1.

Economic Growth
Economic growth refers to general increase in real output. Every country work day and night to
utilize its scarce resource effectively and efficiently to produce maximum goods and services in
order to fulfill the needs of its masses. It is the upmost priority of every country to produce goods
and services of such nature which meets the standards of quality. It is the biggest challenge for
every country to fulfill the needs of its growing population and then also export its production to
the rest of the world.
Real growth means the increase in production of goods and services which is only possible when
existing resources are being allocated efficiently. Those countries which could not achieve the
economic growth are because of two factors.
1.

The resources might be used inefficiently, or

2.

Factors of production might be lying unemployed.

3.

The factor which promotes economic growth includes the following;

4.

Improvement in technology

5.

Increase in natural resources

6.

Increase in labor force

7.

Increase in human capital

The following graph shows the growth. When the available resources are utilized wisely then the
output of machines increases as a result of which the combination for goods and services (P, Q
and R) on production possibility frontier (PPF) is shifted towards right (from PPF1 to PPF2)
without any opportunity cost which shows growth.

2. Full Employment:

Full employment does not mean that no one is jobless in a country; rather full employment refers
to the situation when there is no voluntary unemployment in the country. There is always a
certain level of unemployment in the country due to economic instabilities and imperfections.
Such level of unemployment is called natural rate of unemployment. But the government tries its
best to reduce the level of unemployment in a country as much as it can. It is one of the most
important responsibilities of government of a country to create job opportunities for its people.
3. Price Stability or Controlling Inflation:
Inflation means general increase in price level. Increase in price level results in unequal and
unfavorable distribution of wealth in an economy. Due to inflation the growth rate also
decreases. It reduces purchasing power and it also cause deficit in balance of payment which
effects international repute of the country. Therefore, the government of a country takes serious
and effective step to overcome inflation and to keep the prices of commodities stable.
4. Balance of Payment:
Balance of payment is the statistical record of economic transactions with rest of the world.
Economic transactions refer to international trade that includes import and export of goods and
services. Where imports increase the exports the balance of payment becomes unfavorable. If
value of imports is greater than value of exports, then the balance of payment is in deficit. On
contrary, if the value of export is greater than the value of imports than balance of payment is in
surplus. Balance of payment deficit in disadvantageous to the country. It affects the credibility,
repute and ranking of the country. In order to keep the balance of payment favorable, the
government imposed duties on imports and provides subsidies on exports.
5. Economic Security:
Economic security refers to feeling of freedom and safety. The people of a country feel
themselves safe no matter wherever they are in their homeland. It is the responsibility of the
government of a country to provide security of life and belongings of their people. That is why
government establish defense including police for the protection and security of the natives.
6. Economic Freedom:
Economic freedom is a freedom to people to make choice and decisions without any kind of
external pressures. People are free to buy, sell and own. People are free to own property and
make profits from them. People have freedom to do business and expand or contract it.
Economics freedom is provided to people to promote economic activities in an economy to make
economic condition better day by day.
7. Economic Efficiency:
Efficiency is measured with respect to time frame. One is efficient if he does maximum work in
less time. Economic efficiency is the best utilization and allocation of available resources. An
economy is economically efficient when there is maximum benefits are available for the people.
Economic efficiency is achieved when available resources are used wisely in such a way
maximum goods and services are being produced. An economically efficient country is more
favorable internationally. Other countries rely on such countrys quality productions and
services.
8. Economic Equity:
Economic equity is one of the economic goals of a country to treat everyone equally and fairly
and do justice. It is the duty of government to keep balance and equity among different classes of
society. The government should form and establish such economic policies which help them in
minimizing the class discrimination in the society. The country with less discrimination

flourishes with better speed. In order to achieve the goal of economic equity there should be fair
and just distribution of income. The wealth should be accumulated or concentrated in certain
hands. Every sector of an economy must be audited on regular basis so that cash flows could be
regulated. Economic equity is very integral part because it helps the business chains to keep
functioning smoothly.
9. Economic Stability:
Every country is required to pay maximum attention towards keeping the prices of goods and
services stable. The government should formulate such polices which prevent price fluctuations
and they the markets in balance and consistent. Economic stability also includes full employment
level in the country, which no one is jobless unless he himself does not want to be employed. An
economically stable country is the one which is heading towards growth and prosperity, slowly
and steadily.