Instumentation and measurement lan manual

Experiment 1
Objective:
Calibration of Energy Meter.
Apparatus:
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Energy Meter
1
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Watt Meter
1
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Load
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Connecting wires
Theoretical Background:
Calibration is the validation of specific measurement techniques and equipment.
At the simplest level, calibration is a comparison between measurements-one of k
nown magnitude or correctness made or set with one device and another measuremen
t made in as similar a way as possible with a second device.
The device with the known or assigned correctness is called the Standard. The se
cond device is the Unit Under Test (UUT), Test Instrument (TI), or any of sever
al other names for the device being calibrated.
All the instruments which are calibrated in industry are compared with the stand
ards of ISO 9001 and ISO 9002. ISO stands for International Organization for Stan
dardization .
Induction Watt-hour Meter/Energy Meter:
An Electric Meter or Energy Meter is a device that measures the amount of electr
ical energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically-powered device
.
Construction:
Induction type energy meter essentially consists of following components:
a)
Driving system:
The construction of the electro magnet system consists of two electromagnets, ca
lled shunt magnet and series magnet, of laminated construction.
A coil having large number of turns of fine wire is wound on the middle limb of
the shunt magnet. This coil is known as pressure or voltage coil and is connected
across the supply mains. This voltage coil has many turns and is arranged to be
as highly inductive as possible. In other words, the voltage coil produces a hi
gh ratio of inductance to resistance. This causes the current, and therefore the
flux, to lag the supply voltage by nearly 900.
The series electromagnet is energized by a coil, known as current coil which is co
nnected in series with the load so that it carries the load current. The flux pr
oduced by this magnet is proportional to, and in phase with the load current.
b)
Moving system:
The moving system essentially consists of a light rotating aluminum disk mounted
on a vertical spindle or shaft. Shaft that supports the aluminum disk is connec
ted by a gear arrangement to the clock mechanism on the front of the meter to pr
ovide information that consumed energy by the load.
c)
Braking system:
Damping of the disk is provided by a small permanent magnet, located diametrical
ly opposite to the a.c magnets. The disk passes between the magnet gaps. The mov
ement of rotating disc through the magnetic field crossing the air gap sets up e
ddy currents in the disc that reacts with the magnetic