Brickwork From Wikipedia, the fe enyclapeia Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using bricks and mortar. Typically, rows of bricks—called ‘courses gre laid on top of one another to build up a structure such asa brick wall Brick is ¢ popular medium for constructing buildings, and examples of brickwork are found through history as far ‘back asthe Bronze Age. The fired-brck faces of the riggurat of encient Dur-Kurigalza in Iraq date from around 1400 BC, and the brick buildings of ancient Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan were built around 2600 BC. Much older examples of brickwork made with dried (but not fired) bricks may be found in such ancient locations as Jericho in the West Bank, Catal HGyik in Anatolia, and Mehrgarh in Pakistan. These structures have survived from the Stone Age tothe present day. Pars of brickwork include bricks, eds and perpends. The bed isthe mortar upon which a rick i Tid). ‘erpend is a vertical joint between any two bricks and is usually but not always—filled with mortar. ‘The dimensions of these pats ate usvally co-ordinated such that two bricks laid side by side separated only by the width of aperpend ave a total width identical to the length ofa single brick laid transversely om top of them. ‘An example ofa co-ordinating metic commonly used for bricks in the UK is as follows: S18 1 Bricks of dimensions 215 mm x 102.5 mm * 65 mm; = Mortar beds and perpends ofa uniform 10 mm. In this ease the co-ordinating metric works because the fength of a single brick (215 mm) i equal to the total of the width of a brick (102.5 mm) plus a perpend (10 mm) plus the width ofa second brick (102.5 ma). ‘There are many other brick sizes worldwide, and many of them use this same co-ondinatng principle Contents. 1 Orientation 2 Cut 3 Bonding 4 Wallies 5 Thickness 6 Load-bearing bonds "6.1 Courses of mixed headers and stretchers + 6.11 Flemish bond + 611.2 Monk bond * 6.1.21 Raking Monk bonds + 6.1.3 Sussex bond + 62 One stretching course per heading course #621 English bond + 62.2 English Cross bond + 6.23 Duich bond + 63 Two or more stretching course per heading course #631 English Garden Wall ond + 6132 Scottish bond + 63.3 American, or common bond + 64 Only stretching or heading courses + 64.1 Header bond #642 Stretcher, or running bond + 6.43 Raking stretcher bond + 65 One or more stretching courses per altemating course + 6.5. Flemish Stretcher bond + 6.6 Courses of mixed rowlocks and shiners 6.6.1 Ratarap bond + 6.7 One shiner course per heading course + 6.7.1 Dearne's Bond 1-7 Non-load-bearing bonds 1 T.L Courses of mixed shiners and sailors + TLL Single Basket Weave bond + 7.12 Double Besket Weave bond + 7.13 Herringbone bond + 72 Brickwork built around square fractional-sized bricks #721 Pinwheel bond + 72.2 Della Robbia boad = 8 Diapering 8.1 Flemish Diagonal bond 8 Damp-proof courses 10 Sce also 1 References 12 Bibliography Decorative Tudor brick shirmeys, Hampton Court Place, UK. ‘Twellb-cemury temple biskwork, Ayuthaya, Thad Polyehomatc and indented ‘rckvor i @ Mid Victoria race in West London13 External links Orientation A brick s given a classification based on how iti laid, and how the exposed face is oriented relative tothe fae ofthe finished wall. Stretcher or Stretching brick ——_" 4 ‘A brick laid fat with i long narow side exposed"! , Header or Heading brick fees a A brick laid fat with its width exposed.) Soldier A brick laid vertically with its long narrow side exposed. soc soir Sailor ‘A brick lid vertically with the broad face ofthe brick exposed." Rowlock ‘Six positions ‘A brick laid on the Tong narrow side with the short end ofthe brick exposed." Shiner or Rowlock Stretcher ‘A brick lid on the Tong narrow side with the broad face of the bi exposed! Cut “The practice of laying uncut fll-sized bricks wherever possible gives brickwork its maximum possible strength. In the diagrams below, such uncut full: sized bricks ate coloured as follows: Stretcher Header Occasionally though a brick must be cut to fit given space, oto be the right shape for fulfling some particular purpose such as generating an offSet— called a Zap—at the beginning of a course) In some cases these special shapes or sizes are manufactured. In the diagrams below, some ofthe cuts most ‘commonly used for generating a lap are coloured as follows [Three-quarter bat ~ stretching: A brick cut fo three-quarters of its length, and laid fat with is Tong, narrow sie exposed ‘Three-quarter bat ~ heading: A brick cut to three-quarters of is length, and lid flat with ts shor side exposed. Half bat: A brick cu in half across its length and laid fat ‘Queen closer: brick cut in half down its width, and fd with ts smalfest face exposed and standing vertically. A queen closer i often used forthe purpose of creating a lap. 4) Less frequently used cuts ae ll coloured as follows Quarter bat: A brick cut fo a quarter ofits length ‘Three-quarter queen closer: A queen closer cu to three-quarters of ts length King closer: A brick with one comer ut away, leaving one header face at halts standard width (5) Bonding A nearly universal rule in brickwork is that perpends should not vertically align in any two sucvessive courses.) {A second practice particularly observed in older examples of brickwork is that of building brickwork thicker than the width of any ofits individual bricks. In such cases, some of the bricks may wel be ted together into the depth of the wall If, for example, a wal desribing an east-west lin is under ‘construction, then bricks oriented fo point north-south may be bull into the widls ofthe wal, their length spanning two widths of brick and tying the brickwork on the transverse plane. Historically this was the dominant method for consolidating the transverse strength of wall Brickwork observing either or both of these two conventions is described as being laid in one or another bond!71081 Wall ties ‘The advent during the mid twentieth century ofthe cavity wall saw the popularisation and development of another method of strengthening brickwork— the wall tie, A cavity wall comprises two totally discrete walls—each one of which is called a wythe or leafl°I24l cavity separates the two leaves so ‘that there is no masonry connection between them at al! Typically the main loads taken by the foundations ae cartied thereby the inner leaf, and the major functions ofthe external la are to protect the whole from weather, and to provide a fiting aesthetic finish. Although the two leaves may not share the structural load, their transverse rigidity still needs to be guaranteed, and must come from some source other than interlocking bricks. The device used tosis this need isthe insertion at regular intervals of wall tes int the cavity wall's mortar beds 22125) ThicknessBrickwork is said to be one brick thick if it has a total width equal to the length of one of its regular component bricks. Accordingly, a wall of a single leaf is a wall of one half brick thickness; @ wall with the simplest possible masonry transverse bond issu to be one brick tick, end so on 41 The thickness specified fora wal is dstermined by such factors as damp proofing considerations, whether or not the wal has a cavity, load-bearing ‘requirements, expense, andthe era during which the architect was oris working 5125 Wall thickness specification has proven considerably various, and ‘while some non-load-bearng brick walls may be as lite as elf a brick thik, others brick walls ae much thicker. The Monadnock Building in Chicago —for example—isa very tall masonry building, and has load-bearing brick walls nearly two mettes thick at the base "1 The mgjoity oF brick wall are ‘however usully between one end thre bricks thick. At these more modest wall thicknesses, distinct patter have emerge allowing for a structurally Sound layout of bricks intemal to each particular specified thickness of wall Load-bearing bonds Courses of mixed headers and stretchers ‘Monk bond Sussex bond Flemish bond ‘This bond has one stretcher between headers, with the headers centred over the stretchers in the course below.) Where a course begins with a quoin stretcher, the course will ordinarily terminate witha quoin stretcher atthe other end. The next course up will begin ‘witha quoin header. For te course's second brick, a queen close is lad, generating the lap ofthe bond. The third brick along is a stretcher, and ison ‘account ofthe lap—cenited above the header below. This second course then resumes is paired run of siretcher and header, uni the final paris reached, ‘whereupon a second and final queen closer is inserted as the penultimate brick, mirroring the arrangement at the beginning of the course, and duly closing the bond, Some examples of Flemish bond incorporate stretchers of one colour and headers of another. This effect is commonly a product of treating the header face of the heading bricks while the bricks are being baked as part ofthe manufacturing process, Some of the header faces ae exposed 10 Wood smoke, ‘generating a grey-blue colour, while olker simply vitrified until they reac a deeper blue colour Some headers havea glazed face, caused by using salt in the fring. Sometimes Staffordshire Blue bricks are used forthe heading bricks 129) ‘Brickwork that appears as Flemish bond ffom both the froat and the rear is Double Flemish bond, so called on account ofthe font and rear duplication of the pater, the wall is arranged such that the bricks atthe rear do not have this pater, then the brickwork is sid to be Single Flemish bond! Flemish bond brickwork witha thickness of one brick isthe repeating pattem of a stretcher laid immediately tothe rear of the face sirether, and then next along the couse, a header. lap is generated by a queen closer on every allemate course: ‘Overhead plan for alternate courses of Double Flemish bond of one brik’s thickness courses 1, 3,5, ete courses 2, 4,6, et.A simple way to add some width to the wall would be to add stretching bricks at the rear, making a Single Flemish bond one and a half bricks thick: ‘Overhead plan for alternate courses of Single Flemish bond of one and half bricks’ thickness courses 1, 3,5, ete courses 2, 4,6, ete “The color-coded as high xing Dicks in hens wal A clevton for iseas wel walsshown the. Fors Double Flemish bond of one and half bricks thickness, facing bricks and the bricks behind the facing bricks may be laid in groups of four bricks ‘and a hal-bat, Tae hal-bat sits at the cente ofthe group and the fous bricks are placed about the balf-bat, i a square formation, These groups are Ia ‘next to each other forthe length of a course, making brickwork one and a half bricks thick. 9109) “To preserve the bond, itis necessary’ to lay # three-quarter bat instead ofa header following @quoin stretcher at the comer of the wall. This fact has no ‘bearing on the appearance of the wall the choice of brick appears tothe spectator Like any ordinary header: ‘Overhead plan for alternate courses of Double Flemish bond of one and » half bricks! thickness courses 1, 3,5, ete courses 2, 4,6, ete 1 wall, «header may be laid directly behind the face header, a further two headers laid at 90° behind the face stretcher, and hen finaly a stretcher lid tothe rear of these two headers, This patlem generates brickwork a full two bricks thick ‘Overhead plan for alternate courses of Double Flemish bond of two bricks thickness courses 1, 3,5, etc. courses 2, 4,6, etc. ool al all oa a ll ll os “he colour-coded plas hghigh faxing bein te east es Wal Atlan fr his ca-net walls shown toch ‘Overhead plan for alternate courses of Double Flemish bond of two and a half bricks thicknesscourses 1, 3,5, etc courses 2, 4, 6, etc. on all all er tee “The color-coded pas high cing ricsintheenwes wall Aa sevaton fori eas- wet wal chown ther For a still more substantial wall, vo headers may be laid directly behind the face header, a further two pairs of headers laid at 90° beh the face stretcher, and then finally a stretcher lad othe rer af these four headers. This pattern generates brickwork a fll three bricks thick: ‘Overhead plan for alternate courses of Double Flemish bond of three bricks thickness courses 2, 3,5, ete courses 2, 4,6, etc a ll ca al a ll She colu od ys bean bon eh al Axeeraton rise al show the Monk bond ‘This bond has two stretchers between every header with the headers centred over the perpend between the 0 stretchers in the course below in the bonds most symmetric form. ‘The great variety of Monk bond pattems allow for many possible layouts atthe quoins, and many possible arrangements for generating a lap. A quoin brick may be a stretcher, a three-quarter bal, oa eader. Queen closers ‘may be used next tothe quoins, but the practice is not mandatory. Raking Monk bonds Monk bond may however take any ofa number of arrangements for couse staggering. The disposal of bricks in these often highly irregular raking pattems can bea challenging task forthe bricklayer to correctly maintain while ‘constructing a wall whose courses are partially obscured by scaffold, and interupted by door or window openings, oF ‘other bond-distupting obstacles I the bricklayer Frequent stops to check that bricks are correctly arranged, then ‘masonry in raking Monk bond can be expensive to build.°5) ‘New Malden Library, Kingion | upon Thames, Greater London Occasionally, brickwork in sucha raking Monk bond may contain minor errors header and stretcher aligament some of which may have been silently corrected by incorporating 2 compensating irregularity into the brickwork in @ ‘course further up the wall. In spite ofthese complexities and ther associated costs, the bond has proven @ common choice for constructing brickwork inthe north of Europe. Raking courses in Monk bond may—forinstance—be staggered in such a way as to generate the appearance of diagonal lines of stretchers. One method of achieving this effect relies onthe use of a repeating sequence of courses ‘with back-and-forth header staggering. In this grouping, a header appears ata given point inthe groups first cours, In the next course up, a header i offset one and a half stretcher lenghs to the left ofthe header in the course below, and then in the third course, a header is offset one stretcher length to the right of the header in the middle cours. ‘This accented swing of headers, one and a halo the lel, and ane to the right, generates the appearance of lines of stretchers running from the upper left hand side ofthe wall downto the lower right. uch an example ofa raking “Monk bond layout is shown inthe New Malden Library, Kingston upon Thames, Greater London, Elsewhere raking courses in Monk bond may be staggered in such a way as to generate a sublle appearance of indented pyramid-like diagonals. Such an arrangement appears inthe picture here from the building in Solne, Pyram ighligined, Sweden.Many other particular adjustments of course alignment exist in Monk bond, generating a variety of visual effects which differ in detail, but often having the effect of directing a viewing eye diagonally down the wal. ‘Overhead plan for alternate courses of Monk bond of one brick's thickness courses, 3,5, ete. courses 2, 4,6, ete. cca ca rst Mat tc rl “he cloarcoded plans highlight sing bricks nthe es “Alvan for his cas-wert wale ahown fo the right Sussex bond ‘This bond has three stretchers between every header, withthe headers centred above the midpoint of thre stretches in the course below." ‘The bond's horizontally extended proportion suits long stretches of masonry such ss garden walls or the run of brickwork over ribbon window; ‘conversely, the bord is less suitable fora surface occupied by many features, such as a Georgian fagade. The relatively infrequent use of headers serves to ‘make Sussex bond one of the less expensive honds in which to build a wal, ast allows forthe bricklayer to proceed rapidly with run ater run of three stretchers at ime 8) ‘One stretching course per heading course English bond English Cross bond Double English Cross bond ‘One ofthe two kinds of course in this family of bonds is called a stretching course, and this typically comprises nothing but stretchers at the face from ‘quoin to quoin. The other kind ofcourse is the heading course, and this usually consists of headers, with two queen closers—one by the uoin header at either end—to generate the bond.) “English bond ‘This bond has altemating stretching and heading courses, with the headers centred over the migpoint ofthe stretchers, and perpends in each alternate ‘course aligned. Queen losers appear asthe second brie, and the penultimate brick in heading courses A muted colour scheme for occasional ‘headers is sometimes used in English bond to lend a subtle texture tothe brickwork. Examples of suck schemes include blue-grey headers among ‘otherwise red bricks—seen inthe south of England—and light brown headers in dark brown wal, more ofien found in parts ofthe north of England ®) ‘Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of oe brich’s thicknesscourses 1, 3, 5, ete courses 2, 4,6, ete a cing ‘Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of one and a half brick thickness ‘courses 1, 3,5, ete courses 2, 4,6, etc courses 1, 3,5, et. ‘courses 2, 4, 6, etc. Sesesssessa “The coloarcoded plans highlight facing bricks inthe ewes wal. Alevalion fo Ih east-west wal shown tthe ight English Cross bond ‘This bond also has alternating stetching and heading courses, However, whilst the heading courses are identical with those found in the standard English bond, the stretching courses alterate between a course composed entirely of stretchers, anda course composed of stretchors haf off-set relative othe stretchers wo courses above ‘or below, by reason of @ header placed just before the quoins at ether end!“ The bond is widely found in ‘Northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Large areas of English Cross bond can appear to have a twill lie characteristic, en effect caused by the unbroken, series of perpends moving diagonally down the bond. Dutch bond ‘This bond is exactly like English Cross bond except in the generating of the lp a the quoins. In Duteh bond, all, _quoins are three-quarter bats—placed in altemately stretching and heading orientation with successive courses— and no use whatever is made of queen closers. 41‘Two or more stretching course per heading course ea A raking English Garden Wall bond Scottish bond ‘American bond English Garden Wall bond ‘This bond has three courses of stetchers between every course of headers $7) For the standand English Garden Wall bond, headers are used as quoins for the middle stretching course inorder to generate the lap, with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end ofthe heading courses. A more complex set of quoins and queen closers is necessary to achieve the lap for s raking English Garden Wall bond. ‘The heading course in English Garden Wall bond sometimes features bricks ofa different colour to its surrounding stretchers. In English chalk districts, fit is substituted for the stretchers, and the headers constitute a lacing course 1 Scottish bond ‘This bond has five courses of siretchers between every course of headers. ‘The lap is generated by he use of headers as quoins fr he even numbered stretching courses, counting up ftom the previous heading course, with queen losers asthe petultimate brick at ether end of the heading courses, American, or common bond ‘This bond may have between three and nine courses of stretchers between each course of headers. Headers are used as quoins forthe even numbered stretching courses, counting up (rom the previous heading ‘course, in order to achieve the necessary off-set ina standard American bond, with queen closers as the ‘penultimate brick at ether end of the heading courses, ‘The brick Clarke-Palmore House in Henrico County, Virginia, has a lower level builtin 1819 described as being, ‘American bond of three to five stretching courses between each heading course, and an upper level builtin 1855 with American bond of six to seven stretching courses between each heading course] Only stretching or heading courses myaypn Header bond Stretcher bond Avraking Stretcher bondHeader bond All bricks in this bond are headers, but forthe lap-generating quoin three-quarter bat which oflses each successive course by hala header. ‘Header bond is often used on curving walls witha small radius of eurvature, In Lewes, Sussex, England UK many small buildings are constructed inthis ‘bond, using blue coloured bricks and vitrified surfaces (9150 Stretcher, of running bond All bricks in this bond are stretchers, wth the bricks in each successive course staggered by halla stretcher. Headers are used as quoins on alternating stretching courses in order to achieve the necessary offs. 11is the simplest repeating pattem, and will ereate a wall only one-half brick thick. Such a thn wall is not stable enough to stand alone, and must be ted toa supporting structure. Ths practice is common in modern buildings, where stretcher bonded brickwork may be the outer face ofa cavity wall, or the facing toa timber or stect-framed structure." [Raking stretcher bond ‘Also consists entirely of courses of stretchers, bu withthe bricks in each successive course staggered in some pater other than that of standard stretcher bond 22) ‘One or more stretching courses per alternating course Flemish Streteher bond Flemish Stretcher bond ‘Flemish Stretcher bond separates courses of altemately laid stretchers and headers, with number of courses of setchers alone. Brickwork in this bond may have between one and four courses of stretchers to one course after the Flemish manner (159) The courses of stretchers are often but not always staggered in a raking pater, Courses of mixed rowlocks and shiners Ratirap bond Rat-trap bond Ratrop bond substantially observes the same pattern 2s Flemish bond, but consists of rowlocks and shiners instead of headers and stretchers. This gives ‘a wall with an internal cavity bridged by the rowlocks, hence the reference to rat-iraps_%4) One shiner course per heading course Dearne's Bond‘Dearme's bond substantially observes the same pattern as English bond, but uses shiners in place of stretchers.[551 Non-load-bearing bonds Courses of mixed shiners and sailors Single Basket Weave Double Basket Weave 90° Herringbone bond 45° Herringbone bond eck wall nin ratieap Bond bond bond photographed near Angelica Road, Wivenhoe, Ese, England Single Basket Weave bond ‘A row of Single Basket Weave bond comprises pairs of sailors laid side-by-side, eapped with a shiner, altemating ith pars of sailors laid side-by-side sat atop a shinee. Subsequent rows are identical and aligned with those above) Double Basket Weave bond A row of Double Basket Weave bond comprites pairs of shiners aid atop one another, alternating with pairs of sailors laid side-by-side, The following row is offset so the pair of shiners sits below the par of sailors inthe row above. This results in bricks arranged in pais in a square grid so that the join between each pir is perpendicular to the join ofthe four pairs around it!) 45° Herrnghons bond, Canterbury, uk Herringbone bond “The Hersingbone pater is made by placing a sailor to one sie ofa shiner making an 'L’shape, then repeatedly nesting further such combinations. The ‘whole tesselltion canbe rotated by 45°, Hetringbone is sometimes used as infil in timber framed buildings 2 Brickwork built around square fractional-sized bricks Pinwheel bond Della Robbia bond ywheel bond Pinwheel bond is made of four bricks surrounding a square hall-brick, repeated ina square grid/*™) Della Robbia bond A pattern made of four bricks surrounding a square brick, one-quarter the sizeof a hal-brick, Its designed to resemble woven cloth 2 Another, similar patter ie calle the interacing bond 5 DiaperingFlemish Diagonat ond Brickwork formed into a diamond pattem is called diapering, Flemish Diagonal bond lemish diagonal bond comprises a complex patter of stretcher courses alternating with courses of one or twa Flemish Diagonal Bond, Soba’ stretchers between headers, at various offsets such that aver ten courses a diamond-shaped pattern appears, tens College, Cambridge Damp-proof courses Moisture may ascend into a building from the foundation ofa wal or gain ingress into a building from a wet patch of ground, where it meets a solid wall The manifest result of this process is called damp. One of many methods of resisting such ingresses of water isto construct the wall with several low courses of dense engineering bricks such as Staffordshire blue bricks, This method of damp proofing appears as a distinctive navy blue band running around the circumference of a building. The efficacy ofthis means of keeping out damp is more limited by the permeability ofthe mortar bedding and ‘pespends joining the bricks, than by that of the bricks themselves 8) See also = Ceramic building material = Construction = Glossary of British bricklaying Masonry “Tuekpointing References 1, Joseph Moxon, Mechnick Exercises: Or, The Doctrine of Handy- Works Applied othe Ars of Smithing, Joinery, Carper, Turing, Brcklayey. Printed for Daniel Midi and Thon Leigh 1703. London. Page 129. "Thee of four five couse of Brick to be ad 2 Nicholson, "By # Course, in walling, is medat the bricks contained between two planes parle tote rion, ad tena bythe fares of the wal “The thickness is that of one brick with morta, The mass formed by bricks lain concent order, fo atces or vats, slso denominated a Cowse" 53. Nicholson, 165. "BED—The unde-surface of tricks when lad in any Kind of work 4. Repors of arisas selected by a committe appointed by the council ofthe Sovityof Ars to visit the Pars Universal exbiton, 1867. Publishod far the Society forthe Encouragement of Ars, Manufactires and Comme Published by Bell and Daldy, York Stes, Covent Garden, London Printed by W. Trouce, Custer Stet, Chancery Lane, London. 1867. Pat 1 Briciayng by George Howell Page 194 “Te Beaty of brickwork will very ‘much depend upon the perpends being perfectly kept, that the prefect ‘regularity ofthe perpendicular joints ret up the building” Brskil p39, “British Standard 3921 of 1968, gave dimensions of 215 sm by 102.8 mm by 65 mm Brissh Standards Inston. Specification for Matonry Units. Patt: Clay Masoney Unis. BSI, London, 2003, BS EN 77, “The Compressive Strength of Modein Eath Masonry, Andeew Heth, Mike [evrence, Par Walker and Clyde Fourie, BRE Cente for Innovative Construction Macrils, Univesity of Bath and Natural Building “Technologies (NBT). Proceedings ofthe Ith Inertial Confrence on "Non-coaventional Material and Techaaogies (NOCMAT 2009). 5-9 September 209, Bath, UK. “All earth mason units were intended to be ‘standard brick size (215x102 5x6Smam) if they were fired, but because hey id not ave addtional shrinkage trom fring, the average size was ma3xl06x6imm.” {8 John Houghton. A Colleton for Improvement of Husbandry ané Trade 163. Issue 74 Published by Randal Taylor near Statoners-Hal. London. “A Brick of a Foo and al thick i commoniy made by Stretchers snd leaders, thats, by laying on he ou-rdeone Brick, 0 8 to hve te narowet side of to be seen logways, end the next to have only the ed seen, athe Brick ying on the broad side, and on, a Stretcher anda Header” 9, Whitney Clark Huntington. Building Constrcion, Types of Constuction, Materials, and Cos Estimating, New York: Wiley, London: Chipman & Hall, 1928 Page 130. "Bet courses and lat arches maybe formed of ‘bcfs] set on end wih the mazow side exposed. Such bricks ae called seis 10, Sovinsi, p. 43, “Those brick positions oct in a horizontal ligament are ‘lle spetcher, header rowlockspetcher, and rowlock. A rowlock sttchet is somtimes called «shiner. The two coresponding vertical orientations are the solder and sailor positions." 1, Samuel ¥ Hates. Bulding Pathology. Wiley. New York 2001. Page 212. "The shor face, or the end laid horizontally is a Reader; lai verily rowlock" 12 Sovinsk,p. 43. “Tose brsk positions orcad in «horizontal alignment are ‘alle stretcher header rowlock stretcher, and rowlock A rowock stetchet ie sometimes called» shiner.” 13. Chars FMitchel Building Construction. Par 1. First Stage or Elementary {Course Second Fition—Revited, Published by 1 Basford, 52 igh Holborn, 1889. Page 22 14, Eneyeloieda Britannica. 1911. BRICKWORK. "| potions of brick [a] balf header n wid, ar eld queen closers.” 15, Charles FMithel Building Constuction. Pat |. Fits Stage or Elementary ‘Course. Sen Edition—Revised, Publis ty BT Basford, $2 High Hollen, 1889. Page 18. King Closers ae bricks cul so ha ne end ie hal ‘the wid o bvek, and [ae] used i positions where the greater widh at ‘bck woulda steength othe bond 16, Nicholson, p 167 ".-] an ateangement, oF combination of breks when lid ‘upon each oie, such dha the perpendicular oit formed by any two adjacent bricks may, at all tines, be covered by he eae oF uot 0) of ‘one lid immediatly over te jin, by wich means the nearest. approximation to solidity wile ataned that such mails are capable of producing” 17 Nicholson, p. 47. "BRICKS ARE LAID ina varied, bt regular, form of ‘onnestion, oF Bond, exhibited in Plate LXXXV" 18. Nicholson, p. 329. "BOND.—That regular connection in lapping te stones ‘pon ane anor, when caring up the work, which forms an insepanble ‘oss of bling19. Deanil Nield. Wells & Wall Facings. Spon, Londen. 1949. Page 145. “Cavity walls... ae being increasingly bil wilh Rollow blocks o other material Place of bricks forthe itr Tea" 20, New Civil Engineer. Oct 3d, 1991. Thomas Telford Ltd London. Adversement. "Single leaf wall with vertical end lateral load 21, Emmi 7 22. Emmi, pp. 282,233. "Early cavity walls were constructed wih bonding bricks lad across the cavity at internals fo te the tw leaves togsthe. [.] Ltr, ion tes ere used ote the two eaves topes, 28, David Yeomans, Consrustion Since 1900; Mater. BT Batsford Ltd, S83 Felham Road, London, SWS SBY, 1997, ISBN 0713455887. Page "In 1974 lange section ofthe outer la ofa wal of «comprehensive school a Nevium collapsed revealing complete absence of tes over a considerable seca [ad] in 1985, a mach Inger sation of wall at Plymouth Polytechnic Eollapsed duet corrosion of the vit Hes 24. CITB. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TRAINING BOARD Training Workbook Setng Out Brickwork Positioning Ranging Lins, Gauge, Dry Boning, Broken Bonding wan Construction Industry Training Boas, Bizcbam Newton, Kings Lymn, Norfolk PES] GRE. 1994, ISBN 1857S1095X. Page 35-37. "Wall thcinese terms relate toa stretcher dimension of brick, Wall (A) [pictured] ie termed half rie wal, Wall (B) [pictured] is frmed a one brick wall [C-[ This wall sa half brik thik wal [.] This walls a one brick thik veal 1" 25, Bricks and Brickwork. Cecil C. Handisyde and Bary A Hascine. The Brick Development Associstion 19 Graton Steet, London, WIX 3LE. 1974, Pag 68 “Old balding of solid wall contraction were accepted as ‘neon? olen when brickwork was ony 9 inches thik. Now ie enerily agreed tat solid walls of ess than fe ad a al] brick thickness fe inadequate Code of Practice 121 ail inelads tendered oe brick thick walls ab acceptable for shld positions but this seems a questionable recommendation. Waling of fone and hal] brick theknes shoud be ‘ausfctory for sheltered postions and may be adequate for moderate exposure” 26, Emmi, p. 206 "Ia exposed postions sucha high ground and near the oust, wall 2B thick may be nowded to ets penttion to nse fas.) Jn positions of very severe exposure to wind-ven ran, as on igh open ground facing the proving wind and onthe coast facing open sei 5 ‘ecesary to protect bth solid and cavity walls with an external lading” 27. Fuller, Chicago Tribune, December 7, 1958 28. Smeaton, pp. 29-80. "The two principal mcthods of brcklaying ae severally called English and Flemish bond [| Flemish bond eonsss in placing @ header anda stecher alternately throughout every course" 28. Bruns, pp. 57-58 30. Arch, Review, 233, 51 Brunskil, p91, “SINGLE FLEMISII BOND: gives the appearance of Flemish Bond the outside face only of wall more ha 9 inches thick. ‘The sane appearance on both nner and our faces it piven by DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND, 32. Nicholson, p. 102". he bricks ae disposed alike on bh sides ofthe wall he tal of th Nears bein plaad comiguous to each othr, 0 2 10 form squate spaces inthe eae ofthe wal for hal ick. 38. Charles EMitchell. Building Construction. Pa 1. Fist Stage or Elementary Course. Second Fiton Revised, Published by BT. Basford, 52 High Holbom. 1889. Page 25, figures 37 & 38, Bibliography 34 The Dictionary of Art, Grove, Volume Four, Biardesu TO Briiggemann. Edited by Jane Ture. Maclay Publishers Limited, 1996. ISBN settee, Page 79. 35. Arch, Review, p. 242. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. PM. Staton, "Am extra cost over Flemish has tobe met fr labour om Monk bond and iss ervatives, boat the process is at eo strsighforward ae Flemish, abd the ‘rcklayers bave to stop and think more frequently." 36. Arch. Review, p. 241. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. PM, Staton Monk bond [..]s popular in the North of Europe. Two stretches are followed by one header in every course, the hoades being so dispose that ‘vertical of their anal ines is itl apparent, and a string results bined of diagonal lines of stetchers, which look hike a series of corbels or ‘amilevers embeded in the wall” 5 Lloyd, p40, "FLEMISH GARDEN WALL or SUSSEX BOND, Three strctchrs then one header in every ort.” 38 Arch. Review, p24. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. PM. Staton 38. Chars FMitchal, Building Construction, Pat 1, Fist Stage or Elementary ‘Course Second Edtion—Revise, Published by BT. Basford, $2 High Holborn. 1880, Page 23 40, Smeaton, pp. 29-30. "The two principal methods of briskly ae severally called English and Flemish bond... Ealish bond coasss of alternating ‘courses of headers and succes hus, oe course is formed with headers, ‘hats, with bricks crossing the wal: the next with sretches, that i, with ‘rick having thir eng inthe same diecion as that of the wal 41. Charles EMitchel, Building Construction. Pr. Fist Stage or Hlementary Course Second Fation—Revised. Published by 8.7. Basford, $2 High Holborn. 1889. Page 2, figures 28 & 29, 42 Arch, Review, p, 242. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. PM, Staton ‘43. Ching, Francis (1995), A Visual Dictionary of Architcrare Wiley. ISBN 0 ATL2NASI-S “4. Lloyd 410, ENGLISIL CROSS BOND. Stretchers bresking oi. The second brick of alterate stretching couse header" 45, Bransil 50 45 Charles E Mitchel, Building Construction. Pat 1, Fist Sage or Elementary (Course Second Fdition—Revited. Published by 8.7. Batsford, 52 High Holborn 189. Page 37. 447. Lloyd. M0, "ENGLISH GARDEN WALL BOND, Three srthing ‘cours to each heding course" 48, Susan Reed Smiter anuary 29, 2004, "National Register of Historic Plaoes Registration: Clake-Palmiore House / Clarke Home" (PDP), Virgin Historic Lendnurks Commission. Retrieved 2010-05-08. and Accompanying for photos at Virginia Historic Landmarks Comission, undated (p90 ‘wd Vieni go registrs\Countie Henrico Carke-Plmore_ photo rm) 49, Lloyd p. 440, "HEADING BOND. All headers except a tvoe-gorers brick ‘at quinn alternate courses." 50. Arch Review, pp 242, 245, THE BONDING OF BRI Stratton WORK. PM 51. Campbel, James W. P; Pryce, Will 2002), Brick World History. London: “Thames and ladon, pp. 304-305 and 313, ISBN 9780.500.34195-1 52. "Brick Pater”, Peter Stewart 53. Bramil, p52 ‘51 "Get It Right” @DP,Thstock Brick Retrieved 26 May 2015 58 Emit, p 154 = Brunskill, RW. (1997). Brick Building in Britain, Wellington House, 125 Strand, London WC2R OBB: Victor Gollancz (Publisher) in association ‘with Peter swley. An imprint ofthe Cassell Group. IS BN 0575065354 Emumitt, Stephen & Gorse, Christopher A. (2010). Barrys Introduction to Construction of Buildings. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405188548, Lloyd, Nathasiel (1925), 4 History of English Brickwork. The Antique Collectors’ Club Ltd, ISBN 0907462367. Nicholson, Pete (1823). The New Practical Builder, and Workman's Companion. Thomas Kelly, 17 Paternoster Row, London The Architectural Review. 9 Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster, 8.W.1. London: The Architectural Press. May 1936. Smeaton, A. C. (1837), The Builder's Pocket Manual; Containing the Elements of Building, Surveying and Architecture; with Practical Rules and Instructions in Carpentry: Bricklaying, Masonry dc. Bamnard’s Inn, Holborn: M. Taylor. = Sovinski, Rob W. (1999) Brick inthe Landscape. A Practical Guide to Specification and Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons. External links = Joshi, A. & Ryan, D. (20 June 2013), Bricks: A Light Foundation tmp:johnienblog blogspot co.uk/2013/0 Glacjotnian-blog-xxx.html) Retrieved from "hpsi/en.wikipedia.org'wrindex,phpitlo=Brickwork&oldid742650093 Categories: Bricks | Construction | Construction terminology. ‘Wikimedia Commons has rod lated to Brick walls “Wikisource asthe test of the 1911 Eneelopaia.1 This page was ast moet on 4 etber 2016, a 25:27 @) ten ofthe Wikimedia Foundation, Ine, a non-profit organization, Look up brickwork ‘Wiktionary the fee itonay.