2.

4 Truy nhp bus

28

u im ca CSMA/CD l tnh cht n gin, linh hot. Khc vi cc phng php

tin nh, vic ghp thm hay b i mt trm trong mng khng nh hng g ti hot
ng ca h thng. Chnh v vy, phng php ny c p dng rng ri trong mng
Ethernet.
Nhc im ca CSMA/CD l tnh bt nh ca thi gian phn ng. Cc trm u
bnh ng nh nhau nn qu trnh ch mt trm c th lp i lp li, khng xc nh
c tng i chnh xc thi gian. Hiu sut s dng ng truyn v th cng thp.
R rng, nu nh khng kt hp thm vi cc k thut khc th phng php ny khng
thch hp vi cc cp thp, i hi trao i d liu nh k, thi gian thc.
iu kin rng buc
Kh nng thc hin phng php CSMA/CD b hn ch bi mt iu kin rng buc
gia chiu di dy dn, tc truyn thng v chiu di bc in. Ch khi mt trm
pht hin c xung t xy ra trong khi bc in cha gi xong mi c kh nng hy
b bc in (c th ch n gin bng cch khng gi tip c hiu kt thc). Cn nu
bc in c gi i xong ri mi pht hin xy ra xung t th qu mun, mt
trm khc c th nhn c v x l bc in vi ni dung sai lch.
Trong trng hp xu nht hai trm cng gi thng tin c th hai u ca dy dn,
trm th hai ch gi in trc khi tn hiu t trm th nht ti mt cht. Tn hiu b
xung t xy ra y phi mt thm mt khong thi gian na ng bng thi gian lan
truyn tn hiu TS mi quay tr li ti trm th nht. Nh vy iu kin thc hin
phng php CSMA/CD l thi gian gi mt bc in phi ln hn hai ln thi gian lan
truyn tn hiu, tc:
(Chiu di bc in n / Tc truyn v) > 2TS
<=> n/v > 2l/(0,66*300.000.000),
vi l l chiu di dy dn v h s k = 0,67
<=> lv < 100.000.000n
y chnh l iu kin rng buc trong vic nng cao tc v tng chiu di dy
dn. V d i vi mt mng Fast Ethernet (100Mbit/s) c chiu di 100m th mt bc
in khng th ngn hn 100 bit. H qu ca iu kin rng buc ny l hiu sut truyn
thng s rt thp nu nh d liu cn trao i khng ln. Mt ln na, ta thy rng
phng php ny khng thch hp lm cho cc h thng mng cp thp.

2.4.6 CSMA/CA
Nguyn tc lm vic
CSMA/CA l thut ng vit tt t Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance. Tng t nh CSMA/CD, mi trm u phi nghe ng dn trc khi gi
cng nh sau khi gi thng tin. Tuy nhin, mt phng php m ha bit thch hp c
s dng y trong trng hp xy ra xung t, mt tn hiu s ln t tn hiu kia.
V d tng ng vi bit 0 l mc in p cao s ln t mc in p thp ca bit 1.

Bi ging: Mng truyn thng cng nghip 2008, Hong Minh Sn HBK H Ni

2.4 Truy nhp bus

29
Mc tn hiu ln t
--> pht tip
T1

0*

R1

T2

1*

R2

Hnh 2.20:

Pht hin li
--> ngng pht

Minh ha phng php CSMA/CA

Mt tnh hung tiu biu c minh ha trn Hnh 2.20. T1 l thng tin do trm 1
gi i v R1 l thng tin trm 1 nghe c phn hi t ng dn, T2 l thng tin do
trm 2 pht i v R2 l thng tin trm 2 nghe c. Khi hai bc in khc nhau mt
bit no , trm th hai s pht hin ra xung t v ngng pht, cn trm th nht c
mc tn hiu ln t nn coi nh khng c chuyn g xy ra v tip tc pht. Trm th hai
c th ch mt thi gian ngu nhin, hoc ch khi no ng dn ri tr li s gi.
iu kin rng buc
iu kin thc hin theo c ch trn l mi trm u phi nhn c tn hiu phn
hi tng ng vi bit va gi, trc khi gi mt bit tip theo, nh vy mi c kh nng
dng li kp thi khi xy ra xung t cng nh bit tip theo khng b nh hng.
Nh vy, thi gian bit TB phi ln hn hai ln thi gian lan truyn tn hiu TS, hay l:
1/v > 2TS, vi v l tc truyn
<=> 1/v > 2l/(0,67*300.000.000)
<=> lv < 100.000.000
vi l l chiu di dy dn v h s k = 0,67. V d, vi tc truyn l 1Mbit/s th
chiu di dy dn phi nh hn 100m. R rng, iu kin rng buc y tuy ngt
ngho hn so vi phng php CSMA/CD, nhng khng lin quan ti chiu di ti
thiu ca mt bc in.
Qui nh mc u tin
Mi bc in u c bt u bng mt dy bit c bit c gi l c hiu, sau
l ti cc phn khc nh thng tin kim sot, a ch,... i vi phng php
CSMA/CA, c th s dng mc u tin cho mi trm (hoc theo loi thng tin) v gn
m u tin (001, 010, v.v...) vo phn ng sau c hiu ca mi bc in. Bc in no
c mc u tin cao hn (tc m s u tin thp hn) s ln t cc bc in khc. Trong
trng hp s dng mc u tin theo trm, c th ly chnh a ch ca trm lm m s
u tin. Cng c th kt hp phng php nh mc u tin theo loi thng tin v theo
a ch. Mt bc in c mc u tin cao nht c xt trc ht theo loi thng tin v
sau theo a ch trm.

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2.4 Truy nhp bus

30

Nh c phng php s dng mc u tin m tnh nng thi gian thc ca h thng
c ci thin. C th thy r, tuy b hn ch v tc truyn v chiu di dy dn, hiu
sut s dng ng truyn phng php ny rt cao. Cc trm ch gi thng tin i khi
c nhu cu v nu xy ra xung t th mt trong hai bc in vn tip tc c gi i.

Bi ging: Mng truyn thng cng nghip 2008, Hong Minh Sn HBK H Ni

2.5 Bo ton d liu

31

2.5 Bo ton d liu

2.5.1 t vn
Bo ton d liu l phng php s dng x l giao thc pht hin v khc phc
li, trong pht hin li ng vai tr hng u. Khi pht hin c li, c th c
cch khi phc d liu, hay bin php n gin hn l yu cu gi li d liu. Cc
phng php bo ton d liu thng dng l:

Parity bit 1 chiu v 2 chiu

CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)

Nhi bit (Bit stuffing).

Nguyn l c bn
Nhim v bo ton d liu l mt c th sp xp thuc lp 2 (lp lin kt d liu)
trong m hnh qui chiu OSI. Trong qu trnh m ha ngun, bn gi b sung mt s
thng tin ph tr, c tnh theo mt thut ton qui c vo bc in cn gi i. Da
vo thng tin b tr ny m bn nhn c th kim sot v pht hin ra li trong d liu
nhn c (gii m).
Ch rng k c thng tin ngun v thng tin ph tr u c th b li, nn phi cn
nhc quan h gia lng thng tin ngun v lng thng tin ph tr, nu khng mt
phng php bo ton d liu s khng t c mong mun v tin cy ca d liu,
thm ch c th s phn tc dng. Trc khi phn tch, nh gi tc dng ca cc
phng php bo ton d liu, cn a ra mt s nh ngha nh di y.
T l bit li
T l bit li p l thc o c trng cho nhiu ca knh truyn dn, c tnh bng
t l gia s bit b li trn tng s bit c truyn i. Ni mt cch khc, t l bit li
chnh l xc sut mt bit truyn i b li. Lu rng, t l bit li xu nht khng phi l
1, m l 0,5. Trong trng hp p = 1, tc l bt c bit no truyn i cng b sai lch, ta
ch vic o li tt c cc bit khi phc li d liu. Khi p = 0,5 tc xc sut c hai bit
truyn i li c mt bit b li th ng truyn ny hon ton khng s dng c, bi
theo l thuyt thng tin th khng th c mt phng php bo ton d liu no c th
p dng tin cy, c hiu qu. Trong k thut, p = 10-4 l mt gi tr thng chp nhn
c. Mt ng truyn c t l bit li nh vy c th thc hin c tng i d
dng.
T l li cn li
T l li cn li R l thng s c trng cho tin cy d liu ca mt h thng
truyn thng, sau khi thc hin cc bin php bo ton (k c truyn li trong trng
hp pht hin ra li). T l li cn li c tnh bng t l gia s bc in cn b li
khng pht hin c trn tng s bc in c truyn. ng nhin, gi tr ny
khng nhng ph thuc vo t l bit li v phng php bo ton d liu m cn ph
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2.5 Bo ton d liu

32

thuc vo chiu di trung bnh ca cc bc in. Mt bc in cng di th xc sut li

cng ln.
Thi gian trung bnh gia hai ln li
T l li cn li l mt thng s tng i kh hnh dung, v vy trong thc t ngi
ta hay xt ti thi gian trung bnh gia hai ln li TMTBF (MTBF = Mean Time Between
Failures). Thng s ny c lin quan cht ch ti gi tr t l li cn li:
TMTBF = n/(v*R),
vi n l chiu di bc in tnh bng bit v v l tc truyn tnh bng bit/s. Gi s
mt bc in c chiu di n = 100 bit c truyn lin tc vi tc 1200 bit/s, quan h
gia t l bit li v thi gian trung bnh gia hai ln li s c th hin nh sau:
R

TMTBF

10-6

1 ngy

10-10

26 nm

10-14

260 000 nm

Khong cch Hamming (Hamming Distance, HD)

Khong cch Hamming (gi theo nh khoa hc M R.W. Hamming) l thng s c
trng cho bn vng ca mt m d liu, hay ni cch khc chnh l kh nng pht
hin li ca mt phng php bo ton d liu. HD c gi tr bng s lng bit li ti
thiu m khng m bo chc chn pht hin c trong mt bc in. Nu trong mt
bc in ch c th pht hin mt cch chc chn k bit b li, th HD = k+1. V d, nu
mt li duy nht c th pht hin c mt cch chc chn (nh trong phng php
dng parity bit 1 chiu), th khong cch Hamming l 2. y l gi tr ti thiu m mt
phng php truyn i hi. Cc h thng bus trng thng dng thng c khong
cch Hamming l 4, cc h thng t tin cy rt cao vi HD = 6.
Theo l thuyt thng tin th s lng bit li chc chn pht hin c khng bao gi
ln hn lng thng tin ph tr dng kim li. ng nhin, mun t c gi tr
HD ln th phi tng lng thng tin ph tr, nhng ta cng ch kha cnh phn tc
dng ca thng tin phc tr c nhc ti - khi m thng tin ph tr cng c th b
li.
Hiu sut truyn d liu
Hiu sut truyn d liu E l mt thng s c trng cho vic s dng hiu qu cc
bc in phc v chc nng bo ton d liu, c tnh bng t l s bit mang thng tin
ngun (bit d liu) khng b li trn ton b s bit c truyn. Ta c:
E = m (1-p)n/n
mn p -

S lng bit d liu trong mi bc in

Chiu di bc in
T l bit li

V d 1:
Bi ging: Mng truyn thng cng nghip 2008, Hong Minh Sn HBK H Ni

2.5 Bo ton d liu

33

m=
8 bit
n =
11 bit (1 bit u + 8 bit d liu + 1 bit chn l+ 1 bit cui)
p =
10-3
Hiu sut truyn d liu E = 0,72.
V d 2:
m=
8 bit
n =
24 bit (4 bit u + 8 bit d liu + 8 bit CRC + 4 bit cui)
p =
10-3
Hiu sut truyn d liu E = 0,325.
V d 3:
m=
8 bit
n =
19 bit (4 start bit + 8 bit d liu + 3 bit CRC + 4 stop bit)
p =
10-3
Hiu sut truyn d liu E = 0,413.
R rng, vic tng lng thng tin ph tr mt chng mc no c th tng
tin cy cho d liu, song hiu qu truyn d liu v th cng gim i. Nh bn, nu t
l bit li p = 0,5 th bc in nhn c hon ton khng c gi tr. iu c ngha l,
s lng bit kim li khng bao gi cn thit phi bng hoc ln hn mt na s bit d
liu. So snh v d 2 v v d 3, ta s thy s la chn 3 bit thng tin kim li v d 3
ng n hn trn c phng din hiu qu truyn d liu v tin cy d liu.

2.5.2 Bit chn l (Parity bit)

Bit chn l l mt phng php kim tra li n gin, c p dng rt rng ri.
Nguyn tc lm vic c m t nh sau. Tu theo tng s cc bit 1 trong thng tin
ngun l chn hay l m ta thm vo mt bit thng tin ph tr p = 0 hoc p = 1, gi l
parity bit, hay bit chn l. Trong trng hp ny, ta cng gi l parity bit mt chiu.
Phng php ny rt n gin v hiu qu. Gi tr ca bit chn l p ph thuc vo cch
chn:

Nu chn parity chn, th p bng 0 khi tng s bit 1 l chn.

Nu chn parity l, th p bng 0 khi tng s bit 1 l l.

Gi s ch mt hoc ba bit trong bc in gi i b o, bn nhn s so snh v pht

hin c. Nhng ch cn hai bit trong mt bc in b li, th bn nhn s khng pht
hin c nh bit chn l. Ni mt cch khc, s bit li chc chn pht hin c y
l ch 1. V vy, khong cch Hamming ca phng php bit chn l mt chiu lun l
2. iu ny ni ln kh nng pht hin li thp, v vy bit chn l t khi c dng c
lp m thng phi kt hp vi cc phng php khc.
Nh nu, t gia chiu di thng tin ngun v thng tin b tr nh hng mnh ti
hiu qu ca phng php. y, thng tin b tr ch l 1 bit. Trong thc t, chiu di
thng tin ngun thng c chn l 7 hoc 8 bit. Mt v d tiu biu s dng bit chn
l c nu trong giao thc UART (xem phn 2.4.2).
Bi ging: Mng truyn thng cng nghip 2008, Hong Minh Sn HBK H Ni

2.5 Bo ton d liu

34

2.5.3 Bit chn l 2 chiu

Phng php dng bit chn l hai chiu cn c gi l phng php bo ton khi.
Dy bit mang thng tin ngun c sp xp li thnh tng khi vung (trong tng
tng), coi nh c hai chiu. Trong thc t ngi ta hay chn 7 hng v 7 ct. Vic tnh
bit chn l c thc hin theo c hai chiu hng v ct.
Di y l v d mt bc in s dng bit chn l 2 chiu khng b li, vi cu trc
(7+1) x (7+1) v parity chn. Mt im ng ch l s bit 1 hoc 0 ct p (tnh parity
theo hng) cng ging nh hng p (tnh parity theo ct), nn bit cui cng giao nhau
gia hng p v ct p c th tnh parity theo hng hoc ct.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Trong trng hp ch mt bt b o, v d hng th 3 v ct th 4 trong bng sau

y, th li khng nhng pht hin c, m ta cn c th cho rng li nh v c
v v vy sa c.

Bi ging: Mng truyn thng cng nghip 2008, Hong Minh Sn HBK H Ni

2.5 Bo ton d liu

35

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Tng t nh vy, hai bit b li nm khc hng v khc ct s pht hin c v sa

c. Tuy nhin, nu hai bit b li li nm cng mt ct hay cng mt hng, th chng
ch c th pht hin nhng khng nh v c.
Trong trng hp 3 bit b o, bn nhn vn chc chn pht hin c c li. Tuy
nhin, mt iu rt th v l y bn nhn khng khng nh c s li l 1 hay l 3.
Xc nh nhm s li y l 1 s dn n nhm ln tai hi khi tm cch sa bit li. Lt
li vn v d mt li hoc hai li (khc hng v khc ct) xt trn, r rng bn
nhn khng c cch g xc nh c s li mt cch chnh xc m ch bit c s li
l chn hoc l. Ti t hn na l khi chnh cc parity bit c th b li. Nh vy c th
kt lun rng ngay c vi phng php parity hai chiu ny, bn nhn nu c pht hin
ra li cng khng c kh nng sa li mt cch tin cy.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Ta xt tip trng hp 4 bit b li cng nm 2 hng v 2 ct bt k. Cch tnh chn

l theo c hai chiu u khng pht hin c, tuy xc sut xy ra tnh hung ny rt
nh. Vy khong cch Hamming ca m d liu thc hin theo phng php ny l 4.

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2.5 Bo ton d liu

36

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

2.5.4 CRC
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) cn c gi l phng php m a thc hoc m
vng. Phng php ny c s dng trong hu ht cc h thng truyn thng. Tuy ci
tn ca n khng biu hin nhiu, nhng tng y l thng tin kim li ( y
c gi l checksum) phi c tnh bng mt thut ton thch hp, trong gi tr
mi bit ca thng tin ngun u c tham gia nhiu ln vo qu trnh tnh ton.
tnh ton thng tin kim li , ngi ta dng mt a thc pht G (generator
polynomial) c mt dng c bit. Chnh v th phng php ny cn c gi l
phng php dng a thc. G c qui c di dng nh phn, tc cc h s ca n
ch c gi tr 1 hoc 0 tng ng vi cc ch s trong mt dy bit. V d:
Dng a thc:

G = x7 + x6 + x5 + (0x4 + 0x3) + x2 + (0x1) + 1

Dng nh phn:

G = {11100101}

Dng octal:

G = {345}

Nguyn tc c bn ca phng php CRC

Gi s a thc G c bc n, v d x3+x+1 tng ng vi dy bit {1011}. Dy bit mang
thng tin ngun I c thm vo n bit 0 v coi nh mt a thc nh phn P. V d thng
tin ngun l {110101} th sau khi thm 3 bit 0, ta c dy bit {110101000} tng ng
vi a thc P = x8+x7+x5+x3.

a thc P c chia cho a thc G, da vo cc qui tc n gin ca php tr

khng c nh nh sau:
1-1=0
0-0=0
1-0=1
0-1=1
Khng cn quan tm ti kt qu ca php chia, phn d R (ly n ch s) ca
php chia c thay th vo ch ca n ch 0 b sung trong P, tc l ta c D = P +

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2.5 Bo ton d liu

37

R. Theo tnh cht ca php chia a thc nh phn, nu D-R chia ht cho G th D =
P+R cng vy. R c gi l checksum v D chnh l dy bit c gi i thay
cho I.

Gi s dy bit nhn c l D' khng chia ht cho G th tc l D khc D', ta c

th khng nh c rng bc in chc chn b li. Ngc li, nu D' chia ht
cho G, th xc sut rt cao l bc in nhn c khng c li. Ta ni xc sut
cao, bi mi bit trong thng tin ngun tham gia nhiu vng (cyclic) vo tnh
ton thng tin b tr nn kh nng d kin sai m kt qu ng l rt t.

V d minh ha
Thng tin cn truyn I = 110101

a thc qui c G = 1011 (tc x3 + x + 1)

Thm 3 bit 0 vo thng tin ngun I, ta c P = 110101000

Chia a thc P : G theo kiu nh phn

110101000
-1011
01100
-1011
01111
-1011
01000
-1011
001100
-1011
0111

1011
111101

Phn d R

Dy bit c chuyn i: D = P + R = 110101111

Gi s d liu nhn c l D' = 110101111

Chia a thc D' : G

110101111 : 1011 = 111101
Phn d 0000 -> Xc sut rt cao l khng c li

Mt iu ng ch l tuy phng php CRC c v nh phc tp, nhng thc s

vic thc hin n li rt n gin. Php chia a thc nh phn y c thc hin
thun ty bi cc php tr khng c nh - hay chnh l cc php logic XOR. Bn cnh
ch cn cc php sao chp v so snh bit thng thng.
Nh ta thy, kh nng pht hin li c c trng qua khong cch Hamming ph
thuc hon ton vo cch chn a thc qui c G. Tuy nhin, phng php ny t
c hiu qu ti u, cn cn nhc c ti quan h gia chiu di ca dy bit mang thng
tin ngun v bc ca a thc G. Mt cch k hiu thng c dng ch quan h ny
Bi ging: Mng truyn thng cng nghip 2008, Hong Minh Sn HBK H Ni

2.5 Bo ton d liu

38

c gi l m (m, n), trong m l tng s bit v n l s bit mang d liu. Mt cu

trc bc in theo tiu chun DIN 19 244:
Tn gi: M (8i+8, 8i), vi i = 1...15 l s byte (octet) ca d liu
Lp cu trc (format class): FT2
a thc pht: G = 11100101, tc x7 + x6 + x5 + x2 + 1
Khong cch Hamming: HD = 4
V d vi i = 7, ta s c m (64, 56), tc bc in di 8 byte cha 7 byte d liu.
Trong 8 bit kim li c 7 bit l phn d R c tnh theo phng php CRC, bit cn li
chnh l parity bit chn ca R, sau gi tr mi bit li c o li.

2.5.5 Nhi bit (Bit Stuffing)

Nhi bit (bit stuffing) thng khng c coi nh mt phng php bo ton d liu
c lp, m thng c s dng vi mc ch chnh l to mt dy bit thun li cho
vic ng gi d liu v m ha bit. Cc bc in thng dng mt dy bit c bit lm
c hiu khi u v kt thc, do vy i hi trong phn cn li khng c php xut
hin mu bit ny. Bn cnh , trong qu trnh m ha bit ngi ta cng c gng trit
tiu dng mt chiu bng cch loi b cc chui di bit 1 lin tc. V vy, ngi ta tm
cch nhi thm mt s bit vo dy bit nguyn bn trnh xut hin mt chui di bit 1
lin tc cng nh trnh trng lp vi mt s mu bit c bit. Hiu ng ph ca cch
lm ny chnh l to iu kin cho bn nhn d pht hin li hn, v d trong trng
hp mu bit c bit xut hin trong phn ni dung ca bc in nhn c.
Phng php nhi bit c thc hin theo nguyn tc sau:

Bn gi: Nu trong d liu c n bits 1 ng lin nhau th thm mt bit 0 vo

ngay sau . Nh vy trong dy bit c chuyn i khng th xut hin n+1 bits
1 i lin nhau.

Bn nhn: Nu pht hin thy n bits 1 lin nhau m bit tip theo l 0 th c
tch ra, cn nu l bit 1 th d liu chc chn b li.

V d vi n = 5 (nh CAN-Bus):

Thng tin ngun

0111111

Thng tin gi i

01111101

Nu thng tin nhn c D' = 01111101, bn nhn c th coi xc sut cao khng
c li, thng tin ngun I s c hi phc bng cch b i bit 0 ng sau nm bit
1 (gch chn).

Nu thng tin nhn c D' = 11111101, qua mu bit c bit bn nhn s pht
hin ra li.

Trong thc t, c ba phng php bit chn l, CRC v nhi bit u c th s dng
phi hp. V d mt thng tin ngun, sau khi p dng phng php CRC, c th tnh
bit chn l cho phn thng tin b sung (R). Ton b dy bit nhn c c th li a

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2.5 Bo ton d liu

39

qua khu nhi bit hoc bc in c th c truyn theo tng k t UART vi kim tra
chn l cho tng k t, trc khi thc hin m ha bit.

Bi ging: Mng truyn thng cng nghip 2008, Hong Minh Sn HBK H Ni

2.6 M ha bit

40

2.6 M ha bit
M ha bit l qu trnh chuyn i dy bit (1,0) sang mt tn hiu thch hp c th
truyn dn trong mi trng vt l1. Vic chuyn i ny chnh l s dng mt tham s
thng tin thch hp m ha dy bit cn truyn ti. Cc tham s thng tin c th c
cha ng trong bin , tn s, pha hoc sn xung, v.v... S thch hp y phi
c nh gi da theo cc yu cu k thut nh kh nng chng nhiu cng nh gy
nhiu, kh nng ng b ha v trit tiu dng mt chiu.

2.6.1 Cc tiu chun trong m ha bit

Tn s ca tn hiu
Cc tn hiu c s dng trong truyn d liu thng khng phi l cc dao ng
iu ha, tn s ca chng bin thin theo thi gian, ph thuc vo dy bit cn m ha
v ph thuc vo phng php m ha bit. Cn phn bit gia tn s tn hiu v tn s
nhp ca bus. i vi mt tc truyn c nh th tn s nhp l mt hng s, cn tn
s tn hiu c th thay i. Tuy nhin tn s tn hiu cng t l mt cch tng i vi
tn s nhp, n c th ln hoc nh hn tn s nhp, ty theo cch m ha bit.
Tn s ca tn hiu nh hng ti nhiu tnh nng ca h thng. Tn hiu c tn s
cng cao hoc di tn rng mt mt s gy ra suy gim tn hiu cng ln, mt khc s
gy nhiu in t ln hn ra mi trng xung quanh. Nhc im th nht dn n phi
hn ch chiu di dy dn hoc phi s dng cc b lp, trong khi nhc im th hai
nh hng ti hn ch phm vi s dng. iu ny cng nh hng trc tip tr li ti
kh nng nng cao tc truyn. Trong phng php truyn ti di c s th cch duy
nht nng cao tc truyn l tng tn s nhp ca bus, ng ngha vi vic gin tip
tng tn s tn hiu.
Tn s tn hiu cao cng i hi cc thit b c kh nng lm vic vi tn s cao.
ng nhin, gi thnh sn xut cc thit b ny s l mt yu t cn tr kh nng ng
dng.
Thng tin ng b ha c trong tn hiu
Trong trng hp ch truyn dn c chn l ng b, nu mt phng php m
ha bit to ra tn hiu c mang km theo thng tin ng b ha nhp s tit kim dy dn
tn hiu nhp. V d, nu tn hiu mang thng tin l mt dao ng iu ha c tn s
trng vi tn s nhp ca bus hoc l mt bi s ca tn s nhp, tc l mi nhp bus
u c t nht mt xung tn hiu th vic ng b ha gia bn gi v bn nhn thng tin
s c d dng hn. Tuy nhin, cc h thng thng khng yu cu tn hiu ng b
c mi nhp, m c th cch qung u n vi nhp.

M ha bit (bit coding, signal encoding) l mt khi nim hp hn iu ch (modulation).

Bi ging: Mng truyn thng cng nghip 2008, Hong Minh Sn HBK H Ni

2.6 M ha bit

41

Trit tiu dng mt chiu

Hin tng dng mt chiu sinh ra do mt lot cc bit ging nhau (0 hoc 1) ng vi
mt mc tn hiu cao c pht lin tc. iu ny khng nhng gy kh khn cho vic
ng b ha gia cc i tc truyn thng, m cn nh hng ti nhiu yu t k thut
khc.
Cng tit kim dy dn v n gin ha cng vic lp t, c bit trong mi
trng d chy n, kh nng ng ti ngun nui cho cc thit b tham gia mng vi
cng mt dy dn l rt thit thc. Dng nui c th xp chng ln tn hiu mang thng
tin, nu nh tn hiu ny khng mang sn dng mt chiu. Mun vy, phng php m
ha bit cn to ra s trung ha mc tn hiu ng vi cc bit 0 v 1 trit tiu dng mt
chiu.
S tn ti dng mt chiu cn gy rt nhiu kh khn trong k thut truyn dn tn
hiu. C th, mc tri tn hiu rt kh xc nh mt cch ng mc, dn n vic
nhn bit tham s thng tin v d qua gi tr bin gp tr ngi. Ch lm vic ca
cc thit b thu pht cng s b nh hng bi s tn ti ca dng mt chiu. Nu vt
qu mt gii hn nht nh, dng mt chiu d gy pht xung nguy him trong cc mi
trng d chy n.
Tnh bn vng vi nhiu v kh nng phi hp nhn bit li
Kh nng khng nhiu ca mt tn hiu s cng ph thuc nhiu vo phng php
m ha bit. V d, di tn cng hp th tn hiu cng bn vng hn i vi nhiu. Hoc,
cc phng php m ha chnh lch bn vng vi nhiu hn cc phng php m ha
gi tr tuyt i, cc phng php m ha iu tn bn vng hn m ha iu bin,...
Nu mt phng php m ha bit to ra mt tn hiu c nhng c th ring, theo
mt mu bit lp th bn nhn c thm kh nng nhn bit li nu tn hiu b sai lch
m khng cn b sung thng tin kim li.

2.6.2 NRZ, RZ
NRZ (Non-Return To Zero) l mt trong nhng phng php c s dng ph bin
nht trong cc h thng bus trng. Thc cht, c NRZ v RZ u l cc phng php
iu ch bin xung. Nh trn Hnh 2.21 m t, bit 0 v 1 c m ha vi hai mc
bin tn hiu khc nhau, mc tn hiu ny khng thay i trong sut chu k bit T
(mt nhp bus). Ci tn NRZ c s dng, bi mc tn hiu khng quay tr v khng
sau mi nhp. Cc kh nng th hin hai mc c th l:

t v in p dng

in p m v t

in p m v in p dng cng gi tr (tn hiu lng cc)

Mt trong nhng u im ca phng php NRZ l tn hiu c tn s thng thp

hn nhiu so vi tn s nhp bus. Phng php ny khng thch hp cho vic ng b
ha, bi mt dy bit 0 hoc 1 lin tc khng lm thay i mc tn hiu. Tn hiu khng
c trit tiu dng mt chiu, ngay c khi s dng tn hiu lng cc, nn khng c
kh nng ng ti ngun.
Bi ging: Mng truyn thng cng nghip 2008, Hong Minh Sn HBK H Ni

2.6 M ha bit
0

42
1

RZ: 1 ng vi mc tn hiu cao trong na chu

k bit T, 0 vi mc thp trong sut chu k bit

NRZ: 1 ng vi mc tn hiu cao, 0 vi

mc thp trong sut chu k bit

Hnh 2.21:

M ha bit NRZ v RZ

Phng php RZ (Return to Zero) cng m ha bt 0 v 1 vi hai mc tn hiu khc

nhau ging nh NRZ. Tuy nhin, nh ci tn ca n hm , mc tn hiu cao ch tn
ti trong na u ca chu k bit T, sau quay tr li 0. Tn s cao nht ca tn hiu
chnh bng tn s nhp bus. Ging nh NRZ, tn hiu m RZ khng mang thng tin
ng b ha, khng c kh nng ng ti ngun.

2.6.3 M Manchester
M Manchester v cc dng dn xut ca n khng nhng c s dng rt rng ri
trong truyn thng cng nghip, m cn ph bin trong cc h thng truyn d liu
khc. Thc cht, y l mt trong cc phng php iu ch pha xung, tham s thng
tin c th hin qua cc sn xung. Bit 1 c m ha bng sn ln, bit 0 bng sn
xung ca xung gia chu k bit T, hoc ngc li (Manchester-II).
Nh thy r trn Hnh 2.22, c im ca tn hiu l c tn s tng ng vi tn
s nhp bus, cc xung ca n c th s dng trong vic ng b ha gia bn gi v bn
nhn. S dng tn hiu lng cc, dng mt chiu s b trit tiu. Do phng php
ny thch hp vi cc ng dng i hi kh nng ng ti ngun. Mt im ng ch
na l do s dng sn xung, m Manchester rt bn vng i vi nhiu bn ngoi.
Nhng ngc li, nhiu x ca tn hiu cng tng i ln bi tn s cao.
0

Manchester-II: 1 ng vi sn xung, 0 ng
vi
i sn ln ca xung gia chu k bit

AFP: Thay i gia 0 v 1 c nh du

bng mt xung xoay chiu

Hnh 2.22: M ha bit Manchester-II v AFP

2.6.4 AFP
Vi phng php xung sn xoay chiu AFP (Alternate Flanked Pulse, xung sn
xoay chiu), mi s thay i trng thi logic c nh du bng mt xung c cc thay
i lun phin (xung xoay chiu). C th sp xp AFP thuc nhm cc phng php
iu ch v tr xung. V d, thay i t bit 0 sang 1 c m ha bng mt xung sn
ln, t 1 sang 0 bng mt xung sn xung (hoc c th ngc li). c im tn hiu l
tn s thp, khng mang thng tin ng b ha v khng tn ti dng mt chiu. S
dng cc xung c hnh sin y s gim nhiu x mt cch ng k. Hn th na, cng
nh m Manchester, m AFP rt bn vng i vi tc ng ca nhiu t bn ngoi.
Bi ging: Mng truyn thng cng nghip 2008, Hong Minh Sn HBK H Ni

2.6 M ha bit

43

2.6.5 FSK
Trong phng php iu ch dch tn s FSK (Frequency Shift Keying), hai tn s
khc nhau c dng m ha cc trng thi logic 0 v 1, nh c m t trn Hnh
2.23. y chnh l phng php iu ch tn s tn hiu mang, hay truyn ti di mang.
0

FSK: 0 v 1 ng vi cc tn s khc nhau

Hnh 2.23: M ha dch tn s FSK

Tn hiu c dng hnh sin, cc tn s c th bng hoc l bi s tn s nhp bus nn

c th dng ng b nhp. Mt u im tip theo ca phng php ny l bn
vng i vi tc ng ca nhiu. Nh tnh cht iu ha ca tn hiu m dng mt chiu
c trit tiu, nn c th s dng chnh ng truyn ng ti ngun nui cc thit
b kt ni mng.
Mt nhc im ca FSK l tn s tn hiu tng i cao. iu ny mt mt dn n
kh nng gy nhiu mnh i vi bn ngoi v mt khc hn ch vic tng tc
truyn. Thc t, phng php ny ch c s dng cho cc h thng c tc truyn
tng i thp.

Bi ging: Mng truyn thng cng nghip 2008, Hong Minh Sn HBK H Ni