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Rate of mass
input into the
controlled
volume at time,
t+t
M
Mt = Mt+t + t( t )Tr+ t( t )P + t( t )S
Rate
of
mass
disappearance due
to
chemical
reaction
in
controlled volume
at time, t+t
Rate of mass
accumulation
within
the
controlled
volume
(1)
Where: Mt = Mass in volume element at the beginning of time t., M t+t = Mass in volume
M
M
element at the end of time t+t., ( t )Tr= change in volume element by transport., ( t )P=
M
=(
M
M
M
)Tr + ( )p + ( )s
t
t
t
(2)
Model Formulation
Model for Transport of Contaminant
To model the transport of contaminant (pollutant) over a space, a water system is divided
in small segment or volume elements. Each volume elements is defined by its volume and
its dimensions in one, two or three directions (x, y, and z) depending on the nature of
the schematization (1D, 2D, or 3D).
Advective Transport
A M
The advective transport, Ty0
( T) of a constituent at site x0 is the product of the average
water velocity, Vy0 (L T), at that site, the surface or cross sectional area A (L2 ), through
which advection takes place at the site and the average concentration (M 3 ) of the
L
constituent.
A
Ty0
= Vy0 A Cy0
(3)
Dispersive Transport
A M
The dispersive transport, Ty0
( T), across a surface area is assumed to be proportional to
c
the concentration gradient y y = y0 at site x0times the surface area A.
2
Letting Dy0 (L T), be the dispersion or diffusion coefficient at site y0.
D
Ty0
=Dy0 A
c
y=y0
y
(4)
Dispersion is done according to Ficks Law of diffusion. The minus sign originate from the
fact that dispersion causes net transport from higher to lower concentrations and so in
opposite direction of the concentration gradient.
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x=
(5)
( )T r= [ 0 0 0 y = y0] A
(6)
( )s
= 0 0 0 0+ 0+ 0+ + 0+ 0+
0+ 0 0
0 0
)p +
(8)
Assuming a zero order reaction for the rate of change of volume element by physical,
biochemical or biological process, and also knocking out the term for the rate of change in
volume element by sources, gives
| |+
(9)
= 0 0 0 0+ 0+ 0+ + 0+ 0+ 0+ 0 0 0 0 p
0+
0+
0 0 0+ 0+
kp
(10)
C
t
(D
) (VC)
y
y
kp
(11)
Clearing the negative sign on the L.H.S and opening the bracket gives,
C
t
=D
2C
y 2
+V
C
y
C
y
+ kp
(12)
dy
0 = D dy 2 + V dx + kp
If we let
d2C
dy 2
= d2 , and
(13)
dy
dx
= d,
(14)
Where;
d is the depth of water from the surface to the subsurface.
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(15)
Since diffusion is taking place, the above expression can be normalized by neglecting the
negative sign.
C = Dd2 + Vd + k
(16)
The above equation gives the developed model, which may be expressed in terms of the
physiochemical parameters of water analysis as follows:
For pH concentration,
CpH = Dd2 + Vd + k
(17)
For conductivity,
Ccond = Dd2 + Vd + k
(18)
(19)
Experimental Procedures
Experimental Method
Suction pipe
Meter rule
Soil
environment
Contaminate
Water
environment
15
30
45
60
WHO
Standard
NTU
21.72
36.80
28.54
28.76
27.80
5.00
T.Dsl.Solid (TDS)
mg/L
84.00
140.00
500.00
T.Sus.Solid (TSS)
mg/L
6.20
Parameters
units
Turbidity
5.40
7.68
6.74
0.00
21.72
24.53
27.9
15.00
36.80
30.00
28.305
30.00
28.54
32.09
28.71
45.00
28.76
30.81
29.115
60.00
27.80
26.15
29.52
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0.00
84.00
87.66
96.80
15.00
125.00
114.38
109.79
30.00
122.00
131.96
122.78
45.00
143.00
140.41
135.77
60.00
140.00
139.72
148.76
TSS
(Experimented)
TSS
(Theoretical)
TSS (Validated)
0.00
6.20
6.39
6.37
15.00
7.30
6.51
6.51
30.00
5.40
6.65
6.64
45.00
7.68
6.80
6.78
60.00
6.74
6.97
6.91
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
y = 0.027x + 27.9
R = 0.014
Turbidity(NTU)
Linear (Turbidity(NTU))
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
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40.00
30.00
Turbidity(Experimental)
20.00
Turbidity(Theoritical model)
10.00
Turbidity(Validated model)
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
160.00
140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
y = 0.866x + 96.8
R = 0.763
TDS
Linear (TDS)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
TDS(Experimented)
TDS(Theoritical)
TDS(Validated)
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
y = 0.009x + 6.372
R = 0.065
6.000
TSS ( Mg/L)
4.000
2.000
0.000
0.000
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
Depth (cm)
Figure 6: Graph of Experimental Total Suspended Solid concentration against Depth.
Figure 6 present an undulating nature of graph when the concentration of experimental
Total Suspended Solid of contaminated stagnant water is plotted against the depth. This
can be attributed to the dilution factor as well as the rate of contaminant deposition and
diffusion at the various depths of water. The polynomial of the curve is presented as
Y=0.009X+6.372, with a coefficient of determination given as R2=0.065. The curve can be
presented also as CTSS(val) = 0.009D+6.372. The developed model is presented as CTSS(theo) =
0.000032D2+0.0078D+6.3863
10.00
8.00
TSS (Experimented)
6.00
TSS (Theoritical)
4.00
TSS (Validated)
2.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
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