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Thrombophlebitis is phlebitis (vein inflammation) related to a thrombus, which is a blood clot.

[1] When it
occurs repeatedly in different locations, it is known as thrombophlebitis migrans, (migrating
thrombophlebitis) indicated by the Trousseau sign of malignancy

Signs and symptoms


The following symptoms are often (but not always) associated with thrombophlebitis: [2]Although, note that
thrombophlebitis is not restricted to the veins of the lower limbs (leg), but can also occur in arm veins.

Pain (part of the body affected)

Skin redness/inflammation

Edema) (ankle and foot)

Cord-like veins

Tenderness (leg)

Causes[edit]

Deep vein thrombosis of the right leg

Thrombophlebitis is related to a thrombus in a superficial vein. Risk factors include disorders related to
increased tendency for blood clotting, injury to vein wall, and reduced speed of blood in the veins such as
varices and prolonged immobility. Prolonged traveling by car or airplane may promote a blood clot leading
to thrombophlebitis but this occurs relatively rarely. Specific disorders associated with thrombophlebitis
include superficial thrombophlebitis (affects veins near the skin surface), deep venous thrombosis (affects
deeper, larger veins), andpulmonary embolism. High estrogen states such as pregnancy, estrogen
replacement therapy, or oral contraceptives are associated with an increased risk of thrombophlebitis.
Those with familial clotting disorders such as Protein S deficiency, Protein C deficiency, or Factor V
Leidenare also at increased risk of thrombophlebitis. Thrombophlebitis can be found in people with

vasculitis including Behet's disease. Thrombophlebitis migrans can be a sign of malignancies such
as pancreatic carcinoma (Trousseau sign of malignancy).[3]

Complications[edit]
Not all superficial thrombophlebitis is benign. Complications are rare, but when they occur they can be
serious. The most serious complication occurs when the superficial blood clot is associated with a deeper
venous thrombosis; this can then dislodge, traveling through the heart and occluding the dense capillary
network of the lungs; this is a pulmonary embolism which can be potentially life-threatening.

Diagnosis[edit]
The health care provider makes the diagnosis primarily based on the appearance of the affected area.
Frequent checks of the pulse, blood pressure, temperature, skin condition, and circulation may be required.
If the cause is not readily identifiable, tests may be performed to determine the cause, including the
following:

Doppler ultrasound

Extremity arteriography

Blood coagulation studies (Blood clotting tests)

Prevention[edit]
Routine changing of intravenous (IV) lines helps to prevent phlebitis related to IV lines. See the specific
disorders associated with thrombophlebitis for other preventive measures.

Treatment[edit]

Ibuprofen (NSAID)

The individual may be advised to do the following: elevate the affected area to reduce swelling, keep
pressure off of the area to reduce pain and decrease the risk of further damage and surgical removal,
stripping, or bypass of the vein is rarely needed but may be recommended in some situations. In general,
treatment may include the following medications:

Analgesics

Anticoagulants (warfarin or heparin))

thrombolytics (to dissolve an existing clot)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) (for inflammation)

Support stockings

Prognosis[edit]
Thrombophlebitis and other forms of phlebitis usually respond to prompt medical treatment.

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