Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CIV2242: Week 4a
Prof Ranjith PG
Clayton Campus
Lecture outline
A quick review of last lectures
Influential factors affecting rock mass classifications
Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Geological Strength Index (GSI),
Pells et al. classifications
Introduction to effective stress principle
Total stress, effective stress, pore water pressure
Stress increment in soils under external loading
s=P/A
s=Pc/A
u
A
s = s + u
s=Pc/A
where,
s = total stress (
u
)
s = effective stress ( )
u = pore water pressure ( )
u
A
A
Vc: P=P1(v)+P2(v)+P3(v)+ .
[a=Ac/ ]
2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.
Skempton (1960)
u = pore water
pressure=HAgw
P1(v)
Ground level
gsat=18kN/m3
gw=10kN/m3
5m
gd=16kN/m3
gsat=18kN/m3
gw=10kN/m3
1m
5m
Water table
g1
h1
Water table
u = hw gw
g2, gw
hw
h2
sv = sv - u
50
100
150
kPa
0m
2m
4m
6m
Depth
Total
Stress
pore water
pressure
(5m)
Effective
stress
8m
10
11
Solid (s)
Air (ua) and
water (uw)
s = s u a ( ua u w )
= 0 for dry soil and 1 for saturated soil
Will be discussed in CIV3247
12
Solid
Void
13
14
15
16
17
18
s
Du=Ds at t=0
++++
+ Ds
+ ++ +
hydrostatic
Du=0 at t=
What will happen at t = ? Du=?
19
20
Example-Effective stress
Find s, s, u at A for
Ground surface
4.5m
eo=0.7, SR=0.85
w=28%
5m
(steady state)
void
eSR
solid
2.65
2.65+eSR
gbulk=1.91*9.81=18.73 kN/m3
For w=28%
effect)
Mw/Ms=0.28; Mw=0.28*2.65=0.742gm
gbulk=2*9.81=19.62 kN/m3
1+e
21
Strategy to solve
GL
g1
g2
(i)
g2
(ii) Water @ ground level
(Steady state)
gw
g2
(iii) Water @ 2m above
ground level (Steady state)
g2
(iv) Water @ 2m below
previous water level
g2
(v) Water @ 4.5m below
previous level (t=0)
(undrained)
g1
g2
(v) Water @ 4.5m below previous
level (t=) drained
22
Solution
(i)
sA=4.5*18.73+5*19.62=182.38kPa
uA=5*9.81=49.05kPa
sA=182.38-49.05=133.33kPa
sA=(4.5+5)*19.62=186.39kPa
uA=9.5*9.81=93.2kPa
sA=186.39-93.2=93.2kPa
uA=11.5*9.81=112.82kPa
sA=206.01-112.82=93.2kPa
Ground surface
4.5m
5m
eo=0.7, SR=0.85
w=28%
A
(iv) Water table quickly drops to 2m below previous level.
Note ONLY water head change (1-phase, no time
effect)
Ds=Du=-2*9.81=-19.62kPa (short & long)
sA=206.01-2*9.81=186.39kPa ()
uA=112.82-2*9.81=93.2kPa ()
sA=186.39-93.2=93.2 kPa (No change)
DsA=0 (No change of effective stress)
23
Solution
(v) Water table quickly drops to 4.5m below previous level (time effect)
At short-term (t=0):
sA=9.5*19.62=186.39kPa
25
Ko=sh/sv
sv = z * gs
sh = Ko x sv
s zz
s xx
= s xx u w ; s yz
= s yz
s yy
= s yy u w ; s zx
= s zx
s zy s zz
= s zz u w ; s xy
= s xy
s yz
s xz
s zx
s yy
s yx
s xy
s xx
y
x
27
Engineering
CIV2242: Week 4b
Effective stress and stresses in soils
Prof Ranjith PG
Clayton Campus
Lecture outline
A quick review of last lecture
Total, pore water pressure, effective stress
Significance of drained and undrained conditions
Excess pore water pressure
Stress increment in soils under external loading
How to determine incremental stress
Worked out problems
30
++++
+ Ds
+ ++ +
hydrostatic
Du=0 at t=
What will happen if unloaded: at t = 0, Du=-Ds; at t= , Du=0
31
32
1. Shape (square, circular) and size (length, width, dia) of loaded area
2. Depth (D)
3. Stress under the footing is uniform (flexible type)
4. Soil is isotropic, semi infinite, elastic medium
5. We are interested in vertical stress increment only due to its
application in 1D settlement (consolidation) analysis
33
z
sz
34
Find Is
0.26
Is
0.24
0.22
0.20
Area covered
with uniform
normal load,
q
nz
mz
0.18
m = 3.0 m = oc
m = 2.5
m = 2.0
m = 1.8
m = 1.6
m = 1.2
m = 1.4
m = 1.0
m = 0.9
sz = q.I
ss
q.I
m = 0.8
m = 0.7
0.16
0.14
m = 0.6
m = 0.5
0.12
m = 0.4
0.10
m = 0.3
0.08
m = 0.2
0.06
0.04
m = 0.1
0.02
0
0.01 2 3 4 5
m = 0.0
0.1
2 345
1.0
2 3 45
10
35
36
660kN
Depth 3.0m
B
3m
For B: Divide the area in to 4 parts with each having corner with
point B.
Ds(B)=qIs=(660/3x3)x0.092 [From Fadum chart for m=0.5,
n=0.5]-only for 1 part of this loaded area
= 6.75 kPa
Ds(B) total=6.75x 4 [For 4 loaded areas] = 27kPa
3m
What are the vertical stress
increments at points A, B
which are 3m below the
ground?
37
Example-power pole
Boussinesq (1883) solution
Dsz = Q Is
z2
Is is stress influence factor
Is = 3
1
2p [1+(r/z)2]5/2
Dsz
r
r = (x y )
2
Dsy
Dsx
38
X=1m
Find: Dsz
r = (x2+y2)0.5 = 1.8m
Y=1.5m
Z=4m
A
y
1m
Q
4.5
I
=
0.301 = 0.085kPa
2 s
2
z
4
3
1
Is =
= 0.301
5
2p
r 2 2
1
z
Ds z =
39
pressure, q
Example:
Water/oil tank
Dsz = q [1-
1
[1+(a/z)2]3/2
] = q.Is
Dsz
40
41
42
43
Review questions
Define total, effective and pore pressures
44
Summary
Effective stress, total stress and pore water pressure were defined
Drained/undrained concept with 1D spring analog was discussed
Effect of drainage on soil behaviour was discussed
45