lamps luminous efficacy, the color and distribution of its light, the depreciation 4 of light output
over the lamps lifespan, and the lamps overall lifespan are all factors that affect the cost and effectiveness of its installation and maintenance. As such, these factors should all be considered when selecting a given light source.
Various types of lamp technologies are currently available for street lighting application. These technologies vary greatly in their luminous efficacy, color rendering properties, lamp life, etc. (Please see
Appendix 2 for description of terms). Most roadway lighting installations over the past decades use
one of three types of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp: high-pressure sodium (HPS), metal halide
(MH) or mercury vapor (MV) lamps. Light-emitting diodes (LED) technologies have recently become
more popular and affordable for roadway lighting, and these solid-state lighting technologies are more
energy efficient than their predecessors, particularly in terms of the efficiency of overall optical system.
A brief description of the different types of lamp technologies that can be used for street and outdoor
lighting are provided in Table 3-1.
4 Depreciation refers to the degradation of light quality over a luminaires lifespan. Such depreciation occurs to all luminaires; however, the
rate at which this process occurs varies both by make, and individual unit.
Components of Street Lighting
10,000 15,000
12,000 24,000
10,000 18,000
10,000 20,000
12,000 20,000
60,000 100,000
50,000 100,000
Metal Halide
Light
High Pressure
Sodium Light
Low Pressure
Sodium Light
Fluorescent
Light
Compact
Fluorescent Light
Induction Light
LED Light
80
85 90
3,200 6,400K
70 - 150
85
70 90
25
80
15 55
2,700 6,500K
2,700 6,200K
2,700 6,200K
1,800K
2,000K
3,000 4,300K
4,000K
CRI (Colour
Colour
Temperature Rendering
Index)
70 90
50 72
60 100
80 180
45 130
60 100
13 48
Lumens
per watt
Source: adapted from www.grahlighting.eu/learning-centre/street-lighting-technology-comparison
12,000 24,000
Lifespan
(hours)
Mercury Vapor
Light
Lighting
Technology
Low life / burnout, dimmer in cold

weather (failure to start), contains
mercury, low wattage
Higher initial cost, contains lead,
negatively affected by heat
Relatively higher initial cost
instant
instant
UV radiation, contains mercury, prone

to glass breaking, low wattage
Low CRI with yellow light, contains

mercury and lead
Low CRI with yellow light, contains

mercury and lead
UV radiation, contains mercury and

lead, risk of bursting at the end of life
Very inefficient, UV radiation, contains

mercury
Issues to Consider
up to 15 min
up to 15 min
up to 15 min
up to 15 min
up to 15 min
up to 15 min
Ignition
Time
Table 3-1: Types of Lamp Technologies

3.1.2 Control Gears

The control gear generally serves the following three functions:
r Provides initial voltage and current to start the lamp.
r Keeps the lamp operating within its design parameters (input current and voltage). This prevents it
from reaching high levels and getting destroyed during normal operation.
r Adapts the lamp to any supply voltages available, for example 240 volts or 120 volts which are
commonly used by South and North Pacific Island countries respectively.
In the case of HID and fluorescent lighting, ballasts are the main component of the control gear. Some
HID lamps require an additional igniter to achieve proper starting voltage and current. For LED lighting,
a small electronic power supply, called an LED driver, converts the supply voltage into low voltage
direct current.
Figure 3-1: Typical HID Lamp and Control Gear Circuit
Ballast
Phase
Capacitor
Igniter
Lamp
Capacitor
Neutrol
Igniter
Ballast
Photograph Courtesy of Lumitron Lighting

International Co.,Ltd. , www.lumitronlighting.com
Figure 3-2: Typical LED Array and Driver Circuit
Phase
LED Array
LED Driver
LED
Driver
LED Array
Neutrol
Photograph Courtesy of Lumitron Lighting

International Co.,Ltd. , www.lumitronlighting.com
3.1.3 Luminaire
The term luminaire can be defined as a complete lighting apparatus consisting of the housing and all
integral parts necessary for both mounting, and function. This includes the light source (lamps), optical
control parts, control gears, wiring assembly, and structure. Luminaires for roadway lighting are
typically made of metal or plastic, and are shaped in the "cobra head" style, high mast style, vertical head style or shoebox" style (see Figure 3-3 to Figure 3-6). LED luminaires (Figure 3-7) are available in various designs and shapes. Most LED luminaires are available in modern flat rectangular
designs, and others look similar to luminaires for HID lamps (such as the cobra head design).
3.1.3.1 Luminaire Design and Construction Features

The housing for luminaires is generally made of heat-treated, die-cast aluminum or aluminum-alloy,
and is painted with an electro-coated grey paint finish. Luminaires should be corrosion-proof or be
protected by finishes approved for corrosion-resistance. In generally, no special tools should be
needed for inserting and withdrawing lamps from the luminaire body. The common test standard for
luminaires referenced by luminaire manufacturers is IEC 60598 5, which specifies general recommendations for luminaires, covering: classification of luminaire, marking, mechanical construction and
electrical construction. This test standard should be referenced when purchasing street lighting luminaires. Below are common luminaire designs for HID lamps and LED for street and outdoor lighting.
Figure 3-3: Cobra Head Style Luminaires
Figure 3-4: High Mast Style Luminaires
5 The specic IEC standard for luminaires for road and street lighting is IEC 60598-2-3 Particular requirements Luminaires for road and
street lighting.
Figure 3-5: Vertical Mount Style

S y Luminaire
Figure 3-6: Shoebox Style Luminaires
Figure 3-7: LED Style Luminaire
3.1.3.2 Optical Control

The optical element of a luminaire, (such as the reflectors, refractors and lenses) controls the light
output distribution of a luminaire. It does so by reflecting and refracting the light output in order to
obtain the desired distribution. These optical elements absorb light or redirect it in such a way that only
a percentage of light emitted by the lamp escapes the luminaire. This percentage is the efficiency of
the luminaire.
Figure 3-8: Basic Functions of Reector, Refractor and Lens in Street Lighting Luminaires
Reector
Lens
Refractor
3.1.3.2.1 Reector
A reflector is used to change the direction of the light output. Its purpose is to redirect the otherwise
wasted light output in the desired direction. The reflector is intended to efficiently direct the light into
the required directions, while reducing it in directions where it might cause discomfort from glare.
Figure 3-9: Reectors used in HID and LED Luminaires
LED Luminaire
HID Luminaire
Reector
Refractor
Photograph Courtesy of Lumitron Lighting International Co.,Ltd. , www.lumitronlighting.com
3.1.3.2.2 Refractors
Refractors are a type of lens that use a prismatic shape to redirect both the light emitted by the
systems lamp, and the light coming off the reflector. Refractors are often referred to as prismatic
lenses. Refractors are most often used in cobra head luminaires, and have the double function of helping to protect the lamp from external damage.
Figure 3-10: Refractor of a Cobra Type HID Luminaire
Refractor
Photograph Courtesy of Lumitron Lighting International Co.,Ltd. , www.lumitronlighting.com

3.1.3.2.3 Lenses
Light from LEDs can be focused and shaped by lenses. Such lenses are being used with increasing
frequency in street lighting applications, as they can be used to redirect light, reduce glare, and even
serve to protect the LEDs from water and ingress. Lenses in LED luminaires are usually classified as
secondary optics and are fitted directly on the LED. Lighting manufacturers claim that LED lenses offer
an optical efficiency of more than 90%, while luminaires with traditional HID lamps generally offer
reflector efficiency of around 70%. Lenses allow light to be directed to exactly where it is needed,
reducing light pollution and dramatically improving system performance compared to conventional
light sources.
Figure 3-11: How LED Lenses Control Light Distribution
Type II
Type I
Type IV
Type III
Type V
Source: Khatod - Optical Solutions for LED Lighting
Photograph Courtesy of Lumitron Lighting International Co.,Ltd. ,

www.lumitronlighting.com
3.1.3.3 Photometric Distribution

Luminaires with different combination of optical control elements offer different patterns of light distribution. The basic characteristics of vertical (cutoff) and horizontal light distribution of luminaires are
discussed below. (See Appendix 1 for description of lighting terminology).
3.1.3.3.1 Cutoff Characteristics

Full Cutoff
A luminaires light distribution is considered to be a full cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp
lumens does not numerically exceed 0 (0%, at or above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir (horizontal)
and 100 (10%) at or above vertical angle of 80 above nadir. This applies to any lateral angle around
the luminaire.
Figure 3-12: Cutoff Characteristics Full Cutoff
Full Cutoff
80o
90o
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Cutoff
A luminaires light distribution is considered to be a cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp
lumens does not numerically exceed 25 (2.5%) at or above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir
(horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or above a vertical angle of 80 above nadir. This applies to any lateral
angle around the luminaire.
Figure 3-13: Cutoff Characteristics Cutoff
Cutoff
80o
90o
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tMJHIUBCPWFP
Semi-cutoff
A luminaires light distribution is considered to be a semi-cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp
lumens does not numerically exceeds 50 (5%) at or above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir
(horizontal) and 200 (20%) at or above a vertical angle of 80 above nadir. This applies to any lateral
angle around the luminaire.
Figure 3-14: Cutoff Characteristics Semi-cutoff
Semi-Cutoff
80o
90o
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tMJHIUBCPWF
tMJHIUBCPWFP
Non-cutoff
When there is no candlepower limitation in the zone above maximum candlepower, the light distribution is considered to be non-cutoff.
Figure 3-15: Cutoff Characteristics Non-cutoff
Non-Cutoff
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360o
3.1.3.3.2 Lateral Light Distributions

As with vertical light distribution, lateral light distribution is also a characteristic of the given luminaire.
The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) established a series of lateral distribution patterns. They are labeled: Types I, II, III, IV, and V (see Figure 3-16). Type I and V luminaires are
regularly mounted over the center of the area to be lighted. Type I is used more often on rectangular
patterns over narrow streets, while Type V is more frequently used in areas where light needs to be
distributed evenly in all directions. As a result, High Mast lighting systems tend to use types V, and
modified Type Is.
Types II, III and IV are regularly mounted at the edge of areas needing light. Type II luminaires are used
on narrow streets; type IIIs are used on medium width streets, and type IVs are used on wider streets.
Figure 3-16: IESNA Lateral Light Distribution Classication Types
Type II
Type I
Type IV
Type III
Type V
3.1.3.4 Luminaire Protection

International standards and recommendations have been used to classify luminaires according to the
degree of protection they have against the ingress of dust, solid objects and moisture.
3.1.3.4.1 Ingress Protection

Ingress Protection Ratings, or IP codes (sometimes referred to as the luminaires International Protection Rating) are published in IEC 60529 6. They are commonly used by street lighting luminaire manufacturers and lighting designers to define the ability of a given luminaire to protect itself from the intrusion of dust, water, and other objects (such as hands and fingers).
Figure 3-17 illustrates how IP Codes work. Different ratings are assigned to different levels of protection against threats of intrusion a higher rating indicates a higher degree of protection from harmful
intrusion, and a 0 or X rating indicates no protection at all. For example, IP54 refers to protection
against dust (no harmful deposits), and protection against water splashing in all directions.
6 IEC 60529 .- Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) describes a system for classifying the degrees of protection provided
by the enclosures of electrical equipment. The current edition at the time of preparation of the guidelines was published in September 2013.

Figure 3-17: Ingress Protection (IP)
First Number
Second Number
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3.1.3.4.2 Impact Protection

The Mechanical Impact (IK) ratings indicate the degree to which a luminaires enclosure or casing
protects it from external impact. Different IK ratings relate to the ability of an enclosure to resist impact
energy (measured in joules (J)). IK ratings are published in IEC 62262 standards.
Figure 3-18 illustrates how IK Ratings work. Each number indicates a corresponding degree of protection against external impact a higher rating indicates a higher degree of protection, and 0 or x
rating indicates no protection.
Figure 3-18: Mechanical or Impact Protection
IK Code
IK Code
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IK
IK
06

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3.1.4 Photoelectric Controls

Roadway lighting systems need to have a means of efficiently controlling the overall system. Most
roadway lighting systems use photoelectric controls these can either affixed on luminaires or external
to tem. Photoelectric controls are capable of automatically turning lighting systems on and off
whenever necessary, and are able to operate in all weather conditions. Photoelectric controls should
reliably provide the ability to switch on and off all types of light sources that form part of a given
roadway lighting system. Photoelectric controls should be easy to remove and replace as a single unit,
without the need for special tools. It is also important that they can easily be connected and
disconnected from the electrical control gear, and that all of their terminals are easily accessible.
Figure 3-19: Internal and External Installation of Photoelectric Control
3.2 Structural Systems

3.2.1 Poles
3.2.1.1 Type of Pole and Height
In most cases, the poles used for mounting luminaires are owned by the local electricity distribution
utility. These poles are primarily installed to support distribution and/or service wires, and are typically
made of concrete, wood or steel. Since the poles are designed to accommodate additional loads, they
are normally capable of supporting installation of additional lighting equipment and luminaires. In
cases where dedicated (or independent) lighting poles are used, they should be made of hot-dip
galvanized iron and steel products with matte or dull finished surfaces in order to prevent glare.
The poles have an average luminaire mounting height of 8-10 meters for the single and double arm
installation, and high mast poles have an average luminaire mounting height of 20 meters. Pole height
affects the illumination intensity, uniformity of brightness, area covered, and relative glare of the unit.
Higher mounted units provide greater coverage, more uniformity, and a reduction of glare, but provide
a lower light level. Pole height should be based on recommended values for average luminance and
uniformity for the target area (See Table 4-1). Since regulations are sometimes imposed by electricity
distribution utilities, nearby airports and residential neighborhoods, it is important to coordinate with
relevant officials before purchasing or installing posts.

3.2.1.2 Pole Placement

Pole placement is an engineering decision, which should be based on geometry, characteristics of the
roadway, soil conditions, physical features of poles, environmental requirements, available maintenance space, available budget, aesthetics, and overall local lighting objectives. Figure 3-20 to Figure
3-23 illustrate some prevalent pole placements/configurations.
(a) Single-sided. In this arrangement, all luminaires are located on one side of the road. This is the
most common type of arrangement employed by electric utilities.
Figure 3-20: Single-sided Conguration
Photograph Courtesy of ledlampinchina.wordpress.com
(b) Staggered. In this layout, lights are installed in an alternating pattern, on each side of the road in
zigzagging, or staggered locations.
Figure 3-21: Staggered Conguration

(c) Opposite. In this configuration, streetlight poles are placed directly opposite each other along the
road.
Figure 3-22: Opposite Conguration
Photograph Courtesy of ICS Engineering Inc, icsenggroup.com
(d) Twin Central. A twin central arrangement is usually adopted on dual carriageways. The luminaires
are mounted on T-shaped masts in the center islands of the road. In essence, this is a two (2)
single-sided arrangement, placed back-to-back with the two mast arms mounted on a shared
steel pole.
Figure 3-23: Twin Central Conguration
Photograph Courtesy of Philips, wrtl.co.uk
(e) Twin Central in Combination with Opposite Arrangement. In certain instances, where adequate
illumination cannot be met, a single-sided arrangement is integrated with twin central or staggered
arrangements.
Typically, streetlights along major roadways are staggered on single-sided posts, on opposite sides of
the road. Pole-mounted street lights are typically installed 30-40 meters apart, but this distance can
reach 100 meters when using high masts.
Roadside conditions may require that pole spacing be adjusted. Such adjustments should be
determined based on the recommended levels of illumination, as indicated in the guidelines (see Table
4-1). Higher levels of illumination than the base levels are justified when overhead structures, safety,
and object clearance restrict the placement of poles. It is also advisable to provide higher illumination
levels at diverging and merging areas.

3.2.2 Mast Arms (Mounting Brackets)

Mast arms, mounting brackets, or horizontal brackets are used to support the luminaire at a lateral
dimension from the pole. The mast arm length is usually 2-4 meters. The length of the mast arm should
have a length that is coordinated with the proper photometric distribution of the luminaire.
Figure 3-24: Mast Arms (Mounting Brackets)
Photograph Courtesy of nongkhainewsonline.blogspot.com, forgotten-ny.com, millerberndmfg.com (left to right)
3.2.3 Bases and Foundations

The base or foundation of a lighting system is its central point of contact with the ground. These
structures can have various designs (see Figure 3-25) but must always be capable of supporting the
weight of luminaire, while remaining resistant to wind, vibrations, and other local variables.
Figure 3-25: Base and Foundation for Lighting Pole
Steel Base
Concrete Base
Tower Type Base

3.3 Electrical Systems

3.3.1 Grounding
The metal ground box lids, exposed metal conduit, metal poles, and supplemental ground rods at pole
foundations should be connected to the grounding conductor.
3.3.2 Voltage Drop

Voltage drop due to resistance in electric wires and cables is an important consideration when
installing new or retrofitting street lighting systems because it helps ensure that voltage at all luminaires
is sufficient for proper operation. High voltage drop also indicates inefficient operation of the electrical
system, resulting from excessive losses over distribution lines.
Street lighting systems should be organized to account for all components, ensuring that even the
furthest luminaires in the lighting circuit are able to receive their minimum required level of voltage
supply. The amount of voltage drop between the power supply connection point (or feed point) and the
furthest luminaires should not excess 3% of the system voltage.
3.3.3 Energy Metering

In cases where lighting systems are not owned by the electric utility, energy meters should be provided
and installed in accordance with local utility standards. In cases where utilities do own local lighting
systems, end users have the right to request the installation of energy meters.
3.3.4 Service Cabinets

There are two primary kinds of service cabinets pad, and pole mounted. These cabinets serve as the
electrical service point (feed point) from electric utility to lighting systems. These service cabinets
should be sized to accommodate the number of lights as desired, provided that the voltage drop does
not exceed 3%.
Street lighting service cabinets should include the following accessories and features:
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Service cabinet structures should be rain-tight enclosures with a pad-mounting gasket. The cabinets
roof should extend beyond the outer edge of the front door and back wall of the cabinet in order to
reduce water build-up in and around sealed areas, such as the cabinets door.

Figure 3-26: Pad Mounted Service Cabinet
Figure 3-27: Pole Mounted Service Cabinet

DESIGNING AN ENERGY
EFFICIENT STREET
LIGHTING PROJECT
The design and planning process is an important step in implementing any street lighting project. It is
very important to coordinate the interest of municipality, utility and other stakeholders, as it helps
provide an effective public service while avoiding ineffective investment. Project designers must
understand street lighting recommendations and evaluate the area to be lit in order to make informed
decisions on the kinds of lighting technologies to be used, and where luminaires should be placed.
Implementing an effective street lighting project is largely dependent on a strong project design.
Analyzing local needs, existing infrastructure, and available technology will give project designers a
clear understanding of the potential cost and energy savings to be achieved by the overall project. This
section provides guidelines on how to design an EE street lighting system it can be applied to both
new and retrofitting project designs.
The following flowchart in Figure 4-1 illustrates the steps to be taken when designing a street lighting
project. Each box in the following chart is marked with a number that corresponds to sections in this
chapter (Section 4). Please refer to the flowchart and the corresponding sections for detailed
information on how to design a street lighting project.

Designing an Energy Efficient Street Lighting Project
Figure 4-1: Designing an Energy Efcient Street Lighting Project Flowchart

4.1 Understanding Roadway Categories and
Lighting Recommendations
4.1.1 Classifying Roadways by Category
4.1.2 Understanding Lighting Quality Recommendations
4.4
Measuring and Calculating
Average Illuminance of
Exiting Systems
Retrofitting
Systems
4.1.3
Determining
Actions
Retrofits or
New Systems
New
Systems
4.2
Short Listing the Appropriate
Lighting Technologies
4.2.1
4.2
Advantages of LEDs and

HPS Lamps
Short Listing the Appropriate

Lighting Technologies
4.2.1
Advantages of LEDs and
HPS Lamps
4.2.2
A Quick Guide for Replacing
FL and MV Lamps with LED
and HPS Lamps (Retrofit
Projects)
4.3
Simulating Lighting Design and
Calculating Costs
4.3.1 Design Components to Consider
4.3.2 Simulating Lighting Design with
Computer Programs
4.3.3 Conducting a Life Cycle Cost
Analysis (LCCA)
4.4
Measuring and Calculating Average
Illuminance of Retrofitting / New Systems

4.1 Understanding Roadway Categories and Lighting Recommendations

Designers should take three key points into consideration when researching and forming their design
for EE street lighting systems. First, they must understand the current and predicted needs of the area
to be lit. Second, they must understand lighting quality recommendations and how they apply to the
given roadway. Third, they must evaluate the financial ability of the owner to meet and address these
needs in order to assess whether the project will proceed with retrofits or a completely new system.
In cases where recommended lighting standards cannot be met with the available budget, it is generally accepted that some lighting is better than no lighting. Retrofits are generally directed at increasing
efficiency to reduce costs and energy use with better (or at least equivalent) lighting quality. Implementing new lighting systems, by contrast, should aim to meet applicable lighting recommendations while
achieving cost effective EE.
4.1.1 Classifying Roadways by Category

Roadway categories are mainly defined by their functions, designed layouts and traffic conditions. CIE
115:2010 outlines parameters to be evaluated for determining roadway categories. These include:
traffic speed; traffic volume; traffic compositions (types of vehicles); separation of roadways;
intersection density; parked vehicles (along the roadway); and traffic control. Note that project
designers should evaluate both the current and predicted traffic volumes of a given roadway for
sustainable results to project design. These guidelines refer to 5 main roadway categories (as
recommended by CIE 180:2007).
1. Residential Areas, Pedestrians and many non-motor vehicles
2. Largely Residential, but some motorized vehicles
3. Major Access Roads, Distributors and Minor Main Roads
4. Important Rural and Urban Traffic Routes
5. High-Speed Roads, Dual Carriage Ways
4.1.2 Understanding Lighting Quality Recommendations

The second step is to understand the lighting quality recommendations that apply to each roadway
classification. Lighting quality recommendations have several components, and project designers
should consider each category when planning their lighting project. The primary quality factors to
assess include:
1. Average Illuminance Level: This is the measurement in lux of average levels of light distributed
across the area being lit. Average illuminance level is among the most important factors to consider
when determining lighting because it has implications on roadway safety as well as requisite electricity requirements and operating costs.
2. Overall Uniformity of Luminance, or Illuminance: This is the degree to which light is distributed
across the overall roadway. Overall uniformity of illuminance is measured by dividing the minimum
point of illuminance by the roadways average illuminance. This average is important for safety
reasons because it ensures that overall visibility between luminaires is adequate. This figure is
described by U0 in the Table 4-1.
3. Uniformity of Luminance, or Illuminance: Defined as the ratio of the minimum to the maximum,
and designated U1. This ratio indicates whether light distribution is even over the given area; it helps
project planners ensure that lighting isnt too dim in any particular point of the roadway.
4. Lighting on Footpath and Surrounding Area: This considers portions of the roadway that are not
in direct use. It takes into account a two strips 5 meters wide (one in the road, the other alongside),
the illuminance on the off-road strip should be at least 50% of the other.

5. Glare: In highly motorized countries a 10% maximum (of direct luminance) is recommended on
highways, while a range between 5% and 30% is acceptable for general traffic routes. These
percentages are determined by the amount of light the luminaires project near the horizontal.
Decreased glare results in decreased nighttime glow (or light pollution).
6. Guidance: Although glare should be kept low, a small amount of direct light from the luminaires
gives a useful sense of the "run" of the road ahead, and can forewarn drivers of upcoming junctions
or roundabouts.
With an understanding of both the roadways function and the lighting quality recommendations,
project designers can determine the relative lighting needs of their roadway. Recommended illumination levels for different roadways are given in Table 4-1, and can be used to determine respective lighting needs.
Table 4-1: Recommended Illumination Level for Different Classication of Roads
Average
Lighting Level
U00
U11
Residential Areas, Pedestrians and many Non-motor Vehicles
1-2 lux
0.2
n/a
Largely Residential, but some Motorized Vehicles
4-5 lux
0.2
n/a
Major Access Roads, Distributors and Minor Main Roads
0.5 cd/m2
8 lux
0.4
0.5
Important Rural and Urban Traffic Routes
1.0 cd/m2
15 lux
0.4
0.6
High-Speed Roads, Dual Carriage Ways
1.5 cd/m2
25 lux
0.4
0.7
Category
Source: CIE 180:2007
4.1.3 Determining Actions Retrots or New Systems

When financially viable, implementing a new lighting system allows for a greater degree of flexibility in
the selection of different lighting technologies, and in turn provides greater opportunities for increasing
light quality, and enhancing efficiency. Though the above lighting quality recommendations should be
met whenever possible, some light is still better than no light. Although retrofitting allows for less
flexibility and light-quality improvement, it normally requires lower initial investment, and can still be
used to enhance system efficiency.
In cases where sufficient funding for new lighting systems is not available (and when existing infrastructure already exists), retrofit projects are an effective way of enhancing energy efficiency while
maintaining current light quality. When funding is available and new infrastructure is being built, it is
important that project designers implement projects that both meet current and anticipated future
needs while optimizing installation and system costs by considering high-efficiency luminaires.
IMPORTANT NOTE: In the case of retrofitting projects, designers should carefully measure existing
lighting quality levels prior to implementation. This provides a quality baseline against which to compare project results. Detailed instruction on how to conduct measurements can be found in Section
4.4. See flowchart at the beginning of this section (Figure 4-1) to understand how measurement should
be factored into the project planning process.

4.2 Shortlisting the Appropriate Lighting Technologies

After determining the recommended lighting quality for the given roadway, and whether changes are to
be made by retrofits or new lighting systems, it is necessary to determine the kinds of lighting
technology to be used. Selecting the appropriate lamps and luminaires will have a substantial effect on
improving overall system efficiency, while lowering costs, and energy consumption. As such, selecting
two or three appropriate lighting technologies and using available tools and software to simulate
design options and optimum quality solutions is an important step in the project designing process.
Most street lighting installations use one of three types of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps;
high-pressure sodium (HPS), metal halide (MH) and mercury vapor (MV) lamps. HPS is the most
commonly used light source for street lighting due to its high efficiency and long service lamp life. MH
lamps provide efficiency values often equivalent to those of HPS, but have a significantly shorter
lifespan. MV lamps are the least efficient technology for street lighting applications; however they are
inexpensive to purchase, and have a relatively long service life. As a result, MV lamps are still prevalent
in many Pacific Island Countries.
When making street lighting purchasing decisions, it is important to consider more than initial
investment costs; this means factoring in luminaire lifecycle and post-installation costs, such as
operation, maintenance, and replacement. Higher efficiency and longer expected service life results in
considerable reductions to maintenance and operation costs. In many cases, this means that a higher
up front investment in durable, high efficiency lighting systems, will result in lower overall costs than
cheaper, lower efficiency counterparts. Having factored in current trends and future predictions about
efficiency, lifetime cycles, and the supply of commercially available lighting technologies in the Pacific,
these guidelines recommend using HPS and LED lighting technologies. Section 4.3 outlines ways to
simulate different options of selected lighting technologies and conduct life cycle cost analysis (LCCA).
4.2.1 Advantages of LEDs and HPS Lamps

On average, LED luminaires have the longest lifespan, and tend to provide the highest efficiency;
however, HPS lamps also provide relatively long lifespans and good overall system efficiency. As a
result, both LED and HPS systems have the potential to increase municipal lighting efficiency while
reducing costs and energy consumption. The following two boxes consider some key features of each
lighting technology. It is advisable to conduct detailed simulation and lifecycle cost analysis (described
in Section 4.3 below) prior to making a final selection of lighting systems.
Basic minimum technical requirements and specifications pertaining to HPS and LED luminaires can
be found in Appendix 2 these should be referred to as part of the procurement process. Box1 and
Box2 give further information pertaining to HPS and LED lamps.

Box 1: Light-Emitting Diodes (LED)

LED lamps have been commercially available since 1960, and their overall quality has steadily
improved since initial release onto the market. In relation to street lighting application, LEDs provide
two primary benefits: long service life, and high energy efficiency. The average LED lifespan for street
lighting application is around 50,000 hours approximately 13 years at standard 10-hour/day
operations. Although purchasing costs of LEDs are generally 2 - 4 times higher than those of standard
HID lamps, their service life is 3-5 times longer than conventional lighting technologies. On average,
LEDs consume less than half of the energy of standard lighting systems (with lowest efficiency starting
at 90 lumens per watt), and require less maintenance and cleaning. These factors make LED lamps a
cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable choice for municipal application, while their high color
rendering make them desirable models for street lighting purposes, where high visibility is a requisite
feature of lighting.
Box 2: High Pressure Sodium Lamps (HPS)

HPS lamps are a kind of Sodium Vapor Lamp that provide higher quality light rendering than their
low-pressure counterparts. For street lighting applications, HPS are frequently used due to their
relatively long lifespan and high energy efficiency. Although average lifespan and energy efficiency
ratings are generally lower than those of LEDs, HPS lamps can deliver competitive features. Average
lamp lifespans range between 15,000 and 40,000 hours, and deliver a high efficiency of 65-140
lumens/watt at the beginning of the lamps lifespan. These features make HPS a cost and servicecompetitive option when considering lamp selection for street lighting application.
4.2.2 A Quick Selection Guide for Replacing FLs and MVs with LED and HPS Lamps (for
Retrot Projects)
When selecting LED or HPS lamps/luminaires, project designers should ensure that the downward
lighting output of new luminaires is equivalent to (or better than) the existing ones. Table 4-2 provides
recommendations on HPS lamp wattages and LED luminaire wattages for replacing existing
fluorescent and MV street lighting in order to achieve energy savings while maintaining similar or better
lighting quality.
Table 4-2: Recommended HPS Lamp Wattage and LED Luminaire for EE Retrots
Existing
Lighting
Technology
Estimated
Typical Average
Recommended Recommended
Downward
Wattage Efcacy Luminaire Light
HPS Lamp
LED Luminaire
22
(lm/W)
(W)
11
Wattage
Wattage 33
Output (lm)
Fluorescent
40
80
2,080
35
30
Fluorescent
80
80
4,160
70
50
Mercury Vapor
50
45
1,463
35
30
Mercury Vapor
80
45
2,340
35
30
Mercury Vapor
125
45
3,656
70
45
Mercury Vapor
250
45
7,313
100
90
Mercury Vapor
400
45
11,700
150
140
Note:
1 Estimated based on luminaire efciency of 65%.
2 Estimated based on lamp efcacy of 100lm/watt and luminaire efciency of 70%; the total HPS luminaire wattage shall consider power
losses in control gear.
3 Estimated based on LED efcacy of 100lm/watt and luminaire efciency of 90%; Power losses in LED driver already included.

4.3 Simulating Lighting Design and Calculating Costs

4.3.1 Design Components to Consider
Achieving desired lighting quality is largely dependent on the luminaires selected; however, their placement and configuration along the roadway are also of major importance to lighting appearance, and in
turn to public safety. Below is a list of the key parameters to be considered by the project designer in
order to meet the desired lighting quality recommendations:
1. Mounting Height: The greater the height the more light/power will be needed to achieve a given
illuminance, but a more uniform result will be obtained.
2. Layout: Lighting poles can be on just one side of the road or both; pairs of lighting poles can be
either opposite each other or staggered (see Section 3).
3. Spacing: The longer the spacing between luminaires, the lower the level of illuminance and the
more uneven/patchy; however, small spacing result in greater cost and is not always practical.
4. Lamp Type: These guidelines recommend the use of long service life and high efficacy HPS lamps
or new Light-Emitting Diodes (LED).
5. Luminaire: The actual luminaire chosen has to be suitable for the lamp type and power; the detailed
information provided by commercial suppliers can be relied upon for this.
To further illustrate these design parameters, below is a diagram illustrating street lighting geometry:
Figure 4-2: Geometry of Street Lighting
Mast Arms
(Mounting Brackets)
Luminaire
Mounting
Height
Spacing
Edge of
Roadway
Width of Roadway
After having selected several viable options for luminaires and luminaire layouts (based on Figure 4-2),
it is necessary to evaluate the functionality and overall life cycle costs of each respective option before
making any final selection and proceeding with procurement and installation. The final selection should
be made based on a clear understanding of how each respective system will look, and how much it
will cost for the duration of its life cycle. These two factors allow the project designer to make informed
purchasing choices, and to provide municipalities and utilities with estimates concerning performance,
economic, and environmental costs

4.3.2 Simulating Lighting Design with Computer Programs

A number of computer-based programs can help project designers to simulate projected illuminance
outcomes in order to preview different project designs. Due to the large amount of calculation required
in this process, it is highly recommended that project designers use one of the many available
computer programs to assist in simulating the different options and configurations available to them.
Table 4-3 describes the different software available to project designers, and indicates where they can
be found.
Table 4-3: Lighting Design Software Tools
Lighting
Design
Software Tool
Description
License
AGI32
AGI32 is a 3D lighting design and rendering software package for

electric lighting and daylight analysis. AGI32 produces full-color
renderings and predictive lighting system calculations simultaneously for all applications of electric lighting and day lighting in
interior and exterior design projects. Complex architectural
environments are easily created internally, or externally created 3D
environments can be imported via DWG or DXF format files. A
comprehensive library of manufacturers lighting product data is
included. (www.agi32.com)
Commercial
Calculux
Road
Calculux Road is a software tool that can help lighting designers

select and evaluate lighting systems. The software is relatively
easy to use. Although the built-in choices of luminaires are only
limited to products from Philips Lighting, the software can read
additional photometric files in IES and other formats.
(http://www.lighting.philips.com/gb_en/
connect/tools_literature/software.wpd)
Free
DIALux
DIALux is a free and complete software developed by DIAL GmbH

for professional light planning is open to luminaires of all manufacturers for calculation and visualization of indoor and outdoor lighting
systems. DIALux can calculate daylight, interior and exterior
lighting, road lighting and emergency lighting. DIALux can import
from and export to all CAD programs (e.g. DXF, DWG, SAT) and has
photorealistic visualization with an integrated ray tracer. More than
66 free electronic catalogues and photometric files (e.g. IES,
EULUMDAT, CIBSE) can be read in. (www.dial.de)
Free
SEAD
The SEAD Street Lighting Tool is a free, easy-to-use calculator

that can help purchasers make more informed choices regarding
street lighting fixtures to help achieve up to 50 percent in energy
savings. Supported by Mexico's National Commission for Energy
Efficiency, India's Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Natural Resources
Canada, Swedish Energy Agency and U.S. Department of Energy,
the tool is designed to make the fixture evaluation process easier
by assisting street light purchasers with evaluating light quality,
energy use and costs for the most common road layouts.
(www.superefficient.org/sltool)
Free

4.3.3 Conducting a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)

An LCCA is a calculation that provides the total cost of a lighting system over its lifetime (from
purchase to disposal).The two primary functions of LCCA are to compare different lighting technologies (or other energy-consuming products), and to determine the cost efficacy of corresponding
system selection. Conducting an LCCA helps guide purchasing decisions by showing the actual value
of a given lighting system from purchase to disposal, allowing cost comparison based on real value as
opposed to initial investment costs. A system requiring lower initial investment may use more energy
(higher operating cost), require frequent luminaire cleaning, (higher maintenance costs) and have a
shorter lifespan (require replacement). Conversely, a system requiring higher initial investment may
cost significantly less over the course of its lifespan for inverse reasons.
NOTE: Light quality (color) is not factored in to LCCA. LCCA is a tool for comparing economic, and not
visual value. As a result, it should be conducted in congruence with aforementioned computer simulations.
Box 3: The LCCA Formula
Life Cycle Costs = Cost to buy + Cost to maintain it (if any maintenance is required) + cost of
energy to run it for its life + Replacement costs - Any salvage value
An alternate configuration of the LCCA formula and a practical example which may be useful for
engineering staff can be found in Appendix 4.
4.3.4 Calculating Financial Payback Periods

In addition to an LCCA, a preliminary analysis of a simple financial payback period of a retrofit/new
project can be conducted using the below formula:
Simple Financial Payback (year)
Initial cost of the retrofit/new project

Annual savings in energy and maintenance costs
Example: The ABC municipality is considering replacing 100 sets of 250 watts mercury vapor (MV)
luminaires with 100 sets of 90 watts LED street lighting luminaires. The electricity cost is $0.3 per kWh.
The yearly operating hours of the system is 4,300 hours.
Estimated Initial cost:
r$PTUPGOFX-&%MVNJOBJSFTTFUYTFUT
r$PTUPGJOTUBMMBUJPOTFUYTFUT
r$PTUPGBENJOJTUSBUJPOFRVJQNFOU
5PUBMFTUJNBUFEJOJUJBMDPTU
Estimated Annual Savings:
r4BWJOHTQFSMVNJOBJSF87 - 90 W = 200 W
r.BJOUFOBODFDPTUTBWJOHTZFBSEVFUPMFTTNBJOUFOBODF SFMBNQJOH
per luminaire
cleaning, changing igniters, ballasts, etc) required by
LED luminaires
r"OOVBMFOFSHZTBWJOHTMVNJOBJSFTY IPVSTY8TBWJOHTQFSMVNJOBJSFY
QFSL8I
r"OOVBMNBJOUFOBODFTBWJOHTMVNJOBJSFTYTBWJOHTQFSMVNJOBJSF
5PUBM"OOVBM4BWJOHT
4JNQMF1BZCBDL ZFBST
7 Each 250W MV luminaire consumes about 290W due to additional losses in control gear which are estimated at 15% of lamp wattage.

In general, a simple financial payback under 3 to 5 years is considered favorable. In case a more
rigorous financial analysis is required to determine financial Return On Investment (ROI) of the project
before the final investment decision can be made, many online tools are available for helping with the
calculations, for example: http://energy.gov/eere/ssl/financial-analysis.
4.4 Measuring and Calculating Average Illuminance

The following procedure should be used in two circumstances. First, in cases where retrofits are being
undertaken, the measurement process should be conducted PRIOR to replacements. This provides a
quality baseline against which post-installation measurements can be compared. The second point at
which the Measurement process should be employed is after the installation process. In both cases,
the methodology laid out by CIE 140:2000 should be used.
Roadway Illuminance is a measure of the amount of luminous flux falling per unit area lumens/m2, or
lux (lx) and can be used as a method of comparing and verifying illuminance. In the case of retrofits,
the baseline measurement taken before replacement of systems should be compared to illuminance
present after retrofits. In the case of new roadway lighting systems, this measurement should be compared to the projected illuminance levels anticipated during the simulation process. This measurement
and calculation process should be based on specifications provided in CIE 140:2000.
CIE 140:2000 provides the basis for determining fields of calculation, the location of measurement or
simulation points for lighting calculations, and calculation methods for average illuminance values, as
well as uniformity and glare values across the field of calculation as described below.
(a) The field of calculation should be typical of the area of the road or intersection that is of interest to
the driver and pedestrian, and may include the footways, cycle-ways, and verges. As shown in
Figure 4-3, adapted from CIE 140:2000. It should be bound by the edges of the roadway and by
transverse lines through two consecutive luminaires.
Figure 4-3: Illustration of Illuminance Field of Calculation and Measurement
S
d=WL/3
WL
Centre-line of lane
Edges of lane
D=S/N
D/2
First luminaire in
calculation eld
d/2
Field of calculation
Last luminaire in
calculation eld
Source: CIE 140:2000

(b) For staggered installations, consecutive luminaires will be on opposite sides of the road.
(c) The calculation points should be evenly spaced in the field of calculation (see Figure 4-3) and their
number should be chosen as follows.
(d) In the longitudinal direction, the spacing in the longitudinal direction should be determined from
the equation.
D = S/N
where:
D is the spacing between points in the longitudinal direction (m);
S is the spacing between luminaires (m);
N is the number of calculation points in the longitudinal direction with the following values:
for S 30 m, N = 10
for S > 30 m, the smallest integer giving D 3 m.
The first row of calculation points is spaced at a distance D/2 beyond the first luminaire (m).
(e) In the transverse direction.
d = Wr /3
where:
d is the spacing between points in the transverse direction (m);
Wr is the width of the carriageway or relevant area (m).
The spacing of points from the edges of the relevant area is D/2 in the longitudinal direction, and d/2
in the transverse direction, as indicated in Figure4-3.
(f) Luminaires that are situated within five times the mounting height from the calculation point should
be included in the calculation.
Calculation of average illuminance based on the measurement data can be performed using any
spreadsheet tools. Illustrated in Figure4-4. is calculation of lighting quality parameters (average
maximum, and minimum illuminance, and uniformity) of measurement data using Excel. A sample of
lighting measurement sheet is given in Appendix 3.

Figure 4-4: Calculation of Lighting Quality Parameters using an Excel Spread Sheet
7.0
5.9 15
13
10
24
17
14
10 6.8 5.5 4.8 4.7 4.7 5.4 6.7 9.1 14.5 18.5 21.5
3.5
5.3 4.5 4.7 4.6 5.5 6.4 7.9 10.4 13.8 15.3
1.1 25.7 16.6 11.4 7
3.6 4.7 3.9 4.5 3.7 4.9
0.0
10.1 15.7 21.7 22.7
Shade of tree
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 33.0 36.0 39.0 42.0
Illuminance (Lux)
Maximum
25.7
Average
10.2
Minimum
3.6
Uniformity (min/avg) 0.35

Illumination Contour (Lux)
5.
9
3.
5
1.
1
0.0
3.0
0
0-2.5
6.0
2
2.5-5
9.0
5
5.75
12.0
15.0
7
7.5-10
18.0
1
10-12.5
21.0
1
12
12.5-15
24.0
27.0
15
15-17.5
30.0
17
17.5-20
33.0
36.0
20
20-22.5
39.0
2
22.5-25

MAINTENANCE OF
EE STREET LIGHTING
Street lighting is a necessary but costly public service, requiring a great deal of investment in the
overall design, procurement, installation, operation and maintenance of street lighting systems. In
order to maximize the value while keeping costs at a minimum, it is important to carry out regular
maintenance projects to ensure cost effective, and energy efficient lighting services. The scope of such
maintenance projects should include: cleaning luminaires and all corresponding parts (including
refractors/lenses, reflectors, lamps, and control gear components); inspection of electrical wiring;
measurement of input voltage; and replacement of broken or dysfunctional luminaires lamp, and
component of the control system (such as photoelectric controls). The frequency of maintenance must
be based on the degree of local pollution, and take into account pedestrian and vehicular traffic, safety,
security, and economic constraints.
5.1 Cleaning Luminaires

Over time, dirt and airborne pollutants reduce effectiveness of each luminaires light output. The
amount of time this will take, and the degree of light obstruction will depend on local pollution levels
and the luminaires level of sealing or protection from the elements. Loss of light output, and respective
luminaire cleaning should be taken into account from the start of project design.
5.2 Lamp Replacement

Lamps themselves gradually give less light output as they age this is known as lamp light
depreciation. In addition, for any large number of lamps installed, there will be a fraction that fail
prematurely. In order to address lamp light depreciation and premature failure, lamp replacement is a
necessary component to any lighting project. There are two (2) commonly used approaches to lamp
replacement: spot re-lamping and group re-lamping.
r In the case of spot re-lamping, individual lamps are replaced if and only if they fail. While this
method has an intuitive appeal, it can be significantly more expensive (particularly in areas where
labor costs are high).
r In the case of group re-lamping, all lamps within a specific group are replaced regularly, based on a
predetermined replacement schedule. This is usually the most cost-effective approach, but should
be adjusted to exclude lamps that have recently been replaced as a result of random failure.
5.3 Electrical Wiring Inspection

All internal and external wiring installations should be inspected to check for broken or cracked
terminal lugs, frayed or deteriorated conductor insulations, and the tightness of screws and loose
connections. Loose electrical connection may cause overheating and damaged to the lighting system.
5.4 Measurement of Voltage Input

Measurement should be conducted to determine input voltage to the luminaire. The required voltage
input is necessary for all the electrical components of the luminaires (e. g., ballast, driver, and ignitor)
to operate properly. Lower voltage input may damage the luminaire prematurely, causing a shorter
lifetime.

Maintenance of EE Street Lighting
As shown in Figure 5-1, HID lamps require more frequent replacement than LEDs due to shorter
average lamp life.
Figure 5-1: Comparison of Lamp Replacement Frequency of HID Lamp and LED
10+yrs
100
HID
75% Output
LED
70% Output
L70
40
20
LED Life Rating
60
HID Relamping
2yrs
70
HID Relamping
% Initial Lumens
80
0
1000
12,500
(2.8)
25,500
(5.5)
37,500
(8.4)
50,000
(11.2)
Hours
(Years)
Maintenance of EE Street Lighting

APPENDIX 1: LIGHTING
TERMINOLOGIES AND BASIC UNITS

Ballast. A device designed to operate electric-discharge lamps by providing a starting voltage and
current, and limiting the current from reaching a level high enough to destroy the lamp during normal
operation.
Color Rendering. A term used to describe the effect that a light source has on the apparent
(conscious or unconscious) color of an object when it is compared to a reference light source.
Color Rendering Index or CRI (of a Light Source). This is measurement system used to evaluate
color rendering. This measures the degree to which the apparent color of a single object changes from
one light source to another. It makes this measurements based on reference to a single light source,
emitting a particular color temperature. Subsequent ratings are based on variance from apparent color
from the constant light source. Values assigned to common light sources tend to vary between 20 to
100 CRI units, in which 100 indicates no color shift, and a low CRI rating suggests that the color of an
object will appear unnatural under the particular source.
Color Temperature. A form of specifying the color appearance of a light source, relating the color to
a reference source heated to a particular temperature, measured by the thermal unit Kelvin. The measurement can also be described as the warmth or coolness of a light source. Generally, sources
below 3,200 K are considered warm, while those above 4,000 K are considered cool sources.
Distribution Utility. An electric cooperative, private corporation, government-owned utility, or existing local government unit, that has an exclusive franchise to operate a distribution system.
Electric Utility. A private or government corporation, mainly responsible for the distribution of electricity to end-users or consumers.
Efcacy. The number of lumens produced by a lamp for each watt of electrical power it consumes.
The unit for measuring efficacy is lumens per watt.
Illuminance. The density of luminous flux on a surface, measured in footcandles, fc (or lux, lx). One
footcandle is the illumination of a surface one square foot in area on which there is a uniformly distributed luminous ux of one lumen. One footcandle is 10.76 lux.
Illumination. Illumination is the density of luminous flux per unit area on an intercepting surface at any
given point.
Light. Visually evaluated radiant energy.

Appendix 1: Lighting Terminologies and Basic Units
Lumen. This is the unit used to describe the quantity of light radiated from a light source. The lumen
is the unit for measuring luminous flux, or light flow. It is the amount of luminous flux of light radiated
into a solid angle of one steridian by the uniform light source of one candela used to describe the quantity of light radiated from a light source.
Luminaires. Luminaires are complete lighting systems: they consist of the lamps, lens, wiring, and
reflective materials used to direct light.
Luminaire Efciency. The ratio of total lumen output of a luminaire and the lumen output of the
lamps, expressed as percentage.
Luminance (Photometric Brightness). This describes the property of light we can see with our
eyes. It is the quantity of luminous flux emitted, reflected, or transmitted from a surface in a particular
direction, and is measured in candelas (cd) per unit area cd/ft2 or cd/m2.
Luminous Flux. Time rate flow of light, measured in lumens (lm). One lumen is the amount of light
which falls on an area of one square foot, every point of which is one foot from the source of one
candela. A light source of one candela emits a total of 12.57 lumens.
Luminous Intensity. The force of luminous flux in a specified direction, measured in candela (cd).
Lux (lx). The illuminance produced by a luminous flux of one lumen, uniformly distributed over a
surface of one (1) square meter.
Visibility. The degree to which something can be detected by the eye.
Appendix 1: Lighting Terminologies and Basic Units

APPENDIX 2: LAMP
REQUIREMENTS AND SAMPLE

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
7.1 HPS Luminaire Requirements
Table 7-1: HPS Luminaire Requirements
No.
Requirement
Specications
Design and Structure
r The luminaire shall be architecturally stylish in appearance,

provided that the optical requirement is met and suitable
for the usage area, and powder painted with high corrosion
resistance.
r Luminaire shall be so designed such that installation and
maintenance shall necessitate only minimal tools, preferably no tools.
r Material for the housing of the luminaire shall be made of
die cast aluminum.
r The luminaire shall have appropriate lamp socket and
suitable space provision for the lamp.
r All bolts and other fastening parts shall be corrosion
resistant, preferably 300 series stainless steel.
Optical Assembly
r The optical reflectors shall be made of high-purity aluminum reflector.

r The optical assembly shall have a provision for easy lamp
replacement.
Wiring
r The luminaire shall be pre-wired internally and externally in

case an electronic photovoltaic control is required.
Protection Class
(IP rating)
r IP 55 (for the entire luminaire, inclusive of the cable entry

and gland).
Supply Voltage
r 220V - 240V, 50Hz (or the nominal system voltage used in

the country).
Lamp and Control Gear
r Lamp Color Temperature (CCT): not less than 2100K

r Lamp Color Rendering Index (CRI): a minimum of 21
r The lamp shall have a rated average life of 24,000 burning
hours
r Lamp shall be clear, elliptical or tubular glass envelope
r Lamp dimensions shall conform to the requirements of
either IEC standard, latest revision

Appendix 2: Lamp Requirements and Sample Technical Specifications
No.
Requirement
Specications
r Screw caps (bases) shall be E27 for 70-watt and E40 for
150-watt and 250-watt high-pressure sodium lamps.
r All lamps shall be externally ignited and designed to
operate in a universal burning position.
r The following information shall be distinctly and durably
marked on each lamp:
a. Mark of Origin in the form of trademark or the
manufacturers mark.
b. Rated wattage and voltage.
r The electronic ballast shall be equipped with thermal
protection with a max Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of
15%.
r All tests on lamp and control gear shall be performed in
accordance with applicable testing procedures and acceptance criteria of IEC standard, latest edition.
Test Report
r IEC 60598 Luminaires Part 1: General requirements and

tests
r IEC 62035 Discharge lamps (excluding fluorescent lamps)
Safety specifications
r IEC 60662 High pressure sodium vapour lamps
r IEC 60923 Auxiliaries for lamps Ballasts for discharge
lamps (excluding tubular fluorescent lamps) Performance
requirement
r IEC 61347-1 Lamp controlgear Part 1: General and safety
requirements
r IEC 61347-2-9 Lamp controlgear Part 2-9: Particular
requirements for ballasts for discharge lamps (excluding
fluorescent lamps)
r Equivalent national standards or latest edition of IEC
standards shall be referenced. Testing laboratory/ies must
be accredited according to ISO17025 and recognized by
ILAC/APLAC for testing of HPS lamps, control gears and
luminaires
Additional Documents
r Product specification sheet listing the brand name,

model/type, type of coating, length and width (dimensions)
r Photometric data of the proposed luminaire
Quality of Production
r ISO 9001-2000 or equivalent
10
Warranty
r Minimum 1 year

7.2 LED Luminaire Requirements

Table 7-2: LED Luminaire Requirements
No.
Requirement
Specications
Design and Structure
r Shall primarily be constructed of metal.

r Finish shall be powder color coated and rust resistant.
r In case the LED driver unit is mounted internally, it shall be
replaceable and accessible without tools.
r Any parts constructed of polycarbonate or acrylic shall be
UV stabilized, any lens discoloration shall be considered a
failure under warranty.
r Luminaire shall consist of heat sink with no fans, pumps or
liquids and shall not degrade heat dissipation performance.
r Adjustable mounting socket shall be provided for mounting
with existing mast arms diameter 48-60 mm.
LED Modules/Arrays
r Color Temperature: a minimum 4000K

r Color Rendering Index (CRI): a minimum of 70
LED Driver
r Driver unit(s) shall be of constant current or constant

voltage type with sufficient capacity to supply rated power
required by LED module(s)/array(s) installed in the
luminaire.
r Power factor: 0.9
r Surge protection > 2 kV (Line-Neutral).
Luminaire Efciency
r 90 lm/W
Lumen Maintenance
r At least 70% lumen maintenance at 50,000 hours (L70).
Protection Class (IP

rating)
r IP 66 (for the entire luminaire, inclusive of the cable entry

and gland)
Supply Voltage
r 220V to 240V, 50Hz (or the nominal system voltage used in

the country)
Test Report
r IEC 60598-1 Luminaires General Requirements and Tests

r IEC 60598-2-3 Part 2-3: Particular Requirements
Luminaires for Road and Street Lighting
r IEC 62722-2-1 Luminaire performance - Part 2-1: Particular
requirements for LED luminaires
r IEC 61347-1: General safety requirements
r IEC 61347-2-13: Particular requirements for DC or AC
supplied electronic control gear for LED module
r IEC 62384: DC or AC supplied electronic control gear for
LED module
r IEC 62493 Assessment of lighting equipment related to
human exposure to electromagnetic fields.
r EN 55015: 2006 and 2007 Limits and methods of radio
disturbance characteristics of electrical lighting.

No.
Requirement
Specications
r EN 61547:1995 / +A1:2000 Equipment for general lighting
purpose EMC immunity requirements.
r EN 61000-3-2:2006 Limitation of harmonic current
emission.
r EN 61000-3-3:2008 Limitation of voltage fluctuation and
flicker.
r IESNA LM 80 LED test report
r Equivalent national standards or latest edition of IEC
standards shall be referenced. Testing laboratory/ies must
be accredited according to ISO17025 and recognized by
ILAC/APLAC for testing of LED luminaire and its components
Additional Documents
r Product specification sheet listing the brand name,

model/type, type of coating, length and width (dimensions)
r Photometric data of the proposed luminaire
r Salt spray test report
r Vibration test report
10
Quality of Production
r ISO 9001-2000 or equivalent
11
Warranty
r Minimum 5 years (a full replacement of

equipment/components and accessories)

APPENDIX 3: SAMPLE OF
LIGHTING MEASUREMENT SHEET

Figure 8-1: Sample of Lighting Measurement Sheet
PROJECT:
PEEP2
Place:
Bypass Road, Maufanga (60m from the corner of Salote Road), Nuku'Alofa, Tonga
Lamp:
Luminaire:
BRP371 LED86/CW 90W 220-240V DM2E MSP

42.0 meters
Spacing between luminaires:

Street width:
7.0 meters
Height:
9.0 meters
Tilt angle:
3.0 Degrees
Measurement Grid
D = 3.0 meters
d = 2.4 meters
Site Picture:
Condition:
Date:
28 May 2014
Time:
2100-2130 hours
Moon Phase:
Sky condition:
New Moon
Clear
Result:
7.0
5.9 15
13
10
3.5 24
17
14
10 6.8 5.5 4.8 4.7 4.7 5.4 6.7 9.1 14.5 18.5 21.5
1.1 25.7 16.6 11.4 7

0.0
5.3 4.5 4.7 4.6 5.5 6.4 7.9 10.4 13.8 15.3
3.6 4.7 3.9 4.5 3.7 4.9
7 10.1 15.7 21.7 22.7
Shade of tree
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 33.0 36.0 39.0 42.0
Illuminance (Lux)
Maximum
25.7
Average
10.2
Minimum
3.6
Uniformity (min/avg) 0.35

Appendix 3: Sample of Lighting Measurement Sheet
APPENDIX 4: LCCA
ALTERNATE FORMULA REPRESENTATION, AND EXAMPLE

Formula:
The following formula can be used to calculate the estimated Lifecycle Cost of a given luminaire
system.
Life Cycle Cost (LCC)
Where
Ci ($)
Cm ($)
Ce ($)
=
=
=
Cr ($)
S ($)
=
=
C i + Cm + Ce + Cr - S
the initial cost of the bulbs or the systems

the cost incurred to maintain it in good operating condition.
the total cost of electricity/ fuel required to run the bulb for its lifetime (usually
cost per kWh ($/kWh))
the cost to replace the bulb (labor and equipment costs)
the value that the bulb/ luminaires can be sold for after its lifetime is over
Example:
The following example shows how this formula might be applied:
Example: The ABC municipality is considering replacing 100 sets of street lighting. They conduct the
LCCA between a set of 250 watts mercury vapor (MV) and 90 watts LED street lighting set. The cost
of a single set of LED lamp and mercury vapor is $700 and $100, respectively. The electricity cost is
$0.3 per kWh. The yearly operating hours of the system is 4,300 hours.
Estimated Initial Cost (for replacement the same housing):
r$PTUPGOFX-&%BOENFSDVSZWBQPSMVNJOBJSFBOE
r$PTUPGJOTUBMMBUJPO FTUJNBUFMVNJOBJSFTQFSIPVSJOTUBMMFEBUQFSIPVSGPS
two-person crew) = $50100
r$PTUPGBENJOJTUSBUJPOFRVJQNFOU
Total estimated initial cost = $78,000 (LED) and $18,000 (MV)
Appendix 4: LCCA Alternate Formula Representation, and Example

Table 9-1: Life Cycle Cost Analysis, Mercury Vapor Luminaire vs. LED Luminaires
Mercury Vapor Luminaire
LED luminaire
Rating (W)
Lamp wattage: 250 Watts

Luminaire wattage: 290 Watts 1
90 Watts
Luminaire Lumen Output
7,313 Lumens
7,313 Lumens
Est. Initial Cost of the

System ($) (Ci)
$18,000
$78,000
Life of each Bulb (h)
15,000
50,000
Lamp Replacement
needed for 50,000 h (Cr)
333 lamps = $16,650 2
No replacement = $0
Energy Consumption per

Luminaire (kWh)
290 Watts 1 x 50,000 h

14,500,000 Wh = 14,500 kWh
90 Watts x 50,000 h
4,500,000 Wh = 4,500 kWh
Est. Maintenance Cost

(Cm) ($)
$10/5,000 h = $1010100
= $10,000
$10/5,000 h = $1010100
= $10,000
Price of Electricity
$0.30
$0.30
Cost of Electricity
needed for 50,000 h
(100 luminaires) (Ce)
14,500 kWh X 0.30/kWh X 100

= $435,000
4,500 kWh X 0.30/kWh X 100

= $135,000
Est. Salvage Cost (S)
Total Cost (Life Cycle Costs)

to Own and Operate the
Systems for 50,000 h.
Ci+Cm+Ce+Cr-S
= $479,650
Ci+Cm+Ce+Cr-S
= $223,000
Note:
1 Each MV luminaire consumes about 290W due to additional losses in control gear which are estimated at 15% of lamp wattage.
2 Based on USD 50 per replacement (labor and equipment costs)
In this example, the initial cost of LED luminaires is clearly higher than that of the MV system; however,
after an approximate 13,000 hours (3 years period, 4,300 hours. of usage per year), the MV systems
overall costs exceed that of the LEDs due to higher energy consumption costs of the MV system.

Figure 9-1: Example of LCCA between 100 Sets of MV and LED Street Lighting Systems
LCCA between 100 sets of MV and LED lighting systems

$500,000
Mercury
M
y Vapor ((MV),
$479,650
7
$450,000
$400,000
$350,000
$300,000
LED,
2
0
$223,000
$250,000
$200,000
$150,000
$100,000
$50,000
$
0
10,000
4,300
8,600
12,900
0
20,000
17,200
21,500
30,000
0
25,800
30,100
40
40,000
34,400
38,700
43,000
50,000
0
47,300
51,600
55,900
hours

10
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Energy Efficiency Guidelines For Street Lighting in The Pacific

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY

GUIDELINES FOR STREET

2015 International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC)

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

Objectives of the Guidelines

2 OVERVIEW OF STREET LIGHTING

Purpose of Street Lighting

3 COMPONENTS OF STREET LIGHTING

4 DESIGNING AN ENERGY EFFICIENT STREET LIGHTING PROJECT

Understanding Roadway Categories and Lighting Recommendations

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

5 MAINTENANCE OF EE STREET LIGHTING

6 APPENDIX 1: LIGHTING TERMINOLOGIES AND BASIC UNITS

HPS Luminaire Requirements

8 APPENDIX 3: SAMPLE OF LIGHTING MEASUREMENT SHEET

9 APPENDIX 4: LCCA ALTERNATE FORMULA REPRESENTATION,

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

Typical HID Lamp and Control Gear Circuit

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

Lighting Terminologies and Basic Units

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

Asian Development Bank

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

1.2 About the Guidelines

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

1.3 Who Should Read these Guidelines?

1.4 Other Energy Efciency Guidelines

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

2.2 Basic Lighting Terms

Overview of Street Lighting

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

Table 2-1: Lighting Terminologies and Basic Units

Total amount of light

Intensity of light per

Approximately equal to the

Luminous flux emitted in a

One lumen equally

Note: 1 meter (m) = 3.28 ft; 1fc = 10.76 lux

2.3 Standards, Regulations and Recommendations for Street Lighting

Overview of Street Lighting

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

3.1 Optical Systems

Components of Street Lighting

Components of Street Lighting

Source: adapted from www.grahlighting.eu/learning-centre/street-lighting-technology-comparison

Low life / burnout, dimmer in cold

Relatively higher initial cost

UV radiation, contains mercury, prone

Low CRI with yellow light, contains

Low CRI with yellow light, contains

UV radiation, contains mercury and

Very inefficient, UV radiation, contains

Table 3-1: Types of Lamp Technologies

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

3.1.2 Control Gears

Photograph Courtesy of Lumitron Lighting

Figure 3-2: Typical LED Array and Driver Circuit

Photograph Courtesy of Lumitron Lighting

Components of Street Lighting

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Street Lighting in the Pacific

3.1.3.1 Luminaire Design and Construction Features

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