Welding Heat Treatmen

Heat treatment of base materials
and welded joints
Chapter 2.08:
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Heat treatment of base materials and welded joints
Contents
1
2
3
4
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Heat treatment equipment ............................................................................................................... 3
Technical heat treatment terms....................................................................................................... 3
Heat treatment of base materials .................................................................................................... 5
4.1 Annealing ................................................................................................................................. 5
4.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5
4.1.2 Normal annealing microstructure (fine grain microstructure) ......................................... 5
4.1.3 Stress relief annealing .................................................................................................. 7
4.1.4 Coarse grain annealing ................................................................................................. 8
4.1.5 Soft annealing............................................................................................................. 10
4.1.6 Diffusion annealing ..................................................................................................... 11
4.1.7 Recrystallization annealing ......................................................................................... 11
4.1.8 Solution annealing (homogeneous annealing) ............................................................ 13
4.2 Hardening effects ................................................................................................................... 14
4.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 14
4.2.2 Hardening by transformation hardening ...................................................................... 14
4.2.3 Hardening by precipitation hardening ......................................................................... 16
4.3 Quenching/tempering ............................................................................................................. 19
4.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 19
4.3.2 Tempering .................................................................................................................. 19
4.4 Thermo-chemical heat treatment............................................................................................ 22
4.4.1 Border zone hardening (surface layer hardening) ....................................................... 22
4.4.2 Case hardening .......................................................................................................... 22
4.4.3 Nitrogen hardening (Nitriding) ..................................................................................... 23
4.4.4 Carbonitriding ............................................................................................................. 23
5 Heat treatment of welded joints .................................................................................................... 23
5.1 Preheating ............................................................................................................................. 23
5.2 Postweld heat treatment ........................................................................................................ 24
6 Temperature measurement and recording ................................................................................... 25
7 Test of hardenability ...................................................................................................................... 26
8 Technical rules for heat treatment ................................................................................................ 26
9 Test questions ................................................................................................................................ 27
10 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 29
2015 GSI - Gesellschaft fr Schweitechnik International mbH
Materials and their behaviour during

welding
Reprinting and unauthorised disclosure are prohibited and will be prosecuted in accordance with the law

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Introduction
The technical importance of steel is based particularly on the fact that its properties, at a defined chemical
composition, can be changed significantly through heat treatment in its solid state. The reason for this is
the ability of the great majority of iron carbon alloys to be transformed into polymorphous lattice formations
- (cf. Section 2.03). Hence, non-ferrous metals that do not undergo such a transformation, such as
nickel, copper and aluminium, as well as certain steels, for example ferritic and austenitic stainless steel,
cannot be either normalised or hardened/tempered in the conventional way. For this reason, the
precipitation hardening mechanism is frequently used with such alloys (for definitions see Chapter 3).
Classic heat treatment processes can be divided into annealing, hardening and
quenching/tempering. In this context, Figure 1 features the characteristic temperature ranges for
important heat treatment processes in the Fe-Fe3C system. It is evident that the heat treatment
temperature is often dependent on the carbon content.
Figure 1:
Temperature ranges for selected heat treatment processes in the Fe-Fe3C system

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Heat treatment equipment
According to EN ISO 17 663, the following equipment must be available to provide heat treatment during
welding as necessary:
Furnaces and/or similar equipment (e.g. heating mats, induction systems, gas burners) Figure 2,
Programmer(s) for the heat treatment procedure,
Equipment for measuring and recording temperatures,
Cooling equipment,
Lifting and transport equipment, as well as
Personal protective equipment and other safety devices.
Due to the transfer of heat that takes place during every heat treatment and the resulting heat flow
(cf. Section 2.05), the area around the welded joint to be heat treated should be at least 10 times the
plate thickness/wall thickness. The following points require special consideration:
different plate thickness and
different material combinations.
Figure 2
Examples of heat treatment equipment for welded joints (left: annealing furnace with shielding gas
circulation; right: heating mats for pipelines)
Technical heat treatment terms
Important technical heat treatment terms are listed in EN 10 052 The following selection of definitions
has been compiled as an aid to understand the following sections:
Cooling
Lowering the temperature of a workpiece. Cooling can be carried out in one or more steps. The cooling
medium should be indicated, e.g. air, oil or water.
Cooling speed
It indicates changes in temperature depending on time during cooling.
Tempering
Heat treatment, which is generally carried out following hardening or some other heat treatment, in order
to achieve desired values for certain properties. It involves heating the material once or more to
temperatures below A1, holding them at this temperature and subsequently cooling as appropriate.

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Hardenability
The greatest hardness achievable in a given material by hardening under ideal conditions.
(The potential hardness increase is determined by the carbon content in steel.)
Precipitation hardening
Heat treatment, consisting of solution treatment and ageing.
Ageing
Heat treatment to which a solution-treated workpiece is subjected in order to achieve the desired values
for certain properties. It involves heating the material once or more to a given temperature(s), holding it
at this temperature and subsequently cooling it as appropriate. A distinction is made between hot and
cold ageing.
Austenitising
A heat treatment step during which the workpiece is heated to a temperature at which the matrix
becomes austenitic.
Deep hardenability
Hardening that starts at the surface of the workpiece. This is characterised by the hardening depth.
(Deep hardenability is determined by the alloying potential of steel.)
Annealing
Heat treatment, consisting of heating a material to a certain temperature, holding it at that temperature
and cooling in such a way that the state of the material is closer to equilibrium at room temperature.
This is a very general definition. It is therefore recommended that the purpose of annealing should be
specified in greater detail.
Hardness (according to A. MARTENS, 1900)
Hardness is the resistance with which a body opposes the penetration of another (harder) body.
Hardness cannot be calculated directly. It is derived from primary measured variables (e.g. testing force,
penetration depth, area of impression, cf. Section 2.23).
Hardening
Heat treatment, consisting of austenitising and cooling under conditions such that hardness increases
through the more or less complete transformation of the austenite to martensite and any intermediate
stage. Austenitising takes place at temperatures of approx. 50 K over GOS (A3).
Hardenability
The capacity of a steel to be transformed into martensite and/or bainite (under certain conditions of
hardening, hardenability is often marked by the hardness pattern relative to the distance to the quenched
surface of a hardened workpiece (edge quench test)).
Front quench test
Standardised test method (EN ISO 642), where a steel test piece is austenitised and is quenched with
a water jet at one of its fusion faces. The hardness profile, starting from the quenched fusion face,
characterises the hardenability of the steel.
Quenching/tempering
Combination of hardening and tempering at a higher temperature in order to obtain the desired
combination of the mechanical properties, particularly high toughness. Tempering takes place
at temperatures below PSK (A1).

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4.1
Annealing
4.1.1
Introduction
Annealing:
The reason for annealing a material is to create a certain processability (for example: cold
forming, cutting properties). The change in material properties is achieved by
transformation of structures, changing the size and arrangement, of structures, but not
their type, as well as the removal of internal stresses and changes in their distribution.
Numerous special annealing treatments exist, depending on the change in the required material
properties (Figure 3).
Annealing
Eliminate uneven
microstructure
Normal annealing
(fine grain
microstructure)
Diffusion
annealing
Coarse grain
annealing
Figure 3:
Increasing of
workability
Soft annealing
Stress relief
annealing
Recrystallisation
annealing
Reducing of
stresses
Stress Relieving
treatment
Crystal recovery
annealing
Transformation of
microstructures
Tempering
Quenching
Special cases
Regulated cooling
Perlitic
annealing
Bainite
microstructure
transformation
Overview of heat treatment processes, annealing
All types of annealing treatments involve heating to a given temperature, holding at this target
temperature and cooling. While a material is being heated (heating-up time + soaking time), the increase
of temperature differences, due to thermal conduction, between the outer and inner areas of the
workpiece are stronger the faster the heating process and the larger the dimensions. Comparatively poor
thermal conductivity, as present in austenitic steels for example, reinforces the differences in
temperature and favours the occurrence of internal stresses. This can lead to distortion and stress
cracking as the temperature rises. Therefore the speed with which the workpiece is heated up should be
adjusted to the thickness of the material. The same also applies to cooling.
4.1.2
Normal annealing microstructure (fine grain microstructure)
The term normalising is understood to mean heating to temperatures of 30 to 50 K above A3 in the case
of hypo-eutectoid steels and 30 to 50 K above A1 in the case of hyper-eutectoid steels (depending on the
carbon content.) Depending on the dimensions, the respective workpiece will only be held at the
temperature for as long as necessary to heat it up completely. After that it will be cooled in resting air
(Figure 4, Table 1).

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Because the steel is twice subjected to an - transformation, the material will be transformed into a
uniform, fine grained normal microstructure. The aim of normalising is thus also to achieve an even
microstructure with fine lamellar pearlite (Figure 4). A fast run-through of the - region supports the
formation of a fine structure. Thus, all microstructural changes caused by hardening, tempering,
superheating, welding, or cold- and hot-forming will be removed by normalising, provided no permanent
defects, such as hardening cracks, have occurred.
Normalising (EN 10 052)
Heat treatment, involving austenitising, followed by cooling in resting air.
Temperatur
in C 1200
Holding time = 20 + D/2 (in min.)
1100
1000
900
A3
800
A1
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Holding
Slowly cooling at
resting atmosphere
Heating in highly
heated furnace
7
8
Time in h
10
11
12
13
Figure 4: Schematic
temperature-time
progression during
normalising
Normalising is recommended in the following cases:

in the case of coarse and/or non-uniform microstructure, e.g. after super-heating, or ferrite-pearlite
bands
in the case of coarse grain,
in the case of a solidification microstructure, e.g. at a weld joint or steel cast,
in the case of steels embrittled due to ageing and
in the case of all contructional steels with an insufficient toughness or a too low yield point.
Table 1:
Normalising, processing parameters
Heating-up time:
Annealing
temperature:
Hold time:
Cooling:
Technical
information:
Possible
problems:
Troubleshooting:
tA = 6.639 * CEW - 0.705 [h]; CEW = %C + (%Mn/5)+ (%Cr/4) + (%Mo/3)+ (%Ni/10)

TG 30 to 50 K over G-O-S (for hypo-eutectoid steels)
TG 950 - 150 %C + 20 %Cr + 30 %Mo + 200 %V + 10 %W - 20 %Ni (for cast steel)
tH 20 + d/2 [min]
Depending on the steel grade at resting air or in the furnace.
Avoid holding workpieces at normalising temperature for too long.
Heat alloy steels from 600 C more slowly.
When cooling in the furnace, only cool to 500 C and then use resting air.
Increased grain coarseness because the workpiece is held at the given temperature
for too long (overtime) or due to overheating.
Martensite forms if the workpiece is cooled too quickly.
Formation of ferrite zones.
Renewed normalising at modified temperature and time.
Subsequent cooling with changed cooling speed.

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Figure 5:
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Structure formation prior to, during and after normalising
Stress relief annealing
Stress-relief annealing is understood as annealing at below A1 with subsequent slow cooling, so that
internal stresses are reduced without significant changes to the other properties (Figure 6, Table 2).
Temperature
in C 1200
1100
1000
900
A3
800
A1
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Holding time Approx. 3h;

dimension-independent
650C
Stress relieving in the hot pool or hoit oil
Stress relieving in hot water

Cooling in the oven
10
11
12
13
Time in h
Figure 6: Schematic
temperature-time
progression during
stress-relief annealing
( stress-relief
annealing before
hardening; , stress
relief after hardening)

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Stress in N/mm

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Rp 0,2
20C
400C
R e 20C
650C
R e 400C
R e 650C
0 0,2
Elongation in %
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Internal stresses can be generated due to different

heat dilatations (uneven heating and cooling) of the
material e.g. during welding, soldering, solidification
or quenching but also due to cold forming. These
stresses often cause distortion or lead to the
formation of cracks in the component.
These stresses within the workpiece can be only
relieved by plastic deformation at micro level. That
means that the internal stresses can be reduced up to
the yield point (yield strength) at which stress-relief
annealing took place (cf. Figure 7). With unalloyed
steels the most favourable annealing temperature lies
between 450 and 650 C with a holding time of 1 to 2
hours, depending on the dimensions of the workpiece.
Figure 7:
Stress elongation diagrams for a
material for different temperatures
Stress-relief annealing (EN 10 052)

Heat treatment, consisting of heating and holding at high enough temperature and subsequent
appropriate cooling, in order to remove internal stresses without substantially changing the
microstructure.
Table 2:
Stress-relief annealing, processing parameters
Heating-up time:
Annealing
temperature:
Hold time:
Cooling:
Technical
information:
Possible
problems:
4.1.4
Depending on the problematic cross-section and the material areas to be relieved,

this should not be too short.
TG 450 to 650 C (stress-relief annealing prior to hardening)
to approx. 200 C (with stress relief in the hot pool, hot oil or water)
tH approx. 3 hours with stress-relief annealing prior to hardening
Up to 2 hours with stress relief after hardening
Cooling in the furnace or similar slow cooling.
Workpieces must be protected from decarburisation at temperatures above 500 C
and long holding times. Structural changes are not permitted. Stress-relief annealing
should follow as soon as possible after the process responsible for the stresses.
If the temperature is too high and the hold time is too long, inadmissible
microstructural changes can occur; distortion is caused by relieved stresses.
Coarse grain annealing
Coarse grain annealing is carried out at temperatures between 950 and 1,100 C with a hold time of
between 1 and approx. 4 hours (Figure 8, Table 3). Due to the long hold time at comparably high
temperatures, a coarse austenite grain will be generated, leading to a coarse ferritic-pearlitic structure
after cooling. A slow run-through of the - range supports formation of the coarse grain. The aim of
coarse grain formation is to produce a coarse grain with low hardness and toughness. This type of
microstructure is advantageous for milling, since the chips produced are small, thus leading to lower
cutting forces (less grain boundaries to be separated) (Figure 9).

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Temperature
in C
1200
1100
1000
900
A3
800
A1
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Holding
Heating in highly
heated furnace
Holding time approx. 2h; dimension independent
Heating duration
dependent on
dimensions
Slowly cooling in the oven
7
8
Time in h
10
11
12
13
Figure 8: Schematic
temperature-time
progression during
coarse grain
annealing
Coarse-grain annealing (EN 10 052)

Annealing at a temperature above A3 with a sufficiently long hold time in order to achieve coarse grain.
Figure 9:
Structure before and after coarse grain annealing (left: fine grained, rigid and tough due to numerous
grain boundaries; right: coarse-grained, better cutting properties, as grain boundaries are harder to split)
Table 3:
Coarse-grain annealing, processing parameters
Heating-up
time:
Annealing
temperature:
Hold time:
Cooling:
Technical
information:
Possible
problems:
Troubleshooting:
Heating in the high-temperature furnace, dimension-dependent

TG 950 to 1,100 C
tH 2 hours, irrespective of dimensions
Slow cooling in the furnace.
Avoid holding at annealing temperature for too long.
Microstructures may be burned due to overheating and excessively long hold time.
Once burned, microstructures cannot be restored.

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Soft annealing
Soft annealing is understood to mean annealing at temperatures closely below or just above A1 or held
around A1 with subsequent slow cooling (Figure 10).
The aim of soft annealing is to obtain a soft microstructure suitable for further processing, such as milling
or cold deformation. The optimum condition of the microstructure consists of homogeneously distributed,
fine-grained, globular carbides embedded in a ferritic matrix (Figure 11). Unlike a lamellar-pearlitic
structure, such a microstructure can be split, bent, compressed, flanged, extruded or twisted with ease.
Due to the formation of the microstructure, soft annealing is also referred to as annealing on globular
cementite (abbreviation GKZ (from the German). This heat treatment is mainly used in steels with
carbon content above 0.5%, for example, with roller bearing steels.
Temperature
in C
1200
1100
1000
900
A3
800
A1
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
850 C
750 C
620 C
700 C
cooling in the oven
Short holding times only

once annealing
tempreature is reached
6
7
8
Time in h
10
11
12
13
Figure 10: Schematic

temperature-time
progression for soft
annealing (solid line:
single soft annealing
of steels with low
carbon content;
dotted line: intensive
program annealing)
Soft annealing (EN 10 052)

Heat treatment for reducing the hardness of a material to a defined value.
Figure 11:
Structure before and after the soft annealing

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Diffusion annealing
Diffusion annealing involves annealing at very high temperatures in the 1,050 to 1,250 C range with a
sufficiently long hold time (up to 50 hours), Figure 12. Local differences in the chemical composition due to
microsegregations will be reduced and structural inconsistencies will be balanced. Macro-segregations
cannot be balanced due to their long diffusion distances. Due to high temperatures during diffusion
annealing a formation of coarse grains is unavoidable. Coarse grain can be removed by normalising.
Temperature
in C
1200
1100
1000
900
A3
800
A1
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
30 to 40 hours
Cooling in the oven
Heating interruptions to avoid
formation of cracks
Air cooling
30
bis

temperature-time
progression during
diffusion annealing
40
Time in h
Diffusion annealing (EN 10 052)

Annealing at high temperatures with a sufficiently long hold time, in order to balance local differences in
the chemical composition due to segregation by diffusion.
Table 4:
Diffusion annealing, processing parameters
Heating-up time:
Annealing
temperature:
Hold time:
Cooling:
Technical
information:
Possible
problems:
4.1.7
Slow heating with interruptions for stress relief, thus preventing cracks.
Depending on the solidus temperature, between 1,050 and 1,250 C.
Between 30 and 50 hours (diffusion processes are time-dependent).
Cooling in the oven (segregation removal) or air (banded structure).
During the processing of diffusion-annealed workpieces, much material must be
removed from the surface to ensure that deep decarburisation is eliminated.
Very expensive, high furnace wear. High annealing temperatures and long holding
times lead to a fundamental coarsening of the secondary grain. Accordingly,
subsequent normalising is required. Significant burn-off and scale losses are also
inevitable. Major decarburisation.
Recrystallization annealing
During cold deformation, all parts of the microstructure that are plastic formable can be lengthened in the
direction of the deformation with a simultaneous build-up of internal stresses. The associated hardening
is characterised by an increase in strength and a simultaneous reduction in formability. For this reason
cold deformation cannot be carried out indefinitely, but after a certain deformation grade
recrystallization annealing is required in order to restore the original material properties.

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Recrystallization annealing (EN 10 052)

Heat treatment with the intention of achieving new grain formation in a cold-formed workpiece through
nucleation and growth without a phase change.
Every metal and every alloy has a specified recrystallization temperature TR above which the crystal
lattice will be rebuilt due to the thermal energy introduced. The lowest recrystallization temperature TRmin
can be measured using the TAMMAN rule. The absolute melting temperature TS of the relevant element
and the alloy (in Kelvin) is taken as the starting point (cf. Section 2.01):
TRmin ~ 0.4 TS.
50
0
200
400
600
TR
Secondary rekristallization
(Grain growth)
100
(Grain re-forming)
150
Primary rekristallization
200
Crystal recovery
Hardness Vickers HV 30
250
800
1000
Annealing temperature in C
Figure 13:
Hardness-annealing temperature-curve for
65% cold drawn steel
Table 5:
Crystal recovery firstly involves rectifying zerodimensional lattice structure imperfections and
rearranging
dislocations.
Recrystallization
(primary recrystallization) leads to complete
grain re-forming (fine grain positive). Above
the recrystallization temperature, the small
grains formed by primary recrystallization
combine to form a small number of large grains
(large grains negative). This process is called
secondary recrystallization. The grain size
obtained by recrystallization is dependent on
the deformation grade, among other things: the
higher the deformation grade, the finer the
grain structure. The deformation grade of 10%
requires a recrystallization temperature of
approximately 600 C, a deformation grade of
25% about 400 C and the deformation grade
of 50% 300 C.
Recrystallization annealing, processing parameters
Heating-up time:
Annealing
temperature:
Hold time:
Cooling:
Technical
information:
Possible
problems:
Troubleshooting:
Heating in the preheated furnace. Make sure the material is heated through.
Depends on the deformation grade and the alloy content.
Non-alloy steels:
TG ~ 450 to 600 C
Alloyed steels:
TG ~ 600 to 800 C
10 min. tH 2 hours
The temperature gradient during cooling must be sufficiently low.
Workpieces must be protected from decarburisation at temperatures above 500 C.
Recrystallization annealing of sheet metal, bands, etc. must be carried out under
shielding gas.
The temperature and duration of annealing are to be chosen very carefully.
Incomplete recrystallization with too low annealing temperature.
If annealing temperatures are too high, there is a risk of --microstructural
transformation.
Too high temperatures and critical deformation grades lead to coarse grain formation
through secondary recrystallization.
Incorrect annealing can be corrected by normalising.

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Solution annealing (homogeneous annealing)
The purpose of solution annealing is to bring and hold separated microstructures in solution
(homogenising). This is particularly desirable with austenitic Cr-Ni steels because it enables the required
corrosion resistance to be achieved. The aim is to obtain a homogeneous austenite crystal without
precipitations.
In other materials (non-ferrous metals), solution annealing is used as a pre-treatment for subsequent hot
or natural ageing. In the case of hardenable aluminium alloys e.g. AlMgSi or AlCu, after solution
annealing the finest crystals are precipitated by ageing on the basis of Mg2Si or Al2Cu, which then leads
to a (significant) increase in hardness.
Solution annealing (solution treatment) (EN 10 052)
Heat treatment with the aim of bringing separated components to a solid solution and holding them
there.
Figure 14:
Examples of carbide precipitations in austenitic Cr-Ni-steel (not solution-annealed)
Table 6:
Solution annealing, processing parameters
Heating-up time:
Annealing
temperature:
Hold time:
Cooling:
Technical
information:
Possible problems:
Troubleshooting:
Slow heating with interruptions for a stress relief technique. Consequent

prevention of cracks.
Austenitic steels:
TG ~ 1,050 C
Non-ferrous metals: TG: alloy-dependent (homogenous area; aluminium ~ 500 C)
Holding for several hours at annealing temperature (up to 50 hours, depending on
wall thickness).
Quenching in water (austenitic steels) for example.
Diffusion processes must be prevented during cooling.
Solution annealing must be carried out under shielding gas.
Expensive (energy-intensive, high furnace wear)
Insufficient tH means that not all precipitations can be dissolved.
Insufficient vab gives rise to a risk of re-precipitation.
Risk of oxidation of alloy elements and decarburisation.
Once burned and decarburised, microstructures cannot be restored.

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Hardening effects
4.2.1
Introduction
Hardening:
The purpose of hardening is to give steel a high level of hardness through the
formation of martensite also resulting in a high resistance to abrasion. Attainable
hardness largely depends on the carbon content of the steel. Hardening includes
austenitising and quenching in a medium suited to the steel.
Information about the different types and process variants for hardening of steel materials can be found
in Figure 15.
Hardening
Volume hardening
Hardening from
rolling heat
Broken
hardening
Induction
hardening
Flame hardening
Figure 15:
4.2.2
Surface hardening
Martempering /
Hot quenching
Dip hardening
Case hardening
Nitrogen
hardening
Carbonitriding /
carburising
Overview of heat treatment processes, hardening
Hardening by transformation hardening
The most favourable hardening temperature, regardless of hardness technology according to Figure 16
depends on the steel's carbon content and is between 30 and 50 K above the line of the
A3-temperature in the Fe-Fe3C system (Figure 16).
Temperature
in C
1200
1100
1000
900
A3
800
A1
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Heating-up
and throughheating
Holding time = 20 + D/2 (in min)

Cooling with air
Cooling in oil
Cooling in water
preheating

temperature-time
progression with
volume hardening with
continuous cooling in
different mediums
Duration

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Heating and holding at heat treatment temperature for hardening thus corresponds to the comparable
steps of normalising (cf. Section 4.1.2).
However, during the hardening process the carbon is kept in a super-saturated solution by means of
quenching, i.e. the carbon cannot precipitate. Therefore, the cubic-body-centred elementary cell of the
-solid solution is distorted in the direction of the c-coordinates, thus forming a tetragonal cell, Figure 17
(martensite, cf. Section 2.03). The higher the carbon content of the steel is, the higher the tetragonal cell
distortions and the higher the quench hardness is.
cubic-body-centred
a = 3.63 10-10 m
a = 2.86 10-10 m
tetragonally distorted
c = 2.97 10-10 m
cubic-face-centred
Figure 17:
a = 2.845 10-10 m
Tetragonal lattice distortion due to forcibly-released carbon atoms
The period the temperature is kept at hardening temperature must be long enough for the component to
be completely heated through, in order to completely dissolve the carbon in the austenite.
1000
Hardness HV
10
1000
800
600
Temperature in C
1200
Hardness of
2mm plates
800
+Z
Quenched from the
-zone in ice water
with 10% NaCl
600
Hardness after
quenching from
+Z-zone
400
200
400
200
-200
Ms
Mf
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0 1,2
Carbon content in weight - %
Hardness after
complete
transformation to
mastensite
Hardness after
1,4 estimated tempering

effect
When hardening hypoeutectoid

steels,
the
maximum hardness that
can be obtained increases
to approx. 0.8% C. When
hardening hypereutectoid
steels, quenching involves
the two-phase area +Fe3C
and the cementite is not
fully
dissolved.
The
hardness
remains
on
almost the same level. If
hypereutectoid steels from
the austenite area above
Acm are quenched, then a
drop in hardness will be
registered due to residual
austenite.
Figure 18:
Martensite hardness as well as Ms and Mf temperature, depending
on the carbon content
Quenching can be carried out by several means, including water (water hardening), oil (oil hardening) or
air (air - hardening), Figure 16. Several quenching media may be involved in one quenching process,
such as during broken hardening or martempering / hot quenching.

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In order to obtain a complete martensitic structure, the quenching speed must be above the upper
critical quenching speed of the material over the entire workpiece (cf. Section 2.03).
The term hardenability (cf. Section 3) refers to the extent of the hardness (hardening) and the
distribution of the hardness (hardenability). If a workpiece is completely transformed into martensite
across its entire cross-section, this is referred to as core hardening. In this context, Figure 19 shows the
influence of the alloy composition on the core hardening capability of steels.
C-Steel
oil
2 %-Ni- Steel
Oil
Air
Critical cooling
rate of...
H2O
Cooling speed
Critical cooling
rate of...
H2O
Cooling speed
Cooling speed
Critical cooling
rate of...
4,5 % Cr-NiSteel
oil
Air
Diameter
Diameter
Hardeners
Deep hardeners
Air
Diameter
Core hardeners
Figure 19:
Influence of the composition of the alloy on the core hardening capability of steels
Table 7:
Transformation hardening (example: Volume hardening), processing parameters
Heating-up time:
Hardening
temperature:
Hold time:
Cooling:
Technical
information:
Possible
problems:
Troubleshooting:
4.2.3
H2O
tA = 6.639 * CEW - 0.705 [hours]

Valid from CEW 0.4 and wall thickness up to 60 mm
TH 30 to 50 K above austenitising temperature A3
tH 20 + D/2 [minutes]
Depending on the steel grade, quenching in water, oil or air.
Single hardening:
Quenching to room temperature
Martempering:
Quenching to hot bath temperature (200 C)
Up to 500 C slow heating; hardness temperature for oil should be 20 to 30 K above
that of water.
Incomplete austenite transformation with too short hold time; risk of cracking by
heating stresses; hardening cracks with too fast quenching; distortion of internal
stresses, hardening temperature too high.
Hardening cracks are irreversible.
Hardening by precipitation hardening

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Precipitation hardening is due to precipitation processes at room temperature or tempering temperature

(ageing temperature). Unlike transformation hardening (cf. Section 4.2.2) the hardness increase during
tempering (ageing) is significant. Precipitation hardening is the most important method for increasing
the strength of non-ferrous metals and their alloys without polymorphic phase transformation.
It is used particularly often with aluminium, nickel and copper alloys (Figure 20).
Temperature
in C
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Solution annealing
Hold time: ~ 4 h
Quenching
Artificial ageing
Hold time: ~ 10 h
Slowly cooling at resting

atmosphere
Natural ageing, ~ 5 days
Duration

temperature-time
progression with the
precipitation hardening
(example: aluminium)
The mechanism of precipitation hardening is also used for steels. Precipitation-hardenable steels are
usually low-carbon special steels. In the case of these steels, the property change is achieved through
precipitation by carbides (WC) for example.
Table 8:
Precipitation hardening (example: aluminium cast alloys), processing parameters
Heating-up time:
Solution
annealing
temperature:
Hold time:
Cooling:
Ageing:
Hold time:
Technical
information:
Possible
problems:
Troubleshooting:
Slow heating in the furnace.

TL 520 C
tH 4 hours
Quenching
Artificial ageing:
TA 520 C
Natural ageing:
TA 160 to 165 C
Artificial ageing:
tH 8 to 10 hours
Natural ageing:
tH 5 d
It is necessary to ensure a sufficiently high quenching speed and that solution
annealing does not lead to the precipitation of secondary phases.
The precipitation of incoherent phases leads to over-ageing. The strength
decreases.
If precipitation hardening is faulty, the complete process can be repeated, provided
no alloying elements are burned.
Precipitation hardening is based on the precipitation of secondary phases in the material (coherent and
partly coherent), which form depending on the temperature and whose solubility decreases as the
temperature declines. Precipitations are manifold in size, shape and distribution (Figure 22 and Figure 23).
If the volume is sufficiently large in the secondary phase and if there is an optimum distance between
particles during distribution, then an increase in strength occurs (cf. Section 2.02). It must be emphasised that
not every alloy system with a solubility decline can be hardened. Thus, incoherent phases are not large
enough to influence the dislocation movement and therefore strength. In contrast to the precipitation of

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Page 18
coherent and partly coherent phases, these incoherent phases decrease. If this process occurs with a
precipitation-hardening alloy, it is-referred to as over-ageing. If this state is reached, this precipitation
hardening must be repeated (Figure 21). This figure contains the schematic diagram for precipitation
hardening with its sub-processes solution annealing and ageing, as well as the material-specific
mechanisms.
Stable condition
Solution annealing
Alloying elements dissolve
in the solid solution
Quenching
Regeneration
coherent
precipitations,
cold-cured condition
supersaturated, metastable
Artificial ageing
solid solution
Natural ageing
Aging at moderately
(RT aging)
increased temperature
coherent and partly coherent
partly coherent
precipitations, hot-cured
precipitations, transition
condition
conditions cold/hot-cured
Temperature
Temperature
increase
renewed curing
Figure 21:
increase
stable incoherent
equilibrium cycle,
stable condition
longer artificial
ageing
longer artificial
ageing
partly coherent and

incoherent precipitations,
softening
Schematic diagram for precipitation hardening
Figure 22:
Intermetallic phases in a wrought alloy Al
Mg1SiCu (precipitation-solidified)
Figure 23:
Intermetallic phases in a cast alloy Al
Si12CuNiMg (precipitation-hardened)

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4.3
4.3.1
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Quenching/tempering
Introduction
Quenching/tempering:
Quenching and tempering is a combined heat treatment comprising

hardening and tempering. Steels have a high hardness level after
hardening, however toughness is very low. Most technical applications
require a sufficient high toughness, which can be achieved by tempering.
Depending on the type and process variant, quenching/tempering can be further subdivided. In this
context, Figure 24 includes known methods.
Quenching / Tempering
Quenching and tempering from roller heat
Continous patenting
Figure 24:
4.3.2
Patenting
Bath patenting
Austempering
Immersion patenting
Air patenting
Overview of heat treatment processes, quenching and tempering
Tempering
Tempering involves heating a hardened workpiece to a temperature below A1, holding it at this
temperature and then cooling it (Figure 25). Tempering causes the (0.2% yield-) strength limit to
decrease and to increase the elongation- / -necking at break (Figure 31). The tempering temperature is
to be selected so that a comparably high amount of hardness together with an acceptable toughness for
a predetermined application will be obtained.
Temperature
in C
1200
1100
1000 Heating-up
Holding time = 20 + D/2 (in min)
900 and throughA3
heating
800
A1
Cooling with air
700
Cooling in oil
600
Cooling in water
500
400
Preheating
300
TEMPERING
200
HARDENING
100
Duration
1,5 to 2 hours

temperature-time
progression for quenching
and tempering (hardening
and tempering)
Like all diffusion-dependent processes, the change in microstructure is dependent on the temperature
and duration of tempering. Microstructures that result from the transformation in the pearlite and
intermediate stage are only slightly changed during tempering. On the other hand, during tempering,
martensite is broken down gradually into an -solid solution with an unimpaired lattice structure (ferrite)
and cementite. The higher the temperature, the faster the individual tempering processes. They largely
overlap each other. Four tempering stages are identified. They are shown in Table 9.

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Tempering stages with steels
1st tempering stage

The C-atoms diffuse on interstitial places.
Section to approx.
Tetragonal distortion decreases depending on temperature and time.
150 C
Sub-microscopic iron carbide crystals are precipitated.
2nd tempering stage
Change of position of C-atoms in the lattice and transformation of Mtetra into Mcub.
approx.
150 C to approx. Precipitation of finest iron carbides.
290 C
(Shearing of residual austenite into cubic martensite)
3rd tempering stage
Precipitation of all carbon as carbides.
approx.
290C to 400C
Cubic martensite is increasingly transformed into the cubic ferrite (C free).
4th tempering
Acicular ferrite with embedded carbides.
approx.
400C to 723C
Coagulation of carbides.
Figure 26:
C45 - Initial state (ferrite + pearlite)
Figure 28:
C45 - tempered at 500 C/30 min (4th
tempering stage; tempered structure of ferrite +
pearlite)
Figure 27:
C45 - hardened (martensite)
Figure 29:
C45 - tempered at 100 C/30 min (1st
tempering stage; tempered martensite structure)

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The individual tempering stages cannot be separated from each other, but rather merge into one
another!
100
1900
90
1800
80
1700
70
Rm
1600
1500
60
Z
Rp0,2
50
40
1400
30
1300
1200
20
1100
1000
200
10
Kv
300
400
500
600
Impact energy in J
2000
Constriction /necking in %
0.2 yield strength
Tensile strength in N/mm2
Figure 26 to Figure 29 show examples of the changes in the quenched and tempered steel C45 after
hardening and subsequent tempering at different temperatures. The influence of the tempering
temperature on the structure formation is clear (Figure 28 and Figure 29).
Temperature in C
In the case of Cr-, Mn- and Cr-Ni steels in

particular, toughness decreases, if these
are tempered at certain temperature
ranges. This decrease is shown in the
reduction of the impact energy. Due to the
position of toughness losses in the
temperature range between 300 C and
350 C, this appearance is called 300Cembrittlement. This embrittlement is
caused on the one hand by single-phase
separations due to the transformation
processes from -carbide (Fe2C) to Fe3C
and on the other hand by the segregation
of impurities, such as arsenic, antimony,
tin and phosphorous (Figure 30).
Some steels, in particular Mn-, Cr-, Cr-Mn
and Cr-Ni-steels, display a decreased
toughness during tempering after slow
cooling (e.g. in the furnace). Fast cooling
(air, water) does not cause embrittlement,
however.
Figure 30:
300 C-embrittlement in the tempering scheme
for 40NiCrMo6
Figure 31:
Properties of 50CrMo4 after quenching,
depending on the tempering temperature
Figure 32:
Tempering hardness of cold-, hot
working and high-speed tool steels

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Since this decrease in toughness takes place at a tempering temperature of approx. 500C it is referred
to as 500 C embrittlement. Thus, construction steels that are among the above mentioned alloy
types should not be tempered in the temperature range of 300 C to 500 C, but either below or above
these temperatures.
Tool steels that contain a larger amount of carbide forming elements (chromium, vanadium,
molybdenum, tungsten) are often tempered several times. This leads to a secondary maximum
hardness in high-alloyed tool steels and high-speed steels (Figure 32).
4.4
4.4.1
Thermo-chemical heat treatment

Border zone hardening (surface layer hardening)
The surface of numerous construction elements, such as crank shafts, cogged wheels or camshafts, are
exposed to wear. These components require a high degree of surface hardness with a tough core at the
same time. One way of obtaining such a state is to only austenitise the surface of heat-treatable steels
and to quench it afterwards (Figure 33). Quenching is often carried out using a water shower. Heating is
partially achieved by:
Metal baths
Gas flame
High-frequency current
Figure 33:
4.4.2
(dip hardening)
(flame hardening)
(induction hardening)
Microstructure areas of a surface layer hardened workpiece from C45 (left: Overview of the border
layer; right: Martensitic hardened microstructure with a few ferrite islands in the immediate border
region of the material surface, hardness: 439 HV1)
Case hardening
A further alternative to surface layer hardening is the carburisation of the border layer, also referred to as
case hardening or cementation, and subsequent quenching. Typical materials are case hardening steels,
i.e. steels with a carbon content lower than 0.25% that themselves do not essentially contribute to
increasing the hardness during hardening. During case hardening, the carbon diffuses into the border
layer. It can be conducted in carbonisation mediums with different aggregation states.

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Table 10:
Page 23
Carbonisation media and thermal treatment parameters
Medium aggregation state

solid
liquid
gaseous
4.4.3
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Application temperature in C
850 to 950
850 to 950
800 to 900
Application time in hours

8 to 12
2 to 6
2 to 6
Nitrogen hardening (Nitriding)
During nitrogen hardening nitrogen diffuses into the steel surface. The nitrating layer is very thin; only a
few tenths of a millimetre. Nitriding takes place in gaseous ammonia (NH3), for example, at temperatures
between 500 and 600 C over a period of 30 to 60 hours. Cooling is carried out in a furnace, thus almost
avoiding shrinking stresses. Nitrided steel therefore has a naturally hard surface. The hardness of a
nitrided layer is higher than case hardened layers and is based on finest precipitations of metal nitrides.
The hardness of nitrogen hardened steels decreases sharply from the hard nitriding layer towards the
soft core. This transition is weakened by a hardness treatment. The nitriding layer is not influenced by
this hardening process.
4.4.4
Carbonitriding
During carbonitriding, case hardening and nitriding take place simultaneously. It can be conducted in
both gases and baths. A mixture of a carrier gas, propane and ammonia at temperatures between
750 and 850 C is used for carbonitriding.
Heat treatment of welded joints
5.1
Preheating
Pre-heating involves reducing the speed of heat dissipation in the component or in the area of the
welded joint (in particular in the heat-affected zone) by applying heat already in to it, so that there is
sufficient time for diffusion, effusion and heat-guided processes (cf. Section 2.05).
Thus, the main purpose of pre-heating is to create and form more favourable microstructures. These
can be derived from sources such as weld TTT diagrams, which can provide answers to the question of
the different cooling speeds influences on the formation of structures and mechanical-technological
properties (e.g. hardness). In this context in particular, the t 8/5 concept according to SEW 088-2 and EN
1011-2 has special significance (cf. Section 2.05).
The reasons for pre-heating welded joints are thus as follows:
To ensure a favourable microstructural state close to equilibrium.

To permit the diffusion (effusion) of harmful atoms out of the microstructure.
To maintain the ductility of the material in the area of the welded joint.
To limit the residual welding stresses due to restraint.
To eliminate weather-related influences.

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5.2
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Page 24
Postweld heat treatment
The necessity for and the type of heat treatment after welding depends on the chemical composition of
the materials and filler materials, the shape of the component, the wall thickness, the welding conditions,
the strength properties, the scope of non-destructive testing and, if necessary, adherence to additional
conditions. Thus, unfavourable microstructural states, which can result when welding steel and which
have an adverse affect on performance can be eliminated by subsequent heat treatments.
The heat treatment temperature and the duration of treatment are material- and component-related.
Information about this is generally found in the material specifications, for example, standards, VdTV
leaflets, and material information sheets. The heating and cooling rates are also to be selected in
accordance with the material, wall thickness and component dimensions.
If heat treatment is required after welding, stress relieving or tempering annealing is generally
sufficient for steels with a body centred elementary cell. Under certain circumstances, e.g. with a very
coarse-grained heat-affected zone, normalising can also prove to be effective. In the case of
austenites, strain hardening can be largely eliminated by annealing at about 1,000 C with a minimum
hold time of approx one minute. The resolution of chromium carbide precipitations requires at least
three minutes at 1,030C, while the solution of the digital sigma phase requires about 10 minutes hold
time at 1,050C.
Table 11 contains a list of annealing temperatures for heat-resistant pressure vessel steels, depending
on the base material type used.
Table 11:
Serial no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Annealing temperature for similar welded joints irrespective of the product form
(according to TV SD Industrie GmbH)
Steel grade
P235GH, P265GH; P295GH, P355GH, 17Mn4, 19Mn5
16Mo3
13CrMo4-5
10CrMo9-10, 11CrMo9-10
14MoV6-3
X10CrMoVNb9-1, X11CrMoWVNb9-1-1
X20CrMov12-1
12MnNiMo5-5, 13MnNiMo5-4, 11NiMoV5-3
15NiCuMoNb5
Fine grain structural steels according to DIN EN 10028-3
Annealing
temperature in C
520 to 580
530 to 620
600 to 700
650 to 750
690 to 730
740 to 770
720 to 780
530 to 590
530 to 620 1) 2)
530 to 580
1)
Stress relief is to be performed at least 30 K below the tempering temperature. The temperature difference can be decreased if it can be proven,
using suitable measures (thermocouples, certification of the furnace investigation by an expert), that the tempering temperature is not exceeded.
2)
If the tempering temperature has been exceeded during stress-relief annealing, the strength and notch impact toughness must be verified on
the component.
If postweld annealing is carried out during welding procedure tests according to EN ISO 15614-1, then
postweld annealing of the weld(s) is mandatory during production. On the other hand, postweld
annealing is not permitted during production if this does not take place as part of the procedure test(s).

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6
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Page 25
Temperature measurement and recording
Quality requirements for heat treatment during welding, especially the measurement and recording of
temperatures, are specified in EN ISO 17663. The consistency of the heat treatment temperature must
be checked regularly by taking measurements. These measurements are carried out in an empty
furnace with thermocouples (Figure 34 and Figure 35). If the furnace is only used for postweld
annealing, one consistency measurement is sufficient. The temperature is to be increased to the
temperature of measurement and to be held there for 15 min.. The following should be recorded:
Entrance- and exiting temperature,

Heating-up speed,
Holding temperature (or, if required, holding temperature range),
Holding time (range, if required) and
Cooling rate.
Instructions are to be prepared for all heat treatments. In case of welding, the stipulations for the heat
treatment may be contained in the welding procedure specification, or the latter may contain a reference to
the instructions for the heat treatment instead. The following information, where applicable, must be
included:
Type of heat treatment, e.g. pre-heating, stress-relief heat treatment, normalising;

Procedure for heat treatment, e.g. in the oven, inductive heating, resistance heating;
Location and number of temperature measuring points;
Protective gas requirement;
Parameters for heat treatment;
Support and certification of products or components;
Type of cooling;
Identification of the product or component, e.g. designation, number;
Environmental conditions, e.g. protection against wind and rain;
Extent of the heated zone and thermal insulation.
Figure 34:
Digital thermometers with NiCr-Ni
thermocouple (65 to 1.1150C)
Figure 35:
components
NiCr-Ni thermocouple for applying to
If no temperature measuring systems are available, tempering temperatures can be measured relatively
accurately with the aid of simple auxiliary materials. The ignition temperatures of selected solids can be
used for this purpose, for example (Table 12).

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Table 12:
Page 26
Ignition temperatures of selected solids
Solid
Match head (wood)
Newspaper
Plastics
Straw
Pine
SFI / IWE 2.08
Ignition temperature in C
80
175
200-300
250-300
280
Solid
Cork
Charcoal
Typewriting paper
Sugar
Cotton
Ignition temperature in C
300-320
300
360
410
450
Test of hardenability
The front quench test standardised in EN ISO 642 according to JOMINY is used to determine the
hardenability of steels. Cylindrical samples at heat treatment temperature (hardness temperature, cf.
Section 4.2.2) ( 25 mm, length 100 mm) are suddenly quenched on one of their fusion faces in special
test facilities using a water jet. After the samples have been fully cooled under the water jet, their
hardness is determined (cf. Section 2.23). The sample is ground in longitudinal direction and a HRC or
HV indentation is made at set intervals (1.5 - 3 - 5 - 7 - 9 - 11 - 13 - 15 - 20 - 25 - 30 - mm). The
diagram showing the results indicates the case hardening depth.
Technical rules for heat treatment
DIN 17 022-1:
Heat treatment of ferrous materials - Methods of heat treatment - Part 1: Hardening, austempering,
annealing, quenching, tempering of components.
DIN 17 022-2:
Heat treatment of ferrous materials - Methods of heat treatment - Part 2: Hardening and tempering of tools.
DIN 17 022-3:
Heat treatment of ferrous materials - Methods of heat treatment - Part 3: Case hardening.
DIN 17 022-4:
Heat treatment of ferrous materials - Methods of heat treatment - Part 4: Nitriding and nitrocarburising.
DIN 17 022-5:
Heat treatment of ferrous materials - Methods of heat treatment - Part 5: Surface hardening.
DIN EN 10 052:
Vocabulary of heat treatment terms for ferrous products.
DIN EN ISO 642:
Steel - Hardenability test by end quenching (Jominy test).
DIN EN ISO 17 663:
Welding - Quality requirements for heat treatment in connection with welding and allied processes.

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9
(1)
What is understood by the term precipitation hardening?
Above A3
Above A1
Below A1
Above A4
At 911 C.
What are the reasons for coarse grain annealing?
(5)
Heat treatment, involving austenitising and subsequent air cooling.

Heat treatment for creating a bainitic structure.
Heat treatment for creating a consistent microstructure with fine lamellar pearlite.
Heat treatment for the precipitation of normal graphite in eutectic steels.
Heat treatment for equalising strain and toughness.
Stress-relief annealing of steels is carried out at what temperature?
(4)
Heat treatment for hardening cubic martensite.

Heat treatment for the precipitation of martensite.
Heat treatment, consisting of solution treatment and ageing.
Heat treatment for the formation of martensite of extreme hardness.
Heat treatment for dissolving martensite.
What is normalising?
(3)
Page 27
Test questions
(2)
SFI / IWE 2.08
To create a structure with high toughness and good strain properties.

To create a structure with good weldability.
To create a structure with low hardness and poor toughness.
To create a structure with good cutting properties.
To create a structure with good formability.
Why is recrystallization annealing carried out?
In order to effect grain growth through nucleation and growth without a phase change.
In order to achieve the coarsest possible grain through grain growth.
In order to reverse solidification caused by cold deformations.
In order to compensate for concentration differences between the heat-affected zone and
weld metal.
In order to effect phase changes (-).

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(6)
The Curie temperature.

The pearlite formation temperature.
The A1 temperature.
723 C.
911 C.
Why do welded joints have to be pre-heated?
(10)
The formation of martensite.

The transformation of structure due to phase transformations.
The formation of an intermediate stage (bainite).
The precipitation of secondary phases.
The formation of pearlite.
Which temperature should never be exceeded when tempering steel?
(9)
It corresponds to the normal annealing temperature.

It is approx. 30 to 50 K above the pearlite formation temperature.
It is approx. 30 to 50 K above the A1 temperature.
It is approx. 30 to 50 K above the A3 temperature.
It corresponds precisely to the Ms temperature.
Which material-specific mechanism is used in precipitation hardening?
(8)
Page 28
What is the temperature for hardening?
(7)
SFI / IWE 2.08
To normalise the solidified weld metal.

To enable the solution annealing of the preheated heat-affected zone.
To ensure a favourable structure close to equilibrium.
To permit the effusion of harmful atoms from within the structure.
To eliminate weather-related influences.
Which test can be used to test hardenability?
Tensile test.
Compression test.
Drop-weight test.
Front quench test.
Rotating bar fatigue test.

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10 Bibliography
Further information can be found in the following publications.
Schatt, W.; Worch, H.:
Werkstoffwissenschaft. [Materials science.]
Weinheim: Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH, 2002
Eckstein, H.-J.:
Wrmebehandlung von Stahl. Metallkundliche Grundlagen. [Heat treatment of steel. Metallurgical principles.]
Leipzig: Deutscher Verlag fr Grundstoffindustrie, 1971
Zimmermann, R.; Gnther, K.:
Metallurgie und Werkstofftechnik Ein Wissensspeicher. Band 1. [Metallurgy and engineering materials
A knowledge store. Volume 1.]
Schuster, J.:
Schweien von Eisen-, Stahl- und Nickelwerkstoffen Leitfaden fr die schweimetallurgische Praxis.
[Welding of iron, steel and nickel materials Guide for the welding-metallurgical practice.]
Fachbuchreihe Schweitechnik, Band 130. [Series of reference books on welding technology, Volume 130.]
Dsseldorf: DVS Media GmbH, 2009
Mainka, J.:
Hrtereitechnisches Fachwissen [Technical hardening expertise.]
Stanz, A.; Schfer, K.:
Einfluss einer Wrmenachbehandlung auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften und das
Korrosionsverhalten nichtrostender Sthle [Influence of a postweld annealing on mechanical properties
and the corrosion behaviour of stainless steels]
Material and Corrosion, Weinheim 27 (1976) 10, pp. 701-705

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Holding time = 20 + D/2 (in min.)

Normalising is recommended in the following cases:

Normalising, processing parameters

tA = 6.639 * CEW - 0.705 [h]; CEW = %C + (%Mn/5)+ (%Cr/4) + (%Mo/3)+ (%Ni/10)

2015 GSI - Gesellschaft fr Schweitechnik International mbH

Materials and their behaviour during

Heat treatment of base materials

SFI / IWE 2.08

Structure formation prior to, during and after normalising

Stress relief annealing

Holding time Approx. 3h;

Stress relieving in the hot pool or hoit oil

Stress relieving in hot water

2015 GSI - Gesellschaft fr Schweitechnik International mbH

Materials and their behaviour during

Heat treatment of base materials

SFI / IWE 2.08

Internal stresses can be generated due to different

Stress-relief annealing (EN 10 052)

Stress-relief annealing, processing parameters

Depending on the problematic cross-section and the material areas to be relieved,

Coarse grain annealing

2015 GSI - Gesellschaft fr Schweitechnik International mbH

Materials and their behaviour during

Heat treatment of base materials

SFI / IWE 2.08

Holding time approx. 2h; dimension independent

Slowly cooling in the oven

Coarse-grain annealing (EN 10 052)

Coarse-grain annealing, processing parameters

Heating in the high-temperature furnace, dimension-dependent

2015 GSI - Gesellschaft fr Schweitechnik International mbH

Materials and their behaviour during

Heat treatment of base materials

SFI / IWE 2.08