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NAVAL PCSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA 93943
NAVAL PO!
Monterey, California
T H ESIS
INHERENT ANGULAR TRACKING ERROR
IN AN AMPLITUDE COMPARISON MONOPULSE
RADAR
by
Dae Hyun Park
December 1984
Thesis Advisor
Hung- -Mou Lee
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Inherent Angular Tracking Error in an

Amplitude Comparison Monopulse Radar
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Master's Thesis;
December 1984
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Dae Hyun Park

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Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 93943
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Inherent Angular Tracking Error
20.
ABSTRACT
(Continue on reverse aide
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Amplitude comparison monopulse tracking of a two-element target

A Gaussian radiation pattern for the antennas is
is studied.
assumed.
It is demonstrated that the cross over angle of the
antenna assembly and the target angular span are essential
parameters for determining the angular tracking error.
Computational results showing the inherent error curve, X_^(A)
are provided.
DD
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Inherent Angular Tracking Error
in an Amplitude Comparison Monopulse Radar
by
Dae Hyun Park

Major, Republic of Korea Army
B.S., Korea Military Academy, 1976
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

from the
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

December 1984
ABSTRACT
Amplitude comparison monopulse tracking of a two-element
target is
studied.
A Gaussian radiation pattern for the
It is demonstrated that the cross over
antennas is assumed.
angle of the antenna assembly and the target angular span
parameters for determining
are
essential
the angular
tracking error.
Computational results showing the inherent
error curve, X^(A), are provided.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
II.
III.
INTRODUCTION
TRACKING RADAR
A.
B.
NOISE AND TRACKING ERROR
C.
PHASE FRONT DISTORTION AND TRACKING ERROR
OF A PHASE COMPARISON MONOPULSE TRACKING
SYSTEM
THE PURPOSE OF THIS THESIS
D.
11
FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

AMPLITUDE COMPARISON MONOPULSE TRACKING
A.
RADAR
B.
A TARGET HAVING TWO INDEPENDENT SCATTERERS
17
THE TRACKING ERROR CURVES

A.
B.
C.
IV.
CASE
1:
12
15
16
17
.
17
22
XC=0.3, XS=0.001 FOR SEVERAL PHASE
DIFFERENCES
CASE 2: XC=0.2 XS=0.001 FOR SEVERAL PHASE
DIFFERENCES
CASE 3: XC=0.1, XS=0.001 FOR SEVERAL PHASE
DIFFERENCES
CONCLUSION
APPENDIX A:
11
COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR COMPUTATION OF

ANGULAR TRACKING ERROR
23
35
47
59
62
LIST OF REFERENCES
65
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST
66
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1
2.1
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Relative Dispersion Caused by Radar Noise

Components from Howard
Azimuth Plane in Amplitude Comparsion Monopulse
Tracking System
Normalized Angular Tracking Error versus
Amplitude Ratio for a Target with Two
Scattering Centers, Phase Difference between
Scattered Fields is
Degrees
Scattered Fields is 90 Degrees
Scattered Fields is 179.88 Degrees
13
18
24
25
26
27
28
29
3.8

Scattering Centers Phase Difference between
Scattered Fields is
Degrees
30
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
31
32
33
34
3.13
36
3.14
37
3.15
38
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23

Scattered Fields is
Degrees
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
48
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.32

49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

,
3.33

57
58
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
wish to gratefully acknowledge my thesis advisor,
Prof.
Hung-Mou Lee, who provided help and assistance in the
completion of this thesis.
J.B.
I also would like to express my gratitude to Prof.
Knorr for his support
I
10
I.
A.
INTRODUCTION
TRACKING RADAR
A tracking radar is used to determine the range and

Three angle tracking techangular location of a target.
They are conical scanning,
niques are commonly employed.
sequential lobing and monopulse.
A conical scan radar
requires at least three returned pulses in one full scan to
determine the target angular location.
If the amplitude of the
target echo changes appreciably
during this three-pulse period,
there will be tracking
More
errors even if the target is an ideal point target.
specifically,
the target
echo power arriving at
the radar
antenna changes from time to time.
This fluctuation in echo
signal power at the radar antenna will be called target
scintillation,
which includes amplitude scintillation and
phase scintillation.
The angular tracking noise,
which is
the deviation of the estimated target location by the radar
from the actual target angular location,
will contain an
amplitude modulation at the scanning frequency due to the
amplitude scintillation of the target.
That
is,
the
tracking noise in conical scan radar is a function of the
spectral density of the amplitude scintillation.
Since
target scintillation is due mostly to the motion of the
target,
its spectral density falls off at high frequencies.
It
is desirable
to
raise the scanning rate as high as
achieveable with mechanically moving parts.
This is one of
the major reasons
for the development
sequential
of the
lobing radars which can be scanned electronically.
The
limit of the lobing rate is the pulse repetition rate, which
is usually not achieveable with a conically scanning radar.
11
A monopulse radar obtains, with one pulse,

a complete
elevation difference signal,
an azimuth difference signal
and a sum signal to estimate target position.
Since target
scintillation within a pulse duration is usually negligible,

it will not cause tracking errors in a monopulse radar.
B.
NOISE AND TRACKING ERROR
According to Howard et.al.

[Ref. 1],
the
sources of
noise which cause tracking errors can be classified into
four major categories.
They are servo noise,
receiver
noise, angle noise and amplitude noise.
Servo noise is generated in the hunting action of the
tracking servo mechanism which results from backlash and
shafts,
compliance in the gears,
and structures of the
mount.
The magnitude of this noise is essentially independent of the target and will thus be independent of range.
Receiver noise is the effect on the tracking accuracy of
the radar due to thermal noise generated in the receiver and
any spurious hum which may be picked up by the circuitry.
Angle noise is the tracking error introduced into the
radar by variations in the apparent angle of arrival of the
echo from a complex target of finite size.
This effect is
caused by variations in the phase front of the radiation
from an extended target as
the target changes
its aspect.
The magnitude of angle noise is inversely proportional to
the range of the target
Amplitude noise is the effect on the radar accuracy due
to the fluctuations in the
amplitude of the signal returned
by the target.
These fluctuations are caused by any change
include
in aspect
of the
target
and must be taken to
Figure 1.1, adopted
propeller rotation and skin vibration.
from Howard et.al.
[Ref. 1], shows the relative amplitudes
For a
of these
noise components versus relative range.
CONSCAN radar (A) and monopulse radar (B).
12
100
milTUOE
WISE 10
SEIVO
IOISE-
ANGLE
NOISEI
100
10
1000
tEUTIVE K1ICE
Figure 1.1
It
Relative Dispersion Caused by Radar Noise

Components from Howard.
can be seen immediately that the above classification
by Howard is inadequate because
each category includes only

time-dependent noise.
Servo noise and receiver noise are
dependent only on the radar while angle noise and amplitude
noise are dependent only on the target motion.
Hence there
should be no angle noise and amplitude noise in the estimated target angular coordinates with a monopulse radar.
Howard in [Ref. 1] and [Ref. 2] pointed out that the distortion of the target phase front
itself,
not the time change
of the phase front, would introduce errors into the radar.
He then claimed that all radars,
including amplitude
comparison monopulse radars and search radars,
are affected
by the phase front distortion in the same manner.
13
Although he never made it clear what he meant by phase front

distortion,
his definition about
angle error was inconsistent
and his claims are false except when applied to phase
comparison monopulse radars, he nevertheless recognized the
fact that
it was not only
the change in target
echo which
introduced noise into the radar tracking direction but the
radar system might respond to a particular target echo by
pointing its tracking axis off the target.
It is clear
that the angular tracking error of a radar
caused by noise.
sets
is
not just
It
in through the
designed target locating mechanism.
The radar will respond
to the echo from a target by pointing its tracking axis to a
particular direction which is usually called the apparent
angle of arrival.
The response function which translates
the echo
signal received at the antenna assembly into an
angular tracking error is not random.
Rather,
it
is a
deterministic result of the radar system design. A tracking
system is designed to track a point target
When the target
extended scatterer,
is actually an
the radar system will
respond erroneously.
The angular error in this response will be called the
inherent angular tracking error and the rule which determines this response for a monopulse tracking radar is timeindependent
Thus the four categories of noise which cause
tracking errors as defined by Howard are inappropriate
His
because only time-dependent sources are included.
inclusion of the phase front distortion is inadequate
because both amplitude and phase distortions of the target
echo will cause angular tracking errors in a tracking radar.
His phase front distortion technique is an approximation
with limited validity.
A noise source should be classified according to whether
independent.
A target
it is
target dependent
or target
dependent tracking noise which is the result of target
,
14
transformed
both amplitude and phase,
through a radar system dependent (and target independent)
mechanism.
Because of the transformation by the radar
the
the tracking noise need not be the
same as
system,
target scintillation,
and will not be the same in different
There have been
radars which are tracking the same target.
scintillation,
studies of
in
target scintillation.
inherent angular tracking error of
careful study
of the
a phase comparison mono-
pulse tracking system has been carried out by Lee [Ref. 3].
For an amplitude comparison monopulse system,
it appears
that both amplitude scintillation and phase scintillation of
the target echo cause tracking
errors because of the target
tracking mechanism of the radar system [Ref. 4],

C.
DISTORTION AND TRACKING ERROR

COMPARISON MONOPULSE TRACKING SYSTEM
PHASE FRONT
point target
will radiate
an echo
[Ref.
5].
OF A
PHASE
signal which
is
spherically symmetric in the far field.

A tracking radar is
designed to track such a target accurately.
An extended
target will radiate an echo signal, in response to the incident wave from a radar,
which is not spherically symmetric
in either amplitude or phase.
A phase comparison tracking
radar is constrained to have individual feeds in its antenna
assembly at locations which have the same phase, modulo 2
There are two types of angular tracking errors:
local
and global.
If a phase front is defined to be a surface on
which the target echo has constant phase, then the radar has
a local error if the feeds
determine the same angular coordinate are on the same phase front.
The radar has a global
error if at least one of its feeds determine one angular
coordinate (elevation or azimuth)
is
on different phase
fronts
.
15
because the antennas have to

adjust
from the target
so as
their radial distances
to
compensate the differences in phase of the echo signals
arrive at different antennas.
Howard's technique in determining this error angle approximates this phase compensation
mechanism for antennas of finite separation with the phase
front gradient at the center of the antennas and thus exaggerates the error.
The existence of the global error which
will lead the radar to its eventual loss of track is a new
feature discovered by Lee [Ref. 3].
These recent results
pointed out the importance of studing the inherent angular
tracking error as a radar system characteristic.
A local
D.
error is present
THE PURPOSE OF THIS THESIS
Meade
[Ref. 6]
initiated the study of the angular
tracking error caused by a two reflector target. He assumed
an amplitude comparison system and looked into the effect on
tracking accuracy due to the finite angular extent of the
target over the antenna lobe.
He cautioned that his result
would not apply if the angular tracking error should become
large because only two terms in a Taylor series expansion of
the lobe pattern in the direction of the
tracking axis are
included in his analysis.
Lee [Ref. 7] pointed out the fact
that when the next higher term in the Taylor series expansion is added, a qualitatively different result is obtained.
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze this problem in
greater detail by utilizing a Gaussian beam pattern for the
antenna.
Tracking errors up to the order of the antenna
beam width can thus be discussed.
16
II.
A.
FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
AMPLITUDE COMPARISON MONOPULSE TRACKING RADAR
target has
tracking radar,
a complex
been always treated as a point target in electromagnetic
When monoscattering theory dealing with the far field.
pulse tracking is concerned, this is good assumption only if
the target angular span is negligible compared to the beam
There is no angular error in ampliwidth of the antenna.
The
tude comparison monopulse tracking of a point target.
design of the monopulse tracking radar is based on the
assumption that the target being tracked is a point target.
spans an angle which is not negligible
But when a target
the
tracking error analysis
compared to the beam width,
becomes a complicated problem.
The angular span relative to
the antenna beam width is a major parameter in the determination of inherent angular tracking error of an amplitude
comparison monopulse radar.
In the monopulse
B.
A TARGET HAVING TWO INDEPENDENT SCATTERERS
error of an amplitude
comparison monopulse radar,
it is assumed that
the target
has two
independent scatterers.
And for a fixed azimuth
angle or a fixed elevation angle,
only a two-dimensional
situation will be considered and only two antennas are
needed.
A Gaussian beam pattern is assumed so that the
To analyze
the angular tracking
tracking error up to the order of the beam width of the

antenna can be analyzed.
Angular tracking error as a function of the phase difference and amplitude ratio of the two
independent scatterers will be studied.
The formulation
below follows that of Lee [Ref. 4].
17
e -ec
9,61,9,
90+ ec
6
Figure 2.1
Azimuth Plane in Amplitude Comparsion

Monopulse Tracking System.
identical Gaussian radiation patterns of constant phases, with the half power beamwidth 0q
The antenna beam axes are offset
to opposite
sides from the tracking axis by the cross over angle C
The boresight
axis points
along the direction
The
angular locations of the two scatterers are 0, and Qz
respectively, with
\ QThe target center
is the
angular center of the two scatterers,
The two antennas A and
B have
St-
0,+ e
18
The target angular span is
e,
0c
5
- 0*
2
eT ez >
o.
angular tracking error is measured from

center to the direction of the tracking axis.
The
9(
the
target
= e0~ T
The lobe pattern of antenna A is:
-2
G(9)-
"
2
)
0p
(2-D
The lobe pattern of antenna B is:
GO)-
-at
9c
)t
qb
(2 - 2)
Assume that the ratio of the scattered field strength of two

scatterers to be 2 6
19
voltages of the
are proportional to:
The lobe
VA
->
IV
Q-
received signals by
e-
ea - e.- ec ,2
e^2
^~
+ 2
the antennas
2(
(2-3)
9
ga~ 9 + 9^
got 9 2
2(
(_
^~~
^~
+ 2
/
.-
Define the new variables

power beamwidth.
c \
}
which are normalized to
(2-4)
the half
2&
Xc
Xs
e8
normalized beam separation
normalized target span
normalized angular tracking error
26,
eB
2 6x
20
,,
The expressions for |V

terms of Xc
and |V
may now be simplified.
Xs and X,
2
+ xf +
-(X
A
VA
--
Xf)-2XX c
[]
(2-5)
AtZ^^+ 2*-2 + 2cosW
where
VA
A .(x
--
+ xf +
Xf)-2XX
*-2**-*)
A t **(*-*a
+2
where
From the error signal nulling condition,

the following formula is obtained:
.4XXc
In
+ 2
"[]
(2-6)
+2C0SW
|V
2
|
tdCOS(0
(2-7)
A + 2Xs (X->^)
'A-2\{X-\)
t2C0SW)
This equation determines the angular tracking error when
monopulse radar is used to track a

two-element target.
When the target angular span is negligible compared to the beam width,
that
is,
when Xs
approaches 0, X =
is a solution of the above equation.
an amplitude comparison
21
III.
"
THE TRACKING ERROR CURVES

an amplitude comparison monopulse
The tracking error of
radar is analyzed.
Error curves are obtained through the
Equation 2.7 can be split into
use of a digital computer.
two parts, each forming a three dimensional surface:
Z,=
(3-D
A+2Xs(x + >y
2
2
-a-2x,(x+)0
+2
t2C0S(G
(3-2)
A + 2Xe(X-)fc)
-A-2X,(X-X.)
+2
"
*'t2C0S(fl
obtained on the A-x plane as the projection

of the two surfaces
given by equations
of the intersection
Coordinate transformation to the variable
(3.1) and (3.2).
out for
equation (3.2) to facilitate
A+2XXs
is carried
numerical computation by a digital computer.
The solution
for the normalized angular tracking error can be represented
as
a curve
in the A-X plane with the phase
difference
between the echo signals from the scatterers as the parameter.
Consider a target which has two scattering centers
separated by one meter and assume the target is 40 km away
from a tracking radar.
Assume the antennas of the radar
have a half-power beamwidth of 1.5 degrees,
then Xs = 0.001
degrees.
The normalized angular tracking errors under this
assumption are studied.
A curve is
22
A.
CASE
1:
XC=0.3, XS=0.001 FOR SEVERAL PHASE DIFFERENCES
through 3.11 show X,the normalized tracking

versus A with phase difference between the scattered
error,
field from the two scatterers as the parameter.
between the strength of the
Note that 2.
is the ratio
Figure 3.1
scattered fields.
23
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IV.
CONCLUSION
Meade's analysis of tracking errors under the same

assumption made in this thesis predicts an infinite angular
error when the scattered fields are equal in strength but
thesis,
it is found that there
In this
180 out of phase.
On the
will be no tracking error under this situation.
other hand, multiple tracking directions are allowed under
some circumstances which have never been pointed out before.
Since the sidelobes are ignored in the Gaussian radiation
pattern,
the
results in this thesis apply only when the
tracking errors are of the same order as the beamwidth, that
With this restriction in
is, X is not much greater than 1.
mind,
the
above graphical results lead to the following
conclusions
When one of the two independent scattering elements
1.
of a target scatters more strongly than the other,
that is,
when the amplitude ratio of two scattered fields is much
larger than 1, the system tracks the stronger element.
2.
When COS(oC) > 0, the inherent angular tracking error
is "on target".
that is,
the tracking system points its
axis
in a direction within the
extremes of the target
because the estimated target location from the target geometrical center is
in error by less than the
angular span of
the
target.
The pointing direction is
closer to the
stronger scatterer.
3.
When the scattered fields from the target elements
have approxmately equal amplitudes and approach 180 degrees
out of phase,
the tracking axis may point in one of three
different directions without generating an error signal in
the tracking system.
.
59
When -1 < COS(c<) < 0, the inherent angular error is

bounded.
The bound is determined by the phase difference
and is given by [Ref. 5].
5.
when -1 < C0S(o() < 0, the inherent error may contain
no turning point or one or two turning points in the region
Xs
depending on COS (C<)
and Xc
When there is no
X>0,
the
tracking axis has a unique pointing
turning point,
direction.
When one turning point exists, there can be one
In all cases, when the amplior three pointing direction.
is much larger than 1,
tude ratio of two scattering element
there is only one pointing direction allowed.
4.
60
APPENDIX A
COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR COMPUTATION OF ANGULAR TRACKING ERROR
A
TWO BASED LOGARITHM OF AMPLITUDE RATIO
Q
Xc
PHASE DIFFERENCE IN TWO TARGETS
NORMALIZED GAUSSIAN BEAM CENTER PHASE

NORMALIZED CENTER PHASE OF TWO TARGETS
ANGULAR TRACKING ERROR
Xs
X
INTEGER I,J,K,L,M,N
DOUBLE PRECISION Al XI FXl FX2 Gl G2 FX3 Q3
DOUBLE PRECISION X(4001 ) Y(4001 ) X5 Y5
REAL X2(4003) ,Y2(4003)
REAL -4 LMASK1
,
(0.114591456D0-3.141592654D0)/180.0D0
DO 700 I = 1,4001
Al = DFLOAT(I)*0.000006D0 -0.012006D0
X(I) = Al
Q3
Gl
-5.0D0
G2
5.0D0
180 XI
(G1+G2)/2.0D0
FX1(A1,X1)-FX2(A1,X1)
IF(FX3.GE.0.0D0) GO TO 160
FX3
Gl
XI
GO TO 170
160 G2
XI
DABS(FX3)
IF(FX3.GE. 1.0E-11) GO TO 180
170 FX3
Y(I)
XI
700 CONTINUE
DO 850 J
X5
1,4001
X(J)
Y5
Y(J)
61
X5*DCOS(Q3)-Y5*DSIN(Q3)
Y(J) = X5*DSIN(Q3)+Y5*DCOS(Q3)
850 CONTINUE
DO 900 M = 1,4001
X2(M) = SNGL(X(M))
Y2(M) = SNGL(Y(M))
900 CONTINUE
X2(4002) = 0.0
X2(4003) = 0.0
Y2(4002) = 0.0
Y2(4003) = 0.0
X(J)
DATA
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
LMASK1/Z8888/
PLOTS (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
SCALE (X2, 6. 0,400 1,1)
SCALE (Y2, 4. 0,400 1,1)
AXIS (0.5 ,5.5, 'TWO BASED LOGARITHM OF AMPLITUDE RATIO'
,-38,6.0,0.0,X2(4002) ,X2(4003))
AXIS(0.5,5.5,23HANGULAR TRACKING ERROR ,22,4.0,90.0,
Y2(4002),Y2(4003))
GRID (0.5,5.5,6,1.0,8,0.5, LMASK1
NEWPEN(4)
22
SYMBOL (1.5, 9. 8 ,0.2, 'ANGULAR TRACKING ERROR'
SYMBOL (1.8 ,9 .6 ,0. 1, (PHASE DIFFERENCE 17 9 8 DEGREES)'
,
'
,0.0,34)
CALL PLOT (0.5, 5. 5, -3)

CALL LINE(X2,Y2, 4001, 1,0,0)
CALL PLOT (0.0,0.0,999)
STOP
END
FUNCTION FX1(P,R)
DOUBLE PRECISION XC1 Q2 1
,
P R FX1
,
XC1=0. 3D0
62
) )
Q21=(0.114591406D0'3. 1415 92654D0
180 0D0
.
FX1= 16 ODO * * ( ( P-DSIN ( Q2 1 ) +R*DCOS ( Q2 1 ) ) *XC1

.
RETURN
END
FUNCTION FX2(T,S)
DOUBLE PRECISION XC2 ,XD ,XS Tl T2 T3 SI S2 Ql Q22 T
Ql = 3.138101996D0
Q22 = (0. 114591406D0-3. 141592654D0 ) / 180 ODO
XC2=0.3D0
XD=0.001D0
XS=XC2*XD
Tl=(T*(DCOS(Q22)+2.0D0*XD*DSIN(Q22))
+
+ S * 2 ODO *XD*DCOS ( Q22 ) - DSIN ( Q22 )
+
+2.0D0*XS)*DLOG(2.0D0)
T2= (T*(DCOS(Q22)+2.0D0*XD*DSIN(Q22)
+
+S*(2.0D0*XD*DCOS(Q22)-DSIN(Q22)
+
-2.0D0*XS)*DLOG(2.0D0)
T3=-DC0S(Q1)
T1=DC0SH(T1)
T2=DC0SH(T2)
IF(T2.EQ.T3) GO TO 100
S1=T1-T3
S 2=T2-T3
80 FX2=S1/S2
,
GO TO 120
100 S1=T1-T3
S2=1.0E-50
GO TO 80
120 RETURN
END
63
FX2
LIST OF REFERENCES
Howard. D.
and A.
M.
King., "Phenomena of
Scintillation Noise in Radar Tracking Systems"
Proc IRE, Vol. 47, pp. 430-435, May, 1959.
1.
Dunn. H.
2.
Howard.
D.,
"Radar Target Angular Scintillation in
Tracking and Guidance Systems Based on Echo Signal
Phase Front Distortion",
Proc. Nat' 1 Electronics
Conf
Vol. 15, pp. 840-849, Oct, 195T:
.
3.
"Phase Front Distortion and the Angular

H-M.,
Tracking Error
of
a
Phase
Comparison Monopulse
Tracking Systems",
submitted to IEEE Trans Aerospace
and Electronic system
Lee,
4.
Lee, H-M.,
"Analysis of the Inherent Angular Error of
Amplitude Comparison Monopulse Tracking" submitted to
IEEE trans Aerospace and Electronic Systems.
,
Park,
"Inherent Angular Tracking
H-M.,
D.H.,
Error of an Amplitude Comparison Monopulse Tracking
System", In Preparation.
5.
Lee,
6.
Locke, ed A.S. Guidance, Van Nostrand, Princeton, pp.

440-442,1955.
7.
"One Term Correction to Meade's Analysis of

submitted to IEEE Trans on
Two-element Target",
Aerospace and Electronic Systems.
Lee, H-M.
64
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NAval Postgraduate School
Copies
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Department Chairman, Code 62

1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineeing
Professor Hung-Mou Lee, Code 62Lh
2
Professor J.B. Knorr, Code 62Ko
1
Major, Dae-Hyun Park
4
Department of Electrical Engineering
Korea Military Academy
Seoul Korea
,
5.
Defense Technical Information Center

Cameron Station
Alexandria, Virginia
22314
65
Thesis
PI 5 739
c.l
Park
inherent angular
tracking error in an
amplitude comparison
monopulse radar.

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Inherent Angular Tracking Error

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Amplitude comparison monopulse tracking of a two-element target

N 0102- LF- 014- 6601

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data

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Inherent Angular Tracking Error

in an Amplitude Comparison Monopulse Radar

Dae Hyun Park

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

THE TRACKING ERROR CURVES

XC=0.3, XS=0.001 FOR SEVERAL PHASE

COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR COMPUTATION OF

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

Relative Dispersion Caused by Radar Noise

Normalized Angular Tracking Error versus

Scattering Centers, Phase Difference between

Normalized Angular Tracking Error versus

Scattering Centers Phase Difference between

Amplitude Ratio for a Target with Two

A tracking radar is used to determine the range and

A monopulse radar obtains, with one pulse,

scintillation within a pulse duration is usually negligible,

NOISE AND TRACKING ERROR

According to Howard et.al.

Relative Dispersion Caused by Radar Noise

can be seen immediately that the above classification

by Howard is inadequate because

each category includes only

Although he never made it clear what he meant by phase front

inherent angular tracking error of

a phase comparison mono-

errors because of the target

tracking mechanism of the radar system [Ref. 4],

DISTORTION AND TRACKING ERROR

FX1= 16 ODO * * ( ( P-DSIN ( Q2 1 ) +RDCOS ( Q2 1 ) ) XC1