Per Unit System

Dr. Habib-ur Rehman

School of Electrical Engineering &
Computer Science (SEECS)
NUST Islamabad
NUST,
Islamabad, Pakistan

PROBLEM:
Draw the single-line diagram of a three phase power system.

Bus
2

Bus
1

T1

T2
#2 #1

X 48 4 ohm
X=48.4
h

Vab2

#2 #1

#1 #2

T3

#2 #1

65.43 ohm

Vab2

#2 #1

#1 #2

40MVA
22/110 kV
6.4%

Vab1

Vab2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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#1 #2

#2 #1

Bus
5

57 MVA,
0.6 pf
lag.

T4

110 kV TL2

#1 #2

40MVA
220/11 kV
6%

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

Bus
6

40MVA
110/11 kV
8%

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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66.5MVA
10.45kV
18.5%

#2 #1

50MVA
22/220 kV
10%

Vab1

Vab1

Vab2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

#1 #2

90MVA
22 kV
18%

Bus
4

220 kV TL1

#1 #2
Vab1

Bus
3

Solution:

Bus
2

Bus
1

T1
#1 #2
Vab1

Bus
4

T2
#2 #1

#1 #2

#2 #1

65.43 ohm

Vab2

T1

Vab1

Vab2

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#2 #1

#1 #2

57 MVA,
0.6 pf
lag.

T4

110 kV TL2

#1 #2

40MVA
220/11 kV
6%

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

#1 #2

40MVA
22/110 kV
6.4%

66.5MVA
10.45kV
18.5%

#2 #1

T3
Vab1

Vab1

Vab2

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50MVA
22/220 kV
10%

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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#2 #1

X=48.4 ohm

Vab2
#1 #2

90MVA
22 kV
18%

Bus
3
220 kV TL1

#2 #1

Bus
5

Bus
6

40MVA
110/11 kV
8%

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

X=48.4 ohm

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

T4

T3
110 kV Transmission Line 2
X= 65.43 ohm

6
Load

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

57 MVA, 0.6 pf
lag.

THE PER UNIT SYSTEM

T.L.
T

NOTE:
Transformer equivalent
circuit as reflected into
primary and secondary
sides.

Equivalent
q
circuit reflecting
g
into primary

T.L.

T.L.

Analyzing interconnected three-phase

power systems having different voltage
levels require huge transformation of all
impedances to a single voltage level.

Equivalent circuit reflecting

into secondary

This large mathematical work can be avoided by utilizing the per unit system.
Various physical quantities such as power, voltage, current and impedance are
expressed as a decimal fraction of base quantities.

The numerical per unit value of

any quantity is its ratio to a chosen
base quantity of the same
dimension. Thus a per unit
quantity is a normalized quantity
with respect to the chosen base
value. The per unit value of a
quantity is thus defined as:

T.L.
T

G
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAEU, ELEC472

T.L.

T.L.

p.u. value

Actual Value
Base Value

Note:
The nominal voltage of lines and equipment is almost always known as
well as the apparent (complex) power in megavolt-amperes, so these two
quantities are usually chosen for base value calculation. A minimum of four
base quantities are required to complete the per unit system: volt-ampere,
voltage current and impedance
voltage,
impedance. Usually three phase MVA and line
line-toto
line voltages are selected for as:

( S Base ) 3 The base complex power in mega-volt-amperes (MVA)

(V Base ) LL the base voltage in kilovolts

NOTE

| S Base |3 3 | I base || V Base | LL

The base current in kiloamperes

| I base | L

| S Base |3
3 | V Base | LL

MVA
( S Base )1

( S Base )3

| S Base |1 | I base
| V Base |1

3
| | VBase |

| VBase |3
3

The base impedance will also be given by

| Z Base

| V Base |
| V Base |2

ohms
|
| I base |
| S base |

| V Base | LL 2
]
[ | V Base | LL ]2
3
| Z base |

| S Base |3
[ | S Base |3 ]
[
]
3
Actual Value
From the definition of per unit values:
p.u. value
Base Value
[

S p.u.

V p.u.

S Base

V
VBase

I p.u.

The per unit impedance:

I
I Base
NOTE

Z |S
|
Z
Z p .u .
Base p.u.
Z Base
| V Base |2

The impedance could

be presented in
pu or %
0.2 pu 20%

Base Conversions
If

( Z p. u. ) old

and

an impedance in per unit on a given old base

( I Base ) old
(VBase ) old

the base current in kiloamperes

the base voltage in kilovolts
30kVA
240/480V
Xeq 0. 10 pu

It is sometimes required to obtain the per unit

value referred to a new base set.

Source

G
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

The conversion expression is obtained as:

UAEU, ELEC472

( Z p.u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

| ( S Base ) new | | (VBase ) old |2

.
p.u.
| ( S Base ) old | | (VBase ) new |2

If the volt bases are the same, then

( Z p. u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

| ( S Base ) new |
p.u.
| ( S Base ) old |

40kVA
240/480V
Xeq 0. 20 pu

Example 1:
Consider a transmission line with an impedance Z= 3.346+j77.299 ohm. Assume that
Base MAV is 100 and Base kV is 735. What is the pu impedance.
Solution:

Z p .u .

Z p .u .

Z | MVA, S Base |

| kV , V Base |

Z |S
|
Z
Base p.u.
2
Z Base
||V
V Base |

p .u .

Z | 100 |
| 735 |

( Z ) * (1.85108 10 4 )

Example 2: Convert the impedance of the previous example using a new base of
200 MVA and 345 kV.

( Z p.u. ) old 6.19372 10 4 j1.430867 10 2

The old base is: 100 MVA and 735 kV. & The new base is: 200 MVA and 345 kV.

( Z p.u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

| ( S Base ) new | | (VBase ) old |2

p.u.
.
| ( S Base ) old | | (VBase ) new |2

( Z pu ) new ( Z p. u. ) old [ 200 ] [ 735 ]2 p.u.

100 345

( Z pu ) new 9.0775( Z pu ) old

11.8kV

11.8/141kV

G
Zone 1

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Zone
2
UAEU,
ELEC472

132kV
OH Line

132/11kV
Zone 3

11kV
Dist . Sys .

Wrong Selection of Voltage Bases

11.8kV

132kV

Right Selection of Voltage Bases

11.8kV

141kV

11kV
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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141
(11)kV
132

NOTE: kV Base Selection

The base voltages in the three
circuits (zones) are related by the
turns ratios of the intervening
transformers. The transformers
quoted may be different from the
turns ratios for example a 220/33kV
(nominal) transformer may have a
turns ratio of 220/34.5kV.

Example 3:
Generators G1 and G2 have a sub-transient reactance of 26% on 66.6MVA
rating at 11kV, and transformers T1 and T2 a voltage ratio of 11/145kV and
an impedance of 12.5% on 75MVA. Choosing 100MVA as base MVA and
132kV as base voltage, find the percentage impedances to new base
quantities.

75MVA
11/145kV
0.125pu

66.5MVA
11kV
0.26pu

G1
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G2
66.5MVA
11kV
0.26pu

75MVA
11/145kV
0.125pu

132 kV Lines

Example 3: Generators G1 and G2 have a sub-transient reactance of 26% on

66.6MVA rating at 11kV, and transformers T1 and T2 a voltage ratio of 11/145kV
and an impedance of 12.5% on 75MVA. Choosing 100MVA as base MVA and
132kV as base voltage, find the percentage impedances to new base quantities.
Solution: S
Base 100 MAV

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU,
Zone
1 ELEC472
T1

Zone 2

V Base 132 kV

At overhead Lines

G1
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Gaouda
Dr.Dr.
A.M.
Gaouda
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ELEC472
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Zone 1

[VT 1 ] Primary
[VBase ]Gen
11

Zone 2
[V Base ]OHL [VT 1 ] Secondary 145
Zone 1

[V Base ]Gen

G2

T2

11
( 132 ) 10.01kV
145

( Z p.u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

Zone 2

| ( S Base ) new | | (VBase ) old |2

.
p.u.
| ( S Base ) old | | (VBase ) new |2

132 kV Lines

T1 & T2
rating
75MVA
11/145kV

a. Generator reactance to new bases is:

( Z )new 26

100
( 11 )2
.
47.24% 0.4724 pu
66.6 ( 10.01 )2

b. Transformer reactance to new bases is:

( Z )new 12.5

100 ( 145 )2
.
20.1% 0.201 pu
75 ( 132 )2

NOTE
Z = 26%
Is equivalent to
Z = 0.26pu

NOTE 1: Consider a part of a network with:

Three Phase Power = 18000kW
Working With Three Phase Values

&

Line-to-Line Voltage= 108kV

Working With Single Phase Values

The Current is (assuming p.f. =1):

IL

S 3

18000

96 .23 A

IL

3 (108 )

3V LL

S 1

V LN

6000
96 .3 A
( 62 .3 )

Selecting the Base Values as:

Base kVA = 30000kVA
Base kVLL = 120kV
Base A
= 144.34A calculated

Base kVA = 10000kVA

Base kVLN = 69.28kV
Base A = 144.34A calculated

The per unit Values are (Actual/Base):

Per Unit Power =18000/ 30000= 0.6
Per Unit voltage =108/120= 0.92
Per Unit Current = 96.23/144.34=0.65

Per Unit Power =(6000)/ 10000= 0.6

Per Unit voltage =62.3/69.28= 0.92
Per Unit Current = 96.3/144.34=0.65

OR
Per Unit Current = 0.6/0.92=0.65

OR
Per Unit Current = 0.6/0.92=0.65

Therefore, the current (in pu) could be calculated using per unit voltage and per unit power without
dividing by 3 or 3

Example 4:
For the system shown in the figure. Selecting the base values of 30KVA and
240 V at the generator side.

T1
Source

G
220 0 o V
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UAEU, ELEC472

30kVA
240/480V
X eq 0.10 pu

X line 2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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T2

20kVA
460/115V
X eq 0.10 pu

Load

Z Load 0.9 j0.2

Reminder
1. Find all the bases for the system.
S Base , V Base , I Base and Z Base
2. Draw the per unit reactance circuit.
3. Find the actual value of the load current

How many zones do we

have in this system?
Do you think the selected base
voltages in the system zones are
related by to the transformers and
generator voltages.
Do we have impedances in pu, %
or in ohms?

Zone 2

Zone 1
T1

X line 2

Source

G
2200 o V

Zone 3
T2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

30kVA
240/480V
X eq 0.10 pu

20kVA
460/115V
X eq 0.10 pu

S Base 30 kVA

Load

Z Load 0.9 j0.2

The bases for the system:

Z Base 1

S Base 30 kVA

VBase 22
S Base 2

240
1.92
30000

I Base 1 S Base 1 30000 72.2 A

3VBase 1
3 240

VBase 1 240V
VBase 2
VBase 1

S Base 1
V Base 12

480V
240V

Z Base 2

VBase 2 VBase 1 480V

240V
VBase 3 115V

VBase 2 460V

480V

VBase 3 VBase 2 115V

120V

460V

I Base 2 S Base 2
3 VBase 2
Z Base 3

I Base 3

VBase 23
S Base 3

480 2
7.68
30000

30000
36.2 A
3 480
120 2
0.48
30000

S Base 3 30000

144.3 A
3 VBase 3
3120

Zone 2

Zone 1
T1
Source

Zone 3
T2

X line 2

G
2200 o V

30kVA
240/480V
X eq 0.10 pu

20kVA
460/115V
X eq 0.10 pu

S Base 30 kVA

Load

Z Load 0.9 j0.2

Draw the per unit circuit

Zone 1

Zone 1
S Base 30 kVA

| V Base |2
| S base |

X line

X T 1 j 0.10 pu

V Source pu

T2
Z Load

T1 Rating

ohms

Z Base 1 1.92

T1

0.9167 0 o
pu

VBase 1 240V
| Z Base |

j0.10 pu

Selected Bases

30kVA

S Base 30 kVA

240/480V

V Base 1 240V

Vsource actual
VBase 1

2200
0.9167 0 o pu
240

Zone 2

Zone 1
T1

Zone 3
T2

X line 2

Source

G
2200 o V

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

30kVA
240/480V
X eq 0.10 pu

20kVA
460/115V
X eq 0.10 pu

S Base 30 kVA

Load

Z Load 0.9 j0.2

Draw the per unit circuit

j0.10 pu

Zone 2

Zone 2
S Base 30 kVA

VBase 2 480V
| Z Base |

| V Base |2
| S base |

j 0.26 pu

T1

0.9167 0 o
pu

T2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Z Load

X line 2

ohms

X line pu

Z Base 2 7.68

Z Base 2

2
7.68

X line pu 0.26 pu

Zone 2

Zone 1
T1

X line 2

Source

G
2200 o V

Zone 3
T2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

30kVA
240/480V
X eq 0.10 pu

20kVA
460/115V
X eq 0.10 pu

S Base 30 kVA

Load

Z Load 0.9 j0.2

Draw the per unit circuit

Zone 3
S Base 30 kVA

VBase 2
VBase 3

460
115

VBase 2 480V
480

VBase 3

460

115

VBase 3 120V

X
T2

New

pu

X Old pu

T2 Rating

Selected Bases

20kVA

SBase 30 kVA

460/115V

VBase 3 120V

T2

New

2
S Base New VBase Old
S Base Old VBase 2New

pu

| Z Base |

0.10

( 30000 ) 115
0.1378 pu
( 20000 ) 120 2

| V Base |2
| S base |

Zone 3

ohms

Z Base 3 0.48
Z load pu 0.9 j0.2
0.48
Z load pu 1.875 j0.4167 pu

j0.10 pu

T1
0.9167 0 o
pu

j 0.1378 pu

j 0.26 pu

T2

2. The per unit reactance circuit.

T1

j 0.10 pu

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

T2

Xline 2

Source

G
2200oV
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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30kVA
240/480V
Xeq 0.10pu

20kVA
460/115V
Xeq 0.10pu

A.M. Gaouda
j 0.26 pu Dr.
UAEU, ELEC472

Load

ZLoad 0.9 j0.2

j 0.1378 pu

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

0.9167 0
pu

1.875 j 0.4167 pu

3. The actual load current

Reminder

I pu

V pu
( Z Total )

0.9167 0
j 0.1 j 0.26 j 0.1378 1.875 j 0.4167
o

The same pu current is

running in the circuit. To
get the actual value for
the current we have to
select the right base
current

I pu 0.4395 26.01o pu

[ I actual ]Load I pu * I Base (0.4395 26.01o pu )(144.3 A)

[ I actual ]Load I pu * I Base 63.3 26.01o A

I Base 1 72.2 A
I Base 2 36.2 A
I Base 3 144.3 A

Example 5:

The single-line diagram of a three phase power system is

shown in the Figure. Select a common base of 100 MVA and
22 kV on the generator side.
1
T1

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

X=48.4 ohm

T4

T3
110 kV Transmission Line 2
X= 65.43 ohm

6
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf
lag.

1. Draw an impedance diagram of the system.

2. If the motor operates at full load and 0.8 pf leading, determine
the source and load currents and generator terminal voltage.

10

T1

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

X=48.4 ohm

T4

T3
110 kV Transmission Line 2
X= 65.43 ohm

6
MVA

Voltage

90

T1

50

22/220 kV

10 %

T2

40

220/11 kV

06 %
6.4 %

22 kV

40

T4

40

110/11 kV

08 %

66.5

10.45kV

18.5 %

Think about this:

57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

18 %

22/110 kV

T3

Load

Note:
X% is calculated
according to MVA
and kV of each part
of the network.

What are the Voltage and Power bases?

Make sure that the base voltages in the system zones are related by the turns
ratios of the intervening transformers.
1
T1

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

How many
zones do we
have in this
system?

X=48.4 ohm

T4

T3
110 kV Transmission Line 2
X= 65.43 ohm

6
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

MVA

11

Voltage

90

T1

50

22/220 kV

22 kV

X
18 %
10 %

T2

40

220/11 kV

06 %

T3

40

22/110 kV

6.4 %

T4

40

110/11 kV

08 %

66.5

10.45kV kV

18.5 %

Do we have impedances in pu, % or in ohms?

Is there any difference between system voltages
and selected bases?
Is there any difference between system Rated
MVA and Base MVA?
Is there any difference between system Rated kV
and Operating kV?

The base voltages in the system zones are

related by the turns ratios of the transformers.

Solution:

Voltage bases must be determined for all sections of the network.

A common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side is selected.
The voltage levels that exist in the system are 11kV, 22kV, 110kV and 220kV.
Select the voltage bases as:

VBase 22 kV

VBase 11kV

VBase 220kV

T1

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

X=48.4

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

22/220 kV

220/11 kV

T4

T3

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UAEU, ELEC472

110 kV Transmission Line 2

X= 65.43

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UAEU, ELEC472

22/110 kV

VBase 110kV

110/11 kV
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

For transformers and generator

( Z p. u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

| ( S Base ) new | | (VBase ) old |2

.
p.u.
| ( S Base ) old | | (VBase ) new |2

Since the volt bases are the same for transformers and generator, then
VBase 22 kV

VBase 11kV

1
T1

VBase 220kV

T2

( Z p. u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

ld

220 kV Transmission Line 1

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X=48.4

T4

T3

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110 kV Transmission Line 2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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X= 65.43

VBase 110kV

6
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

MVA

12

| ( S Base ) new |
| ( S Base ) old |

Voltage

90

T1

50

22/220 kV

10 %

T2

40

220/11 kV

06 %

T3

40

22/110 kV

6.4 %

T4

40

110/11 kV

08 %

22 kV

18 %

100
0.20 pu
90
100
X T 1 0.10
0.20 pu
50
100
X T 2 0.06
0.15 pu
40
100
X T 3 0.064
0.16 pu
40
100
X T 4 0.08
0.20 pu
40
X G 0.18

For the motor

MVA

Voltage

66.5

10.45kV

18.5 %

VBase 11kV

T2

( Z p.u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

| ( S Base ) new | | (V Base ) old |2

.
p .u .
| ( S Base ) old | | (V Base ) new |2

T4

X M 0.185

100 10.45

0.25 pu
66.5 11
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

For the Transmission Lines

T1

VBase 220kV

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

X Line 1 = 48.4 ohm

X=48.4 ohm

X Line 2 = 65.43 ohm

T4

T3
Z
Z p .u .
Z Base

110 kV Transmission Line 2

X= 65.43 ohm

| VBase |2
| Z Base |
| Sbase |
Z p .u .

X line 1

13

48.4(100)
( 220)

VBase 110kV

Z | MVA, S Base |
p .u .
| kV , V Base |2

0.10 p.u.

X line 2

65.43(100)
(110) 2

0.54 p.u.

For the Load

S 3 3 (V LL )( I L )* 3 (V LL )(
3 (V LL )(

V LL

L ( 3 )

)*

( 3Z L )

Z Load

VBase 11kV

Load = 57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

(V L L ) 2
S *L ( 3 )

V
(Z L )

)*

| V LL |2
ZL *

T4

ohm
Load

5753.13 MVA

57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

V L L 10.45 kV

(10.45) 2
Z Load
1.1495 j1.53267 ohm
57 53.13

( Z Load ) pu

T2

Z Load ( MVA, 100)

( kV , 11) 2

Z p .u .

Z | MVA, S Base |
| kV , V Base |2

p . u.

0.95 j1.2667 p.u.

4
T1

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

X=48.4 ohm

1. The per unit

impedance
diagram of the
system is:

T4

T3
110 kV Transmission Line 2
X= 65.43 ohm

6
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

j 0.20

j 0.10

j 0.15

j 0.16

j 0.54

j 0.20

j 0.25

j 0.20

0.95

M
j1.2667

14

2.
If the motor operates at full load and 0.8 pf leading, determine the
source and load currents.
bus 1

j 0.20

j 0.10

bus 4

j 0.15

IG

IM
j 0.16

j 0.20

j 0.54

j 0.20

j 0.25

0.95

M
j1.2667

I Load

Per unit voltage at bus 4 is taken as a reference.

V4

bus 1

All values are in

per unit

10 .45
0.95 0 pu
11

j 0 . 20

j 0 . 10

j 0 . 15

bus 4

IG

IM

j 0 . 16

j 0 . 20

j 0 . 54

j 0 . 20

j 0 . 25

0 . 95

M
j 1 . 2667

I Load

The motor operates at full load (66.5MVA) and 0.8 pf leading, therefore,

SM

66 .5
36 .87 pu
100

The per unit current drawn by the motor is:

IM

15

S *M
V 4*

0.665 36 .87
0.56 j 0.42 pu
0.95 0

NOTE
From the previous Note 1 ,
the current (in pu) could be
calculated using per unit
voltage and per unit power
without dividing by 3 or 3

bus 1

j 0 . 20

j 0 . 10

j 0 . 15

bus 4

IG

IM
j 0 . 16

j 0 . 20

j 0 . 54

j 0 . 20

j 0 . 25

0 . 95

M
j 1 . 2667

I Load

The current drawn by the load is:

V4
0.95 0
I Load

0.36 j 0.48 pu
0.95 j 1.2667
Z Load
The current drawn from the generator is:

I G I M I Load 0.92 j 0.06 pu

The generator terminal voltage is:

VG V 1 I G ( j 45 // j 90 ) V 4 0.968 j 0.276 pu 1.0 15 .91 pu

VGactual ( V Base )VGpu ( 22 kV )1.0 15 .91 22 .0 15 .91 o kV

16