.

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Overview

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Seismic Design Process as per Eurocode8-2

Basic Requirement

Compliance Criteria

Seismic Action

No-collapse
Minimization of damage
Resistance Verification
Capacity Design
Ductility Verification
Effective Stiffness
Elastic Response Spectrum
Time-History Representation
Design Response Spectrum

Regularity of Ductile Bridges

Methods of Analysis

Verification

Equivalent Static Seismic Force Method

Response Spectrum Method
Time History Analysis
Pushover Analysis

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Overview

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Basic Requirements

Basic requirements
No collapse requirement (ULS)
Bridge should retain its structural integrity and adequate residual resistance, although
at some parts of the bridge considerable damage may occur.
Sustain the actions from emergency traffic, and inspections and repair can be
performed easily.
Minimisation of damage (SLS)
Only secondary components and those parts of the bridge should incur minor damage
during earthquakes with a high probability of occurrence.

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Overview

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Compliance Criteria

Resistance Verifications
Ductile Behavior
Limited Ductile Behavior
Ductility Verifications
Conformance to special detailing values is deemed to ensure adequate local and
global ductility.
Control of Displacements
Global Level
Design Ultimate Deformation Target Displacement ( dE)
Member Level
p,E p,d
p,E : Plastic hinge rotation demands
p,d : Design rotation capacities, p,d = p,u / R,p

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Overview

Seismic Action

Soil classes
Ground Acceleration

Seismic Actions

Response Spectrum
Elastic response spectrum
Design response spectrum
Spatial Variability of Seismic Action

Time history representation

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Overview

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Regularity of Ductile Bridges

Regularity of the Bridge

(1) Perform response spectrum analysis.
(2) Calculate design member force and resistance due to the load combination which contains
seismic load at the pier top or bottom.
(3) Calculate the value r by the equation below.

(4) If the ratio between the largest r and smallest r exceeds 2, the bridge is classified as
Irregular shape.

Nonlinear Analysis of Irregular Bridge

Dynamic nonlinear time history analysis
Nonlinear static analysis (Pushover analysis)

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Overview

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Type of Seismic Analysis Method

Equivalent
Static
Seismic
Force
method

Response
Spectrum
Analysis

Pushover
Analysis

Linear Analysis
Static

Inelastic
Time
History
Analysis

Non-linear Analysis
Dynamic

Static

Dynamic

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Overview

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Type of Seismic Analysis Method

Objective of Seismic Analysis

Assess displacement demands of a bridge and its individual components
Equivalent Static Analysis, Linear elastic dynamic analysis: Appropriate analytical
tools for estimating the displacement demands for normal bridges
Pushover Analysis: Appropriate analysis tool used to establish the displacement
capacities for bridges.
Nonlinear Time History Analysis: Used for critical or essential bridges and in some
cases for normal bridges using devices for isolation or energy dissipation

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Seismic Demand

Cracked Section Properties

Effective Moment of Inertia

Estimate Jcr based on M-Phi analysis in midas GSD.

Reduction Factor = Jeff / Jg = 0.4

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Seismic Demand

Response Spectrum Function & Cases

Implemented RS functions
Eurocode8, AASHTO-LRFD 6th, NBC, China, Taiwan, India..etc.

Excitation Angle for considering the major axis of the structure

Various Damping Method
(Model, Mass & Stiffness Proportional, Strain Energy Proportional)

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Seismic Demand

Response Spectrum Load Case

Modal Combination Type

SRSS (Square Root of Sum of the Squares)

CQC (Complete Quadratic Combination)

ABS (Absolute Sum)

Linear (Linear Sum)

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Seismic Demand

Response Spectrum Load Case

Add Signs (+,-) to the results

Along the Major Mode Direction:
Restore the signs according to the signs (+, -) of the
principal mode for every loading direction.
Along the Absolute Maximum Value:
Restore the signs according to the signs of the
absolute maximum values among all the modal
results.

Select Mode Shapes

Select modes for modal combination. Using the
Select Mode Shapes option, linearly combine the
modes while entering the Mode Shape Factors
directly.

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Damping

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Damping
Modal
User defines the damping ratio for each mode, and the modal
response will be calculated based on the user defined damping
ratios.

Mass & Stiffness Proportional

Damping coefficients are computed for mass proportional
damping and stiffness proportional damping.

Strain Energy Proportional

Damping ratios for each mode are automatically calculated using
the damping ratios specified for element groups and boundary
groups in Group Damping, which are used to formulate the
damping matrix.

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Modal Analysis

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Modal Analysis

Eigen Vectors
Subspace Iteration
This method is effectively used when performing eigenvalue analysis for a finite element system of a large
scale (large matrix system) and commonly used among engineers.
Lanczos
Tri-diagonal Matrix is used to perform eigenvalue analysis. This method is effectively used when
performing eigenvalue analysis for lower modes.
Ritz Vectors
Unlike the natural eigenvalue modes, load dependent Ritz vectors produce more reliable results in dynamic
analyses with relatively fewer modes. The Ritz Vectors are generated reflecting the spatial distribution or the
characteristics of the dynamic loading.

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Modal Analysis

Modal Analysis Results

Natural Period & Frequency

Modal Participation Masses
Eigen Vectors

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Seismic Demand

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Calculation of Displacement Demand

Node

Load

DX (m)

DY (m)

DZ (m)

RX ([rad])

RY ([rad])

RZ ([rad])

636

RS_X(RS)

0.059765

0.000012

0.000355

0.000008

0.00872

636

RS_Y(RS)

0.000016

0.017104

0.000098

0.000011

0.000013

0.000026

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Seismic Demand

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Displacement Magnification
Design Seismic Displacement

: Damping correction factor

d: Displacement ductility factor

dEe: Displacement derived from a linear elastic analysis based on the elastic spectrum
q: Behavior factor

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Seismic Demand

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Combination of Orthogonal Displacement Demands

Either the SRSS or the complete CQC modal combination rules are applicable.
The design seismic action effects AEd should be derived from the most adverse of the
following combinations:
DRS_Y = 0.3 * DEX + 1.0 * DEY = 0.0203 m
DEX = DEeX * Mu_dx
DEY = DEeY * Mu_dy
Node

Load

DX (m)

DY (m)

DZ (m)

RX ([rad])

RY ([rad])

RZ ([rad])

636

RS_Y(RS)

0.000016

0.017104

0.000098

0.000011

0.000013

0.000026

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Pushover Analysis

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Pushover Analysis Overview

Why Pushover Analysis?
alpha_u

1) The estimation of the sequence and the final pattern

of plastic hinge formation
2) The estimation of the redistribution of forces following
the formation of plastic hinges
3) The assessment of the capacity curve of the structure
and of the deformation demands of the plastic hinges
up to the target displacement

alpha_1

Process in midas Civil

Pushover Global
Control

Define Lateral
Loads

Define Hinge
Properties

Assign Hinges

Check Hinge
Status

Check Pushover
Curve and
Target Disp.

Perform
Analysis

Midas Civil

Pushover Analysis

Pushover Global Control

Initial Load: Enter the initial load

(in general, the gravity loads) for
pushover analysis.
Convergence Criteria: Specify the
maximum number of (iterations)
sub-iterations and a tolerance
limit for convergence criterion.
Stiffness Reduction Ratio: Specify
stiffness reduction ratios after the
1st and 2nd yielding points (1st
yielding for bilinear curve, 1st and
2nd yielding for trilinear curve)
relative to the elastic stiffness.
Reference location for distributed
hinges: Specify the reference
location for calculating yield
strength of beam elements which
distributed hinge is assigned.

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Pushover Analysis

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Pushover Load Cases

Horizontal Load Increment

Load Distribution Method

Constant along the deck

Proportional to the first mode shape

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Pushover Analysis

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Pushover Load Cases

FEMA 273, Eurocode 8, Multi-linear, Masonry & User-defined hinge type
Displacement control & Force control
Truss, Beam, Wall element & Spring
Performance point & Target displacement
Checking for acceptable performance (Drift limits & deformation/strength capacity)

Load Pattern
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Static Load
Mode Shape
Uniform Acceleration
Mode Shape * Mass

Midas Civil

Pushover Analysis

Pushover Analysis

Element Type
Beam, Column
Truss
General Link (Isolators)
Definition
Moment-Rotation
Moment-Curvature
Hinge Properties
FEMA
Bi-linear type
Tri-linear type
Eurocode8
Axial force-moment interaction

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Pushover Analysis

Pushover Hinge Property from Moment Curvature Curve

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Pushover Analysis

Hinge Length

L: Distance from the plastic hinge section to the

section of zero moment, under the seismic action
fyk: Characteristic yield stress (in MPa)
dbL: Bar diameter

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Pushover Analysis

Pushover Hinge Properties

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Pushover Analysis

Pushover Curve
Capacity Curve (MDOF)
Base Share vs Displacement
Shear Coefficient vs Displacement
Shear Coefficient vs Draft
Load Factor vs Displacement

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Pushover Analysis

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Global Deformation Verification

Design Ultimate Deformation Target Displacement ( dE)
Load

Direction

RS_Y(RS)

DY

Demand (m) Capacity (m)

0.0203

0.024

Ratio

Remark

0.85

OK

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Pushover Analysis

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Local Deformation Verification

p,E: Plastic Rotation demand, theta_pd in Chord Rotation Check Table

p,u: Plastic rotation capacity
R,p: Factor to reflect local defects of the structure, uncertainties of model, and the
dispersion of the relevant test results (recommended value = 1.40)

Midas Civil

Time History Analysis

Types of Time History Analysis

Boundary Nonlinear Time History Analysis

The nonlinearity of the structure is modeled through General Link

of Force Type, and the remainder of the structure is modeled
linear elastically. Boundary nonlinear time history analysis is
analyzed by converting the member forces of the nonlinear system
into loads acting in the linear system. Because a linear system is
analyzed through modal superposition, this approach has an
advantage of fast analysis speed compared to the method of direct
integration, which solves equilibrium equations for the entire
structure at every time step.

Inelastic Time History Analysis

Inelastic time history analysis is dynamic analysis, which considers

material nonlinearity of a structure. Considering the efficiency of
the analysis, nonlinear elements are used to represent important
parts of the structure, and the remainder is assumed to behave
elastically.
Linear Time History Analysis
Soil-Structure Interaction
Fiber Analysis

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Time History Analysis

Time History Analysis Overview

Process in midas Civil

Inelastic Hinges or Isolators

Time Forcing Function

Time History Load Cases

Ground Acceleration

Perform Analysis

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Time History Analysis

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Applicable Base Isolators in midas Civil

Base Isolators
Lead Rubber Bearing Isolator
Friction Pendulum System Isolator

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Time History Analysis

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Applicable Dampers in midas Civil

Dampers
Viscoelastic Damper
Hysteretic System Damper

[Visco Elastic Damper]

[Viscoelastic Damper]

[Hysteretic System Damper]

[Hysteretic System Damper]

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Time History Analysis

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Inelastic Time History Analysis

Inelastic Hinge Model

Kinematic Hardening
Takeda
Slip Model
Multi-linear Model
Ground Acceleration

Inelastic Time History Analysis of Extradosed Bridge

Inelastic Hinge

[Status of Yielding]

[Ductility Factor]

Hysteresis Curve (Rz-Mz)

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Time History Analysis

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Time Forcing Function

[Time Function]

[Database of Earthquake Record]

[Sinusoidal Function]

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Time History Analysis

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Analysis Results (Graph & Text output)

[Hysteretic Graph of Visco elastic Damper]

[Text Output of Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration]

[Time History Text Output]

[Time History Graph at pier top (Time Domain & Frequent Domain]

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Time History Analysis

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Vibration Analysis due to Walking Load

[Dynamic Nodal Load]

[Acceleration Graph by Walking Load]

[Train Load Data Generator]

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Time History Analysis

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Multiple Support Excitation

Ground Acceleration

Arrival time : t = 3.48 seconds

Arrival time : t = 1.56 sec

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Time History Analysis

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Condensed Spring Support with 6x6 Coupled Matrix for Damping and Mass

[General Spring Support]

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Time History Analysis

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Soil Structure Interaction with Kinematic Hinge Model

Displacement Push

-displacement

p
Deformed Shape

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Time History Analysis

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Fiber Analysis
Fiber Cell Result Plotting

Section division for Fiber Model definition

Inelastic Material Properties (Stress-strain curve)

Kent & Park Model

Menegotto-Pinto Model