Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Human
Sperm
Sperm,
carrying a
complete set of
genetic
information,
are essentially
mobile nuclei.
Blackface ewe
Mammary gland
epithelial cells
Egg in
metaphase II
Genetic Traits
Are Transfered
with Nuclei
G2
M
Cell
culture
G1
Enucleated egg
Cell fusion
Renucleated egg
Gestation in Blackface
foster ewe
Griffith Experiment
An experiment done in 1928 by
Frederick Griffith led to the
identification of DNA as the
genetic material. He showed that
live Pneumococcus bacteria could
change both their morphological
appearance and their
pathogenicity by taking up a
transforming principle from
dead bacteria.
During translation,
mRNA is read in units
of 3 nucleotides called
codons, and for each
codon a specific amino
acid is incorporated
into the newly
synthesized protein.
Campbell & Reece (2002)
Genetic Code
The immediate
result of
translation is a
linear
polypeptide,
which is later
cut and folded
into a threedimensional,
biologically
active protein.
Cell
Cycle
DNA Packaging
in Chromosomes
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is
packaged with histones and other
proteins. The resulting chromatin
fibers are coiled and supercoiled.
The chromatin exists in segments
called chromosomes, which form
a loose meshwork during
interphase. During mitosis,
chromosomes become condensed
even further and are then visible
as compact units.
Homologous Pairs
of Chromosomes
In most somatic cells,
chromosomes occur in
homologous pairs, one
derived from the paternal and
the other from the maternal
parent. The human
chromosome set (karyotype)
includes 22 autosomal pairs
and one pair of sex
chromosomes.
Error: Lac/lac refer to genes
for lactase, not lactose.
Number of
Chromosomes
per Nucleus
Changes During
Life Cycle
The number of
chromosomes per cell
nucleus is reduced from
diploid (2n) to haploid
(1n) during gamete
formation. The diploid
number is restored at
fertilization.
Meiosis
Errors in meiosis may lead to odd sets of chromosomes, such as the human
trisomy 21 (three copies of chromosome 21). The presence of the extra
gene copies causes developmental abnormalities known as Down syndrome.