Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
com
INDEX
CYCLE-I
(Fill in the order by which done)
Ex.
No.
1.
Date
Experiment Name
Page
No
Staff
Signature
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
CYCLE-II
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13
14.
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Additional Instructions
Avoid wearing any loose metallic rings, straps or bangles, as they are likely to prove
dangerous at times.
Before entering into the laboratory class, you must be well prepared for the experiment
that you are going to do on that day.
You must bring the related textbook, which may deal with the relevant experiment.
Get the circuit diagram approved with correct meter & fuse ratings
Get the reading verified. Then inform the technician so that supply to the worktable can be
switched off.
You must get the observation note corrected within two days from the date of completion
of experiment. Write the answer for all the discussion questions in the observation note. If
not, marks for concerned observation will be proportionately reduced.
If you miss any practical class due to unavoidable reasons, intimate the staff in charge and
do the missed experiment in the repetition class.
Such of those students who fail to put in a minimum of 75% attendance in the laboratory
class will run the risk of not being allowed for the University Practical Examination. They
will have to repeat the lab course in subsequent semester after paying prescribed fee.
Avoid wearing any loose metallic rings, straps or bangles, as they are likely to prove
dangerous at times.
Girls should put their plait inside their overcoat
Acquire a good knowledge of the surrounding of your worktable. Know where the various
live points are situated in your table.
In case of any unwanted things happening, immediately switch off the mains in the
worktable. The same must be done when there is a power break during the experiment
being carried out.
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Duties of a student
1. Attend the classes regularly. Class may be missed only under exceptional
circumstances beyond ones control.
2. Take class notes in separate notebook for each subject.
3. Write down all that written by the teacher on the board. In addition write down some
points told by the teacher orally. This will keep your attention focussed towards the
subject and will help you to appreciate the teachers lecture better.
4. Refer your class notes while reading from a book.
5. Purchase at least one textbook written by a standard author or as suggested by your
teacher or as prescribed by the University. Cheap books, books having large number of
solved problems etc. can be additional source material, but these cannot substitute a
textbook. Cost of a book is much lower than the cost of marks and knowledge.
6. Take the unit tests seriously by giving your best performance. Your performance in
tests will be an indicator towards your future performance in the university
examinations.
7. Do a lot of writing work at home. Writing is remembering. Remembering through
writing is faster than remembering through reading. In addition writing will help you to
remember the spellings, improve your grammar and writing speed. Formulae and their
derivations can be learned through writing only. Solve a large number of unsolved and
also solved problems independently.
8. Take your studies seriously. Get very good marks in the University examinations
because these are a must for a good placement. As only brilliant students are admitted
in this college, a little hard work may lead you to get University Ranks. Getting a
University Rank will be an achievement that will deliver you fruits for the lifetime in
several different ways. This is MUST for good placement also.
9. Do not hesitate to consult your teacher in case of any difficulty in understanding any
topic. Do not accumulate your doubts.
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
SAFETY RULES
1
Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages.
(Otherwise, any such contact may subject you to electrical shock)
4.
5.
6.
Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.
7.
Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains.
(When you move your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit
or may touch a live point and thereby subject you to electrical shock)
8.
Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor.
(Wet parts of the body reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity
of the shock)
9.
Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit.
(Otherwise you will be touching the live parts in the circuit)
10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit
strictly as per the approved circuit diagram.
11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety
plugs and do not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.
12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid
such defective leads.
13. Do not defeat any safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it.
7
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Moving iron meters can be used for both a.c. and d.c. measurement.
8
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
22. Moving coil instruments are however more sensitive and more accurate as compared
to their moving iron counterparts and these can be used for d.c. measurements only.
Good features of moving coil instruments are not of much consequence for you as
other sources of errors in the experiments are many times more than those caused
by these meters.
23. Some students have been found to damage meters by mishandling in the following
ways:
i.
Keeping unnecessary material like books, lab records, unused meters etc.
causing meters to fall down the table.
ii.
Putting pressure on the meter (specially glass) while making connections or
while talking or listening somebody.
iii.
Switching on the circuit without getting the connections checked by the staff.
STUDENTS ARE STRICTLY WARNED THAT FULL COST OF THE METER WILL
BE RECOVERED FROM THE INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS DAMAGED IT IN SUCH A
MANNER.
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
INDEX
Ex.
No.
Experiment Name
Page
No
3.
4.
33
5.
39
6.
43
7.
49
8.
55
9.
61
1.
2.
11
19
27
69
79
85
73
10
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Ex.No:
Date:
II. To determine the external and internal (load) characteristics of the separately excited
DC shunt generator by actually loading the machine.
APPARA TUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Name of the apparatus
Range
Type
Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
THEORY: (i) O.C.C
In any D.C generator generated emf is d1rectly proportional to the exciting field current
i.e. flux. O.C.C shows the relation between the no-load generated emf in the armature, 'Eo'
and the field or exciting current 'If at a given fixed speed.
It should be noted that OCC for a higher speed would be above this curve and for a
lower speed, would be below it.
(ii) Load Charactristics:
Let us consider a dc generator giving its rated no load voltage 'Eo' for a certain
constant field current. If there were no armature reaction and armature voltage drop, then this
voltage would have remained constant as shown in modal graph by the dotted horizontal line I.
But when the generator is loaded, the voltage falls due to these two causes, thereby
giving slightly drooping characteristics. If we subtract from Eo the value of voltage drops due
to armature reaction for different loads, then we get the value of E, the emf actually induced
in the armature under load conditions. Curve II is plotted in this way and is known as the
INTERNAL CHARACTERISTIC.
If we subtract from E the armature drop laRa, we get terminal voltage V. The reverse
procedure may also be adopted to obtain Internal characteristic (ie) adding laRa to V. Curve III
represents the EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTIC.
Comparison of self and separately excited generator gen characteristics:
Since the field current depends on terminal voltage in self excited generator, its load
characteristics would be more drooping than the other one. In O.C.C. there is no much
appreciable difference between the two types.
11
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Circuit Diagram:
3 Point Starter
SPSTS
+
L F A
+
R2
220 V
D.C.
M
z
D
P
S
T
S
AA
AA
zz
D
P
S
T
S
AL
VRL
zz
+
Af
-
E0 At different speeds
750rpm
1500rpm
12
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Range fixing:
The current drawn by the shunt motor on no-load is 15 to 20% of full load current.
The current drawn by the shunt motor on load must not exceed 120% of full load
current.
Motor Field circuit rheostat rating is
;
A (the current rating should be
slightly higher than the rated current)
Generator load Current IL =
A
The range of ammeter AL is (0- )A
The rated field current is
A
The range of ammeter Af is (0- )A
Generator Field circuit rheostat rating is ;
A (the current rating should
be slightly higher than the rated current and ohmic value should be as high as possible).
Rated voltage of Generator V =
Volts
The range of voltmeter V is (0- ) Volts
PROCEDURE:
O.C.C.Test:
1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. After the connections are checked, Keeping R1 minimum resistance position and R2 in
maximum resistance position, the supply switch is closed.
3. The motor is started with the help of a dc 3 point starter.
4. The field rheostat R1 of the motor is adjusted to make it run at the rated speed.
Keeping the SPST switch open, Emf generated due to residual magnetism is noted
from voltmeter. (when .field current is zero.)
5. Then SPST switch is closed. By varying the field rheostat R2 in the field circuit of
generator, different values of generated emf Eo and field current If are noted from
voltmeter and ammeter and tabulated.
Load Test:
1. Keeping the generator side DPST open, the field rheostat in the generator side is
adjusted for the rated voltage of the generator which is seen in the voltmeter.
2. Now the DPST switch is closed and the resistive load is put up on the generator step by
step. The terminal voltage, armature and load current values are noted down for each
step from the respective meters.
3. Note that while taking each set of readings, the field current is maintained constant as
that for rated voltage [because due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased]
Measurement of Ra and Rsh :
1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the resistances in maximum position and close the supply switch and take
Minimum three readings.
13
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Load Test:
Speed: .............. RPM;
Sl.
No.
Terminal
voltage
If
Eg = V + IaRa
Model Graphs:
Eg
V, Eg
Rc line
E0
A
O.C.C. Line
Rsh Line
Eg vs Ia
V vs IL
B
C
IL, Ia
If
Draw Rc line, such that it is tangent
to the initial portion of O.C.C. at rated speed
and
passes through origin.
The value of critical field resistance, Rc = the slope of Rc line
Critical speed, Nc =
BC
N R ; here N R Rated speed
AC
14
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Model Calculation:
O.C.C
E0 N
So, for different speeds, O.C.C. can be deduced from the O.C.C.at rated speed.
N1
N2
E1
E2
Load test:
For separate excitation
So, induced emf on load,
Ia = IL
Eg = V + IaRa
GRAPH:
Open circuit characteristic is drawn by taking field current 'If' along x axis and generated
voltage Eo along y axis.
To find critical field resistance: From the origin a tangent is drawn to OCC at the linear
portion. The slope of the tangent will give the critical field resistance.
Calculate E0 at different speeds and draw O.C.C. for diff speeds in a separate graph.
External characteristic is drawn taking load current 'IL' along x axis and terminal voltage
'V' along yaxis.
Internal characteristic is drawn by adding laRa drop to external characteristic curve, 'la'
along x axis and 'E' along y axis.
15
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
D
P
S
T
S
220 V
D.C
+
V
ZZ
D
P
S
T
S
RPS
V
-
AA
Observation:
Measurement of Ra:
Sl.
No.
V
(Volts)
I
(Amps)
Measurement of Rsh:
Ra = V/I
(Ohms)
Sl.
No.
V
(Volts)
I
(Amps)
Rsh = V/I
(Ohms)
16
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Result:
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the principle of operation of DC generator?
2. Where the field winding is placed in DC generator? Why?
3. List out the factors involved in voltage build up of a DC shunt generator.
4. Explain briefly the function of a commutator in a DC machine. Can commutator action
be performed by a solid state device.
5. Define and explain critical field circuit resistance and critical speed of DC shunt
generator.
6. What is armature reaction?
7. What is internal & external characteristics of DC shunt generator?
8. What are the applications of DC shunt generator?
REFERENCES:
1. I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari Electrical Machines.
2. Albert E. Clayton & H.N. Honcock The performance and Design of Direct Current
Machines.
3. K. Murugash Kumar D.C. Machines & Transformers
17
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Circuit Diagrams:
:
3 Point Starter
L F A
AL
SPSTS
220 V
D.C.
D
P
S
T
S
AA
AA
V
-
D
P
S
T
S
VRL
Af
zz
zz
-
18
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Ex.No :
Date:
2. Open Circuit Characteristics (O.C.C) &
Load Characteristics of D.C Self Excited Shunt Generator.
(P.325 to 337 of text book)
AIM:
I. To determine the no load magnetization or open circuit characteristic self
excited dc shunt generator and hence,
a. To deduce the O.C.C. for various speed, 1000 and 1250 rpm.
c.
II. To determine the external and internal (load) characteristics of the self excited
DC shunt generator by actually loading the machine.
APPARA TUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Name of the apparatus
Range
Type
Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
THEORY: (i) O.C.C & (ii) Load Charactristics:
Refer the expiment separately excited shunt generator
Comparison of self and separately excited generator gen characteristics:
Since the field current depends on terminal voltage in self excited generator, its load
characteristics would be more drooping than the other one. In O.C.C. there is no much
appreciable difference between the two types.
Range fixing:
The current drawn by the shunt motor on no-load is 15 to 20% of full load current.
The current drawn by the shunt motor on load must not exceed 120% of full load
current.
Motor Field circuit rheostat rating is
;
A (the current rating should be
slightly higher than the rated current)
Generator load Current IL =
A
The range of ammeter AL is (0- )A
The rated field current is
A
The range of ammeter Af is (0- )A
Generator Field circuit rheostat rating is ;
A (the current rating should
be slightly higher than the rated current and ohmic value should be as high as possible).
Rated voltage of Generator V =
Volts
The range of voltmeter V is (0-
19
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Load Test:
Speed: .............. RPM;
Sl.
No.
Terminal
voltage
Load current
IL
If
Ia =IL + If
Eg = V + IaRa
Model Graphs:
E0
V, Eg
Rc line
A
O.C.C. Line
Rsh Line
V vs IL
B
C
If
IL, Ia
Draw Rc line, such that it is tangent to the initial portion of O.C.C. at rated speed and
passes through origin.
The value of critical field resistance, Rc = the slope of Rc line
Critical speed, Nc =
BC
N R ; here N R Rated speed
AC
20
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
PROCEDURE:
O.C.C.Test:
1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. After the connections are checked, Keeping R1 minimum resistance position and R2 in
maximum resistance position, the supply switch is closed.
3. The motor is started with the help of a dc 3 point starter.
4. The field rheostat R1 of the motor is adjusted to make it run at the rated speed.
Keeping the SPST switch open, Emf generated due to residual magnetism is noted
from voltmeter. (when .field current is zero.)
5. Then SPST switch is closed. By varying the field rheostat R2 in the generator side,
different values of generated emf Eo and field current If are noted from voltmeter and
ammeter and tabulated.
Load Test:
1. Keeping the generator side DPST open, the field rheostat in the generator side is
adjusted for the rated voltage of the generator which is seen in the voltmeter.
2. Now the DPST switch is closed and the resistive load is put up on the generator step by
step. The terminal voltage, armature and load current values are noted down for each
step from the respective meters.
3. Note that while taking each set of readings, the field current is maintained constant as
that for rated voltage [because due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased]
Measurement of Ra and Rsh :
1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the resistances in maximum position and close the supply switch and take
Minimum three readings.
21
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
220 V
D.C
A
A
A
+
V
-
3
P
ZZ
RPS
D
P
S
T
S
V
-
AA
Observation:
Measurement of Ra:
Sl.
No.
V
(Volts)
I
(Amps)
Measurement of Rsh:
Ra = V/I
(Ohms)
Sl.
No.
V
(Volts)
I
(Amps)
Rsh = V/I
(Ohms)
22
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Model Calculation:
O.C.C
E0 N
So, for different speeds, O.C.C. can be deduced from the O.C.C.at rated speed.
N1
N2
E1
E2
Load test:
For separate excitation
For self excitation
So, induced emf on load,
Ia = IL
Ia = IL + If
Eg = V + IaRa
GRAPH:
Open circuit characteristic is drawn by taking field current 'If' along x axis and generated
voltage Eo along y axis.
To find critical field resistance: From the origin a tangent is drawn to OCC at the linear
portion. The slope of the tangent will give the critical field resistance.
Calculate E0 at different speeds and draw O.C.C. for diff speeds in a separate graph.
External characteristic is drawn taking load current 'IL' along x axis and terminal voltage
'V' along yaxis.
Internal characteristic is drawn by adding laRa drop to external characteristic curve, 'la'
along x axis and 'E' along y axis.
23
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
24
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Result:
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the principle of operation of DC generator?
2. Where the field winding is placed in DC generator? Why?
3. List out the factors involved in voltage build up of a DC shunt generator.
4. Explain briefly the function of a commutator in a DC machine. Can commutator action
be performed by a solid state device.
5. Define and explain critical field circuit resistance and critical speed of DC shunt
generator.
6. What is armature reaction?
7. What is internal & external characteristics of DC shunt generator?
8. What are the applications of DC shunt generator?
REFERENCES:
1. I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari Electrical Machines.
2. Albert E. Clayton & H.N. Honcock The performance and Design of Direct Current
Machines.
3. K. Murugash Kumar D.C. Machines & Transformers
25
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Circuit Diagram:
YY
Y
L Z A
Y (Dif.)
YY(Cum.)
+
A
220 V
D.C.
D
P
S
T
A
+
AA
AA
D
P
S
T
+ zz
zz
AL
V
R
L
S
P
S
T
AF
Field Current:
Field Current:
Measurement of Ra and Rf
26
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Ex.No:
Date:
Range
0-10A
0-300V
1000/ 1A
3 KW/ 230V
Type
MC
MC
Quantity
1
1
2
THEORY:
The compound generators have both shunt and series field windings. If the series field
ampere turns are such as to produce the same voltage at rated load as at no-load, then the
generator is FLAT COMPOUNDED.
If the series field ampere turns are such that the fated load voltage is greater than the noload voltage, then the generator is OVER COMPOUNDED.
If the rated load voltage is less than the no-load voltage, then the generator is UNDER
COMPOUNDED. But such generators are seldom used.
Also it can be stated that if the series field aids the shunt field, it is CUMULATIVELY
COMPOUNDED. And if the, series field opposes the shunt field, it is DIFFERENTIALLY
COMPOUNDED. It can be achieved by reversing the connections of the series field.
Further if the shunt field is connected across both armature and series field, it is LONG
SHUNT and if the shunt field is connected across armature only, then it is called SHORT
SHUNT.
27
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
28
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Range fixing:
The current drawn by the shunt motor on load must not exceed 120% of full load
current.
The rated field current of motor is _
A
Motor Field circuit rheostat rating is
;
A (the current rating should be
slightly higher than the rated current)
Generator load Current IL =
Volts
) Volts
Procedure:
Load Test:
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram, which represents LONG
SHUNT compound generators. It may be differentially or cumulatively compounded. It
can be known only by seeing the voltmeter reading.
2. Keeping the load switch open, R1, in minimum resistance position & R2 in minimum
resistance, the supply switch is closed.
3. The motor is started using the dc 3 point starter. The motor is brought to its rated speed
by varying the field rheostat R1of the motor. The generator is brought to its rated
voltage by adjusting the field rheostat R2 of the generator.
4. Initial reading of ammeter and voltmeter are noted.
5. Now the load side DPST switch is closed. Different loads are applied and each step the
ammeter & voltmeter readings are noted and tabulated.
GRAPH:
Load current Vs Terminal voltage. Graph is drawn by taking load current 'IL' along x axis and
the terminal voltage 'V' along y axis.
29
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Cumulative
Sl.No.
Terminal
Voltage V
(Volt)
Load
Current IL
(Amp.)
Shunt field
Current If
(Amp.)
Armature
Current Ia
(Amp.)
Generated
Voltage Eg
(Volt.)
Terminal
Voltage V
(Volt)
Load
Current IL
(Amp.)
Shunt field
Current If
(Amp.)
Armature
Current Ia
(Amp.)
Generated
Voltage Eg
(Volt.)
Differential
Sl.No.
Sl.No.
V (Volt)
I (Amp.)
30
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1. Draw the diagrams of long & short shunt compound generators.
2. How will you obtain cumulatively & differentially compounded configurations?.
3. What is flat, over and under compound generators?
4. What are the applications of compound generators?
REFERENCES:
4. I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari Electrical Machines.
5. Albert E. Clayton & H.N. Honcock The performance and Design of Direct Current
Machines.
6. K. Murugash Kumar D.C. Machines & Transformers
*****
31
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Circuit Diagram:
+
+
3 Point Starter
L F A
F1
220 V
D.C.
D
P
S
T
S
F2
AA
#
Brake drum
FF
.
Capacity:
Speed:
Voltage:
Current:
Field Current:
Model Graphs:
N
N, T,
,I
P0
P0
Ia
Ia
32
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Ex.No:
Date:
Range
Type
Quantity
THEORY:
Principle of operation of a D.C. motor:
To operate DC machine as motor, field windings are excited with DC source and North
and South Pole magnetic fields established in the air gap by the stator poles, a DC current has
to be passed through the armature terminals.
Current carrying armature conductors cause additional magnetic field to be set up.
Interaction of this magnetic field with the main magnetic field set up by the stator poles cause a
force to be developed around the conductors.
The force developed in all the conductors is unidirectional (anti-clockwise) due to
commutator action.
In case, clockwise direction is required either the direction of the main field or the
direction of the current through the armature conductor is to be reversed.
As the armature rotates, the system of conductors in the armature come across alternate
North and South pole magnetic fields. Therefore an emf is induced in the conductors. This is
called as Back emf.
The plot of speed, torque, efficiency and input current (vs) output power are called the
performance characteristics of a motor.
The speed characteristics is almost a horizontal line and the speed regulation is good.
Hence a d.c shunt motor is generally referred to as a constant speed motor and are used in
applications such as lathes, centrifugal pump, machine tools, blower fans and etc.
The torque varies directly with the output load and the armature current because the
field is approximately constant over the load range .As compared to other motors a shunt motor
has a low means that a motor draws more current from the main supply than a series motor or a
compound motor at the time of starting. The small input current on no load goes to meet the
various losses occurring within the machine.
The efficiency curve with is usually the same for all motors It is advantageous to have
an efficiency curve which is fairly flat over a wide range of loads and having maximum
efficiency at full loads.
33
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Volts
) Volts
FORMULAE:
Torque, (T) = (S1-S2)Rx9.81 Nm
Where S1, S2 -spring balance readings (kg) R- Radius of the brake drum (m)
Input power, Pi = VI watts
Output power, Po = 2IINT/60watts
Percentage efficiency = (Output power / Input power) x 100
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram. Ensure that there is
no load on the brake drum.
2. The supply is given by closing the DPST switch, keeping R1 in minimum resistance
position.
3. The motor is started using the dc 3 point starter, and it is allowed to run at rated speed
by adjusting the rheostat R1 which is connected to the field circuit. After setting the
speed rheostat position should not be altered.
4. At no load condition, the input voltage, current and speed are noted using voltmeter,
ammeter and tachometer. For load spring balance reading S1 & S2 are noted.
5. Now the load on the brake drum is increased, gradually and the corresponding
voltmeter, ammeter readings and speed, spring balance readings are noted down and
tabulated.
6. Then the load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to the minimum
position and the supply is switched off.
7. Then torque, input power, output power and percentage efficiency are calculated by
using the formulae and tabulated.
Model Calculation:
Circumference of the brake drum
cms
Radius, r
mt.
Output power, P o
2 NT
Watts
60
Input Power, Pi
V X I
% Efficiency,
Watts
Po
100
Pi
34
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Observation:
Radius of brake drum, r =
Sl.
No.
mts.
Spring Balance
F 1 Kg
F2 Kg
Speed N
Torque T
Output Power
P0
Input Power
Pi
Efficiency
35
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
GRAPH:
The performance characteristic curves are drawn as
i. Output power Vs speed
ii- Output power Vs current
iii- Output power Vs Torque and
iv, Output power Vs Efficiency.
RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the principle of operation of a DC motor
2. How does the back emf in a d.c. motor make the motor self regulating?
3. How can we reverse the direction of a d.c. shunt motor?
4. Justify the statement - D.C. shunt motor will run almost at constant speed
5. What is the need for starters for starting a d.c. machine?
6. What are the various D.C. starters?
7. What are the different types of d.c. motors?
8. What is the expression for torque developed ?
9. Write the condition for maximum power developed by d.c. motor.
10. Write the voltage equation of a d.c. shunt motor.
11. What is the relationship between back emf, speed of rotation and flux per pole?
REFERENCES:
7. I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari Electrical Machines.
8. Albert E. Clayton & H.N. Honcock The performance and Design of Direct Current
Machines.
9. K. Murugash Kumar D.C. Machines & Transformers
37
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Circuit diagram:
220V
D.C
D
P
S
T
S
Af
A
M
AA
ZZ
.
Capacity:
Speed:
Voltage:
Current:
Field Current:
Model graphs:
Armature control
Field control
If3<If2
If2<If1
Va1(rated)
If1(rated)
Va2<Va1
Va3<Va2
Va
If
38
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Ex.No:
Date :
5.Speed Control of D.C.Shunt Motor
(P.359 to 376 of text book)
AIM:
To determine the speed control characteristics of a dc shunt motor by
i. Armature control method and
ii. Field Control method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Name of the apparatus
Range
Type
1
2
3
4
5
Quantity
39
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Observation:
Armature control:
Sl.No.
If1 = ------- A
Va
Speed
If2 = -------- A
Va
Speed
If3 = --------- A
Va
Speed
Va1 = ------- A
If
Speed
Va2 = -------- A
If
Speed
Va3 = --------- A
If
Speed
Field control:
Sl.No.
40
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
PROCEDURE:
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:
1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram and initially the field rheostat R1
is kept in minimum position and armature rheostat R2 is kept in maximum position.
2. Supply is given and the motor is started. The armature resistance is cutdown and speed
is measured.
3. If the motor runs below the rated speed, adjust the field rheostat and motor is brought
to its rated speed, The field current, 'If' is kept constant.
4. Now the armature voltage (ie potential drop across the armature) is varied by varying
the armature rheostat and corresponding voltmeter, ammeter (la) readings and speed are
noted.
5. The same procedure is repeated for another value of constant field current 'If'
FIELD CONTROL METHOD:
1. The motor is run at the rated speed as usual. Armature voltage and hence armature
current is kept constant.
2. The field current is varied and the value of the field current 'If' and speed are noted in
the tabular column.
3. The same procedure is repeated for another constant value of armature current.
GRAPH:
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:
Graph is drawn between speed and armature voltage taking armature voltage along x axis
and speed along y axis.
FIELD CONTROL METHOD:
Graph is drawn between speed and field current, taking speed along y axis and field current
along x axis.
41
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
RESULT:
Questions:
1. Which speed control will give the speed greater than the rated speed and which one will
give less than the rated speed? State also the reason.
2. What are the factors that decide the speed of a dc machine?
3. What are the various methods of speed control in dc series motor?
4. Write few merits and demerits of the rheostatic control.
5. What will happen if the field winding of a running dc motor is opened?
REFERENCES:
1. I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari Electrical Machines.
2. Albert E. Clayton & H.N. Honcock The performance and Design of Direct Current
Machines.
3. K. Murugash Kumar D.C. Machines & Transformers
******
42
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Ex.No:
Date:
A
)A
_V
)V
43
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Circuit Diagram:
2 Point Starter
XX
F1
F2
A
D
P
S
T
S
220 V
D.C.
+
M
Brake drum
AA
Capacity:
Voltage:
Current:
Model Graph:
% , T, IL , N
T, N
IL
T.
IL
Po
44
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram. Ensure that some
load is applied to the brake drum. The dc series motor should always be started with
some load. Otherwise the speed will be enormous and fuse will blowout.
2. Supply is given and the motor is started, with the help of a two point starter. At that
initial load condition, voltmeter, ammeter ad spring balance readings are noted. The
speed is also measured using tachometer.
3. Now the load is increased and for various load conditions, the ammeter, voltmeter,
spring balance readings and speed are noted.
4. The torque, input power, output power and percentage efficiency are calculated using
the formulae and entered in the tabulation.
Modal calculation:
Circumference of the brake drum
cms
Output power, Po
Input power Pi
% Efficiency,
2 NT
Watts
60
V IL
Po
100
Pi
45
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
Observation:
Radius of brake drum, r =
Sl.
No.
mts.
Spring Balance
F 1 Kg
F2 Kg
Speed N
Torque T
Output Power
P0
Input Power
Pi
Efficiency
46
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
GRAPH:
The performance characteristic curves are drawn as
i. Output power Vs speed
ii- Output power Vs current
iii- Output power Vs Torque and
iv, Output power Vs Efficiency.
RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1. Whether D.C series is motor is started on no-load? Justify
2. Why torque of a D.C series motor is high?
3. Why D.C series motor is called a variable speed drive?
4. What are the applications of D.C series motor?
5. Mention the methods to control the speed of the D.C series motor.
6. What type of starter is used for series motor? And Why?
REFERENCES:
1. I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari Electrical Machines.
2. Albert E. Clayton & H.N. Honcock The performance and Design of Direct Current
Machines.
3. K. Murugash Kumar D.C. Machines & Transformers
47
www.eeecube.blogspot.com
48