by heating gallic acid with arsenic acid or silver oxide.

[7]:20 [8]

Maximilian States?
... that Jan Rippe became well known to the Swedish public in his role as Roger in
the television comedy series Macken?

... that I Am Seven was released by , released 7 December. It was the first project to credit
Wings as the artist. The band name is , 1958 as the recorded music division of the American film
studio Warner Bros. For most of its early existence it was one of a group of labels owned and
operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros.
and its allied labels evolved through a convoluted series of corporate mergers and acquisitions from
the early 1960s to the early 2000s. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a struggling
minor player in the music industry to become one of the top plant leaves of the test plant

(1.0 g) are weighed into a beaker and 10 ml of distilled water are added. The
mixture is boiled for five minutes. Two drops of 5% FeCl3 are then added.
Production of a greenish pre, a molecule present in the myrobalanitannin, a
tannin found in the fruit of Terminalia chebula, is an intermediary compound
in the synthesis of ellagic acid.[14]

At these times, molecule formulas were determined through combustion analysis.

[citation needed] The discovery in 1943 by Martin and Synge of paper
chromatography provided for the first time the means of surveying the phenolic
constituents of plants and for their separation and identification.[citation needed]
There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945, none more so than that of
Edgar Charles Bate-Smith and Tony Swain[15] at Cambridge University.

In 1966, Edwin Haslam proposed a first comprehensive definition of plant

polyphenols based on the earlier proposals of Bate-Smith, Swain and Theodore
White, which includes specific structural characteristics common to all phenolics
having a tanning property. It is referred to as the WhiteBate-SmithSwainHaslam
(WBSSH) definition.[16]

Occurrence[edit]
Tannins are distributed in species throughout the plant kingdom. They are
commonly found in both gymnosperms as well as angiosperms. Mole[17] (1993)
studied the distribution of tannin in 180 families of dicotyledons and 44 families of
monocotyledons (Cronquist). Most families of dicot contain tannin-free species
(tested by their ability to precipitate proteins).

The best known families of which all species tested contain tannin are: Aceraceae,
Actinidiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Bixaceae, Burseraceae, Combretaceae,
Dipterocarpaceae, Ericaceae, Grossulariaceae, Myricaceae for dicot and Najadaceae
and Typhaceae in Monocot. To the family of the oak, Fagaceae, 73% of the species
tested (N = 22) contain tannin. For those of acacias, Mimosaceae, only 39% of the
species tested (N = 28) contain tannin, among Solanaceae rate drops to 6% and 4%
for the Asteraceae. Some families like the Boraginaceae, Cucurbitaceae,
Papaveraceae contain no tannin-rich species.

The most abundant polyphenols are the condensed tannins, found in virtually all
families of plants, and comprising up to 50% of the dry weight of leaves. Tannins of
tropical woods tend to be of a cathetic nature rather than of the gallic type present
in temperate woods.[18]

There may be a loss in the bio-availability of still other tannins in plants due to
birds, pests, and other pathogens.[19]

Localization in plant organs[edit]

Tannins are found in leaf, bud, seed, root, and stem tissues. An example of the
location of the tannins in stem tissue is that they are often found in the growth
areas of trees, such as the secondary phloem and xylem and the layer between the
cortex and epidermis. Tannins may help regulate the growth of these tissues.

Cellular localization[edit]
In all vascular plants studied so far, tannins are manufactured by a chloroplastderived organelle, the tannosome.[20] Tannins are mainly physically located in the
vacuoles or surface wax of plants. These storage sites keep tannins active against
plant predators, but also keep some tannins from affecting plant metabolism while
the plant tissue is alive; it is only after cell breakdown and death that the tannins
are active in metabolic effects.

Tannins are classified as ergastic substances, i.e., non-protoplasm materials found in

cells. Tannins, by definition, precipitate proteins. In this condition, they must be
stored in organelles able to withstand the protein precipitation process. Idioblasts

are isolated plant cells which differ from neighboring tissues and contain non-living
substances. They have various functions such as storage of reserves, excretory
materials, pigments, and minerals. They could contain oil, latex, gum, resin or
pigments etc. They also can contain tannins. In Japanese persimmon (Diospyros
kaki) fruits, tannin is accumulated in the vacuole of tannin cells, which are idioblasts
of parenchyma cells in the flesh.[21]

Presence in soils[edit]