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Festivals and fun. Grand historic

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Williams. Run or bike along the
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Shop, dine, and savor in the
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he city that has it all...

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of events and attractions.
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You get a better perspective

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WorldMags.net
MAY 2016

22

Stones River Debacle

The very earth trembled as with an
exploding mine when Confederates
FKDUJHGD[HG8QLRQOLQH
By Peter Cozzens

32
2

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

Crack Shots
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By Brian King

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WorldMags.net

Departments
6
8
12
14
18
21
58
64

Letters Curing slavery?

Field Notes Texas locomotive on a new track
NEW! war on the water Cottonclads!
from the crossroads The Army of Northern Virginia
5 questions Mercy Streets unsung heroes
EDITORIAL
Reviews North Carolina at War
second acts William Wing Loring

38
Rising Star
Grants glancing blow at Belmont,
Mo., brought him into the limelight.
By Eric Ethier

44
48

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On the Cover:
Orphan Brigade members
from the 2nd and 6th
Kentucky, splashing across
the Stones River early in
Breckinridges Charge,
are brought to a quick
halt on the other side by
Captain John Mendenhalls
massed Union artillery.

Now Boys, We Will

Have Some Fun
Terrys Texas Rangers were well
equipped for life in the saddle.
By Donald L. Barnhart Jr.

Blood for Salt

Union raids starved the
Southland of a crucial
preservative.
By Steven Bernstein

WorldMags.net

AMERICAS
CIVIL WAR
ONLINE

Michael A. Reinstein
Dionisio Lucchesi
William Koneval
David Steinhafel

HISTORYNET.com/
AMERICAS-CIVIL-WAR

Roger L. Vance

Chairman & Publisher

President
Associate Publisher
Associate Publisher
Editor in Chief

TENNESSEE
TENSION
At Stones River, permanent
damage was done to the high
command of the Army of
Tennesseeas well as Confederate
fortunes in the West.

Vol. 29, No. 2 May 2016

Chris K. Howland
Stephen Kamifuji
Jennifer Vann
Nan Siegel
Sarah R. Cokeley
Jerry Morelock
Sarah Richardson
Sarah J. Mock
Dana B. Shoaf

AMERICAN INDIAN
SHARPSHOOTERS
AT THE BATTLE OF
THE CRATER
A determined stand by Chippewas
and Otawas of the 1st Michigans
Company K convinced many in
the Union Army that they were
worthy comrades.

BATTLE OF BELMONT:
ULYSSES S. GRANT
TAKES COMMAND
Though Grants reconnaissance
and raid down the Mississippi
actually accomplished litle in
November 1861, it was exactly
the kind of decisive action that
President Lincoln hoped for.

LETS
CONNECT
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LETTERS

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curing slavery?

Regarding the John Browns Backer leter in Januarys issue: The

Founding Fathers did not include slavery in the U.S. Constitution, perhaps believing that
it would die out or be eliminated by law, which of course did not happen easily. John
Browns Harpers Ferry raid was signicant, but not the single most pivotal act that led to the
Civil War. As your magazine and books such as Doris Kearns Goodwins Team of Rivals show, war
was already very much on the horizon even while Lincoln was debating Douglas in 1858.
Slavery was a problem before the Constitution. One way or another, [it] would have passed away in
time, your leter-writer states. The PBS documentary Slavery by Another Name shows that even ater it
ended, no Constitutional amendment could prevent slavery of a diferent type to be imposed by those
intent on bending the law to their own needs and pocketbooks. The abolishment of slavery, the leter
implies, created the need for welfare in the United States. But in the nations early days, social-service
networks/benevolent societies already existed to help the poor, orphans and widows, and the hungry.
Nancy Livesay Wayne
Danbury, N.C.

Superb Photo

Welcome Changes

Misidentied

The photo of the 1890 Lee Monument

dedication in Januarys issue (The
Missing Pistol, P. 36) is superb. It is
interesting to see the decorated hiwheel bicycle on the let, and what
appears to be a uniformed Confederate
veteran on horseback in the let
foreground. He looks to be wearing a
reunion ribbon on his chest. It is also
interesting to see quite a number of
male and female children in the crowd.
Dennis D. Urban
Knoxville, Tenn.

I noticed a slight change in the

November 2015 issue. When I received
Januarys issue, I really saw the change.
I like it! Most of us reject change (myself
included sometimes), and it takes time
to adjust. But not for me this time. Im
on board. Thanks and keep it up. As
they say in the Navy for a job well done:
Bravo Zulu.
Henry Hank Hedden
Waynesboro, Pa.

In reading the article Down Time:

Union Soldiers Mug for the Camera
Behind the Lines in Novembers issue,
showing photographs of Federal camp
life from the collection of museum
curator Michael J. McAfee, I noticed
an error in the caption on P. 44. Under
Down and Dirty, the photo describes
both Major William Drew and Captain
Jeremiah Washburn as second from
right. Other than that, the photos are
great. Im particularly fond of the one
of Lt. Col. Edgar Kimball and his dog,
which I had not seen before.
David Lavin
by e-mail

Geography Lesson
When Colonel Clement Evans and the
31st Georgia entered York, Pa., on July 1,
1863 (A Rebel to His Dying Days,
January 2016), it was not, as writen,
the northernmost point reached by
any Rebel unit during the Getysburg
Campaign. The pockmarks of General
J.E.B. Stuarts cannonade on July 1, 1863,
still scar the columns outside the Old
Courthouse in Carlisle, Pa., which is a
good bit north of York. Unfortunately
for Stuart (and for General Lee), it is also
a good bit north of Getysburg.
Jack Richards
Washington, D.C.

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

Before and Ater

I started studying the two photos taken
of the soldier statue removed from
atop the Rock Island (Ill.) monument
(November 2015). It is almost a perfect
before-the-war and ater-the-war image
of a Civil War soldier. Before the war
he stands straight, his uniform is crisp,
and he is in perfect physical condition.
He looks condent and ready to ght.
Ater the war his uniform is worn, his
shoulders droop, and he has a massive
facial injury. He looks tatered and
ready for some therapy.
Thank you for your wonderful
magazine.
Michael Straw
Clearwater, Fla.

Editors note: Major Drew actually

is fourth from let in the photo and
Captain Washburn is at far right. Both
were killed at Second Bull Run.

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WRITE TO US
Send leters to Americas Civil War,
Leters Editor, HistoryNet,
1600 Tysons Blvd., Suite 1140,
Tysons, VA 22102-4883, or
email to acwleters@historynet.com.
Include your name, address and
daytime telephone number.
Leters may be edited.

My friends all hate their

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By Tim and Beth Rowland

FIELD NOTES

WorldMags.net

Steam engine
to Buckhead
ever would a witness of the Great Locomotive Chase have anticipated that the steam
engine Texas could someday be involved
in an even more bizarre excursion. But this
past winter the famed locomotive began an unprecedented journey that will eventually end in Atlantas exclusive Buckhead suburb.
The 51-foot-long Texas gained renown ater Union
raiders lched the steam engine General in April 1862
in northern Georgia, intending to head north and destroy bridges along a vital supply line. The Federals

N
8

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

didnt manage to do any serious damage, and eventually ran out of fuelwhile Texas, running backward with
a hastily assembled crew, was in hot pursuit.
The 25-ton Texas was recently dragged from its home
in the Atlanta Cyclorama building through a hole in the
basement wall, hauled up a tunnel, then hoisted onto
a atbed truck. Next it was of to North Carolina for a
half-million-dollar restoration. Later this year the engine will go on display at the Atlanta History Center in
Buckhead, where it will be encased in glass and lit up at
night, to celebrate the citys railroading history.

WorldMags.net

FIELD NOTES

WorldMags.net
artists-inresidence
program
expands
THE NATIONAL PARKS ARTS
FOUNDATION, the National Park
Service at Getysburg National
Military Park and the Getysburg
Foundation are joining to expand the
Artists-in-Residence program begun
last year. This year eight-month-long
residencies are available to individuals working in any media or performance approach, with no application
fee. Applications are open to artists of
all types and media. Apply at national
parksartsfoundation.submitable.
com/submit/51158.

Artist-in-Residence Mark Mahosky

at work in the Peach Orchard.

ARTIFACTS DONATED: The Manassas Museum received a substantial collection of Civil War artifacts this
past summer from retired professor Charles Poland Jr.
and Northern Virginia Community College. Poland had
collected relics over the past 58 years using funds provided
by NVCC. When the college ran out of space, it was decided
the artifacts should go to the museum. Curator Mary Helen
Dellinger told the Washington Post that the collection encompasses a broad spectrum of artifacts, including cannonballs, a rie, a surgeons medical kit, saddlebags, currency,
photographs, butons, buckles and other personal items.
The items will be incorporated into programming instead
of being incorporated into a permanent exhibit, Dellinger
said, owing to limited exhibition space. To learn more, visit
manassascity.org/museum.
VIRGINIA BOUND: Two cannons formerly displayed at
the site of Robert E. Lees Getysburg headquarters are
now being moved to the Cedar Mountain Batleeld, in
Culpeper County. The replica weapons, which were a git
from the Civil War Trust, will be restored before becoming part of Cedar Mountains guided tours.
LINCOLN LOSSES: Two regretable losses involve the
16th presidentthough in one case theres been a happy ending. A bust of Lincoln displayed outside Getysburgs Hall of Presidents and First Ladies Museum was stolen around
November 22, 2015. Fortunately, it turned up again the following week near a cemetery.
Yet another thet has yet to be rectied as we go to press. A plaster sculpture of Lincolns
hand, created by George Grey Barnard, went missing from Illinois Kankakee County Museum around December 11. This is a relatively small piece, but museum officials describe
it as invaluable and hope it can be recovered. Meanwhile, the Kankakee curators have
opted to store some other portable Barnard pieces, just in case the thief decides to come
back for more.
CUT UP: Comedian Stephen Colbert speculated that the same thief took both the head and
the hand of Honest Abe to create a Franken-Lincoln.

Relics on
the Move

WorldMags.net

Vermont Captain
E.A. Todds
homemade
haversack is part
of a collection
donated to the
the Manassas
Museum.

NOVEMBER 2015

FIELD NOTES

WorldMags.net
veterans graves EVENTS
down under

No one knows for sure how many Civil War veterans

went to Australia ater the war, but American-Australian
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9HWHUDQVZHEVLWHDFZYLQIR

I exchange,
with proud
satisfaction,
a term of six
years in the
United States
Senate for the
musket of a
soldier.
Confederate Maj. Gen.
John C. Breckinridge

CALENDAR
GEORGIA
Hidden Gem: The Arrest of Alexander
Hamilton Stephens, a reenactment of
the arrest and his homecoming that took
place on October 27, 1865.
When: May 14
Where: Crawfordville
Visit: gacivilwar.org/event/12313hidden-gem-the-arrest-of-alexanderhamilton-stephens

PENNSYLVANIA
Batle of Getysburg Anniversary
Programs include Special National Park
Rangerguided walks, programs and
family activities.
When: July 1-4
Where: Getysburg National Military Park
Visit: nps.gov/get
Sacred Trust talks and book signings.
Historians, authors and National Park
Service Rangers talk about the war.
When: July 1-3, 9:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.
Where: Getysburg National Military
Park Museum and Visitor Center.
Co-sponsored by the Getysburg
Foundation. For additional information,
call 717-334-1124, ext. 2105 or 2109, or see
getysburgfoundation.org

VIRGINIA
Stonewall Jackson Symposium.
When: May 27-28
Where: Lexington. Visit: stonewalljackson.
org/events.html

N.C. Civil War History Center Coming Soon

Fundraising eforts for the North Carolina Civil War History Center are reportedly on track, with $6 million raised in donations and
pledges, Mac Healy, president of the projects board of directors, told
the Fayetteville Observer in December. Expected to cost $65 million,
it will be built in Fayeteville and replace the Museum of Cape Fear.
The goal is to break ground in 2019, for a scheduled opening in 2020.
The centers mission is to take a
fresh and data-based approach
toward creating a new, relevant,
and viable public understanding of
the Civil War era, targeting next
generation audiences, according to
its website. To nd out more, visit
nccivilwarcenter.org
10

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

WorldMags.net

Stonewall Jacksons
gravesite in
Lexington, Va.

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WAR ON THE WATER

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Confederate Cottonclads tear

LQWRD8QLRQJXQERDWRWLOODDW
Galveston, Texas, on January 1,
1863. In the foreground, Union
sailors blow up the grounded USS
:HVWHOG to prevent its capture.

cottonclads!
A RAGTAG FLOTILLA RECLAIMS GALVESTON
By Ron Soodalter
In the predawn hours of January 1, 1863, a tiny ConIHGHUDWHRWLOODVWHDPHGLQWR*DOYHVWRQ%D\LQWKH*XOI
of Mexico. The larger of the two vessels, Bayou City,
ZDV D IRRWORQJ VLGHZKHHO FRPPHUFLDO VWHDPHU
WKDWZLWK WKH DGGLWLRQ RI D VLQJOH SRXQGHU ULHG
cannon on the foredeck and a 1-inch strip of iron along
LWVERZKDGEHHQKDVWLO\FRQYHUWHGWRDUDPDQGJXQERDW,WVFRPSDQLRQDIRUPHUPDLOSDFNHWFKULVWHQHG
Neptune No. 2 KDG EHHQ WWHG ZLWK WZR SRXQGHU
KRZLW]HUV7KHGHFNVRIERWKVWHDPHUVKDGEHHQOLQHG
or clad, with 500-pound cotton bales stacked two and
WKUHHGHHSWRJLYHWKHDSSHDUDQFHRISURWHFWLRQ%RWK
vessels had been chartered to the Texas Marine DepartPHQW E\ WKHLU RZQHUV ZKR ZHUH IUXVWUDWHG WKDW WKH\
could no longer haul Texas cotton because of the Union
EORFNDGH 1RZ WKHVH WZR RGGORRNLQJ FRQJORPHUDWHV
had been sent to Galveston to engage six Federal ships
that were guarding the harbor.

12

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

Although the islandFLW\RI*DOYHVWRQZDVFRQVLGHUHGSUREDEO\WKHEHVWKDUERULQWKH&RQIHGHUDF\ZHVW

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WAR ON THE WATER

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without being detected, and they were not to engage

WKHHQHP\XQWLOWKH\KHDUGFDQQRQVLJQDOUHDERXW
a.m. But two miles from the harbor, Major Leon Smith,
on Bayou City, realized hed been spotted after seeing
DQH[FKDQJHRI8QLRQVLJQDODUHV7RDYRLGDFODVKKH
backed his vessels out of the harbor and waited for
Magruders signal. That didnt come until 4 a.m., as
Magruder was delayed getting his men and cannons
across the bridge because his mules refused to step
onto the trestle, forcing frustrated crews to grab the
harnesses and haul the massive guns forward themselves. The Federal defenders quickly blunted the adYDQFHZLWKDLGIURPWKHJXQVRIWKH8QLRQHHW
By the time the Confederate ships reached the bay,
it was nearly daylight. USS Harriet Lane WKH UVW
8QLRQ VKLS HQJDJHG ZDV QDOO\ ERDUGHG DIWHU FRQfrontations with Bayou City and Neptune No. 2, but
QRW EHIRUH ERWK RI WKHP ZHUH VLJQLFDQWO\ GDPDJHG
Meanwhile, USS :HVWHOGWKH)HGHUDODJVKLSKDG
UXQ DJURXQG VWUDQGLQJ HHW FRPPDQGHU :LOOLDP %
Renshaw, who soon enough received a demand to surrender all of his ships in the harbor; Renshaw angrily
UHIXVHG DQG EHJDQ WR RIRDG KLV VKLS 7R SUHYHQW LW
from falling into Rebel hands,
he rigged an explosive charge
that was mistakenly detonated
prematurely, killing him and 12
members of his crew.
At that point, the rest of the
HHW VWHDPHG DZD\ KHDGHG IRU
New Orleans and abandoning
the Federal troops on shore. Magruder was suddenly in control
of Galveston and the bay, the
benefactor of a rout of unprecedented proportions. The island
city would remain in Rebel hands
for the remainder of the war.
The Galveston disaster is the
most melancholy affair ever recorded in the history of our gallant
navy, Assistant Secretary of the
Navy Gustavus Fox wrote to Union
Rear Adm. David Farragut. Five
naval vessels driven off by a couple
of steam scows with one gun....
[O]ur prestige is shaken.
Though the damaged Neptune
&RQIHGHUDWH*HQHUDO
-RKQ%0DJUXGHU
No. 2 eventually sank, Bayou City
DERYHGHYLVHGWKHLGHD
ZDV UHSDLUHG DQG RXWWWHG DV D
RIFODGGLQJKLVJXQERDWV
gunship. The cottonclad that had
ZLWKURZVRISRXQG
helped recapture Galveston would
FRWWRQEDOHVWRJLYHWKH
serve
the Confederacy until the end
DSSHDUDQFHRISURWHFWLRQ
of the war.

and courage in battle, was being asked to make order

out of chaos. It would prove to be the most fortuitous
posting of his career.
Unlike the hapless Hbert, Magruder recognized
Galvestons importance and began working to reclaim
it. At the advice of engineer Caleb Forshey, who had
once taught at a military school on the island, Magruder settled on a joint land-sea approach. He cobbled together a mostly inexperienced invasion force, as well as
20 light and heavy artillery pieces, and placed it under
the command of Brig. Gen. William R. Scurry. Magruder drew up a simple attack plan: While his ships distracted the Union squadron in the bay, his infantry
would storm across the railroad bridge connecting Virginia Point to Galveston Island and surprise and capture the Federal garrison.
The naval part of the plan, however, proved to be a
challenge. Given only a handful of civilian vessels to
work with, Magruder resorted to converting the steamers Bayou City and Neptune No. 2 into cottonclad gunboats that were, needless to say, unattractivea
joke, as one private put it. Nor were they truly
bulletproof. The bales provided a buffer against smallDUPVUHEXWQRWDUWLOOHU\
On the afternoon of December
31, Neptune No. 2 steamed toward
Galveston from Harrisburg, Texas, followed by Bayou City and
two unarmed tenders. Magruder
ordered the vessels to get as close
DV SRVVLEOH WR WKH 8QLRQ HHW

WorldMags.net

MAY 2016

13

FROM THE CROSSROADS

WorldMags.net
Union pickets confront
Rebel stragglers. General
Robert E. Lee (below) had
thousands of troops desert
before Antietam.

lees shrinking army

By D. Scott Hartwig
In his after-action report on the Antietam Campaign, General Robert E. Lee wrote that the arduous
service to which his army had been exposed had dramatically reduced its ranks before the Battle of Sharpsburg. These causes had compelled thousands of brave
men to absent themselves, and many more had done so
from unworthy motives, he wrote. This great battle
was fought by less than 40,000 men on our side, all of
whom had undergone the greatest labors and hardships
LQWKHHOGDQGRQWKHPDUFK7KHDUP\KDGHQGXUHG
extremely hard service while poorly supplied by the
rickety Confederate logistical system, resulting in thousands leaving the ranks before the September 17 battle.
But it was the number of men in the ranks at Sharpsburg, not those who were absent, that Confederate writers focused on in postwar years. And as time passed the
QXPEHUSUHVHQWRQWKHHOGJUHZVPDOOHU&RORQHO:DOter H. Taylor gave the armys effective strength as
35,255 in his 1877 book Four Years With General Lee
DQGGHVFULEHGWKHPDVWKHYHU\RZHURIWKH&RQIHGHUate army. In a footnote, Taylor added that Lee himself
told Taylor that he fought the battle with 35,000 troops.

14

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

Robert L. Dabney, in his 1866 Life and Campaigns of

Lieut. General Thomas J. Jackson, claimed that Confederate numbers did not exceed 33,000. In his after-action
report, division commander Maj. Gen. Daniel H. Hill
claimed they had fought the battle with less than
6WLOO\HDUVODWHU+LOOORZHUHGWKDWJXUHWR
27,000. A New Englander who served in the Army of the
3RWRPDFUHVSRQGHGWRWKHVHHYHUGHFUHDVLQJJXUHVIRU
Confederate strength by quipping, A few more years, a
few more books, and it will appear that Lee and Longstreet, and a one-armed orderly, and a casual with a
shot-gun, fought all the battles of the rebellion, and
killed all the Union soldiers except those who ran away.
Although many Confederate writers conceded that
there had been considerable straggling before the battle, they chose to dwell on the Army of Northern Virginias small size and how this comparatively tiny force
fought the larger Army of the Potomac to a standstill.
No one can deny how well Lees soldiers fought on September 17, but it is worthwhile to consider why they
went into the battle with such a small army.
The Army of Northern Virginia arrived in Leesburg,

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FROM THE CROSSROADS

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Mountain and the effort to concentrate the army at
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a forced march from Hagerstown to South Mountain to
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great dereliction of duty among the regimental
dations in Maryland, Lee formed
Confederate troops march
through Frederick, Md.,
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a special provost guard under
before the September 1862
and unless something is done the army will
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Battle of South Mountain.
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depredators, and keep the men with their commands.
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Va., on the eve of moving across the Potomac River into
Maryland with an army of approximately 74,000. But
its numerical strength is deceptive, since many of those
men were at the end of their tether. Diarrhea, dysentery
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and the whole route was marked with a sick, lame,
limping lot, that straggled to the farm-houses that lined
the way. With every movement Lees army made, it
leaked stragglers.
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16

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

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Interview by Allen Barra

5 QUESTIONS

WorldMags.net

Mercy Street
Masterminds

Mercy Street
co-creators and
executive producers
David Zabel and
/LVD:ROQJHU

CO-CREATORS LISA WOLFINGER AND DAVID ZABEL REVEAL

HOW THEY BROUGHT THE NEW PBS SERIES TO LIFE
Mercy Street plunges viewers into the
heart of the war through the eyes of a New
England abolitionist and volunteer nurse
who comes to Alexandria, Va., to work in
a Union hospital housed in a former
hotel owned by wealthy Confederates.
Originally intended as a docudrama, it was
expanded into a miniseries when the
material was so rich that, according to PBS
executive programmer Beth Hoppe, they
realized it had the potential to be a
full-on drama and engage our audience
in ways that a documentary just doesnt
engage them. We talked to co-creators
and executive producers Lisa Wolnger
and David Zabel about this unique
perspective on Americas seminal conict.
18

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

What motivated you

to create Mercy Street?

LW: Mercy Street was inspired by the

Sesquicentennial and an ambition to reframe
an iconic story for a modern audience. No one
had focused on medicine before; it ofered
a fascinating window into the period. The
doctors and volunteer nurses were in many
ways the unsung heroes of the war. The rst
iteration of this was a documentary about the
visionaries who reformed batleeld medicine
during the war. When I realized Beth Hoppe
had similar ambitions to produce original
drama, I knew we had an opportunity to do
something groundbreaking. Ater discussions
with my creative partner, David Zabel, we
quickly refocused the idea to a general hospital
behind the front lines as a way to conne the
drama. Ater doing some digging and research,
I found the story of Mansion House Hospital
in Alexandria, a Southern town occupied by
the Union all four years of the war. The seting,
the [Emma] Green story and Nurse Mary
Phinneys memoirs clinched it for us. We knew
wed tapped into a very rich world.

WorldMags.net

5 QUESTIONS

WorldMags.net

How did you research the project?

Did any historians ofer special insight?

LW: I pulled together a diverse team of academic advisers

whose disciplines ran the gamut from Civil War medicine to
Victorian etiquete. Our go-to advisers through the script-writing process
and production were Shauna Devine (medicine), Anya Jabour (Southern
women), Audrey Davis (African-American history), James McPherson
(military) and Jane Schultz (Northern female volunteers). It was the only
way to cover all the diferent facets of our story. No one adviser could
do it all.

The period detail is impressive, not just the sets

but also the dialogue and the tone of desperation
that it captures. How did you make that happen?

DZ: We consulted mainly primary sources like Mary Phinneys

own memoir, Louisa May Alcots Hospital Sketches and various books
of the era writen by doctors and nurses. We also read leters as well
as ction of and about the era, all in an efort to nd the voices of our
characterstheir references, their idiomatic paterns, their vocabularies.
We spent a lot of time researching vernacular language of the period,
from which I can remember a few specic examples that found their way
into the dialogue: Summers absquatulate [i.e., ran away/escaped], Silas
extirpate [kill], Annes bluenose [haughty Northern lady] and Hales
phrase A true muggins will never acknowledge the corn [meaning a
scoundrel will never admit to the truth].

Everyone in the series seems to be conicted in one

way or another, perhaps Dr. Jedediah Foster more than
anyone. Fosters roots are in the Plantation South, but
hes working in a Union hospital and must stay true to
his Hippocratic oath. How does a man balance these
various loyalties?

his struggles, especially his conict with his

family and his addiction. He is a man who over
the course of the episodes crashes and burns as
a result of all his turmoilonly to rise again.

We see the horrors of the war

through the eyes of the idealistic
Nurse Mary, an abolitionist. Can
you explain what is it like for
her to suddenly be plunged into
the work that must be done to achieve
slaverys end?
DZ: She arrives with great commitment and
optimism, but the real work of what she has
volunteered for is much messier and harder
than she imagined. Instead of working in
a place of unied support for the Northern
cause and emancipation, she nds herself in a
cauldron of diferent perspectives expressed by
a motley group of oten disagreeable, hostile and
sometimes venal characters. The work itself is
more brutal and dispiriting than she anticipates.
So the early episodes are certainly a challenging
process for her, as she realizes what she has in
fact signed up for, and how much it will require
of her to get through it to help achieve the end
she so passionately hopes for.

Left: Emma Green (Hannah James)

and Dr. Jedediah Foster (Josh
Radnor); Below: Aurelia Johnson
(Shalita Grant) and Samuel Diggs
(McKinley Belcher III).

DZ: Almost all our characters contain contradictions, which

makes them feel real. Foster is certainly at the lead in terms
of balancing inner turmoil. The answer to the question is
simple in a way: with great difficulty. This is manifested in

Mercy Street
PBS
Sunday Nights
10 p.m.

WorldMags.net

MAY 2016

19

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EDITORIAL

WorldMags.net

NOT IN
VAIN

I am always intrigued by stories of

underdogs in combat, of warriors who
have fought heroically not because they
were eager for personal glory but out of
sacrifice for the greater good. Brian Kings
story of the Native Americans of Company
K, 1st Michigan Sharpshooters, is one such
account (P. 32). If the men who volunteered
to serve in Company K in the spring of 1864
had chosen to sit out the war, it would be
hard to blame them. After all, these young
warriors had not been allowed to fight for
the Union at the wars outset because they
werent considered American citizens. But
by the conflicts third year, with body counts
escalating, that had changed.
Though acceptance by their white
comrades was slow and grudging, Company
Ks warriors increasingly exercised a
positive influence in the Army of the
Potomac, fighting admirably throughout
Ulysses Grants Overland and Petersburg
campaigns. Their performance at the Battle
of the Crater was especially inspiring,
particularly the actions of Pentwater
Chippewa Antoine Scott, who repeatedly
risked his life by climbing the 30-foot walls
of the Crater to take out Rebel soldiers

firing on his comrades at the bottom of the

pit. At the wars end, the 1st Michigan
Sharpshooters were the first unit to raise a
U.S. flag over Petersburg, on April 3, 1865.
But when the roughly 75 Company K
soldiers who survived finally returned
home, they were disappointed to find out
how little had changednot only for them
but for American Indians across the nation.
Prewar prejudices persisted, and their
contributions toward defeating the
Confederacy were soon pushed to historys
back burner. Fortunately that has begun to
change in recent years. On Veterans Day
five years ago, in fact, the Petersburg
National Battlefield honored Indian soldiers
at a candlelight ceremony at Poplar Grove
Cemetery.
Its as if [they] are being brought back
to life, Michigan historian and tribal
repatriation specialist Eric Hemenway told
the St. Ignace (Mich.) News. Were teaching
people about honor and a sense of duty,
and descendants from the tribe are getting
involved. People are excited, and its as if
they didnt die in vain.
Heres hoping that remains the case.
Chris Howland

WorldMags.net

Wounded
Warriors

Company K lost
roughly half its
men in 11 months
of action. Here,
wounded Indian
sharpshooters
wait on Maryes
Heights, outside
Fredericksburg, in
May 1864.

MAY 2016

21

WorldMags.net

Devastaion
Kentucky troops
in Maj. Gen. John
Breckinridges
Division, the so-called
Orphan Brigade,
FRPHXQGHUUHDV
they try to cross the
Stones River during
a Confederate charge
late in the battle. That
1,200-man brigade
alone suffered roughly
430 casualties in
the attack.

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WorldMags.net

STONES
RIVER
DEBACLE
an ill-conceived attack
on a Strong Union Line
costs the Rebels Dearly
By Peter Cozzens

WorldMags.net

WorldMags.net

n January 2, 1863, along the banks

of the Stones River outside Murfreesboro, Tenn., Confederate General Braxton Bragg confronted a
tactical challenge as daunting as
the one that would beguile Robert
E. Lee six months later at Gettysburg: Where to attack to break his
opponents seemingly unassailable
lines. Two days earlier, Bragg had
FKDUJHG WKH H[SRVHG ULJKW DQN RI
Union Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans XIV Corps on the
west side of the Stones River, intending to push Rosecrans
back to the Nashville Pike and interpose his cavalry between the Federals and their base of supplies at Nashville.
Bragg almost succeeded. He drove two-thirds of Rosecrans
force within a few hundred yards of the pike. But Braggs
cavalry failed him, and his Army of Tennessee was too ex-

General Braxton Bragg

KDXVWHG DQG KLV UHVHUYHV LQVXIFLHQW WR EUHDN ZKDW KDG

become a compact and formidable Union position.
'HVSLWHFRPLQJXSVKRUW%UDJJH[XGHGFRQGHQFHWRR
much, in fact, either for his own good or that of his men.
6DWLVHGZLWKWKHDUP\VSHUIRUPDQFHDQGFHUWDLQWKH)HGHUDOVZRXOGDEDQGRQWKHHOGWKDWQLJKWKHLVVXHGQRRUders of consequence. New Years Day found the Federals
still in his front in strength. But Bragg did nothing to encourage their withdrawal.
While Braggs army sat on its hands, Rosecrans strengthened his lines. Before dawn he directed left wing commander Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden to occupy high ground
on the east bank of the Stones River that dominated the
Union position. Brig. Gen. Samuel Beattys division accordingly crossed at McFaddens Ford and occupied the
crucial ridge unchallenged. One demoralized Kentucky soldier commented that he sensed the mark of waning fortune descend upon Bragg: As the Federal army had nothLQJWRORVHEXWHYHU\WKLQJWRJDLQE\ZDLWLQJLWZDLWHG
but meanwhile it worked. The Confederate army waited,
DQGKRSHG
Actually, there was far less cause for gloom than the
Kentuckian had imagined. Had Bragg done nothing more
than hold his ground after December 31, he might very
well have dealt the Northern war effort a crippling blow.
December 1862 had been nothing short of calamitous for
President Abraham Lincolns administration. Two Union
offensives launched in concert that month had ended in
disaster. At Fredericksburg, Va., Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside lost soundly to Lees Army of Northern Virginia, and
LQ0LVVLVVLSSL0DM*HQ8O\VVHV6*UDQWIDLOHGLQKLVUVW
attempt to take the Mississippi River citadel at Vicksburg.
Northern war-weariness was beginning to show, and the
specter of recognition as a nation by Europe loomed large.
The Emancipation Proclamation was to take effect on JanXDU\$EVHQWDVLJQLFDQWWULXPSKRI)HGHUDODUPV
the world might well construe it as the desperate last gamble of a bankrupt Union rather than a bold measure for
elevating the moral purpose of the war. Lincolns last hope
rested in a Confederate defeat at Stones River.
Strategic considerations were lost on Bragg, who
thought only of dislodging the Federals. His options seemed
limited. Every point the Confederates had struck during
WKH ZDQLQJ KRXUV RI 'HFHPEHU  KHOG UP RQO\ 5RVHcrans extreme left, which paralleled the west bank of the
Stones River, was untested. Consequently he sent his
trusted aide Colonel George Brent to locate suitable artilOHU\ULQJSRVLWLRQVRQWKHHDVWEDQNIURPZKLFKWKH\FRXOG
HQODGHWKH)HGHUDOOHIW0DM*HQ-RKQ&%UHFNLQULGJHV
relatively fresh division constituted the sole Confederate
infantry on the east bank.
Venturing forward to Breckinridges picket line, Brent
PDGH D VWDUWOLQJ GLVFRYHU\8QLRQ LQIDQWU\ RFFXSLHG WKH
very elevation they had hoped to reconnoiter. Relaying the

WorldMags.net

WorldMags.net

troubling intelligence to Bragg, Brent warned that possession of the right was critical: It commanded the entire
HOGRIEDWWOH)URPWKLVSRLQWHLWKHUWKHHQHP\VRURXU
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dislodge the Yankees from the commanding ground or

ZLWKGUDZKLVDUP\7R%UHFNLQULGJHWKHRUGHUVFDPHWRDWWDFN%HDWW\VGLYLVLRQRQWKHKLJKJURXQG7ZRFDYDOU\EULJDGHV ZRXOG SURWHFW %UHFNLQULGJHV ULJKW DQN DV KH DGYDQFHG %UDJJ SHUPLWWHG %UHFNLQULGJH WR GHWHUPLQH WKH
KRXURIWKHDVVDXOW
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his own reconnaissance that morning, the Kentuckian had
FRQFOXGHG WKH )HGHUDO SRVLWLRQ ZDV WRR VWURQJ WR DVVDXOW

WorldMags.net

MAY 2016

25

WorldMags.net

Nearly 700 hundred yards of largely open

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26

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

Hanson did not utter

a groan or speak a
complaining word. When
I had done the little it
was possible to do there,
he asked me to leave him
and go to the help of his
wounded men.
John Scott, 2nd
Kentucky surgeon

After Bragg articulated KLV DWWDFN RUGHUV

%UHFNLQULGJH XVHG D VWLFN WR VNHWFK KLV RE
MHFWLRQV LQ WKH GLUW 'UDZLQJ D ERRPHUDQJ
VKDSHG ULVH QRUWK RI 0F)DGGHQV )RUG DQG
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ZRXOG RFFXS\ JURXQG WKDW GRPLQDWHG KLV
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JLYHQ WKH RUGHU WR DWWDFN WKH HQHP\ LQ \RXU
IURQW DQG H[SHFW LW WR EH REH\HG 5HDVRQLQJ
WKDWDQDVVDXOWODXQFKHGRQDQHDUO\ZLQWHUV
HYHQLQJ LI VXFFHVVIXO ZRXOG SUHFOXGH D <DQ
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DVVDXOWDWSP$VLQJOHFDQQRQVKRWZRXOG
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PDGHQRVHFUHWRIKLVIXU\UHSRUWHGO\FRQGLQJWREULJDGHFRPPDQGHU%ULJ*HQ:LOOLDP
3UHVWRQ WKDW WKH DVVDXOW ZDV WR EH PDGH
DJDLQVWKLVMXGJPHQWDQGE\WKHGLUHFWRUGHUV
RI%UDJJ2IFRXUVHZHPXVWDOOWU\WRGRRXU
GXW\DQGJKWWKHEHVWZHFDQ%XW%UHFNLQULGJHDGGHGLIWKHDVVDXOWIDLOHGDQG
KHZDVNLOOHGWKH.HQWXFNLDQZDQWHG
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DV DQ HOHYHQWKKRXU UHSODFHPHQW

WorldMags.net

Bluegrass Banner
+HDGTXDUWHUVDJ
(left) of Colonel
Thomas Hunt, the
9th Kentuckys
commander at
Stones River. Near
the end of the war, a
Confederate soldier
VHZHGWKLVDJLQVLGH
his coat to keep it
IURPEHLQJFDSWXUHG

WorldMags.net

Old Flintlock
Captured at
Fort Donelson in
February 1862,
Roger Hanson spent
seven months as a
Union prisoner before
being exchanged,
and in December
was promoted to
brigadier general and
given command of
the Orphan Brigade.
Mortally wounded
during Breckinridges
Charge, he died two
days later.

WorldMags.net

WorldMags.net

Home Guard
The militia coat once
worn by 4th Kentucky
Private Henry Hall,
killed by a cannonball
during the charge.

28

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

brigade commander. Breckinridge loathed

Pillow, a consummate self-promoter of limited ability seen by many Confederates as
responsible for the loss of Fort Donelson.
Bragg offered Pillow a chance to redeem
himself at the Kentuckians expense.
Breckinridge reluctantly assigned him to
command a brigade of Tennesseans.
The men of the Orphan Brigade knew
nothing of Colonel Hansons murderous
resolve, nor of Braggs plans. The morning
had broken as peculiarly dreary as the day
before, recalled a Kentuckian. Not a shot was
to be heard. The skies grew opaque, and beIRUH QRRQ LW EHJDQ WR GUL]]OH WIXOO\ $ERXW 
p.m. scattered shooting erupted in the picket
OLQHV$IHZPLQXWHVODWHUWKHFDYDOU\EULJDGHV
trotted into position on Breckinridges right.
$WSPFDPHWKHRUGHUWRIRUPUDQNV$VWKH
infantry struggled into line, the drizzle turned
into driving sleet. Breckinridge formed his
UVWOLQHFRQVLVWLQJRI+DQVRQVEULJDGHRQWKH
left and Pillows on the right, in a skirt of timber. In front of the treeline were scattered briDU SDWFKHV EUXVKZRRG DQG VDVVDIUDV 7KH nal 700 yards to the Union lines was wide open
and gradually risingan ideal killing zone.

Breckinridge was badly rattled, and it

showed. He placed the Orphan Brigade too
near the river, and as a consequence Hanson
would overlap Pillows left as the two brigades
DGYDQFHG $QG KH GHSOR\HG WKH EULJDGHV RI
Colonel Randall Gibson and General Preston
MXVW  \DUGV EHKLQG +DQVRQ DQG 3LOORZ LQVWHDGRIWKHFXVWRPDU\\DUGVZKLFKPHDQW
that bullets sailing over the lead brigades
were sure to strike the trailing brigades.
Four Federal brigades stood in the Confederates path. Those of Colonels Samuel W.
Price and James P. Fyffe formed Beattys front
line; that of Colonel Benjamin Grider made up
WKH VHFRQG OLQH $W GDZQ &RORQHO :LOOLDP )
Groses brigade waded McFaddens Ford to
shore up Beattys left. Beatty had plenty more
support across the river. Left Wing commander Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden was keeping Rosecrans apprised of developments on the
HDVWEDQNWKHSDVVLQJRI5HEHOUHJLPHQWDO
EDQQHUVRQ3ULFHVIURQWLQFUHDVHGSLFNHWUing and an intermittent barrage by Confederate artillery. In response, Rosecrans pulled
Brig. Gen. James S. Negleys division from the
right and placed it behind McFaddens Ford.
The Pioneer Brigade formed on Negleys left.

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WorldMags.net

Hot Pursuit
The 78th Pennsylvania
Infantry, shown early in
WKHEDWWOHZDVWKHUVW
Federal regiment to cross
Stones River in pursuit
RIWKHHHLQJ&RQIHGHUates at the conclusion
of Breckinridges
blunted charge.

The minutes passed slowly. A little after 3 p.m. Confederate skirmishers tore down the fences to their front. A few
minutes before 4 p.m. the men of the Orphan Brigade spotWHG WKH HVK\ IRUP RI *HQHUDO +DQVRQ JDOORSLQJ WRZDUG
WKHP+HURGHIURPUHJLPHQWWRUHJLPHQWH[FODLPLQJLQD
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march through the brushwood. Then charge at the double
TXLFNWRZLWKLQDKXQGUHG\DUGVRIWKHHQHP\GHOLYHUUH
and go at him with the bayonet.
The fearful odds against him were unknown to Breckinridge when at 4 p.m. the cannon boomed the signal for the
DWWDFN DQG WKH  PHQ RI KLV GLYLVLRQ VWDUWHG IRUZDUG
with a cheer. For an instant Breckinridge was caught up in
the drama of the moment. Watching the Orphan Brigade
step off in beautiful order with its commander well to the
IURQW%UHFNLQULGJHH[FODLPHG/RRNDWROG+DQVRQ:KLOH
ULGLQJWRWKHULJKW%UHFNLQULGJHIRXQG3LOORZFRZHULQJEHhind a tree. The language Breckinridge employed to order
him forward can only be imagined.
The Orphan Brigade came under murderous artillery
UHWKHLQVWDQWLWHPHUJHGIURPWKHWLPEHU%XUVWLQJVKHOOV
FRPSOHWHO\GURZQHGWKHYRLFHRIPDQUHFDOOHGDVWXQQHG
.HQWXFN\SULYDWH3OXQJLQJDQGWHDULQJWKURXJKWKH5HEHO
UDQNVWKHEXUVWLQJVKHOOVKXUOHGPHQDERXWOLNHUDJGROOV
*HQHUDO+DQVRQZDVRQHRIWKHUVWWRIDOOZKHQDSURMHFtile slammed into his leg above the knee. Finding his morWDOO\ ZRXQGHG IULHQG O\LQJ DORQH EHVLGH D IHQFH %UHFNLQ-

ridge tried to staunch the bleeding amid what an accompaQ\LQJRIFHUFDOOHGWKHHUFHVWUHRIDUWLOOHU\WKDQFDQEH

conceived made it ever memorable.
$IWHU +DQVRQ ZDV SODFHG LQVLGH DQ DPEXODQFH
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PDQGHUV RUGHUV +DQVRQV PHQ KHOG WKHLU UH XQWLO WKH
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.HQWXFNLDQVTXLFNO\UHFRYHUHGDQGUXVKHGIRUZDUG3ULFHV
entire brigade gave way. Who the devil would not run
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LQJ FRPLQJ GRXEOH TXLFN DVVHUWHG RQH 2KLRDQ %HDWW\
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ing the general cascade to the river and the presumed
safety of the far bank.
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URXWHG)\IIHVEULJDGH*URVHKHOGRQDELWORQJHUPDQDJing to rally most of his men on the east bank. But all around
KLP %HDWW\V WURRSV UXVKHGIRUWKH ULYHUZLWKWKH 5HEHOV
ULQJ GHDWK LQ WKHLU EDFNV )RXU KXQGUHG ZHUH WDNHQ
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JRQHWRWKHJURXQGEULH\WRUHWXUQ)HGHUDOUHEXW3UHV-

WorldMags.net

MAY 2016

29

My poor
WorldMags.net
Orphans!
My poor
Orphans,
torn to
pieces.

Kentuckys Own
Former Vice President
John C. Breckinridge
had little military
experience, but
&RQIHGHUDWHRIFLDOV
hoped his Kentucky
roots would attract
soldiers from the
Bluegrass State to the
Southern Army.

Confederate
Maj. Gen. John
Breckinridge

tons trailing regiments had not noticed the halt, and all
were soon badly intermingled. On the division left, meanwhile, several hundred Kentuckians and one Louisiana
UHJLPHQWRI*LEVRQVEULJDGHQGLQJWKHPVHOYHVFURZGHG
against the river, waded the chest-deep frigid waters and
hid in trees along the west bank, taking potshots at the
nearest Federals.
The confusion became general. As the Stones River meanders toward McFaddens Ford, it curls slightly westward
before looping abruptly to the north. There a belt of timber
channelized the approaching Southerners, and the brigades
of Hanson, now led by Colonel Robert B. Trabue, and Pillow
conjoined. As one Orphan Brigade soldier noted, In the
madness of pursuit all order and discipline was forgotten.
The Federals on the west bank of the river readied themselves to repel the wave roaring toward them. At McFaddens Ford, General Negley returned a cheer from his men
with a promise of revenge. Boys, he shouted, You will
have an opportunity to pay them back for what they did on
Wednesday [December 31]. As was his custom at stressful
moments, General Rosecrans responded with gallant but
marginally productive histrionics. To Negley, he blurted,
Sir, they have turned me back, and all depends on you.
Bypassing the chain of command, he scraped together all
WKH LGOH XQLWV KH FRXOG QG DQG VHQW WKHP WRZDUG WKH
imperiled left.
Old Rosy came galloping down the [Nashville] pike
where we lay, the sweat pouring down his face, recalled a
Wisconsin colonel. Summoning brigade commander Colo-

30

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

nel William P. Carlin, Rosecrans stammered: I beg you for

the sake of the country and for my own sake to go at them
with all your might. Go at them with a whoop and a yell.
Carlin, who thought Rosecrans looked very pale, saluted
and started for the river at the double-quick.
General Crittenden, meanwhile, responded to the crisis
thoughtfully, directing his chief of artillery, Captain John
Mendenhall, to assemble every available cannon to meet
the oncoming Confederates. Mendenhall already had 27
guns in the vicinity, and in a matter of minutes gathered
another 3121 arrayed hub to hub on a slope 10 feet above
the highest point on the west bank, their tubes trained on
the ridge abandoned by Price. It was the largest concentration of artillery to date in the Westtern Theater.
In the gathering gloom of winter twilight, Breckinridges
Confederates crested the ridge above the ford. At 4:30 p.m.,
only 30 minutes after the charge had begun, Mendenhalls
cannons roared a menacing greeting. The destruction was
WHUULF 7KH YHU\ HDUWK WUHPEOHG DV ZLWK DQ H[SORGLQJ
mine, the Orphan Brigades historian later recorded.
Men were stunned and could not distinguish sounds.
There were falling timbers, crashing arms, the whirring of
missiles in every direction, the bursting of the dreadful
VKHOOWKHJURDQVRIWKHZRXQGHGWKHVKRXWVRIWKHRIFHUV
mingled in one horrid din that beggars description. No one
could stand such a pounding. The Confederate collapse
was instantaneous. The Southerners cannot be said to
have been checked in their advance, Crittenden reported

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sardonically. From a rapid advance they broke at once

into a rapid retreat.
Hard on their heels came the two brigades of Negleys
division, splashing across McFaddens Ford in a counterattack that made up in enthusiasm for what it lacked in discipline. Fearing that the Confederates loitering in thickets
RQWKHZHVWEDQNPLJKWGLVUXSW1HJOH\VULJKWDQNDVHQLRUVWDIIRIFHUWULHGWRVXVSHQGWKHPRYHPHQWEXW1HJley dressed the man down. Go hunt up General Crittenden, General Thomas, General Rosecrans, or any damn
general in reach, he barked. Tell him I cant stop these
men, and Im damned if I want to stop them. Others followed Negley until by 4:45 p.m. seven brigades had crossed
the river.
The Southern retreat doomed the Rebels clustered on
WKH ZHVW EDQN )UHVK )HGHUDO UHJLPHQWV ZLWK [HG ED\Rnets swept toward them. Succumbing to panic, hundreds
surrendered. An Illinois private wrote his mother that
many were so overcome with fear they fell to their knees
and begged for mercy, claiming to be conscripts who had
EHHQFRPSHOOHGWRJKWLQWKH&RQIHGHUDWHDUP\
By 5 p.m. the counterattacking Federals were closing on
the woods from which Breckinridge had launched his attack only an hour earlier. A scratch line of cavalry and artillery halted them. The Confederate cavalry had been of
no use during the assault, reportedly serving as mere
spectators to the carnage. But their timely appearance
now prevented the Federals, who in the deepening twilight
thought they had struck a much larger force, from rolling
all the way into Murfreesboro and taking Braggs army
from the rear. Bragg shifted a division from across the
river to shore up the patchwork defenses, and the shooting
sputtered out at nightfall.
Federals wandering over the blasted ridge found the
devastation appalling. Headless, armless, legless men,
dead men torn to pieces by shells, wounded men lacerated
beyond description littered the ground. Even the most
battle-hardened veterans blanched at the sight of men
mangled in every way that you can imagine.
Breckinridge raged like a wounded lion at the butchery, then broke down in tears among the survivors of his
old brigade. My poor Orphans! My poor Orphans, he cried
again and again, torn to pieces. In fact, Breckinridges
entire division had been decimated. In the space of an
KRXUFKLH\ GXULQJ WKRVH KRUULF IHZ PLQXWHV XQGHU
Mendenhalls barrageBreckinridge had lost as many as
 PHQ RU QHDUO\ KDOI KLV GLYLVLRQ 6L[ PRQWKV ODWHU
General Lee would lose about half of the 13,500 men he
committed to the attack on Cemetery Ridge that became
known as Picketts Charge.
Just as Picketts Charge would not appreciably alter the
tactical landscape of the Battle of Gettysburg, so too did
Breckinridges attack at the Stones River leave the battle
XQGHFLGHG,WZRXOGKRZHYHUEHWKHODVWJKWLQJRIFRQVHquence. Wrongly concluding that Rosecrans had been reinforced, Bragg withdrew on the night of January 3. The reWUHDWFRVWKLPWKHFRQGHQFHRIWKHDUP\ZKLFKKDGEHHQ

GRXEWIXOWREHJLQZLWK0XVWHULQJLPV\HYLGHQFHDQGRXWright lies, Bragg in turn blamed Breckinridge for the failure of the January 2 assault. The two generals engaged in
an unseemly war of words that ended only with Breckinridges transfer to another theater in May 1863.
The common soldier of the Army of Tennessee knew
where the blame rested. During the retreat, Bragg encountered a straggling infantryman. The general asked him if
he belonged to Braggs army. Braggs army, came the insubordinate reply. Hes got none; he shot half of them in
Kentucky, and the other got killed at Murfreesboro.
Peter Cozzens, a regular contributor to Americas Civil
War, is the author of No Better Place to Die: The Battle of
Stones River. He lives in Kensington, Md.

TWO
Ill-Fated
Charges
PICKETTS CHARGE
(Getysburg: July 3, 1863)
Confederate Forces Involved: 13,500
Union Defenders: Approx. 7,000
Union Artillery: 24 guns
Confederate Casualties: 5,6006,000
(approx. 1,200 killed)
Union Casualties: Approx. 1,500
Notable Deaths:
Confederates: Maj. Gen. Robert Garnet;
Brig. Gen. Lewis Armistead
Union: Colonel Eliakim Sherrill

BRECKINRIDGES CHARGE
(Stones River: Jan. 2, 1863)
Confederate Forces Involved: Approx. 5,200
Union Defenders: Approx. 6,500-7,500
Union Artillery: 58 guns
Confederate Casualties: 1,2002,072 total*
Union Casualties: Approx. 1,200
Notable Deaths:
Confederates: Brig. Gen. Roger Hanson
*Breckinridges oicial count: 268 killed,
1,428 wounded, 376 missing; Hardee: 1,200

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WorldMags.net

Crack Shots
Michigans Indian Marksmen
Were a Constant Terror for
Southern Soldiers
By Brian King

WorldMags.net

Dead Aim
The .45-caliber Morgan James
ULHDERYHZLWKLWVVLJQDWXUH
VFRSHEHFDPHDZHDSRQRI
FKRLFHDJDLQVWXQZLWWLQJ
&RQIHGHUDWHVIRUWKHVW
0LFKLJDQ6KDUSVKRRWHUV

WorldMags.net

s an unusual band of recruits

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LQJDJHQWVFULVVFURVVHGWKHVWDWHVHDUFKLQJIRUYROXQWHHUV
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Soon after the war EHJDQ LQ  VRPH  2MLEZH $PHULFDQ FLWL]HQV %XW $QGUHVV KDG EHHQ HQFRXUDJHG WR
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Four of a Kind
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HGLWRULDO SXEOLVKHG E\ WKH Detroit AdvertisThe IX Corps 2nd
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er and Tribune HFKRHG SXEOLF FRQFHUQ DERXW
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tured a red cannon
over a blue anchor on
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>,QGLDQV@KDYHQRWUHDFKHGWKDWGHJUHHRIFLYL
a white shield. The
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other three divisions
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VHPLFLYLOL]HG7KH\DUHDSRRULJQRUDQWDQG used the same pattern
but with other colors.
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Composure Under Fire

Although the July 1864 Battle of
the Crater was a woeful Union
defeat, Company Ks marksmen were
recognized for their gallant efforts.

OHU\PHQRUVKDUSVKRRWHUV/HHV&RQIHGHUDWHVKDUSVKRRWHUV
Indians were afraid that they might be enslaved by a victowould soon be trading shots with the 1st Michigan. While
rious South. But it seems more likely that these young men
WKH\ERWKHQJDJHGLQVQLSLQJDWRIFHUVDQGDUWLOOHU\PHQ
desired recognition and respect from the U.S. government.
the 1st Michigan Sharpshooters were also used as scouts,
7KH\ZHUHKRSLQJWKDWWKHLUFRQWULEXWLRQVZRXOGVWRSRIpickets and skirmishers.
cials from displacing themand perhaps lead to the recov%RWK&RQIHGHUDWHDQG8QLRQVKDUSVKRRWHUVXVHGDZLGH
ery of their land.
YDULHW\ RI ULHV ZLWK GLIIHULQJ DFFXUDF\ 7KH PHQ RI WKH
Anxious to get into battle after training near Kalama1st Michigan were issued either breech-loading .52-calizoo, the regiment was sent to Fort Wayne, in Detroit, for
EHU6KDUSVULHVRUFDOLEHU0RUJDQ-DPHV
QDO SUHSDUDWLRQV &KLHI 1RFNNHFKLFNIDZ
WDUJHW ULHV ZLWK WHOHVFRSLF VLJKWV 6RPH
PHZKRWUDYHOHGWR'HWURLWWRVSHDNWR&RPhowever, were issued the common infantry
pany K, told the men: We are descendants of
6SULQJHOGULHPXVNHWZKLFKKDGDQDFFXUDbraves, who united with our younger brothers,
cy range of only about 200 yards.
the Ottawas, and drove the powerful tribes
8VLQJ EUHHFKORDGLQJ ULHV PRVW RIWHQ WKH
now beyond the great river from these our
6KDUSV VKDUSVKRRWHUV FRXOG UH  VKRWV
once beautiful hunting grounds. Be heroic and
a minute and not have to stand erect to reEUDYH +DYH FRQGHQFH LQ WKH *UHDW 6SLULW
load. This meant that they could shoot from
and when you die your forefathers will welconcealed locations, for example perched in a
come you to the spirit land as brave sons.
tree or lying down behind earthworks, with
(DUO\WKDWVDPH\HDU*HQHUDO5REHUW(/HH
minimal exposure.
KDG PDQGDWHG WKDW HDFK $UP\ RI 1RUWKHUQ
One of Their Own
Sharpshooters in general were popular
9LUJLQLDLQIDQWU\EULJDGHVKRXOGHOGDVKDUSGarrett A. Graveraet,
during the war, thanks in no small part to the
shooting battalion. These sharpshooters, with
Company Ks
famous Berdans Sharpshooters, regiments
WKHLU:KLWZRUWKWDUJHWULHVDFWHGPRUHOLNH
American Indian
RIVNLOOHGPDUNVPHQIRUPHGE\&RORQHO+LUDP
WRGD\V VQLSHUVGLUHFWHG WR VKRRW DW VSHFLF
1st Lieutenant
Berdan. The 1st Michigan had more Indians in
WDUJHWVVXFKDV8QLRQRIFHUVORRNRXWVDUWLO-

34

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

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WorldMags.net
its ranks than any other Michigan
unit. Once they joined Union ranks,
the press often mentioned the Indians in a more positive tone than
had been used in the past.

On May 4, 1864, Burnsides IX

Corps soldiers left their camp in
northern Virginia and, with thousands of other soldiers in the Army
of the Potomac, began the long
march south that signaled the
opening of Grants Overland Campaign. After they crossed the Rapidan River, tensions ran high as the
1st Michigan Sharpshooters preSDUHGIRUWKHLUUVWEDWWOHUHPDLQing on their guard as they entered
the Wilderness, where they knew
Lees Confederates were waiting for
them. Though the Indians mostly
isolated themselves from the other
sharpshooters in the regiment,
shared danger had a way of bringing soldiers together.
Colonel DeLand ordered the 1st
Michigan to advance several hundred yards ahead of the corps. The
regiments Indians, however, realized that their blue uniforms could
be seen at a long distance, even in
WKHGHQVHIRUHVW5HJLPHQWDORIFHU
Major Edwin Buckbee recalled, the Indians would go out
DQGQGDGU\VSRWRIHDUWKDQGUROOLQLWXQWLOWKHLUXQLforms were the complete color of the groundand if the
day was wet, they would not hesitate to take mud and rub
it into their clothesthis custom was adopted by my whole
Regiment; and it was often remarked that our Regiment
could do the closest skirmishing. Sergeant Thomas Big
Tom Ke-chi-ti-go interpreted while the Company K men
GHPRQVWUDWHG FDPRXDJH WHFKQLTXHVLQFOXGLQJ FRYHULQJ
WKH FKHVW DQG KHDG ZLWK WZLJVWR WKH UHJLPHQWV RWKHU
sharpshooters.
:KLOH LQ WKH :LOGHUQHVV &RPSDQ\ . RIFHUV &DSWDLQ
Andress, 1st Lt. William Driggs and 2nd Lt. Gravaraet
began to notice that the native men seemed to lack fear.
7KH\ FRQVLVWHQWO\DQG ZLVHO\IRXQG FRYHU ZKLOH WKH\
were shooting and never hesitated in running to a more
advantageous position if overwhelmed by Confederates. All
the Indians were judged to be crack shots, and as a result
all the Company K men were carrying Sharps. Confronting
enemy skirmishers, the 1st Michigan sharpshooters stood
up well against the Rebels.
,WZRXOGQWEHORQJEHIRUHWKHVKDUSVKRRWHUVZHUHJKWLQJDORQJVLGHWKHLQIDQWU\UHJLPHQWVLQWKHUHVWRUPRIWKH
Wilderness on May 5. First Sergeant Charles Allen from
Company K was killed in that action.

Despite the Wildernesss heavy casualties and inconclusive results, Grant was determined to press on. He ordered
WKH$UP\RIWKH3RWRPDFWRVZLQJDURXQGWKHULJKWDQN
of Lees army and continue the campaign, moving south toward Richmond.
On May 12 at Spotsylvania Court House, Brig. Gen.
Orlando B. Willcox of the IX Corps 3rd Division ordered
WKHVW6KDUSVKRRWHUVDORQJZLWKWKHWK0LFKLJDQDQG
WKH WK 3HQQV\OYDQLD UHJLPHQWV DQG &RORQHO -RKQ )
+DUWUDQIWVVW%ULJDGHWRDGYDQFHWRZDUGWKH&RQIHGHUate line. They progressed just to the right of what would
become known as the Bloody Angle. Lee and his army
KDG DUULYHG DW 6SRWV\OYDQLD UVW EXLOW IRUWLFDWLRQV DQG
were ready for the Federals. When the battle began, gone
in an instant was the romantic image of the sharpshooter
SHUFKHGLQUHODWLYHVDIHW\RIDWUHHULQJDWWKHHQHP\IURP
\DUGVDZD\7KH0LFKLJDQ6KDUSVKRRWHUVZHUHQRZ
JRLQJLQWREDWWOHDVIURQWOLQHLQIDQWU\PHQJKWLQJWKURXJK
DVWRUPRI&RQIHGHUDWHULHDQGDUWLOOHU\UH
&RQIHGHUDWH%ULJ*HQ-DPHV+/DQHVEULJDGHRI1RUWK
Carolinians moved out of their defensive works and into
WKHRDNZRRGVRQWKHVKDUSVKRRWHUVOHIWDQN7KHVKDUSshooters had been on the far right of the Union advance,
ULQJIURPEHKLQGUDLOVDQGWUHHOLPEV\DUGVIURPWKH
Confederate salient. But their advance, so close to breaking
WKH&RQIHGHUDWHOLQHZDVKDOWHGLPPHGLDWHO\E\FURVVUH
from Lanes Brigade. Cannons from behind the Confederate defenses bombarded them head on. The trees that the
sharpshooters sheltered behind were pulverized or uprootHG E\ FDQQRQ UH VHQGLQJ VSOLQWHUV \LQJ 7KH 0LFKLJDQ
soldiers were soon in danger of being overrun.
7KH 1RUWK &DUROLQD 7DU +HHOV ZHUH IDPRXV IRU WKHLU
war cry, but at this point they heard a cry from the Union
soldiers that was even more piercing. It came from the Ottawa and Chippewa sharpshooters, warning their enemies
that the Indians were determined to stand their ground.
After their courageous holding action, the sharpshooters
were ordered by Willcox to withdraw to the edge of the
woods behind the cover of logs, where their ammunition
was replenished. The Army of the Potomacs white soldiers
later cited the incredible bravery of the Indians of Company K in that action and others. One of the foremost warriors, Daniel Mwa-ke-we-naw of the Little Traverse Bay
region, reportedly killed not less than 32 rebels before he
ZDVZRXQGHGDQGFRXOGQRORQJHUUHKLVJXQ
Company K lost 17 sharpshooters, while in all the 1st
Michigan Sharpshooters lost some 55 men. A newspaper
report claimed that a company of civilized Indians at Spotsylvania in command of the gallant and lamented young
Gravaraet, an educated half-breed, as brave a band of warriors as ever struck a warpath, suffered dreadfully, but
never faltered nor moved, sounding the war whoop with evHU\YROOH\DQGWKHLUXQHUULQJDLPTXLFNO\WDXJKWWKHUHEHOV
they were standing on dangerous ground.
Despite the fact that newspapers tended to embellish
battle accounts, it was becoming clear to the public that the
,QGLDQV ZHUH UHPDUNDEOH JKWLQJ PHQ &RPSDQ\ . ZDV

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Spring Training
Detroits Fort Wayne,
where the 1st
Michigan
Sharpshooters,
including Company K,
trained before being
VHQWHDVWWRJKW

beginning to gain the recognition its men had long sought.

Though the Army of the Potomac made other attempts to
break through the Confederate defenses at Spotsylvania,
the Federals were ultimately unsuccessful. The Confederates held their ground despite a high loss of mensoldiers
they could not afford to lose. The two sides would continue
to slaughter each other as the Overland Campaign continued, but the 1st Michigan men were not thrown into the
battle line again until Petersburg, in what would be rePHPEHUHGDVRQHRI&RPSDQ\.VQHVWPRPHQWV
Grant decided to sidestep Richmond as the army moved
farther south and attack at Petersburg. On its outskirts,
among many actions beginning on June 14, Grants army
DWWDFNHG&RQIHGHUDWHIRUWLFDWLRQVQHDUWKH6KDQG+RXVH
In an error, the 1st Michigan Sharpshooters were placed
on the extreme left of the Union line, cut off from the rest
of the force. After charging the 35th North Carolina twice,
they broke through but had no support. Twelve Indian
sharpshooters were captured, and 50 men from the 1st
Michigan were killed.
In that ill-fated attack, Lieutenant Gravaraet had reportedly placed himself at the head of his men, waved his
VZRUG DERYH KLV KHDG DQG FDOOHG IRU WKHP WR IROORZ +H
was shot in the arm while charging, a wound from which
he eventually died. The lieutenant, who had bridged the
JDSEHWZHHQWKHZKLWHRIFHUVDQGWKH,QGLDQVZRXOGEH
VRUHO\PLVVHGE\WKHQDWLYHPHQ+HZDVEXULHGRQVDFUHG
Mackinac Island.
At the July 1864 Battle of the Crater, the Indian sharpshooters faced the ultimate test. After the Unions initial
IDLOXUHWRFDSWXUH3HWHUVEXUJ/W&RO+HQU\&3OHDVDQWV
devised a plan to explode a mine and create a breach in the
Confederate defensive line around Petersburg at Elliots
Salient. A group of Union soldiers, former miners and engineers dug a 500-foot tunnel from the Union line to the
Confederate-held salient, packing four tons of gunpowder
in barrels below the enemy position.
Burnside, anxious to prove himself after failed attacks

36

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

in previous battles, adopted the plan despite Army of the

Potomac commander Maj. Gen. George G. Meades skepticism. Burnside and Meade also disagreed on which division
WRVHQGLQWKHUVWZDYHLQWRWKHEUHDFKFUHDWLQJFRQIXVLRQ
WKDWUHVXOWHGLQ%ULJ*HQ-DPHV+/HGOLHVVHQGLQJLQWKH
1st Divisioncompletely unprepared.
After the mine explosion blew up the Confederate earthworks and Lt. Col. William Pegrams Battalion, massed
formations of Union troops were lined up to storm through
the break in the Confederate front line. The 1st Michigan
Sharpshooters were to station themselves to the right of
the breach behind earthworks, shooting at Confederates
who tried to repulse the attack.
The explosion shocked the Southern troops, blowing up
300 men and sending smoke and dirt into the air and creating a maelstrom of chaos among the stunned Confederate defenders. But it also created a huge obstacle, a 70-foot
wide, 30-foot deep crater. Any attacking Union men moving
through that spot would have to climb up its 30-foot sidewalls to get at the Rebel defenders.
/HGOLHVGLYLVLRQVWRUPHGWKHZUHFNHGIRUWLFDWLRQVDQG
entered the crateronly to be stymied by the steep wall.
Soldiers climbing the crater were pinned against it by
masses of men rushing in behind them. The unprepared
Union attackers hadnt brought siege ladders or even entrenching tools with them, as Meade had suggested.
Confederate Maj. Gen. William Mahone, who had quickly
advanced from Jerusalem Plank Road to the breach, led a
Confederate counterattack by Weisigers brigade of Virginians and Georgians. Soon Mahone had cannons brought to
WKHJDVKWRUQRSHQE\WKHH[SORVLRQ*XQQHUVUHGZHDSRQV
loaded with anti-personnel canister almost straight down
into the crater at Union soldiers desperately maneuvering
DQGULQJEDFN7KRVHWUDSSHGLQWKHFUDWHUKRZHYHUKDG
QRFRYHUIURPWKHGHDGO\&RQIHGHUDWHUH
The 1st Michigan Sharpshooters, who had advanced to
the earthworks to the left of the breach, picked off Mahones men as quickly as they could, trying to suppress
the enemy counterattack. The sharpshooters were losing

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scores of men by this time, though they did not move from
their position behind the earthworks.
More Union soldiers continued to charge the ruined
works, including the only men trained in advance to charge
into the craterthe U.S. Colored Troops of Brig. Gen. Edward Ferreros 4th Division. Also joining the attack were
the 20th Michigan of Hartranfts brigade and remnants
from Connecticut, New York and Massachusetts brigades.
During the furious close-range battle, many Union soldiers
stumbled or fell into the crater after being shot. The attacking formations lost cohesion, and the chaotic scene resulted
in a mixture of shattered Union units. Many soldiers lay
dead in the mud, their own men stepping on them, scramEOLQJWRJKWRUWRZLWKGUDZIURPWKHFUDWHUVEDFNHQG,Q
the 150 yards of no mans land between the lines, Union
VROGLHUVZHUHKREEOLQJRUFUDZOLQJXQGHUKHDY\UHWRZDUG
their own line.
James Randall of the 1st Michigan Sharpshooters wrote:
7KH ,QGLDQV ZHUH VLQJOHG RXW IRU WKHLU FRPSRVXUH XQGHU
DGYHUVLW\7KHRIFHUVKDGWURXEOHIRUFLQJVRPHPHQXSWR
WKHEUHDVWZRUNVWRUHSHO&RQIHGHUDWHDWWDFNVEXWWKH,Q
GLDQVVKRZHGJUHDWFRROQHVV7KH\ZRXOGUHDWD-RKQQ\ 
then drop down. Would peek over the works and try to see
the effect of their shot. Some Company K men fell into the
FUDWHUDIWHUULQJ,QNHHSLQJZLWKWKHLUWUDGLWLRQVWKRVH
who had been mortally wounded pulled their shirts over
their faces and chanted a death song as they died.
$WWKLVSRLQWWKUHHRIWKHVKDUSVKRRWHUVZHUHVWLOOULQJ
IURPEHKLQGWKHLUIRUWLFDWLRQVDW0DKRQHV&RQIHGHUDWHV
covering their fellow soldiers who were desperately trying
to reach the Union line. Only in such a confusing battle did
a Company K Native American end up shooting alongside
WZRZKLWHVW0LFKLJDQVROGLHUV7KH,QGLDQZDV$QWRLQH

Scott, who had been recruited in Pentwater, while the two

other men were privates Sidney Haight, from Company E,
and Charles Thatcher, of Company B. All three emerged
from cover to distract the enemy from the Union soldiers
WUDYHUVLQJWKHRSHQHOG)RUWKHLUDFWLRQVDOOWKUHHPHQ
were later cited for the Medal of Honor, making Antoine
6FRWW RQH RI WKH IHZ ,QGLDQV QRPLQDWHG IRU WKH PHGDO
during the war.
That was the last major battle for the 1st Michigan
Sharpshooters, which lost 62 men at Petersburg. At that
point Company K had only a third of its original 144 native
recruits left.
Antoine Scott returned to Pentwater after the war, dying
there in 1878. He never did receive a Medal of Honor. Other
&RPSDQ\ . PHPEHUV ZKR VXUYLYHG WKH ZDU LQFOXGH YH
men who are buried in a Harbor Springs cemeteryJohn
Shomin, John B. Shomin, Leon Otashquabono, Augustus
Boushaw and John Tabyanteach of whom was given the
same government-issue headstone. Unlike the graves of
others from the 1st Michigan Sharpshootersscattered
WKURXJKRXWWKDWJUDYH\DUGDQGRWKHUFHPHWHULHVWKHYH
native men are buried next to each other, since they were
SODFHGLQWKHVHJUHJDWHG,QGLDQSDUWRIWKHFHPHWHU\
7KRVH YH VROGLHUV ZHUH H[WUHPHO\ OXFN\ WR FRPH EDFN
home alive. The vast majority in Company Ks men were
killed in combat or died in captivity. Yet they had accomplished their goalto prove their courage, skill and humanity in the terrible crucible of war.
Brian King, a Native American scholar who lives in
Placitas, N.M., is currently writing a history of the Ottawa
Tribe. His articles have appeared in Native Peoples and
:RUOG:DU,, magazines, as well as other publications.

other american INDIANS IN THE CIVIL WAR

ConfeDERATE
TRIBEs

UNIT

BATTLES / CAMPAIGNS

12th SC / 17th SC (Army of Northern Virginia)

Thomas Legion of Indians and Highlanders
Gen. Stand Waties Indian Cavalry Brigade
First Chocktaw Batalion

Peninsula Campaign, Second Bull Run, Antietam

Western North Carolina / Eastern Tennessee
Second Cabin Creek, I.T., etc.
Poison Springs, Ark., etc.

UNIT

BATTLES / CAMPAIGNS

Pamunkey (Virginia)
(descendants of
the Powhatan)
Lumbee

Used by Maj. Gen. George McClellans

Army of the Potomac as civilian naval
pilots, guides and spies
Henry Lowrys Lumbee Guerrillas

Peninsula Campaign

Seneca / Tuscarora

132nd New York Volunteers

Onondaga
Oneida / Stockbridge

57th Pennsylvania
14th Wisconsin

Catawba
Catawba/Eastern Band of Cherokee
Cherokees/Seminoles (Indian Territory)
Choctaw/Chickasaw

Union
Tribes

Fought Confederate Home Guard

in North Carolina, 1864-1865 /
Assisted W.T. Shermans Carolinas Campaign
Stationed at New Bern, N.C. Fought during
W.T. Shermans Carolinas Campaign and in
numerous batles in North Carolina
Seven Days
Fought with Sherman from Georgia to the Carolinas

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37

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Lesson Learned
Ulysses Grant, pictured
here in 1863, gained
valuable experience at
%HOPRQWKLVUVWWUXH
test as a commander

rising
star
ulysses grant delivered
only a glancing blow at
belmont, but the long-term
results were salutary
By Eric Ethier

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y late fall 1861, the

eye-popping headlines
seen during the wars
opening months were
at a premium. Harpers
Weekly devoted the cover of its November 23
LVVXHDQGWKHLPVLHVWRIVWRULHVWRKRWEORRGHG
Kansas Senator James H. Lane and the Indian
scouts of his Missouri-based army. In a column two pages back, Harpers editors tucked
in a paragraph about a battle fought at Belmont, Mo., two weeks earlier. The Union effort,
they noted offhandedly, was led by Generals
*UDQWDQG0F&OHUQDQGWKHUVWWLPHVRPH
readers had probably heard of the still-obscure
Ulysses S. Grant, who seemed willing to give
them all the battle news they could stand.
Six months of war and no-nonsense service
had propelled Grant, who had quit the Army in
1854, from professional purgatory to command
of the District of Southeast Missouri, based at
Cairo, Ill. The brigadiers star on his shoulders
and the 20,000 troops in his charge heightened
his natural inclination to take action. And
after boldly capturing Paducah, Ky., on September 6, 1861, he set his sights on the burgeoning Confederate stronghold at Columbus,
Ky., 20 miles down the Mississippi from Cairo.
But his superior, Maj. Gen. John C. Frmont,
the famed explorer-turned-commander of the
Unions Western Department, was too busy
keeping an eye on Maj. Gen. Sterling Prices
movements in southwest Missouri to authorize more than tentative probes south.
On November 1, Frmont directed his restless subordinate to demonstrate against Confederate positions on both the Missouri (west)
and Kentucky (east) sides of the riverwithout, however, attacking the enemy. The following day he instructed Grant to send troops
into Missouri after Rebel raider M. Jeff
Thompson. But Frmont was then relieved of
command by President Lincoln for insubordi-

nation. On November 5, Western Department

RIFLDOV UHPLQGHG *UDQW RI WKH QHHG WR NHHS
potential reinforcements for Price pinned
down at Columbus. Frmonts original orders
had hardly been discretionary. But changing circumstances offered an opening that an
aggressive general like Grant could exploit.
And so he did. Grant quickly put columns
in motion on both sides of the river. To get
the attention of Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk at
Columbus, he directed Brig. Gen. Charles F.
Smith to threaten the town from his base at
Paducah. Then on November 6, he ordered
3,100 men onto transports, which Commander Henry Walkes timber-clad gunboats Tyler
and Lexington quietly led downriver. Belmont,
Grants target, was a mere speck on a map
across the river from Columbus, consisting of
a few farms, a steamboat landing and a Rebel outpost dubbed Camp Johnston. At some
pointeither due to last-minute intelligence
he received or the need for his men to make
an effort to do somethingGrant decided to
attack Belmont rather than merely menace
it. To keep Polk guessing while the Federals
JRW VRPH VOHHS *UDQW KDOWHG WKH RWLOOD IRU
the night 11 miles north of Columbus, along
the Kentucky shoreline. He issued marching
orders before dawn on November 7.
By 8:30 a.m., Walkes transports had delivered Grants men to the Missouri shore a mile
and a half above Belmont. Walkes gunboats,
meanwhile, drifted off to distract the formidable batterieswhich included the massive
15,000-pound Lady Polk cannonthat dotted Columbus imposing riverside bluffs. Grant
posted a few companies to guard the boats
ZKLOHWKHEDODQFHRIKLVYHLQIDQWU\UHJLPHQWV
marched south down a shoreline road past
FRUQHOGVDQGKHDY\ZRRGV+LVUDZ)HGHUDOV
followed their cavalry screen eastward into the
stuffy shade of Mississippi bottom timber
DQG OHG LQWR EDWWOH OLQH 6RRQ <DQNHH DQG

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Before being relieved of duty, Western Department commander Maj. Gen. John Frmont instructed Grant not to tangle with
the Rebels at Columbus, Ky. With Frmont gone, Grant couldnt pass up a golden opportunity to move on nearby Belmont.

40

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

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Overrun
7KHQG,OOLQRLVVWRUPVLQWR&DPS
-RKQVWRQHDUO\LQWKHEDWWOHLQD
GUDZLQJIURPWKH'HFHPEHU
HGLWLRQRIHarpers Weekly

Tough Lady
The Rebels giant
Lady Polk cannon
FRXOGUHRQHRIWKHVH
SRXQGHUVKHOOVXS
WRWKUHHPLOHV
Key Diversion
The gunboat USS
Tyler leads an attack
RQHQHP\EDWWHULHV
DFURVVWKH0LVVLVVLSSL
DV8QLRQWURRSVEHJLQ
WRGLVHPEDUNXSULYHU

Confederate skirmishers were trading shots

across the broken, marshy terrain.
The Rebels were led by gray-bearded Brig.
Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, who had arrived from
Columbus early in the contest. Assuming command from Colonel James C. Tappan (who
had designated Camp Johnstons abatis-like
ring of felled trees as a fallback position), PilORZFHQWHUHGKLVOLQHLQDFRUQHOGFURVVLQJD
foot-high ridgeessentially no-mans land.
Colonel Thomas J. Freeman, in command of
the 22nd Tennessee Infantry, would later assert that no worse arrangement of our forces
could have been made on the ground than was
PDGH %\ PLGGD\ WKH JKWLQJ KDG EHFRPH
general, and Confederate troops mainly from
Tennessee and Arkansas found themselves
tangling at a stark disadvantage with YanNHHV IURP ,RZD DQG ,OOLQRLV ZKR ZHUH ULQJ
from the cover of the woods. Freemans artillerists meanwhile traded shots with scarcely
visible Union guns. Short on ammunition and
forced to cede ground, Pillow eventually orGHUHGDED\RQHWFKDUJHWKDW]]OHGDPLGWKLFN
underbrush and Federal volleys.
7KH EDFNDQGIRUWK JKWLQJ VWUHWFKHG LQWR
the afternoon, when Pillows weary troops

fell back into their camp. Grants infantry

emerged from the woods to tighten the noose.
7KHQDVFDQQRQUHIURP&ROXPEXVVKUHGGHG
the treetops above them, the Yankees fought
their way into the camp and drove out the
Confederates. According to the historian of the
7th Iowa, the Rebel line in our front got the
medicine good and straight, as their piles of
GHDGDQGZRXQGHGHDVLO\WHVWLHG)URPWKH
cover of the Mississippis 15-foot-high banks,
Pillow and Tappan gathered refugees that
joined the freshly arrived 2nd Tennessee in a
spirited rally. But Grants artillerists lugged
enough guns into position to blunt the Rebel
attack with point-blank blasts.
The Federals could well have gathered
up a sack-full of prisoners at that point and
steamed off content. Instead, Grants jubilant
troops stopped to celebrate their triumph in
the Rebel camp. A slew of speeches led by politician-turned-general John A. McClernand
who had served admirably to that point
hardly helped, and the Yankee soldiers topped
off their victory by looting the tents for food
and trophies. To put an end to the party, an
H[DVSHUDWHG *UDQW QDOO\ RUGHUHG WKH FDPS
burned. Amid plunging cannonballs launched

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41

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+DG*UDQWVVROGLHUVQRWVWRSSHGWRHQMR\WKHVSRLOVDW&DPS-RKQVWRQ%HOPRQWPLJKWZHOOKDYHJLYHQKLPKLVUVW&LYLO
:DUYLFWRU\7KHGHOD\DOORZHGD5HEHOFRXQWHUDWWDFNWKDWIRUFHGWKH)HGHUDOVWRPDNHDJKWLQJUHWUHDWEDFNWRWKHLUEDVH

42

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

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IURP&ROXPEXVKHLJKWV)HGHUDORIFHUVKXUried their units into the shelter of the woods

EHIRUHWKHPDUFKEDFNWRWKHERDWV
By that time, however, three more
UHJLPHQWV GLVSDWFKHG E\ 3RON KDG FRPH
DVKRUH 7ZR XQGHU UHEUHDWKLQJ %ULJ *HQ
%HQMDPLQ&KHDWKDPWRUHLQWR*UDQWVVWUXQJ
RXW WURRSV IURP WZR VLGHV ,W VR KDSSHQHG
that the dogs had to pass the whole length
RIWKLV5HJWDQGUHFHLYHGWKHLUUHUHFDOOHG
D PHPEHU RI WKH WK /RXLVLDQD DQG LW ZDV
WKHQ WKDW WKH\ ZHUH VKRW GRZQ OLNH GHHU
'R]HQV IHOOZRXQGHG GHDG RU FDSWXUHG E\
DQJU\&RQIHGHUDWHV3URGGHGRQE\WKHOLNHVRI
KDUGELWWHQ &RORQHO -RKQ $ /RJDQ KRZHYHU
WKHEXONRIWKH)HGHUDOVUHDFKHGWKHULYHUDQG
SLOHG VDIHO\ RQWR WKH WUDQVSRUWV ZLWK *UDQW
RQ KRUVHEDFN IDPRXVO\ VOLSSLQJ DERDUG ODVW
$IWHUVWRSSLQJXSWKHFRDVWWRUHWULHYH&RORQHO
Nathan Bonaparte Bufords wayward 27th
,OOLQRLV ,QIDQWU\ :DONHV RWLOOD HVFDSHG WR
WKHQRUWK
$VLGHIURPKHDY\FDVXDOWLHV8QLRQDQG
 &RQIHGHUDWH *UDQWV JODQFLQJ EORZ DW
%HOPRQW SURGXFHG IHZ WDQJLEOH UHVXOWV &HUWDLQO\KHKDGH[FHHGHGWKHVFRSHRI)UpPRQWV
RUGHUV %XW ZLWK WKH 3DWKQGHU JRQH WKDW
KDUGO\PDWWHUHG*UDQWODWHUMXVWLHGKLVDFtions, somewhat spuriously, based on having
GLVFRXUDJHG3RONIURPUHLQIRUFLQJ3ULFH0RUH
VLJQLFDQW LQ D JULQGLQJ ZDU DERXW WR HQWHU
LWVVHFRQG\HDUZDVWKHH[SHULHQFHJDLQHGE\
KLV\RXQJWURRSV$QGWKRXJKKHFRXOGKDUGO\TXDQWLI\LW*UDQWKDGDOVRVWHHOHGKLVRZQ
FRQGHQFHDERRVWWKDWZRXOGVHUYHKLPZHOO
D IHZ PRQWKV ODWHU RQ WKH 7HQQHVVHH 5LYHU
DQGEH\RQG
Shortly after Belmont,
ZKHQ *UDQW PHW ZLWK
3RON WR GLVFXVV D SULV
RQHUH[FKDQJHWKH/RXL
VLDQD FOHUJ\PDQ DQG
VROGLHUIRXQG*UDQWWREH
D PDQ RI PXFK IRUFH
Confederate: 1st Division,
1HZVKXQJU\$PHULFDQV
Western Department
Union: Grants Expeditionary
DFURVV WKH FRQWLQHQW
Command (District of
ZRXOG VRRQ GLVFRYHU DV
Southeast Missouri)
PXFK

FIGHT FACTS
Fall From Grace
Brigadier General
Gideon Pillow was
hailed as a hero for
stopping the Union
attack at Belmont.
Three months later
he relinquished
FRPPDQGDQGHG
amid the desperate
JKWLQJDW
Fort Donelson.

Battle of
BELMONT
NOVEMBER 7, 1861
Campaign
Mississippi River operations

Forces Engaged

Commanders
Confederate: Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk;
Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow
Union: Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

Estimated
Casualties
Confederate: 641
Union: 607

Eric Ethier, who writes

from Attleboro, Mass., is
a regular contributor to
$PHULFDV&LYLO:DU.

Outcome
Inconclusive

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43

PORTFOLIO

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now
boys,
we
will
have
some
fun

terrys texas
rangers Enj0yed
Harassing the
Yankees in the
western theater
By Donald L. Barnhart Jr.
44

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

Colonel Thomas Harrison scanned the Union cavalry with his eld glasses. He could see the Yankee
horsemen had their sabers drawn and were assembling for a charge. Then the colonel turned toward
his own command, a group of Texans spoiling for a
ght. Smiling, he told them: Now boys, we will have
some fun. There is a regiment out there preparing to charge
us armed with sabers. Let them come nearly close enough to
strike and then feed them with buckshot. Such were the tactics of one of the wars most efective cavalry units: the 8th
Texas Cavalry, beter known as Terrys Texas Rangers.
Organized under sugar planter Benjamin F. Terry on September 9, 1861, the 8th Texas was made up of cowboys, farmers, shopkeepers and former Texas Rangers. Many of the men
were college educated, but all were masters at riding horses
and shooting revolvers. For practical reasons, the Rangers
spurned swords in favor of repower. Each horseman was
armed with a double-barrel shotgun, or carbine, and three
or four Colt revolvers. Their mounts came from the farms of
Tennessee and Kentuckyfast, hardy thoroughbreds. They
wore homespun gray or buternut jackets trimmed in red,
with wide-brimmed hats that bore the lone star pin, a staple
on Texas uniforms.
Leaving Houston, the Rangers traveled to Nashville, Tenn.
At the time, cavalry units were needed to shore up tenuous
Confederate defenses in Kentucky. A reckless charge at the
whistle-stop of Woodsonville led to the early death of their
beloved commander. Ater two brief replacements, Tom Harrison (dubbed Old Iron Sides) would command the group
until the wars end.
The Rangers fought in every major campaign in the Western
Theater, serving mostly as scouts, pickets and raiders. One
Union officer who had seen them in action recalled, So sudden
was the charge, shooting our men with carbines and revolvers,
that they had no time to reload or x bayonets. Ater their
nal batle at Bentonville, N.C., most of the Rangers opted to
head back to Texas rather than make a formal surrender.
ACW thanks Ray Richey and Cindy Harriman of the
Texas Civil War Museum for their help with this article.

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Ready for Acion

A portrait of Private Jesse
5LFHDQRWKHUPHPEHURIWKH
WK7H[DV&RPSDQ\%5LFH
was discharged in 1862
likely due to illnessafter
serving with the Rangers in
%RZOLQJ*UHHQ.\

Colt Army Model

One of the most
commonly used
revolvers in the war,
the 1860 Colt Army
Model is a singleaction, 6-shot weapon
WKDWUHGDFDOLEHU
EDOODFFXUDWHXSWR
\DUGV*HRUJH
0&ROOLQJVZRUWK
who served in
Company B of the
8th Texas Cavalry,
RZQHGWKLVH[DPSOH

Give Me Shade!
5DQJHUVSUHIHUUHGZLGHEULPPHGVORXFKKDWVVLPLODUWRWKLVRQHPDGH
RIIXUIHOWSUREDEO\EHDYHU1RWHWKHEUDVVVWDUZLWK7(;$6VSHOOHG
RXWRQLWVYHSRLQWV7KLVKDWGLGQRWEHORQJWRDPHPEHURI
7HUU\V7H[DV5DQJHUVEXWLWLVW\SLFDORIWKRVHWKHXQLWZRUH

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45

PORTFOLIO

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Veterans Reunited
Following the war,
surviving 8th
Texas Cavalrymen
commissioned
this monument,
which was sculpted
by Pompeo Coppini.
Dedicated to their
fellow horsemen, the
memorial was installed on the Capitol
grounds in Austin in
1907. Shown here are
former Rangers and
their wives who
gathered for a
reunion in 1923.

46

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

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Battleeld Booty
The inscription on these binoculars, which
were owned by Ranger J.P. Harris of the 8th
Texas Cavalrys Company B, explains that
they were captured from Lieutenant L.W.
Lytle of Company K, 11th Kentucky Cavalry
(U.S.), in November 1864.

Pracical Weapon
Though the Rangers
eschewed swords in
the saddle, many
probably carried
into battle personal
weapons similar to
this stout deer antler
knife, also owned by
Private R.B. Shipp.

Handy Reservoir
Private R.B. Shipp, from Bastrop County, Texas, owned this
leather cap box, which is marked with an R for Ranger.
Shipp served in the 8th Texas Cavalrys Company D.

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blood
for
salt
raids on southern salt works
hastened the wars end
By Steven Bernstein

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WorldMags.net

Abandoning the Works

As troops from USS
.LQJVKHU row toward the
shore of St. Josephs Bay,
)ODODERUHUVHHZLWK
as much salt as they can
carry. .LQJVKHUs crew
leveled the works there on
September 8, 1862.

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he Unions ability to deny

basic necessities to the rebelling states played a big
role in the Northern victory.
One critical commodity was
salt, which we take for
granted today.
During the 1860s, city residents purchased
much of their meat in dried, salted, smoked
or pickled form from local grocers. But most
Americans still lived on farms, where they relied on those same methods of preserving
meat in home kitchens. Not only was salting
likely the quickest and most popular method
of food preservation, salted meat tended to
last longer and taste better than dried meat.
Salt was also used in fertilizer and to tan
leather and dye clothing.
The United States used more salt than any
other nation in the 19th century, and the
South used more than any other region. The
antebellum South used about 450 million
pounds of salt annually, very little of which
was actually produced in the Southern states.
Most of it had been imported from England
and Wales, arriving in the United States as
ballast in ships that had carried cotton to England. The onset of the Civil War signaled a
KXJHFKDOOHQJHIRUWKHHGJOLQJ&RQIHGHUDF\
how to supply its military and civilian population with enough foodstuffs as well as salt.
$WWKHFRQLFWVEHJLQQLQJRQO\YH6RXWKHUQUHJLRQVKDGVXIFLHQWGHSRVLWVWRSURGXFH
HQRXJK VDOW WR UHSODFH LPSRUWV WKH *UHDW
Kanawha River salt works, near Charleston,
9DQRZ:HVW9LUJLQLDDORQJ*RRVH&UHHN
near Manchester, Ky.; Clarke, Washington
and Mobile counties in Alabama; the saline
wells of New Iberia, La.; and those at Saltville, in southwestern Virginias remote highlands. The onset of the Union blockade, however, inspired Southerners to get creative. It
VRRQEHFDPHFRPPRQWRVHHWKHJORZRIUHV
beneath boiling kettles of brine around St.
Andrews Bay, Fla., as well as near Tampa
and Pensacola. A huge rock salt deposit was
also discovered and developed during the war
years at Avery Island in southern Louisiana,
140 miles west of New Orleanshome today
to McIlhenny Co., makers of Tabasco Sauce.
After President Abraham Lincolns April
1861 declaration of a blockade, the Confederacy abandoned large areas of the Atlantic

50

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

Coast to the Union. Between April 27, 1861,

and February 8, 1862, Cape Hatteras, N.C.,
Port Royal, S.C., and Roanoke Island fell to
the Federals. With the Roanoke Island victory, Yankees assumed control over North
Carolinas entire coast aside from Wilmington. By midsummer 1862, the North and
South Atlantic blockading squadrons were
raiding salt works on Floridas Atlantic
&RDVW 8QLRQ QDYDO UDLGV DOVR LQWHQVLHG
DORQJ)ORULGDV*XOI&RDVWWKDW6HSWHPEHU
Through a series of early defeats, the South
lost control of western Virginia, and with it
the salt works on the Kanawha River. But
LQ 6HSWHPEHU  5HEHOV XQGHU 0DM *HQ
William Loring chased the Federals out of
WKH .DQDZKD 9DOOH\ DQG EULH\ RFFXSLHG
Charleston. Lorings troops controlled the
YDOOH\ IRU VL[ ZHHNV FRQVFDWLQJ VDOW VWRUHV
and destroying area works. On October 21,
1862, Union Colonel Joseph A.J. Lightburn
launched a counterattack, and by November
10 Lorings troops had departed the valley
with all the salt they could carry, leaving the
works in ruins for the wars remainder.
Also in October 1862, Union forces deVWUR\HG WKH *RRVH &UHHN ZRUNV QHDU 0DQchester, Ky. Avery Islands works met a similar fate after the fall of Vicksburg in July
1863. Meanwhile, three salt-producing sites
along the Tombigbee River in Clarke County,
Ala.82 miles north of Mobilewere inaccessible from January to March annually because of high water.

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Seasoned Raider
In September 1864, Union
Maj. Gen. Stephen G.
Burbridge led 5,200 cavalrymen from Kentucky into
Virginia, looking to raid
Confederate salt works.

WorldMags.net

Appalachian
Treasure
The works at
Saltville, where
two-thirds of the
Confederacys
yearly requirement
of sodium chloride
originated, was
situated in the remote
highlands of Smyth
County, Va.

No area along Floridas coastline had nearly

as many salt works as St. Andrews Bay, on
the Gulf of Mexico, and no other place in that
region was raided as often. St. Andrews Bay
has three arms: East Bay, West Bay and
North Bay, each with inlets adjacent to
swamps and bayous. Salt produced at St.
Andrews Bay was especially popular during
the war years because a three-year long
drought had evaporated nearly all the
freshwater in the area, leaving the seawater
containing 75 percent salt. By 1862, hundreds
of works had sprung up from one end of the
bay to the other, with an estimated 2,500
workers employed in salt production.
The U.S. Navy raided the St. Andrews Bay
works at least nine times, with the most destructive attack taking place between December 7 and 15, 1863. An additional 90 works
were destroyed on December 18. Property
damage totaled $3,787,698, with 380 salt
works and 1,000 kettles destroyedthis despite the fact that Acting Master W.R.
Browne, who commanded the Union gunboat
USS Restless, estimated there were 689 gray-

clad militiamen near St. Andrews, while his

own force numbered just 92 sailors and Marines. Locals sometimes burned their own
works after removing the salt, and Confederate militiamen guarding the facility occasionally surrendered and took the Federal
oath of allegiance. At St. Andrews Bay three
militiamen apparently surrendered to the
)HGHUDOVEHFDXVHWKH\ZHUHWLUHGRIJKWLQJ
Those same men reported that their commander, Captain William Anderson, and several of his troops had already resigned and
returned home.
But, like the fabled Phoenix, some of the
destroyed salt manufacturers rose from the
ashes. Works that had been destroyed in December 1863 at St. Andrews were operating
again by February 1864. Knocking them out
for good would require multiple raids.
The works at Saltville, Va., were considered
the Souths most productive. Those deposits
UXQIRUPLOHVDORQJDJUHDWVVXUHLQWKH
earths crust, appropriately called the Saltville Fault. Ringed by hills and ridges near

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Hard Divide
The loss of western
Virginia early in
the war denied
the Confederacy
access not only to
the regions ample
supplies of coal and
lead but also to salt,
which was harvested
primarily in the
Kanawha Valley.
In 1850 the Old
Dominion produced
3,478,890 bushels a
year36 percent of
the nations supply.
Union control of West
Virginia left Saltville
as Virginias lone
salt repository, which
at its peak in 1864
boasted 38 furnaces
capable of generating
up to 4 million
bushels per year.

federates anticipated a major attack soon thereafter, parthe Holston Rivers north fork, in the remote Appalachian
ticularly since the works were situated on the boundary
highlands of Smyth County, Saltville produced 4 million
EHWZHHQ WZR PLOLWDU\ GLVWULFWV ZKLFK PHDQW RQH RIFHU
bushels of salt (200 million pounds) annually, two-thirds of
was responsible for defending the works while another was
the Souths yearly wartime requirement.
responsible for defending the approach routes. In fact, no
The Campbell family began commercial salt production
raids materialized until September 1864.
there in 1782, but by April 1861 the works were owned by
Early on September 20, a force of 5,200
Stuart, Buchanan & Co., which contracted
Union
cavalrymen led by Maj. Gen. Stephen G.
with the Confederate government to supply
Southern Support
Burbridge
left Mount Sterling, Ky., for Salt22,000 bushels of salt each month to the Army.
Cavalrymen under
ville.
Burbridge
owned many slaves, and inThe quality was excellent, and soon eight ConConfederate Brig.
cluded
in
his
raiding
force were 600 men of the
federate states, including Virginia, had arGen. John S.
Williams reinforced
still-organizing 5th U.S. Colored Cavalry, and
ranged to purchase salt or were conducting
Saltvilles defenders
some from the 6th USCC, the 12th Ohio Cavaltheir own operations at Saltville. Since the
before Burbridges
ry, the 11th Michigan Cavalry and various
enormous daily output was too much for the
raiders could reach
Kentucky units. As Kentuckys military adVirginia & Tennessee Railroad to transport,
the works.
ministrator, Burbridge had earned the enmity
wagons clogged the roads for miles around the
of state residents by forcing farmers to sell proZRUNV EULQJLQJ LQ UHZRRG IRU WKH IXUQDFHV
duce at below-market prices and also making
and making deliveries on return trips. Saltthem pay for depredations by local guerrillas
villes importance to the Confederacy increased
and arresting anyone suspected of opposing
after other works had been destroyed.
Lincolns reelection.
By 1863, Union commanders had Saltville in
Anticipating a visit by Adj. Gen. Lorenzo
their sights. On July 17 a Federal raid led by
Thomas, who organized black Union units in
Colonel John Toland was repulsed after the
the Mississippi Valley, Burbridge believed capcolonel was killed at nearby Wytheville. In
turing Saltville would redeem his tarnished
May 1864 another raid, led by Brig. Gen.
reputation. Meanwhile Burbridges superior,
George Crook and Brig. Gen. William Averell,
0DM*HQ-RKQ06FKRHOGRUGHUHG%ULJ*HQ
was repulsed near Wytheville by Rebel Brig.
Jacob Ammen to hold the southwestern apGen. John Hunt Morgans cavalry. The Con-

52

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

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proach to SaltvilleBulls Gap, Tenn.while another Federal force led by Brig. Gen. Alvan Gillem was to attack Jonesborough, Tenn. Both were then to advance on Saltville.
Opposing Burbridge were 400 troops under Colonel Henry L. Giltner, augmented by a few hundred men from the
13th Battalion, Virginia Reserves. Guerrillas attacked the
rear of Burbridges column as it made its way toward Saltville, interfering with communications from Ammen and
Gillemand also causing Burbridge to miss Maj. Gen. William T. Shermans order to abandon the raid and head to
1DVKYLOOHWRJKW1DWKDQ%HGIRUG)RUUHVWVFDYDOU\

Burbridges force spent a harrowing night crossing Laurel Mountain on September 29. As they followed a narrow,
winding trail in a thunderstorm in the dark, the mounts of
eight troopers plunged off the path, killing horses and riders. At that point 4,300-foot-high Clinch Mountain and
/RZ*DSVWLOOOD\EHIRUHWKHP'XULQJWKDWGLIFXOWPDUFK
Burbridges white troops mercilessly harassed the 5th
USCC troops traveling with them, but the black soldiers
did not respond in kind.
Early on October 1, Burbridges force met the main body
of Giltners Brigade, forcing the Confederates to retreat.
The Federals made their way through Low Gap, where
towering cliffs dominated the road. At sunset, when they
ZHUHIHZHUWKDQYHPLOHVIURP6DOWYLOOH%XUEULGJHRSWHG
to make camp. Had he advanced at that point, he might
have easily captured the lightly defended salt works. But
early the next morning, Confederate Brig. Gen. John S.
Williams 1,700 cavalrymen, 400 local militia led by Lt.
Col. Robert T. Preston, along with 300 raw recruits from
Abingdonjoined the defenders. Among them was an unDIOLDWHGSDUWLVDQUDQJHUFRPSDQ\OHGE\DQRWRULRXVJXHUrilla, Captain Champ Ferguson.
Thus when morning came, Burbridges 5,200 troops on
the Holston Rivers north bank faced 2,800 Rebels on the
VRXWKEDQN)LHUFHJKWLQJHQVXHGIRUVHYHUDOKRXUVVRPH
hand-to-hand, and an artillery duel also took place between
the Union batteries and guns on the Confederate left. Immediately after crossing the Holston, the Federals halted to
UHIRUP5HEHOSLFNHWVRYHUKHDUGDKLJKUDQNLQJ8QLRQRIFHUWHOOPHPEHUVRIWKHWK86&&WRJKWZHOOLQWKLV\RXU
UVWEDWWOHDGGLQJWKDWWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHVDOWZRUNV
ZDVZRUWKPRUHWRWKHPWKDQWKHFDSWXUHRI5LFKPRQG
Burbridge sent Colonel Robert W. Ratliffs 1,500-man
4th Brigade against the enemy right, in pursuit of Giltners
SLFNHWV$GYDQFLQJLQWKUHHOLQHVDQGJKWLQJWKHLUZD\XS
2,170-foot-high Sanders Hill, the 4th consisted of the 12th
Ohio, 11th Michigan and 5th USCC regiments. They encountered elements of the 8th and 11th Texas Cavalry, led
by Brig. Gen. Felix Robertson, and Colonel George Dibrells
Tennessee cavalry. After resisting for a time, the Confederates retreated up the hill and across Cedar Creek, a tributary of the Holston. With the 5th USCC in the lead, Ratliffs men charged uphill toward the Rebel breastworks. A
few of Dibrells troops, enraged at the sight of the black
troops, paid with their lives as they leapt over the breast-

Sweaing to Make Salt

Workers at the Saltville facility spent hours keeping
the boilers going. A laborer, above, prepares to throw
a log in the furnace heating the salt kettles, which
are stirred by another worker, top. Saltville sat on a
rich, 17-mile-long deposit of its namesake mineral.

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53

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won the Second
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54

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8,000 men, though in fact he had fewer than 1,500.

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time led by Maj. Gen. George Stoneman. With more than
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Supply and Demand

At the outset of the war, many Confederates
didnt appreciate the consequences of what
they derided as Lincolns humbug blockade. They had no concept of the inationary
effects it would have on the availability and
cost of food. By the end of 1861, apples from
Massachusets, buter and cheese from New
England, vegetables from tropical latitudes
and salt from Wales were scarce in the South,
while luxury items such as coffee, tea, spices
and wine had all but disappeared.
Scarcity resulted in drastic price increases. In prewar New Orleans, salt had sold
for 50 cents a sack (commonly containing
three 50-pound bushels), or one-third cent
per pound. In August 1861, salt was selling
for $1 a sack, and by the end of September
it went for $6 a sack in Richmond and $8 a
bushel in Raleigh, N.C. By January 1862, salt
cost $25 a sack in Savannah. In November
1862, salt sold by the Richmond city council
commanded 50 cents a pound, while private
stores auctioned it for $1.30 a pound. By
1864, the price had increased to $10 a bushel
in Georgia and to $35 per bushel in Mississippi. By September 1863, salt had become
so scarce that La Salle Corbell, describing
her wedding to Maj. Gen. George E. Picket,
wrote that litle bags of salt and sugar were
sent as presents.
Moreover, the sharply declining value of
Confederate currency caused the advent of
a barter economy, in which salt itself became currency. At various works around the
South, supplies, equipment and labor were
all paid for in salt. North Carolina residents
offered ve bushels of grain for a bushel of
salt, and in Mississippi in October 1862 the
rate of exchange was one sack of salt for 40
sides of bacon. S.B.

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Park, and its part of the John Hunt
Morgan Trail.
VisitLebanonKY.com today.

History lives in Tupelo, Mississippi. Visit

Brices Crossroads National Batleield,
Natchez Trace Parkway, Tupelo National Batleield, Mississippi Hills Exhibit
Center and more.

Part of the One and Only Bluegrass!

Visit National Historic Landmark, National Civil War Trust tour, historic ferry,
and the third largest planetarium of its
kind in the world!

Visit Chatanoogas pivotal Civil War

sites that changed America forever.
Combine your stay in this top rated tourism
destination with other world-class atractions, music festivals and unique dining.

A vacation in Georgia means great family

experiences that can only be described as
prety sweet. Explore Georgias Magnolia
Midlands.

Experience the Civil War in Jacksonville

at the Museum of Military History.
Relive one of Arkansas irst stands at the
Reeds Bridge Batleield.
jacksonvillesoars.com/museum.php

Explore the past in Baltimore during two

commemorative events: the War of 1812
Bicentennial and Civil War 150.
Plan your trip at Baltimore.org.

Are you a history and culture buf? here

are many museums and atractions, Civil
War, and Civil Rights sites just for you in
Jackson, Mississippi.

Experience living history for he Batles

of Marieta Georgia, featuring reenactments, tours and a recreation of 1864
Marieta.
www.marietacivilwar.com

Experience the Old West in action with

a trip through Southwest Montana.
For more information on our 15 ghost
towns, visit southwestmt.com or call
800-879-1159, ext 1501.

he Mississippi Hills National Heritage

Area highlights the historic, cultural, natural, scenic and recreational treasures of
this distinctive region.
www.mississippihills.org

Once Georgias last frontier outpost, now

its third largest city, Columbus is a true
destination of choice. History, theater,
arts and sportsColumbus has it all.

Over 650 grand historic homes in three

National Register Historic Districts.
Birthplace of Americas greatest playwright, Tennessee Williams. he ultimate
Southern destinationColumbus, MS.

Six major batles took place in Winchester

and Frederick County, and the town
changed hands approximately 72 times
more than any other town in the country!
www.visitwinchesterva.com

With a variety of historic atractions

and outdoor adventures, Tishomingo
County is a perfect destination for lovers
of history and nature alike.

Home to more than 400 sites, the Civil

Wars impact on Georgia was greater than
any other event in the states history. Visit
www.gacivilwar.org to learn more.

Greeneville, TN
Founded in 1783, Greeneville has a rich
historical background as the home for
such important igures as Davy Crocket
and President Andrew Johnson. Plan your
visit now!

Richmond,
Kentucky

H I S T O R I C

Roswell, Georgia

Tishomingo County, MS
Fayeteville/Cumberland County, North
Carolina is steeped in history and patriotic traditions. Take a tour highlighting our
military ties, status as a transportation
hub, and our Civil War story.

Whether you love history, culture, the

peacefulness of the great outdoors, or the
excitement of entertainment, Roswell ofers
a wide selection of atractions and tours.
www.visitroswellga.com

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History surrounds Cartersville, GA,
including Allatoona Pass, where a ierce
batle took place, and Coopers Furnace,
the only remnant of the bustling
industrial town of Etowah.

Tennessees Farragut Folklife Museum

is a treasure chest of artifacts telling the
history of the Farragut and Concord
communities, including the Admiral
David Glasgow Farragut collection.

Seven museums, an 1890 railroad, a British

fort and an ancient trade path can be found
on the Furs to Factories Trail in the Tennessee Overhill, located in the corner of
Southeast Tennessee.

hrough personal stories, interactive

exhibits and a 360 movie, the Civil War
Museum focuses on the war from the
perspective of the Upper Middle West.
www.thecivilwarmuseum.org

heres a place where a leisurely stroll

might lead to an extraordinary historic
home, a beautiful monastery or a lush
peach orchard. hat place is Georgia.
ExploreGeorgia.org/HistoricHeartland

Williamson County, Tennessee, is rich in

Civil War history. Here, you can visit the
Lotz House, Carnton Plantation, Carter
House, Fort Granger and Winstead Hill
Park, among other historic locations.

Explore the Natchez Trace. Discover

America. Journey along this 444-mile
National Scenic Byway stretching from
the Mississippi River in Natchez through
Alabama and then Tennessee.

Come to Helena, Arkansas and see

the Civil War like youve never seen it
before. Plan your trip today!
www.CivilWarHelena.com
www.VisitHelenaAR.com

Join us as we commemorate the 150th

anniversary of Knoxvilles Civil War forts.
Plan your trip today!
www.knoxcivilwar.org

Historic sites throughout the county

throw their doors open the irst Saturday
of every month through October. Free
admission!
www.visitqueenannes.com

Sandy Springs, Georgia, is the perfect

hub for exploring Metro Atlantas Civil
War sites. Conveniently located near
major highways, youll see everything
from Sandy Springs!

Treat yourself to Southern Kentucky

hospitality in London and Laurel
County! Atractions include the Levi
Jackson Wilderness Road State Park and
Camp Wildcat Civil War Batleield.

Hip and historic Frederick County

boasts unique shopping and dining
experiences, battlefields, museums,
covered bridges, and abundant outdoor
recreation. Request a free travel packet!

Just 15 miles south of downtown Atlanta

lies the heart of the true South: Clayton
County, Georgia, where heritage comes
alive! vv

St. Marys County, Maryland. Visit Point

Lookout, site of the wars largest prison
camp, plus Confederate and USCT
monuments. A short drive from the
nations capital.

ALABAMA HISTORICAL COMMISSION

Confederate Memorial Park is the site of
Alabamas only Home for Confederate veterans (1902-1939). he museum interprets
Alabamas Confederate period and the Alabama Confederate Soldiers Home.

Cleveland, TN

Near Chattanooga, find glorious

mountain scenery and heart-pounding
white-water rafting. Walk in the footsteps
of the Cherokee and discover a charming
historic downtown.

Alabamas
Gulf Coast

If youre looking for an easy stroll through

a century of fine architecture or a trek
down dusty roads along the Blues Trail,
youve come to the right place.
www. visitgreenwood.com

Southern hospitality at its inest, the

Classic South, Georgia, ofers visitors a
combination of history and charm mixed
with excursion options for everyone from
outdoorsmen to museum-goers.

Relive the rich history of the Alabama

Gulf Coast at Fort Morgan, Fort Gaines,
the USS Alabama Batleship, and the
areas many museums.
'PSU.PSHBOPSH
r


CIVIL WAR MUSEUM

of the Western Theater

Vicksburg, Mississippi is a great place

to bring your family to learn American
history, enjoy educational museums and
check out the mighty Mississippi River.

Follow the Civil War Trail in Meridian,

Mississippi, where youll experience
history irst-hand, including Merrehope
Mansion, Marion Confederate Cemetery
and more. www.visitmeridian.com.

Fitzgerald, Georgia...100 years of bringing people together. Learn more about

our story and the commemoration of
the 150th anniversary of the Civil Wars
conclusion at www.itzgeraldga.org.

Hundreds of authentic artifacts. Voted

fourth inest in U.S. by North & South
Magazine. Located in historic Bardstown,
Kentucky.
www.civil-war-museum.org

Come to Cleveland, Mississippithe

birthplace of the blues. Here, youll ind
such legendary destinations as Dockery
Farms and Po Monkeys Juke Joint.
www.visitclevelandms.com

Historic Bardstown, Kentucky

Dstination
Jessamine, KY
Prestonsburg, KY - Civil War & history
atractions, and reenactment dates at
PrestonsburgKY.org. Home to Jenny
Wiley State Park, country music entertainment & Dewey Lake.

Search over 10,000 images and primary

documents relating to the Civil War Batle
of Hampton Roads, now available in he
Mariners Museum Library Online Catalog!
www.marinersmuseum.org/.catalogs

History, bourbon, shopping, sightseeing

and relaxingwhatever you enjoy, youre
sure to ind it in beautiful Bardstown, KY.
Plan your visit today.
www.visitbardstown.com

Confederate Memorial Park in Marbury,

Alabama, commemorates the Civil War
with an array of historic sites and artifacts. Experience the lives of Civil War
soldiers as never before.

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STEP BACK IN TIME at Camp Nelson

Civil War Heritage Park, a Union Army
supply depot and African American refugee camp. Museum, Civil War Library,
Interpretive Trails and more.

REVIEWS

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Tar Heel Relics

An impressive array of artifacts enlivens
an exhibit on North Carolina during the
ODVW\HDURIWKHFRQLFW

North Carolina at War

North Carolina
Museum of
History
5 East Edenton St.
Raleigh, N.C.
919-807-7900
ncmuseumof
history.org
Hours:
MondaySaturday,
9 a.m.5 p.m.,
Sunday,
Noon5 p.m.

58

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

The North Carolina Museum of History ofers

two Civil War exhibits in Raleigh and one more
online. Of those at the museum, North Carolina
and the Civil War: The Biter End, 1864-1865, begins with secession, then showcases an impressive
array of weaponry. Sections highlight particular
batles, including the Wilderness and Cold Harbor,
with ags, uniforms and personal efects rounding
out a visual feast. The Biter Ends coverage
features a multilayered surrender accountGrant
and Lee at Appomatox, Sherman and Johnston
near Durham and CSS Shenandoah in England.
Though it takes some perseverance to nd
North Carolina in Crisis, which is integrated into
the Story of North Carolina exhibit, its well
worth seeking out. The displays include proles of
North Carolinians involved in the conict: yeoman
farmers, planters, freedmen, slaves, American
Indians, rural, urban, pro-Confederate and
pro-Union. This is a fascinating look at demographics, incorporating uniforms, household goods
and ags, along with photos and graphics. Nearby
is what is billed as the largest extant collection of
objects associated with a North Carolina
Confederate enlisted soldier. The Alfred May
collection includes a knapsack made with

repurposed Federal material, uniforms, rearm,

ammunition and keepsakes. Visitors also get to
handle reproductions of equipment. Displays on
camp life, music, batles, medicine, POWs and
home-front economics round out the experience.
The online exhibit, moh.ncdcr.gov/exhibits/
civilwar, is labeled North Carolina and the Civil
War, but the content mostly focuses on North
Carolina in Crisisresulting in some confusion
regarding the virtual tour versus displays in
Raleigh. There are several ways to navigate online.
About is predominantly text and images.
Explore ofers audio clips, artifact images,
expanded individual proles, panoramic exhibit
views and a 31-section virtual tour (a nice efort
despite uneven lming and audio bleed).
Artifacts and Resources, which provides links
to related sources, round out the online tour.
The volume of narrative included in all formats
is problematic. The exhibits have clearly been
carefully researched, but the accompanying text is
beter suited to book form. One advantage of the
online exhibit is that you can tackle it in small
doses. If possible, take the online tour rst, so you
can beter appreciate the ne artifacts in Raleigh.
Terri Sinnott

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REVIEWS

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Besieged: Mobile 1865

By Russell W. Blount Jr.

Pelican Publishing, 2015, $26.95
Mobile was untouched by war in 1865. Everyday life proceeded

Heroines of Mercy Street:

The Real Nurses of the Civil War
By Pamela D. Toler
Litle Brown, 2016, $27
Heroines of Mercy Street ofers a look at the
real people who inspired the PBS series about
Civil War doctors and nurses. As lm director
and producer Ridley Scot points out in his foreword, the doctors and female volunteer nurses
were in many ways the unsung heroes of the
Civil War. For every soldier wounded in batle,
there were dozens of caregivers behind the front
lines selessly trying to repair the physical and
psychological damage.
Typical of those women was Mary Phinney
von Olnhausen, who had studied at the School
for Design for Women in Boston. Widowed at age
42, she volunteered as a nurse ater the First
Batle of Bull Run, and a year later was sent to
Washington to work for Dorothea Dix. We know
Phinneys story mostly from her leters, an
account writen by her nephew and an
incomplete autobiographical sketch. Trained
nurse Anne Reading, born in England,
volunteered for the nursing corps simply because
she needed work. Her leters and memoirs were
edited by one of her descendants in 2006.
Phinney, Reading and thousands of other
nurses batled sexual prejudice, corruption,
illness and a lack of equipment and supplies
throughout the war years. The number of soldiers
they saved has never been estimated, but it could
be argued that they invented the profession of
nursing as we have come to know it.
Nurse Mary Livermore went on to become a
leader of the womens sufrage movement. In a
speech in 1903 before the American Nurses
Association, she said of her colleagues: They had
a great work to do without any of the advantages
that you would have if you were to take their
places today....It was an impossible thing for
those women to do all they had to do...and they
came out from their worksome of them stayed
the whole four yearsvery much beter nurses,
of course, than when they went in.
If you dont know their story, then you dont
know the whole story of the Civil War.
Allen Barra

much as usual despite the presence of the Union Navy on the citys
seaward doorstep ever since Admiral David G. Farragut had damned
the torpedoes and captured the three forts guarding Mobile Bay. Since
then, the Union area commander, Maj. Gen. Edward R.S. Canby, had
avoided moving against the city itself despite urging from Lt. Gen.
Ulysses S. Grantwho wanted Canby to get into the heart of Alabama.
The campaign to capture Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, the eastern
bastions protecting Mobile, is Russell Blounts focus in Besieged. He
writes with surety and dispatch about Canbys meticulously planned
two-pronged ofensive. Canby had more than 45,000 batle-hardened
veterans at his disposal, while his Confederate counterpart, Maj. Gen.
Dabney H. Maury, could muster only 4,000 infantry and 1,500
artillerymen. Add to these the untested members of the Alabama
Militia, Home Guard and miscellaneous cavalry units, and Maury had
barely 9,000 men and boys to hold his thin gray lines.
On March 25, Canby ordered his blue legions forward against the
rst objective, Spanish Fort. But ater initial skirmishing and a good
look at the formidable defenses,
Canby decides to stop his army where
they are, bring up supplies and
artillery, break out the spades and
axes, and dig in for a siege. For the
next 17 days, Blount recounts, not
a day or night will pass without an
increasing storm of missiles lling
the salty air over the fortications
protecting Mobile. He gives a
comprehensive account of the daily
routine of siege warfare that, in spite
of advances in armament, still closely
resembles its medieval roots. You
must dig, dig, dig. Nothing can save
us here but the spade, implored Brig.
Gen. Randall Gibson at Spanish Fort.
While both sides constructed
trenches, saps and bomb-proofs,
sharpshooters plied their trade.
Shallow water and accurate Rebel
gunnery prevented the Federal
Navy from completely sealing of
Spanish Fort. But Union numbers nally won out on April 9, with both
sides still unaware that Robert E. Lee had signed surrender terms. With
the war all but over, Canbys force sufered 657 needless casualties.
Confederate losses deed an accurate count.
Spanish Fort fell, but Canby bagged few prisoners, since most of the
defenders escaped to reinforce Fort Blakely. Canby was reinforced by
Union soldiers arriving from Florida, and the Confederate commander,
St. John Richardson Liddell, who had about 3,500 men, sent out futile
sorties, atempting to push back the Union lines. As Lee and Grant let
Appomatox Court House, the batle for Fort Blakely commenced.
Ater point-blank ring and hand-to-hand ghting, including
atacks by USCT troops seeking to avenge the massacre of black troops
at Fort Pillow, the campaign nally came to an end on April 12 when
Mobiles mayor surrendered the city. Ater entering Mobile,
newspaperman Whitelaw Reid wrote, The city is a sad picture to
contemplate. He could have been talking about the entire Confederacy.
Gordon Berg

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MAY 2016

59

REVIEWS

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The events of April 6, 1862, would haunt

Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace for the rest of his life.

Faulted for arriving late at Shiloh with his
division despite a direct order from General
Ulysses S. Grant, Wallace has long been
accused of being dilatory, geting lost and
bearing responsibility for the disaster that
befell Union forces that day. What actually
may have happened, and the eforts of
Grants underlings to blame Wallace for it,
forms the core of Charles G. Beemers investigation of Wallaces shortened career.
Commissioned a colonel, Wallace was
promoted in September 1861 to brigadier
general of U.S. Volunteers, and elevated to
major general the following March. It was
his misfortune to be an amateur officer at a
time when West Pointers solidied control
of the command structure. Still, he
performed well at Romney, Fort Donelson,
on Shilohs second day and at Monocacy.
Grants verbal order that Wallace hasten
from Crumps Landing to Pitsburg Landing
before the April 6 debacle was delivered by
staf member Algernon Baxter. Wallaces 3rd
Division moved down the Shunpike, but
then, in response to another order from
Grant delivered by Captain William R.

Rowley, countermarched to River

Road and on to Pitsburg Landing,
where he arrived ater nightfall. From
that moment on, accounts of what the
verbal and writen orders said, what
was done and why, and what was
claimed and recalled ater the fact
would multiply. Wallace himself fanned
the controversy. He wrote General in
Chief Henry Halleck on March 14, 1863,
I have heard of prejudices against
merelative to my failure to participate
in the rst days batle at Pitsburg
Landing. Beemer shows that Grants
staf officers collaborated in fabricating
a detailed cover-up of the events
surrounding Wallaces march. Those
reports rst surfaced in 1884 and
breathed fresh life into the controversy.
The irony of Wallaces fate is that ater
Shiloh, an instance when he followed
orders, he forever bore the blame for failing
to do so. Though he achieved fame and
fortune with the publication of his novel
Ben-Hur in 1880, Wallace died in 1905 still
seeking exoneration. Thanks to Charles
Beemer, justice has nally been done.
Louis P. Masur

My Greatest Quarrel
With Fortune: Major
General Lew Wallace
in the West, 1861-1862
By Charles G. Beemer
Kent State University,
2015, $39.95

Civil War Museum

VISITVICKSBURG

AMERICAN MISSISSIPPI SOUTHERN

HISTORY
CHARM
MUSIC


 



 





 


VisitVicksburg.com
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of the Western Theatre

In Historic Bardstown, Kentucky

The finest collection of

Western Theatre Civil War
artifacts in the United States!
Plus!
s Womens Civil War Museum
s War Museum of Mid America
s Historic Pioneer Village

310 E. Broadway Bardstown, KY

(502) 349-0291
www.civil-war-museum.org
Email: museumrow@bardstowncable.net

REVIEWS

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What does it take to lead men into batle? Why are some men successful at assuming

command when others fail? At the wars outset, thousands of young men without formal
military training had to quickly learn how to lead their friends and neighbors into life or
death situations. Andrew Bledsoe has done a prodigious amount of research to document
their struggle for authority, along with the delicate intellectual, psychological, and emotional balancing act necessary for maintaining it.
Bledsoe documents the steep learning curve required of the junior officer corps in both
the Union and Confederate armies and the challenges these men faced. Trust, he writes,
perhaps more than any other aspect of the military relationship depended on the
establishment of a personal connection between officers and their men. He ofers a wealth
of anecdotal examples of the ways junior officers achieved the trust and demanded the
discipline needed to command obedience from subordinate volunteers.
Bledsoe supplements those anecdotes with a data-driven sample of 150 junior officers
drawn from leters, manuscripts and military records. Casualties among those Union junior
officers sampled totaled 43.5 percent; for Confederate officers, it was 47.6 percent. Clearly
the best school for junior officers turned out to be the batleeld. By the summer of 1862,
Bledsoe maintains, The application of standards and training, along with valuable
experience accrued in combat, led to a gradual improvement in the combat and command
abilities in the junior-officer corps of both the Union and Confederate armies.
Civil War citizen-officers developed a unique interior culture during the war, Bledsoe
points out, a culture informed, in part, by the example of the regular-army officer corps.
This officer ethos changed as the war went on. Many new company-grade officers had
previously served in the ranks, giving them signicant experience to their positions, along
with an intrinsic understanding of the mentality of their enlisted volunteers.
Bledsoe pays his highest tribute to the men who served as volunteer junior officers by
describing how they returned home: They went to peace in much the same way as they
had gone to warwith litle guidance or instruction, armed mainly with their instincts,
natural aptitude, and the capacity to adapt to uncertain and changing circumstances.
Those admirable characteristics continue to dene American warriors to this day.
Gordon Berg

Citizen-Officers: The
Union and Confederate
Volunteer Junior
Officer Corps in the
American Civil War
Andrew S. Bledsoe
LSU Press, 2015, $47.50

Atlanta, the Shenandoah,

and the Turn to Total War
Atlanta, Georgia

April 6-9, 2016

A National Civil War Conference

In 1864, the Civil War became a total war - and the world turned to fire. From April 6-9, 2016,
the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation will look back and compare the 1864 Atlanta and
Shenandoah Campaigns, and the systematic destruction related to each Shermans March to the
Sea and Sheridans Burning of the Valley with its premiere national conference. The conference
will include tours, programs, receptions, special events, and more. Speakers and guides will include:
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The conference will be headquartered at the Hilton Atlanta/Marietta Hotel & Conference Center
but will include excursions to battlefields and sites throughout the region.

For more information, including how to register, go to

www.ShenandoahAtWar.org or call 540-740-4545.
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REVIEWS

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Damn Yankees: Demonization &

Defiance in the Confederate South
By George C. Rable
LSU Press, 2015, $38

Those damn Yankees, why cant we beat them? George Rable turns a
memorable lament from a musical about baseball upside down in his latest
foray into the Souths cultural history. Beginning in the antebellum decades,
Rable concludes, Southerners routinely damned their Northern brethren in
newspapers, essays, diaries, leters, speeches, sermons and popular art. When
war nally came, everything Yankee had been demonized to the extent that
beating them was the only way to avoid social and cultural annihilation.
Rable, who previously authored a denitive military campaign history, as
well as comprehensive investigations of religion, gender issues and government
policy, explores a rich trove of primary source material to demonstrate how
pervasive the anti-Yankee invective becameregardless of age, wealth,
geography, or even ethnicity. The
variety and vehemence of Confederate
characterizations makes Damn
Yankees a lively and informative read.
No aspect of Northern life was
spared. Abe Lincoln, abolitionists,
immigrants, merchants, religious
leaders and, of course, soldiers were
all subjected to withering stereotyping
and remorseless critiques. An extreme
example can be seen in an antebellum
arithmetic book created in the South
where one of the problems involves
Puritans executing witches.
Since soldiers and civilians alike
were bombarded with this type of
propaganda, litle wonder that
Southerners distrusted Yankees.
Rable opines it engendered an
intense level of hatred that survived
regardless of what was happening on
the batleeld, its staying power as
remarkable as its hyperbole. He also
makes clear that the relentless
drumbeat of hatred had real
consequences. In the end, he
concludes, this demonization of the
Yankee enemy in all its variety and
contradictions undoubtedly lengthened the war, shaped the course of
Reconstruction, and let an enduring legacy. It also helps explain the allegiance
of non-slaveholding whites to the Confederacy, justies the massacre of black
Union troops to many Southerners, provides a basis for the staunch support of
the war by many Southern white women to the biter end and beyond, and
rationalizes the creation of groups like the Ku Klux Klan ater the war.
Rable has a git for driving home arguments with irony and humor, and
Damn Yankees reads like a genial conversation with ones dissertation adviser
over beer and pizza. Southern newspapers were full of late-war expectations that
the North would ultimately face divine punishment for devastating the pious
South. But human beings have seldom waited for God to avenge their wrongs,
Rable observes, and Confederates obviously believed that the Lord needed
assistance in rebalancing the scales of justice. By rejecting submission, calling
for resistance to the biter end, and justifying violence to achieve their ends,
many Southerners encouraged stereotyping by Northerners, casting a long
shadow over southern history. That shadow is still being lited.
Gordon Berg

62

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

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The Civil War and

Reconstruction
in Indian Territory
Edited by
Bradley R. Clampit
University of Nebraska
Press, 2015, $25
How should students and scholars
understand the war in a region populated predominantly by people who
were neither Northern nor Southern
and indeed were not U.S. citizens?
That conundrumunderstanding
the war and reconstruction in Indian
Territoryis answered in this anthology, which describes a series of wars
within a war.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830
forcibly relocated the Choctaw,
Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw and
Seminole Nations to a remote area west
of the Mississippi River. These
sovereign groups, along with the slaves
they owned, some free African
Americans and a smatering of other
tribes, totaled only about 70,000
people, mostly in what is now eastern
part Oklahoma. That territory was of
interest to both North and South.
Most of the essays focus on the
experiences of the civilians and
struggles for sovereignty and survival.
Clarissa Confer, a Cherokee Nation
expert, recounts the hardships endured
on the home front. And Brad Agnew
argues that Animosities dating from
the removal inuenced the decisions in
other nations to take part in the
conict.
If the war was bad for the tribes,
Christopher Bean argues that
Reconstruction was almost worse.
Before the war, the tribal nations had
independence regarding tribal afairs
and land. Ater the war, Bean
maintains, the government moved to
end that sovereignty. Equally
unsetling, says Linda Reese, was the

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fate of African Americans freed by the

war. Each tribe reacted diferently to
the independent status conferred on
former slaves.
The nal essays focus on how the
wars legacy afects the people who
now live in Oklahoma. Amanda
Cobb-Greetham writes about
Cherokee and Creek women who were
interviewed as part of the Federal
Writers Project in the 1930s, and Whit
Edwards recounts eforts by
Oklahomans to commemorate the war
and Reconstruction by telling the
powerful stories of the people who
sacriced and endured such incredible
hardships and struggles.
Gordon Berg

CREDITS
Cover: Battle at Stones River/John Paul Strain;
Gomolach/Thinkstock; P. 2: From Top: My
Poor Orphans! The Kentucky Orphan Brigade/
Andy Thomas/Maze Studio; P. 3: From Top:
Texas Civil War Museum, Fort Worth; Library
of Congress; State Archives of Florida/Florida
Memory, RC03348; P. 4: David Stephenson/
Zumapress.com/Corbis; P. 6: AleksVF/
Thinkstock; P. 8: Ben Gray/Atlanta JournalConstitution/AP Photo; P. 9: Top: Noel Kline/
Celebrate Getysburg; Manassas Museum; P. 10:
From Top: prospective56/Thinkstock; Library
of Congress; Larrymetayer/Dreamstime.com;
P. 12: North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Stock
Photo; P. 13: From Let: Clewisleake/Dreamstime.
com; DeGoyler Library/Southern Methodist
University/Laurence T. Jones III Photographs/
Ag.2008.0005; P. 14: From Top: Harpers Weekly,
July 16, 1864; Library of Congress; P .16: Historical
Society of Frederick County, MD; P. 18: Rahoul
Ghose/PBS (2); P. 19: Anthony Plat/PBS (2); P. 21:
Library of Congress; P. 22-23: My Poor Orphans!
The Kentucky Orphan Brigade/Andy Thomas/
Maze Studio; P. 24: Library of Congress; P. 26:
Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond; P. 27:
Library of Congress; P. 28-29: Top: Buyenlarge/
Gety Images; Stones River National Batleeld;
P. 30: National Archives; P. 32-33: From Let:
Library of Congress; Photo Courtesy Rock Island
Auction Company; Courtesy NYS Military
Museum; P. 34: From Top: HIP/Art Resource,
NY; Emerson R. Smith Papers/Bentley Historical
Library/University of Michigan; P. 36: Detroit
Public Library; P. 37: Heritage Auction Gallery,
Dallas (2); P. 38: Library of Congress; P. 41:
From Top: Harpers Weekly, December 7, 1861;
Photography by Jack W. Melton Jr./Courtesy
Thomas Dickey Civil War Collection/The Atlanta
History Center; U.S. Naval History and Heritage
Command, NH-1996; P. 43: Cook Collection/
Richmond Valentine History Center; P. 44-45:
Texas Civil War Museum, Fort Worth (3); P. 46:
Texas Confederate Museum Collection, Texas
Division United Daughters of the Confederacy/
Texas Civil War Museum, Fort Worth; P. 47: From
Top: Texas Confederate Museum Collection, Texas
Division United Daughters of the Confederacy/
Texas Civil War Museum, Fort Worth; Texas
Civil War Museum, Fort Worth (2); P. 48-49:
State Archives of Florida/Florida Memory,
RC03348; P. 50: USAMHI; P. 51: Harpers Weekly,
January 14, 1865; P. 52: Top: Library of Virginia;
Botom: Library of Congress; P. 53: Harpers
Weekly, January 14, 1865 (2); P. 54: Library of
Congress; P. 55: Chomplearn/Thinkstock; P. 58:
North Carolina Museum of History; P. 60: Top:
Lauren Harms; P. 64: Confederate Memorial
Literary Society/Virginia Historical Society,
#0985.02.00234; Thinkstock (2).

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SECOND ACTS

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Born: December 4, 1818,

in Wilmington, N.C.

Nickname: Old Blizzards,

due to his battle cry
during the Vicksburg
Campaign: Give them
blizzards, boys. Give them
blizzards.

Driven: William Loring

lost his left arm while
JKWLQJZLWKWKH0RXQWHG
5LHPHQLQWKH0H[LFDQ
War in 1847, and was
HYHQWXDOO\WWHGZLWKD
prosthetic limb, as shown
in this postwar image. He
fought for the Confederacy, and as a major general
commanded the defeated
5HEHOVDWWKH0D\
Battle of Champion Hill.

Postwar: Things picked

up for Loring after the
ZDU$VDQDQFLHULQ
New York City, he advised banks on Southern
investment opportunities.
When the Khedive of
Egypt modernized his
DUP\LQWKHODWHV
/RULQJZDVRQHRIYHIRUmer Rebel generals to accept an offer to serve in
Egypt, and would spend
WKHQH[W\HDUVRYHUseas. He wrote about his
H[SHULHQFHVLQA Confederate Soldier in Egypt.
Returning to Florida, he
ran unsuccessfully for the
U.S. Senate.

OLD
BLIZZARDS
William Wing Loring
(1818-1886)

64

AMERICAS CIVIL WAR

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Exit: Loring died in New

<RUNRQ'HFHPEHU
DQGZDVUHEXULHGLQ
St. Augustine, Fla., in
,QKLVDVKHV
were reinterred under a
marble obelisk in downtown St. Augustine.
Gordon Berg

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Emancipation Completed
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Women at War, I
Women at War, II
Stalemate in 1864
Sherman versus Johnston in Georgia
The Wilderness to Spotsylvania
Cold Harbor to Petersburg
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The Confederate Home Front, II
The Northern Home Front, I
The Northern Home Front, II
Prisoners of War
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Petersburg, the Crater, and the Valley
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