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oleh :
Hidayat Nur Isnianto
Transistor Construction
There are two types of transistors:
pnp
npn
pnp
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Transistor Operation
Currents in a Transistor
Emitter current is the sum of the collector and
base currents:
IE = IC + IB
majority
+ I CO
minority
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Common-Base Configuration
Common-Base Amplifier
Input Characteristics
This curve shows the relationship
between of input current (IE) to input
voltage (VBE) for three output voltage
(VCB) levels.
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Common-Base Amplifier
Output Characteristics
Operating Regions
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Approximations
Emitter and collector currents:
I
Base-emitter voltage:
VBE = 0.7 V (for Silicon)
Alpha ()
Alpha () is the ratio of IC to IE :
IC
dc =
IE
Ideally: = 1
In reality: is between 0.9 and 0.998
Alpha () in the AC mode:
ac =
I C
I E
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Transistor Amplification
I E = Ii = i =V
Ri
I
I
L
L
200mV
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Voltage Gain:
= 10mA
Av =
VL
Vi
50V
200mV
= 250
I = 10 mA
= I R = (10 ma )(5 k ) = 50 V
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CommonEmitter Configuration
The emitter is common to both input
(base-emitter) and output (collectoremitter).
The input is on the base and the
output is on the collector.
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Common-Emitter Characteristics
Collector Characteristics
Base Characteristics
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Beta ()
represents the amplification factor of a transistor. ( is
In DC mode:
dc=
In AC mode:
ac =
IC
IB
IC
IB
VCE = constant
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CommonCollector Configuration
The input is on the
base and the output is
on the emitter.
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CommonCollector Configuration
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Common-base:
Power Dissipation
PCmax = VCB I C
Common-emitter:
PCmax = VCE I C
Common-collector:
PCmax = VCE I E
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Transistor Testing
Curve Tracer
Provides a graph of the characteristic curves.
DMM
Some DMMs measure DC or hFE.
Ohmmeter
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