BCT Complete

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
QS/14/37/08
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to gratefully acknowledge the enthusiastic Building
construction lecturer Mr.S.A.M.HILMY of British College of Applied Studies (BCAS) for
her valuable guidance and advice. She inspired us greatly to work in this project. Her
willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to this assignment.
I would also like thank the authority of BCAS for providing us with a good environment and
facilities to complete this module. Also, I take this opportunity to thank the Programmed
Manager Mr. Haseeb for offering this subject, Tender Estimation. This gave me a clear
vision of what a Quantity Surveyor must do in future as his job.
Finally, my honorable mention of thanks goes to my family and friends for their
understandings and supports on me in completing this assignment.
Without helps of the particular that I have mentioned above, I would face many difficulties
while doing this assignment.
Thanking you
R.T.Zhahrhan Suzan
(QS/14/37/08)
Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)
QS/14/37/08
Introduction
The Building Construction Technology curriculum prepares students with skills to work in
many areas of the construction industries. The program is a unique blend of education and
hands-on training that will allow students to work for builders, general contractors and
subcontractors in residential, industrial and light commercial construction. Students develop
the skills, knowledge and attitudes necessary to function on the construction site with the
potential to advance into supervisory positions within the building industry.
The program provides students with realistic classroom and laboratory experiences
emphasizing, wood frame, steel frame, concrete construction, steel erection, and assembly of
pre-fabricated metal building systems, equipment operation, construction safety, interior
finishing, blueprint reading and job-site responsibilities.
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Contents
Types of foundationTask-2 (2.1)

Excavation... Task-2 (2.2)
Temporary works
Construction method of foundation. Task-2 (2.3)
Formwork... Task-3 (3.1)
Foundation formwork
Wall formwork
Beam formwork
Column formwork
Slab form work
Reinforcement Task-3 (3.2)
Foundation slab
Column
Beam
Slab (floor)
Brick works .Task-3 (3.3)
Statement of construction of 1st floor concrete slab..... Task-3 (3.4)
Finishing.. Task-3 (3.5)
Water proofing Task-3 (3.6)
Timberworks... Task-3 (3.7)
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TASK- 02 (QUE- 2.1)

Types of foundations
There are mainly two types of foundations, which are:
Shallow foundation
Deep foundation
STRIP FOOTING
SHALLOW
FOUNDATION
SPREAD
FOOTING
FOUNDATION
PAD FOOTING
RAFT
FOUNDATION
COMBINED
FOOTING
FOUNDATION
PILE
FOUNDATION
DEEP
FOUNDATION
CAISSION
FOUNDATION
Shallow foundation
Shallow Foundations support structures at a shallow depth below the ground surface or at a
shallow depth below the deepest basement of a building. There are three main types of
shallow foundations:
Spread footing foundation
Raft or mat foundation
Spread footing foundation
Square or rectangular shaped blocks of reinforced concrete that typically support a single
column or wall of a building. The allowable bearing pressure on the soil determines the size
of the spread footing.
Under the Spread footing category there are 3 types of foundation:
Strip footing foundation
Pad footing foundation
Combined footing foundation
Strip footing foundation

Strip footing foundation consist of a continuous strip, under walls, generally this strip consist
of a concrete footing which is normally winded and rest on the foundation bed and the
foundation wall, which rises from the foundation to location somewhere above the ground.
This foundation wall may be constructed either by using rubble or brick.
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Figure: 2.1 (01) Strip footing

Pad footing foundation
Pad foundations are used to support individual or multiple columns, spreading the
load to the ground below.
They are generally square or rectangular in plan, with the plan area being
determined by the permissible bearing pressure of the soil.
The shape in plan will be dictated by the arrangement of the columns and the load to
be transferred into the soil.
The thickness of the slab must be sufficient to ensure distribution of the load.
The top of the pad may be sloping (i.e. the pad is thicker in the center than it is at the
edge). This is an economic solution, although there may be construction problems
involved with casting the slope.
In simple cases the pad may be constructed from mass concrete.
In general, some reinforcement (either welded steel fabric or reinforcing bars,
depending on the loads involved) will be required in both directions.
For design purposes, the pad is treated as if it were an inverted cantilever carrying the
soil pressure and supported by the column.
Figure: 2.1 (02) Pad footing foundation
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Combined footing foundation

Two or more columns are supported on a reinforced concrete footing. They are often used
where one of the columns is located along a property line and its not possible to extend the
spread footing beyond the edge of the building.
Figure: 2.1 (03) Combined footing foundation
Raft or mat foundation
A mat or raft foundation is a large slab supporting a number of columns and walls
under the entire structure or a large part of the structure. A mat is required when
the allowable soil pressure is low or where the columns and walls are so close that
individual footings would overlap or nearly touch each other.
Mat foundations are useful in reducing the differential settlements on nonhomogeneous soils or where there is a large variation in the loads on individual
columns.
Figure: 2.1 (04) Raft foundation

Raft foundations also are constructed in various forms depending on soil condition and
intensity of loading. Raft foundations types are:
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Plain slab fraft

Plain slab with
stiffened edge
Raft foundation
Slab and beam raft

Down-Stand beam
raft
Up-Stand beam
raft
Cellular raft
Deep foundation
Deep Foundation is transmitting some or all the structural loads to deep soil or rock. Such
foundation often used with larger structures or when shallow soils are poor. Many kind of
deep foundations are available. Mainly two categories are here.
Pile foundation
Caisson foundation
Pile foundation
Piles are relatively long and slender members used to transmit foundation loads through soil
strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil to rock strata having a high bearing capacity.
They are also used in normal ground conditions to resist heavy uplift forces or in poor soil
condition to resist horizontal loads piles are convenient methods of foundation construction
for works over water such as jetties or bridges piers.
Figure: 2.1 (05) Pile foundation
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Some reasons for selecting file foundation:

Pile can be used in weak strata over lies firm stratum
Concentration of loading occurs of any stage, it is the better choice to use pile
foundation because its most economical to transfer the loads directly from the point
of application to the bearing stratum
Friction pile used mostly when the uplift to building may occur, use to overcome the
uplifting force
When the loading is so high that other foundation methods would not be appropriate.
Piles supported on rock create the greatest bearing capacity.
The ground floor slab has to carry above the ground the pile is using.
Displacement piles
Installation
Replasment piles
Pile foundation
End bearing piles
Precast Concrete
Piles
Load transmission
Friction piles
Cast In-situ piles
Displacement piles
Displacement piles comprise solid-section piles or hollow section piles with a closed end,
which are driven or forced into the ground and thus displace the soil.
Figure: 2.1 (06) Displacement pile

Replacement Piles
Replacement piles are formed by first removing the soil by boring using a wide range of
drilling techniques. Concrete may be placed into an unlined or lined hole, or the lining may
be withdrawn as the concrete is placed.
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Figure: 2.1 (07) Replacement pile

End bearing piles
If the bearing set of layers of any deposited substance for foundation pile is a hard and
relatively impenetrable material such as rock or a very dense sand and gravel the piles derive
most of their caring capacity from the resistance of the layer at the load of the piles. In this
condition they are called End bearing Piles.
Figure: 2.1 (08) End bearing pile

Friction piles
If the piles dont reach and impenetrable stratum but driven for some distance into a
penetrable soil. There caring capacity is derived partly from End bearing and partly from the
skin friction between the embedded surface of the pile and the surrounding soil piles which
obtain the greater part of their caring capacity by skin friction or adhesion are called Friction
Piles.
Figure: 2.1 (09) Friction pile
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Caisson foundation
Caissons are a deep foundation support that is constructed by placing fresh concrete and
reinforcing steel into a drilled shaft. These reinforced concrete piles are cast in holes of
predetermined diameters and depths drilled through soil and rock to the desired bearing
stratum.
Figure: 2.1 (10) Caisson foundation

Conclusion: According to our borehole log comparison. We have decided that the proposed
land wellawatta might be a suitable place to build our construction.
Justification
When we select a foundation type we should have to consider about some factors, this is
essential responsibility of the contract managing engineers.
Bore hole report:

According to our (wellawatta) bore hole report the soil is fine medium sand, so
its very good soil condition when we compare the bore hole report in dehiwala
site.
Our basement will built up to height 3.5m, its very suitable in our site according
the report, but dehiwala site sand type is very difficult than our (wellawatta) site.
That is the main reason to we consider the foundation of raft.
Bearing capacity of the soil:
There are some different types of soil, every type of soil has various bearing
capacity. In our site soil type is not much weak such as its fine medium sands its
good for select Raft foundation in our site.
We should have to consider about the bearing capacity of our selected site, which
possess should be between 200 KN/m2- 400 KN/m2.
Load of the building:
A raft foundation is a type of foundation that spreads the load from a building or
structure over a large area.
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The load of the building is most important factor when we selecting foundation to
our constructions.
In our construction site we have to build 5 stories building it mostly less than 20ft,
in this case we need to select the Raft foundation.
The load is movable such as after finished our super market complex which have
lots of furnitures and things etc., etc. so all load comes under the foundation
thats why we need eligible foundation, its should be the raft foundation.
Raft foundation area is large and wider hence the load well distributes all wider
face.
Cost of the foundation:
When we select the foundation we should consider about the cost of the
foundation.
According to our site we have selected the raft foundation that is not much cost
than comparing any other such as pile.
Raft foundation cost less than compare with pile, if we did not selected the raft
foundation another choice which is pile. But pile is most constables than raft
foundation.
Duration:
We should have to complete our construction within very short period in this case
our foundation will be complete in this short and estimate period.
Always Raft foundation build very easier than any other foundation.
It take less duration when compare other types of foundation.
Also we have to complete our project very short period because season weather
will affect the construction so if we use the raft foundation it will reduce our
duration and we can complete our construction within estimate duration.
Distance from the adjacent building:
Near our site there are several buildings such as delmon hospital, bcas campus, etc
etc so if we use pile foundation for our construction neighboring buildings might
have been affected due to vibration.
We can selected the pile foundation, while doing this foundation work this method
using very larger a machinery, so when the time that machine vibrating it has
damaged neither building so we will give the lot of money for solving this
problem so, too we are select raft foundation
Sometimes, soil has been disturbed while our vibration and it may affected to
another building construction in future
But we have selected raft foundation though it may not affect neighboring
buildings and lands.
Also raft foundation havent vibration purposes, so raft foundation is the most
suitable one for our selected site
Water level:
In our site water level is high (4.8m) hence we dont consider about pile
foundation and any other one.
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If our site having less water level likewise dehiwala site (1.8m) we should have to
consider pile foundation
We dont need to consider about the water level and water will not affect our
excavation though we have selected raft foundation in our site.
Conclusion
If we select pile foundation we should have to do dewatering according to our bore hole
report it will cost more as well as it is very difficult thats the main reason to ignored pile
foundation. In my justification and if we consider all factors, I have select Raft foundation
for my selected site.
TASK- 02 (QUE- 2.2)

What are the types of excavation needed for this foundation construction? Describe the
Excavation
We have choose Raft foundation for our selected site, in this case we have needed Bulk
excavation for excavate our site. In our super market complex have basement, so if we build
basement also need bulk excavation.
Method of excavation
There are several types of excavation used in the building process, the type and method
depending on the amount of ground to be excavated.
Soil strip
excavation
Reduce
level
excavation
Hole or pit
excavation
Excavation
Trench
excavation
Bulk
excavation
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Soil strip excavation

It has already been stated that the vegetable soil must be removed before any other
excavation takes place. The process is to strip the surface of the ground of its top soil
covering, and this may be achieved by the use of certain types of machinery.
Figure: 2.2 (01) Soil strip excavation

Reduce level excavation
The ground which lies between the topsoil and earth's crust is known as the subsoil and
comprises particles of weathered rock of various shapes and sizes. It is usually necessary to
provide a level surface from which construction may take place, and this level may be lower
than the top of the subsoil. In such cases, excavation into the subsoil is required to reduce the
level of the ground. The volume of subsoil to be excavated, together with the nature of the
material, will determine the type of machine and methods to be used.
Figure: 2.2 (02) Reduce level excavation

Trench excavation
Trench excavation is excavated for foundation with width and height, in these trenches the
foundation of the building are constructed. Trenches are also required outside the building for
the laying of pipes and cables which carry gas, water, electricity, and other services.
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Figure: 2.2 (03) Trench excavation

Hole or pit excavation
These types of excavation widely used for laying pad foundations. Hand mechanically driven
augers or drills are used commonly for excavation. Pits small shallow holes, may be
excavated mechanically or by hand.
Figure: 2.2 (04) Pit excavation

Bulk excavation
Where large volumes of soil required to be excavated in order to reach the formation level,
the excavation is known as bulk excavation. This type of excavation may be to reduce levels
or to provide basement areas. Excavator, bulldozer can be used this type of excavation.
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Figure: 2.2 (05) Bulk excavation

Conclusion
We are going to build a super market complex which has Basement so, we have
selected raft foundation according to the soil type and the Bulk excavation is most
suitable than any other excavation
In our project have basement, in construction field mostly select Bulk excavation for
the basement, so in our case we have selected this type of excavation.
Temporary works
Temporary works are parts of the work that enable construction of, protect, support or
provide access to the permanent works. It is a key part to any construction project. At times,
the design of temporary works can be more challenging than that of the permanent works.
Effective, safe and innovatively designed temporary works solutions can bring significant
benefit and add value to projects in terms of safety, certainty, productivity, efficiency,
quality, completion times and cost.
Shoring
Shoring provides temporary ground support to facilitate safe construction of the
works.
In the context of an open excavation, generally used in a situation where There isnt
sufficient room to cut slopes to safe angles.
Generally vertical.
Includes structural elements that are intended to apply some form of load to the soil
mass, to transfer loads through to some other material and to spread load out on the
surface of the soil mass.
Usually some of the structural elements of the shoring system are installed in advance
of excavation.
Almost always built and structurally loaded in stages.
Raking shores
Shoring
Horizontal or
flying shores
Vertical or dead
shores
Raking Shores
Raking Shores consist of one or more timbers sloping between the face of the structure to be
supported and the ground. The most effective support is given if the ranker meets the wall at
an angle of 60 to 70 degrees. A wall-plate is typically used to increase the area of support.
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Figure: 2.2 (06) Raking shores

Horizontal or flying shores
When a building has to be entirely demolished, the walls of the adjoining property are
supported by horizontal shores. The shores may be single flying shores or compound flying
shores. It depends on the condition and height of the walls as to which of those shall be used.
Figure: 2.2 (07) Horizontal Shoring

Vertical or dead shores
These shores are placed vertically to support walls temporarily, the lower parts of which are
to be removed for repairs or otherwise the whole load of the roofs, etc. is supported by thes
shores.
Figure: 2.2 (08) Vertical Shoring
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Dewatering
Excavation of foundation trenches in ground having high water table, or in water-logged area
pose great problem because of water oozing in the trench from sides, bringing with it the soil
from the sides. The timbering, if provide would become loose and collapse. Excavation can
be carried out by dewatering the sub-soil water.
Figure: 2.2 (09) Dewatering
Ditches and
sumps
Well point system
Shallow well
system
Dewatering
Vacuum method
Deep well system
Electro-osmosis
method
Conclusion
According to our site bore hole report water level is below than our design level
(4.8m)
In this case there is no need to do dewatering in our selected site regarding our bore
hole report
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TASK- 2.3
Describe the construction method of selected foundation type stating all the main steps.
When we are to start construction work there are some main steps to do for every
construction. Its should have be done in every kind of construction though in our project also
we should have to following those works for proper construction. Those are:
Site preparation:
After we decided to build a building, we should have to cleaning our site area.
Sometimes construction area have un wanted extra over items such as Grass,
small trees, hills, hillock and bushes etc were removed inside of the land.
In our selected site there are several trees, bushes, and some other kinds of
grasses grown up, so we have to remove all the stuffs before starting
foundation excavation.
Also we need to check the Underground electric or telephone cables as
drainage or water supply lines were through our site area.
Figure: 2.3 (01) Site preparation
Soil investigation:
We have carried out a soil investigation and found out the soil type according
to the borehole test (I have explained clearly in above following task)
Figure: 2.3 (02) Soil investigation
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Select a suitable type of foundation:

According to our soil investigation we have selected Raft foundation for the
super market complex.
Setting out:
We have to do Setting out around our site area.
Figure: 2.3 (03) Setting out
Bulk Excavating:
After select the Raft foundation we have to excavate the bulk excavation.
Excavate with the machine power such as excavator, JCB, bulldozer etc etc.
Figure: 2.3 (04) Bulk excavating
Temporary support for excavated area:

Sometimes around our excavated area soil may collapse or soil may fall down
our excavated area.
In this case we have to keep some protection works for our excavated area
eves.
Hence we do the temporary supporting such as earth work support, shoring etc
Figure: 2.3 (05) Temporary support
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Disposal of excavated materials:

Our excavated material which is the soil where we disposed, in this case we
have to consider about off side away from our site area or we dispose around
the site area.
Figure: 2.3 (06) Disposal

Compacted bottom of excavation:
After disposal of material our excavated particular area may not smooth
surface and soil may disturbed.
Hence, we have to compact our excavated area.
Use the Vibrator and compact on the excavated surface.
Figure: 2.3 (07) Compacting
Form work for raft beam:

We have to do the form work of raft foundation.
Which is the safety method for concreting as well as reinforcement
Otherwise when we putting concrete into the reinforcement, concrete may
spread out unwanted places.
Figure: 2.3 (08) Raft form work

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Reinforcement arrangement:
There are so many methods for arranging reinforcement, if we arranged
properly then very easy to do the concreting.
The reinforced steel bars will then be placed into the formwork following the
bending schedule.
The structural engineer has provided all the sketches as a drawing with
arrangements.
Lay the concrete:
After this reinforcement work done the concrete which is mixed to a given
ratio is then poured in and spread all over to cover the reinforcement.
Figure: 2.3 (09) Concrete laying
Leveling and vibrating:

After lay the concrete we have to leveling the poured concrete
If we vibrating to concrete the concrete mixing (stones, cement) can be spread
out all area.
Figure: 2.3 (10) Leveling and vibrating
Curing:
After finished our leveling the concrete work we have to curing the concrete
with water.
Curing concrete prevents the concrete from drying too quickly. This is done
by pouring water over the concrete for two weeks.
This process stops the concrete from cracking or becoming too weak when it
dries too fast.
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Figure: 2.3 (11) Curing
Site
preparation
Site
investigation
Select a
suitable type of
foundation
Setting out
Bulk
excavating
Temporary
support for
excavated area
Compacting
bottom of
excavation
Disposal of
excavated
material
Form work for

raft beam
Reinforcement
arrangement
Lay the
concrete
Leveling and
vibrating
Curing
Process of the raft foundation work
Conclusion:
Every works has some standard steps to do the works, also constructing the building
also has some main steps.
If we not maintain and concentrate all the main steps we cannot make our
construction very properly.
There are some procedures to do the raft foundation works, if we did not follow the
all steps exactly we cannot build our foundation works properly.
Thats the main thing we have to follow all the steps of build the foundation of our
super market complex, otherwise all works will collapse due to non-accessibility of
the woks.
There for we must following the methods or steps in the construct of the raft foundation
as well as building.
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TASK- 03 (QUE- 3.1)

Explain the form work arrangement needed for the construction of slab, beam, column,
staircase etc. proper sketches drawn by the students himself of form work arrangement
should be produced for each element.
Form work
Form work is the temporary structure that used to the cast members of at the site. It is also
known as shuttering. The form work is allowed to remain in position till the poured concrete
gains sufficient strength and can with stand the stresses coming on it without the help of the
form work. Form work is costly and proper design and careful handling can reduce the cost.
Formwork can be define as a mould or box that is being poured with concrete and compacted
to take the mould or box shape.
Loads on form work
Form work is subjected to following loads:
Dead weight of green concrete

Hydrostatic pressure of green concrete
Live loads due to working labourers
Impact effect at the time of pouring concrete into the form work
Vibrations transmitted to form work during pouring concrete
Form works requirement

The requirements of form works construction are Strength, rigidity, thickness, and
good alignment, surface finish, durability, eases of placing concrete, each of stripping.
The form work should be strong enough to carry safely the dead weight of the wet
concrete on it.
The joints between forms should be smooth, so that unwanted surface irregularities
are apparent on the finished unit.
The form should be designed to be strong and rigid enough not only in use but also
for handling and stripping purposes as well, since durable form works is also
economic.
Materials using for form work
Hard board (not oil-tempered)
Hard board (oil-tempered)
Plywood and timber
Steel
Plastics
Glass fiber
Generally form works are made by using timber or steel.
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Types of form work

There are different types of Form work:
Timber form work

Plywood form work
Steel from work
Fiber glass
Figure: 3.1 (01) Timber
Figure: 3.1 (02) Fly wood
Figure: 3.1 (03) Steel
Figure: 3.1 (04) Fiber
Timber form work:

The size of timber section for different component of form work depends upon the
span of the slab, beam, floors to floor height and the center to center spacing of the
centering support.
The size of timber planks or joists that can be adopted for different components of
form work for shuttering 4.5m. Span of 3.5m.
The timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should have smooth and
even surface on all faces which are to come in contact with concrete.
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Plywood Formwork:
Use of plywood instead of timber planks is getting popular these days.
In this case resin bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to make up
panels of required sizes.
The panels thus formed can be easily assembled by bolding in the form of shuttering
This type of shuttering ensures quality surface finish and is specially recommended in
works where large exposed areas of concrete are to be constructed such as floor slab,
faces of retaining walls etc
Figure: 3.1 (05) Fly wood

Benefit of process
It is possible to have perfectly plain and smooth surface by use of plywood shuttering.
Thus the expenditure on surface finishing can be saved.
By use of large panels it is possible to effect saving in the labour cost of fixing and
dismantling.
Numbers of re uses are more as compared with timber shuttering. For estimation
purposes, number of re uses can be assumed as 20 to 25.
Steel Formwork
This consists of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffening along the edges by
small steel angles.
The panels units can be held together by two or more clamps or bolts provided along
each edge and the shuttering can be assembled and kept in alignment by use of
horizontal or vertical centering of timber or steel.
Advantage of use this
Steel forms are stronger, more durable and large life.

They can be put to sufficiently larger number of re uses.
Steel form can be installed and dismantled with greater ease.
There is no danger of formwork going to the water from the concrete and hence the
chances of honey combing are minimized.
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Figure: 3.1 (06) Steel formwork at my visited site

Form work for building elements
Foundation Formwork
Foundation formworks can be designed in various ways.
Basically there is a difference between formwork for individual foundations, normally
designed as socket foundations, and formwork for strip foundations.
The type of design is dictated by the size, mainly by the height of the foundation
formwork.
The formwork for individual foundations is similar to column formwork and the
formwork for strip foundations is similar to the formwork.
Figure: 3.1 (07) Foundation formwork

1. Formwork sheeting
26

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Stull
Waler
Post
Thrust-boards
Concrete bottom
Tie wire
Wall Formwork
Wall formwork consists of vertically arranged upright timbers (formwork bearers) to
which sheeting boards are nailed at the concrete side.
The upright timbers are diagonally braced by means of boards at both sides.
On cleats situated at every third upright timber, there are horizontally arranged walers.
The opposite walers are tied at specified distances.
Prefabricated sheeting panels may also be used instead of sheeting boards.
Cleaning holes are to be provided at the foot of the formwork
Figure: 3.1 (08) Wall formwork
Figure: 3.1 (09) Ties
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Beam Formwork
In a typical reinforced concrete building frame, the slabs are the primary load carrying
element. They transfer their load to Secondary elements such as walls or beams.
Beams can be grouped in two categories. When located in the interior of the structure
they are usually TEE Beams and when
on the perimeter are L Beams
Figure: 3.1 (10) T and L Beams

Design and construction of beam formwork
Beam soffit must be thickened timber or strengthened plywood.
Beam sides 18mm plywood or 25mm boards, with studs (cleats) at 500 to 600mm
centers.
Deep beams (over 600mm) should have walers and ties.
Props or false work must be placed under the head tree, or under the bearers, and must
be spaced to suit the weight of concrete.
Use angle fillets in the beam side to soffit joint where possible.
Allowance must be made for height adjustment of the props or false work.
Erection sequence for constructing beam formwork includes.
Position of sole plates
Marking out and setting heights for false works
Assemble and position props, adjustable head jacks, false works, bearers and
Spreaders, Construct and erect side walls and beam soffit.
Figure: 3.1 (11) Beam formwork

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Column Formwork
Similar to beam formworks, the sheeting of column formworks is prefabricated
according to the column dimensions from sheeting boards connected by cover straps.
The sheeting panels are placed in a foot rim which is anchored in the soil by steel
bolts.
The foot rim consists of double-nailed boards.
The foot rim must be exactly measured-in because it is decisive for the exact location
of the column. It has the same functions as the thrust-board for foundation or beam
formwork
Figure: 3.1 (12) Column formworks (Plan, cross section etc.)
Figure: 3.1 (13) Column formwork in my visited site

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Slab form work

Form work to suspended slabs is similar to that for beams, except that the soffit
shuttering is far wider-usually formed by standard size (2.4 m x1.2 m) plywood
sheets.
In a typical reinforced concrete building frame, the slabs are the primary load carrying
element. They transfer their load to secondary elements such as walls or beams.
In the case of ground floor slabs, the hardcore and blinding form a permanent soffit
shutter while the brick work of the walls provides a per-manent vertical side shutter.
Consider following method when start to do the formwork;
Determining the bearer spacing.

Erecting bearers and joists.
Fixing the sheeting.
Preparation for concrete.
Figure: 3.1 (14) Slab formwork
As a number of collapses have occurred when pouring suspended slabs, careful

attention must be given to the overall support system.
Unless using a proprietary or well proven system, engineer design is required.
Decking will probably be plywood sheets or shutters, but boards and joists could be
used.
Thick sheets of fiber cement are also suitable. Props and other form work must be
perfectly plumb at the time of pouring the concrete.
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Figure: 3.1 (15) Slab timber formwork

Conclusion
When a building is considered, there are many important building elements such as
slab, beam, column, etc.
These elements are constructed with the help of formwork. It may be temporary or
permanent one that is formed by different materials.
Improper arrangement of formwork will affect not only cost but also it will affect the
quality of building by the unqualified building elements.
Therefore it cannot be neglected and more care should be taken properly on formwork
arrangement of particular structure to get good output.
When each and every step of formwork arrangement is done properly, these problems
can be avoided.
TASK- 03 (QUE- 3.2)

Explain reinforcement arrangement in structural elements (min 3 elements) and
method of constructing these elements. Structural drawings from the site are to be
attached.
Reinforced concrete
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension.
Where tension occurs it is usual to introduce steel bars to provide the tensile strength
which the concrete lacks.
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For example: with a concrete beam or lintel compression occurs at the top and tension
at the bottom, so the reinforcement is placed about 25mm up from the bottom of the
beam and the ends are often hooked to provide a grip. The 25mm cover prevents
rusting of the reinforcement.
Reinforced concrete elements in a building and their reinforcement arrangements
Generally five major reinforced concrete members in a particular building:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Foundation slab
Column
Beam
Slab (floor)
Stair
Reinforcement bar details

Number of steel bars
Tor steel
6 T 20 - 115
Bar diameter (mm)
Bar mark
Bar diameter (mm)
Spacing between the bars (mm)

R 6 107 - 200
Mild steel
Bar mark
Characteristic strength of reinforcement

(Y) - TOR STEEL
- 460 N/sq.mm
(R) MILD STEEL
250 N/sq.mm
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Foundation slab
Figure: 3.2 (01) Foundation slab Reinforcement of my selected site

Y25- 02-04B, Y12-05-6B, Y12-03-6T, Y25-01-4T, Y12-04-4T, Y25-06-4B, Y16-094T, Y12-10-6B, Y16-09-4T, Y12-07-6B, Y16-08-6T, Y12-10-6B and Y20-11-4B are
used for foundation slab reinforcement.
Slab thickness 18.
No of bars were not mentioned here.
Column
Figure: 3.2 (02) Reinforcement of column my visited site
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Figure: 3.2 (03) Reinforcement arrangement of column in my visited site
Figure: 3.2 (04) Reinforcement arrangement of column in my visited site
Figure: 3.2 (04) Reinforcement schedule of column in my visited site
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Figure: 3.2 (05) Reinforcement structural details of column in my visited site

Beam
Figure: 3.2 (06) Reinforcement arrangement of beam in my visited site
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BEAM FB 3:
Reinforcement 30 x 36 4/R10-22-150 it means 4-shrubs, R-mild steel, 10diameter, 22-bar number, and 150-its distance.
Used for main reinforcement16 mm diameter steel.
Used for shrubs 10 mm diameter steel.
BEAM FB 6:
Reinforcement 36 x 40 5/R10-46-250 it means 5-shrubs, R-mild steel, 10diameter, 46-bar number, and 250- its distance.
Used for main reinforcement 20, 25 mm diameter steel.
Here also used for shrubs 10 mm diameter steel.

Slab
Figure: 3.2 (07) Reinforcement arrangement of slab in my visited site

Mostly used for main reinforcement 10mm diameter steel. Slab thickness 5.
Method constructing of reinforcement
First determine in which place should arrange reinforcement: they decided to arrange
reinforcement for slab, beam, column and staircase.
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Purchased the steels and other required materials for arrange the reinforcement. They
purchased tor, mild steel and tying wire.
Cover: for covering procedure they considered mainly these following considerations.
Durability of concrete.
To prevent corrosive agents reaching the reinforcement through cracks.
To protect the reinforcement from subsequent loss of strength during a fire.
In covering process, they embedded all the reinforcement bars a certain distance
from surface.
Tying reinforcement: In my site they used wire to tying rebar.
Lap and splices: lap splices are the predominant method of splicing and are the
preferred method for mechanical or welded splices.
A lap is when two pieces of rebar are overlapped to create a continuous line
of rebar. The length of the lap varies depending on the concrete strength, the
rebar grade, size and spacing.
When there is not enough space to do a lap splice, mechanical or welded
splices are often used.
In slab and beam they did the reinforcement on the surface. But for column,
first they arranged separately and embedded in the place.
For preventing the corrosion activity for column reinforcement they applied
cement liquid in the reinforcement.
TASK- 03 (QUE- 3.3)

Describe brick or block work at your site. (Type of construction and the method are to
be given)
Entire buildings are constructed at my site by brick work.
Introduction of Brick Masonry
Brick masonry is the one of the most commonly used in building construction.
Wall is continuous, wall usually constructed by brick. This is used to divide the
building into compartment or rooms.
Brick is more used to masonry partitions work.
These Brick can be used masonry work, reinforced brickwork, and other important
work. Bricks, which are found little inferior to previous one, are called as secondclass bricks.
These brick also can be used for all type of works except for reinforcement brick
works. Third class bricks, which are found poor in strength and other qualities, are
used for temporary works.
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For low cost construction:
Cement and sand mortar 1 : 8

Lime and sand mortar - 1 : 3
Cement, lime and sand mortar 1 : 4 : 14
Lime, surki, and sand mortar 1 : 2 : 6
Cement, lime, surki and sand 1 : 2 : 4 : 20
The standard size of the brick is 215 X 102.5 X 65 mm and allowing for a 10 mm
mortar joint, this gives an overall size of 225 X 112.5 X 55 mm.
Brick walls
Generally brick are used for partition these can be classified in to two parts
1. Load bearing partition
2. Non-Load bearing partition
Load bearing partition
These are designed construct to require to received superimposed loads and transmit these to
a foundation generally load bearing partitions are constructed of brick or block to external
walls. Block wall partition have the following advantages to brick partition.
Light in weight
Chapter then brick
Quickly to build
Better thermal insulation
Direct fixing
Non- bearing partition

These partitions like bad bearing partitions must be designed and construct to carry
their own weight and any fittings or fixing which may be attached to them.
But not under any condition be used to carry or assist in the transmission of structural
loading.
They must be design to provide a suitable division between internal spaces and be
able to resist impact loading on their forces also any vibration set up by doors being
closed or slammed.
Following are the commonly used mortars:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mud mortar.
lime mortar
cement mortar
lime-cement mortar
cement-lime mortar
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Bond
Arranging the bricks in courses individual units are together and the vertical joints are good
courses does not lie in same vertical line. Bricks used in masonry are all of uniform
Roles for bonding
Good bond is not possible if lap is non-uniform.

Lap should be minimum brick length of the wall and brick across the thickness.
Use of brick bats should be discouraged.
In alternative courses the center line of header should center line of the stretcher.
The vertical joints in the alternative courses should be along the same propend.
The stretchers should be used only in the facing they should not be used in the
hearing.
Provide every sixth course as a header course on both the sides of the wall.
Figure: 3.3 (01) brick bonding

Brick dimensions
Brick sizes are generally coordinated so that two rows of bricks laid alongside, with a
mortar joint between them, are the same width as the length of a single brick laid
across the two rows.
That allows headers, bricks laid at 90 degrees to the direction of the wall, to be built
in and tie together two or more layers of brick.
The thickness of a brick wall is measured by the length of a brick, so a wall one brick
thick will contain two layers of brick, one and a half bricks is three layers etc.
A common metric coordinating size is 215 x 102.5 x 65mm, which is intended to
work with a 10mm mortar joint, 75mm course height, 215mm wall thickness etc.
This is based on the earlier inch sizes.
There are many different standard brick sizes worldwide, most with some
coordinating principle.
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Ordinary
bricks
Wire cut
bricks
Fire bricks
Types of
bricks
Hollow
bricks
Perforated
bricks
Bricks are basically made out of clay and water. Clay is a plastic earth. Constituents of good
brick clay.
Sand
Silica
Alumina
Lime
Iron
Manganese dioxide
BONDS
English
bond
Flemish
bond
Stretcher
bond
Zigzag
bond
Header
bond
Facing
bond
Dutch
bond
American
bond
Main purpose of using bonds to avoid the vertical joints

English bond
Most of uses bond. This is a very strong bond consisting of alternative force of
Headers and Stretchers in each heading cases a queen closer is placed next to the
header and the remaining bricks are headers.
It has some higher cost then compare with other bonds. And it is good in strong. In
the building structures, external walls (9) and internal walls (4.5) are built by
English bond method.
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Figure: 3.3 (02) English bond

Flemish bond
The walls are constructed using alternate headers and stretchers in each course. But it
is more economical than English bond since there are less facing bricks required.
Its appearance is considered to be better than other bonds but it is so strong.
Flemish bond has more plashing appearance.
Figure: 3.3 (03) Flemish bond

Stretcher bond
These types of bonds are used for normal building.
Figure: 3.3 (04) Stretcher bond

At our site
In our site English bond and stretcher bond are used.
But most of the walls are constructed by using the method of English bond. Because,
English bond is stronger than stretcher bond.
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Figure: 3.3 (05) In My site

How were bricks selected for our site?
Size, shape
Uniform color
Edges and corners were sharp
Strength
Strength test
Figure: 3.3 (06) Strength test

One brick was put down. Then, another brick was put in 5 distance from previous brick.
Both bricks were not broken.
Sound test
Beat on surface of the one brick by wooden hammer. Sound was metallic.
After considered above factors they selected the type of brick.
In our site whole the building walls are constructed by using these ordinary bricks.
Figure: 3.3 (07) Bricks

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Brick masonry
External wall thickness 6
Internal wall thickness 4.5
Used cement and sand mortar 1:5
Method of brick work at selected site
1. First of all they did the setting out procedure where should be build the brick work.
2. Bricks were soaked into the clear water before using it. It may be few minutes or
hours. This is one way to remove the dirt and dust.
3. Then bricks were laid in a full bed of mortar and it should be leveled horizontally and
vertically.
For this they used:
Plum bob: This is used to checking the vertical level of brick wall.
Spirit level: This is used for leveling the wall horizontally and
vertically.
Water tube: This is used to determine the correct height of the wall.
Bathe adj: for leveling the mortar and brick layer.
Figure: 3.3 (08) Brick laying

4. After Joints were flushed and refilled with mortar without any spaces.
Figure: 3.3 (09) Mortar laying
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5. These surfaces were same and outside perpendicular to ground level for plastering
work.
6. The thickness was not exceeding 13 mm in any case.
7. Mortar was provided between two brick. It increases the strength of two bricks.
8. Finally brickwork was kept seven days.
TASK- 03 (QUE- 3.4)

Write method statement of construction of 1st floor concrete slab of your selected site.
(All the steps from the end of column work are to be explained)
First of all they decided the height of the beloved floor and the thickness of the slab
and dimension of beams.
Arrange reinforcement for the remaining part of ground floor in addition to the
beloved floor column.
Did the formwork for column and check it.
Then, fabricate the form work for beam and slab at the same time prepared for
staircase of beloved floor:
In my site they used steel and timber for form work and
supporting systems.
Provide them by using suitable supporting system.
Arrange the reinforcement of beam, slab and staircase.
For this they cut the steel and gained the proper size and
arranged them.
Figure: 3.4 (01) Cutting the steel
They Used Tor steel for reinforcement and mild steel for links.
The reinforcement is arranged as reinforcement net by using
12mm Tor steel.
Figure: 3.4 (02) Steel

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Check whether the cover blocks are kept in all formworks properly:
Cover blocks are used to maintain a uniform cover thickness.
Main thing is the durability of concrete depends on cover
thickness. Also, cover helps to prevent those corrosive agents
reaching the reinforcement.
Check the formwork of beam and slab, staircase.
Here they checked the Level of slab, any possible to leakage,
thickness of every part and the supporting system.
Fixed the electrical pipes (for wiring purpose) between top and bottom of the
reinforcement.
Proportioning of materials for laying the concrete:
There are some nominal mixes. But, in my site they used grade
25 concrete for the slab.
Mixed the concrete:
Concrete is solid hard material, which consists of cement,
water, and fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. There are two
types of mixing the concrete.
1. Hand mixing
2. Machine mixing
But, they used machine mixing and ready mix concrete.
Figure: 3.4 (03) Concrete mixing

Placed the concrete.
First place the concrete for staircase

After 24 hours, cure it.
Placed the concrete for slab and beam
After 2 days placed the concrete for staircase, poured the
concrete into beam and slabs formworks. For these they used
pump car
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Figure: 3.4 (04) Concrete poured

Compact the concrete
Compacted it by using pocker vibrator to avoid the segregation
of coarse aggregates.
Finishing work:
For this they used bull float and trowel, to smooth the concrete
surface to the desired finish.
Figure: 3.4 (05) Smooth the concrete surface

Curing:
After 24 hours started the curing and continued it 14 days.

Because of achieving sufficient strength.
Figure: 3.4 (06) Curing

Remove the formworks and supporting systems for slab after 14 days, and then do the
all striking works.
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TASK- 03 (QUE- 3.5)

Describe the method of wall/floor finishing that you recommend for your building.
(Separate explanation for each area such as bedroom, living room, bath room etc.)
Floor finishing
Floor finishing is considered as one of important finishing of a building. By this
method floor is covered by using a covering material.
Here the floor covering should be done using suitable material that provides a good
finish to the walking surface.
When selecting a material, following factors should be considered.
Initial cost- should be economical.

Appearance- should be good.
Durability- should be long lasting.
Maintenance- should be easy.
Cleanliness- should be easy to clean.
Noiselessness- when we move, sound should not come.
Comfortable & safe- should be there.
Tilling
Tiling is most common type of floor finishing. These tiles are available in different colors,
sizes and, thickness. When we consider about features of tiles, they are:
Strong
Long lasting
Not absorbing water
Easy to clean
Method of tilling
First of all required area will be cleaned. In this process dust and unwanted items will
be removed. Therefore a good & suitable surface can be obtained.
After that bedding mortar will be spread on the concrete bed and allowed to harden.
For bedding mortar, cement: sand will be 1:3 in ratio .Normally this bedding mortar
is spread at the thickness between 12mm-25mm and that will be leveled properly.
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At corners and edges tiles cannot be laid entirely. Therefore tiles will have to be cut
according to spaces. One kind of tile cutters will be used to cut tiles.
Then grout (cement slurry) will be spread over the mortar and at the back side of tiles
with the help of brushes.
After that tiles will be laid on that mortar. Normally 5mm gaps are left between each
tile according to ISO 9001standard.
When tiles are laid on this mortar and each tile will be lightly tapped to fix properly.
Then cement will come out through joints due to tapping. Therefore that cement will
be wiped and cleaned quickly.
After that tile grout will be placed between gaps of tiles after a day since tiles were
laid and tile grout is selected according to color of tiles.
Here more care is taken to get straight line in joints between tiles.
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Before laying tiles, they are soaked in clear water. Therefore it will prevent the
absorption of water by tiles from mortar & cement slurry.
Tiling work will be started outwards form center point of the floor. It is done center to
get good appearance. Otherwise parts of tiles may be at center, and then it will not
give good appearance.
Hall
Timber
This timber floor finishing is considered as economical and beautiful and an attractive
method.
This is commonly used in hall especially for dancing halls, carpentry halls,
auditoriums etc. In house also, it is used.
Here much care is taken about prevention of dampness and applied precaution and
skilled laborers are required for this work.
Here also a concrete base is required. In floor finishing, Moisture content anywhere in
a piece must generally be between 9-14% and Boards are generally manufactured to
about 10-12%.
Here Generally 19 mm deep board laid over joists or battens.
BED ROOM
Terrazzo
Terrazzo floor finishing is becoming popular nowadays that is commonly used in
offices, schools, hospitals, residential building, banks etc.
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But this floor finishing is much applied for bedrooms. For this floor finishing includes
terrazzo, cement mortar and metal strips are used.
This terrazzo is a mixture of cement and marble chips.
This mixture includes marble and cement in the ratio of 1:3. Terrazzo floor finishing
is generally constructed over a concrete base.
Here metal strips are used to control cracking.
OFFICE ROOM
Carpets
Carpets are frequently used as floor covering material.
It is used in residences, offices, and retail stores and generally most suitable for office
room. These carpets are available in much color, patterns and textures and gives
attractive appearance.
Here pads are used under the carpets to improve resilience.
This pad is generally formed by rubber or plastic.
The additional advantage is provided by absorbing minor irregularities in the floor
surface.
Different types of materials are used for this carpet such as wool, acrylic and
polyester
Advantage and disadvantage of using tiles:

High cost
Trouble to lie
Needed to experience workers
Easy to clean and keep our self
Long durable
If it gets damage some time hard different designs
Good finishing
We can choose lot color and different designs
Can be deteriorated by chemical reactions
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It must be handled with utmost care.

It gives a beautiful exterior to the surroundings.
It is hard, durable and resistant to wear and tear
It is strong upon attaining a certain thickness
Types of mortar for plastering

Lime plaster
Lime plaster is consists of equal volumes of lime and sand.
Lime plaster may be damaged by knocks and in time it becomes dry and powdery.
This is not good for the external walls. Also lime is soluble in water it should not be
used in damp or moist situations.
Cement plaster
Cement plaster is consists of an intimate mixture of cement and clean coarse sand
with required amount of water. Usual proportions of cement and sand is 1:3 or 1:4.
When cement and sand dries out shrinkage could occur and cracks may appear. The
cracking may appear depends on the strength of the surface and type of plaster.
The normal thickness of the plastering is 12mm-13mm.if the thickness is high, crack
may appear.
Cement, Lime plaster

A wet mix of cement sand clean is to not plastic and workability.
So lime is added to the mix to produce a material that is at once plastic and sets and
hardcore to form a hard surface.
Proportions of cement, lime and sand is 1:1:6
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Gypsum plaster
Gypsum is a chalk like a material and is available is both natural gypsum which is
mined in areas all over the world.
Advantage of this is that they expand very slightly on setting and drying.
Very good then lime and cement, but its not economical.
Plastering method for my selected site
1) First they considered from where start the plastering work

They decided to start the plastering work from first floor.
2) Fix the doors and windows frame in the wall.
They fixed these frames in the proper way and they checked the vertical and
they produced supporting timber between the hold fests.
3) The electrical and drainage pipes were checked in the wall.

In our site some of the electrical pipes were exposed. For this they nailed and
fixed in to the wall.
4) Hollows were filled by using some broken bricks.
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They kept some hollows. Because, for plastering uppermost part of the
building we have to arrange some supporting system.
5) Leveling the wall surface
6) Prepare the mortar for the plastering.
The ratio of the mortar is 1:5
7) After finish these above steps , the wall should be thoroughly washed with water
The walls were thoroughly washed with water by using a bucket and kept
wet before plastering is started.
8) The two plastering equal points were marked
These points were marked by using plumb and long stick.
9) The plastering was done between the points.
This procedure was done from top to bottom.
10) Finally it was leveled.
Trowel and float are used to level this plastering surface.
11) It was left to get dry for 1-2 hours
Painting
Paint is a liquid which spread on a surface in a slim film dries in to a hard tough but
stretch skin.
This skin provides safety and decoration to many building materials. There by
enhancing their appearance made increasing their durability.
Paint provides protection and decoration to the surface. And increase the life time of
structure.
If paint spreads over the iron, it resists the corrosion. And also reduce the decay ness
in timber. Emulsion paint is used internal painting and weather guard is used for
external painting.
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Paint performs following function

It protects the surface from harmful effects of atmospheric agencies.
It gives decorative and attractive appearance to the surface.
It renders surfaces safe and clean.
Method of painting
First the wall surface was cleaned well and made smooth surface.
Then dust and small sand were removed.
If there any crack, it should be filled by using putty.
After water mixed filler was applied to the wall by using brush or spray.
Then it was left few days.
Paint was applied two times to get good appearance.
Finally it was left to get dryness 2-3 hours.
Characteristics of a good paint

It should be cheap and harmless to the user.
It must have a good covering power means able to cover maximum area of the surface
with minimum quantity of the paint.
It should be easily applicable.
The painted surface should dry neither too slowly nor too rapidly.
It should retain its original color for a long time.
Atmospheric agencies should not be able to affect the painted surface.
The paint applied on the surface should not peel off from there.
It should offer a durable and strong enough surface to resists moisture penetration.
Inodoro
us paints
Graphite
paints
Enamel
paints
Oil
paints
Types of
paints
Aluminu
m paints
Plastic
paints
Silicate
paints
Syntheti
c rubber
paints
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Tools used in painting

Brushes
Rollers
Spray gun
Conclusion
The importance of plastering a wall, painting and its function is clearly understood.
In my point of view the people in the site could use some more application other than
the ones which they had used so it could be easy for them to handle the work.
So the suggestion for this is the building should be properly plastered and painted for
a long life and for good appearance. And therefore a suitable paint should be selected.
TASK- 03 (QUE- 3.6)

Identify all the building to be waterproofed. Propose a method of waterproofing for the
bath room. You may visit a water proofing company or a building site where water
proofing is being done, to collect information.
Waterproofing
Todays construction methods, which include the use of lightweight, moisturesensitive materials, such as plywood, OSB, and gypsum concrete, have made the
installation of hard surface coverings particularly challenging.
If wood or gypsum concrete substrates are exposed to moisture, the tile layer above
can be damaged as a result.
Typical areas that require waterproofing include tub surrounds and showers.
However, there are other commonly tiled areas that may, through unexpected
circumstances, become exposed to significant amounts of water; for example, an
overflowed toilet, or ruptured dishwasher, icemaker, or washing machine lines, which
can result in flooding.
Waterproofing these floors can save an owner from replacing the tile assembly and
substructure in the event of a leak.
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These are the building elements to be Waterproofing
Toilets and bathroom areas

Floor
Swimming pool
Slab
Sump
Water tanks
Retaining wall
Several types water proofing members and its properties

I. Liquid Rubber Foundation Waterproofing Membranes
These are electrometric polymerized coatings made from liquid rubber the same quality
material your car tires are made from.
Advantages:
They are easy to apply, quickly to dry, cold applied.
The liquid cures into an elastic rubber coating, able to fill up current small holes and
bridge possible future cracks in foundation wall as the building settles down.
Rubber is flexible.
Disadvantages:
If there are bigger cracks or holes in the structure you have to fill in with cement or
other trowel-grade material before applying the overall coating.
Also some of the liquid membranes require longer curing times for the concrete
before they can be applied to insure proper bonding.
II. Hot applied Liquid Rubber Foundation Waterproofing:
It's a rubberized asphalt compound that forms a strong, flexible monolithic waterproofing
membrane.
It can be also applied on roofs.
Advantages:
It can Adheres to virtually any structural surface.
Ideal for rough uneven surfaces Monolithic, free of seams, watertight, eliminates
water migration and buildup of moisture.
Disadvantages:
The cost is higher because the product has to be applied in layers basically you
apply first coat of hot liquid rubberized asphalt, then you have to quickly firmly press
on the fabric reinforced sheet into that hot layer, and then apply a second coat of hot
liquid waterproofing.
Also, depending on the local building code you may have to apply 2 or 3 of these
sheet layers.
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III. Sheet membranes:

The most common are self-adhering rubberized asphalt membranes composed of
rubberized asphalt laminated to a waterproof polyethylene film.
Advantages:
It is mechanically strong, resistant to hydrostatic pressure.
Cover even the bigger holes or damaged areas.
They can be applied to concrete, metal, wood or masonry surfaces.
Disadvantages:
It is harder to apply because of their very high "stickiness", also the cost for in-place
is higher.
If there are irregularities on the surface you want to put a sheet on they have to be
smoothed first with some coat to make the surface even.
You also would need to learn of joint treatment, lap joints, corners, penetration,
priming, patching etc.
IV. Cementations Waterproofing

Is a cement based flexible waterproofing membrane It can consist of Portland cement, sand,
acrylic mixture, plasticizer and other active waterproofing chemicals to increase its
durability and effectiveness.
Advantages:
Very easy to use, just mix the powder with water according to manufacturer's
recommendation, and apply with brush or trowel.
It can get easily from suppliers of masonry products, or specialized dealers. Pin table.
Low cost. Resistant from Corrosion and weather can be applied as a positive or
negative side waterproofing.
Disadvantages:
Before applying the surface has to be free from protrusions, gaping cracks, oils,
paints, water repellents and any other foreign material that could act as a bond
breaker.
Holes must be filled with approved block filler.
V. Betonies Waterproofing
It is a betonies clay below-grade foundation waterproofing product which consists of sodium
betonies clay sandwiched between 2 layers of woven and no-woven puncture resistant
polypropylene fabric.
Advantages:
It can absorb tremendous amount of water.
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And as it takes the water in the clay swells and pushes itself into cracks and voids
where it stays permanently as a barrier against the water.
Non-toxic, non-polluting, and no fumes. It can be applied in cold weather.
Disadvantages:
Because of the way the clay works the seal does not form until the foundation is
backfilled and the water reaches the betonies material, which means you, cannot
confirm the integrity of the seal.
Some waterproofing materials
Hot bitumen
Bituminous or asphaltic felts
Polythene sheets
Mastic asphalt
Metal sheets
Fiber net
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Water proofing for bathroom and toilet

In construction of bathroom, proper water proofing method should be handled.
Bathroom & toilet areas are considered as major affecting parts in a building that are
always wetted by water.
Surrounding walls and floor area can be affected by this wetness.
Concrete floor of bathroom can be got penetration by this continuous wetness.
In these places some places should be water proofed such as showers, steam showers,
tub surrounds.
When concrete is considered, it is porous material that has micro voids.
For this water proofing, different methods are used. But here only one method is
mentioned.
Materials that are used for water proofing
Paint brush (4 inch)

Flexible Sealant and Silicon Gun
Aluminum Angles
Primer Agent (1 coat)
Paint Roller
Gloves
Hacksaw
Waterproofing Agent (2 coats)
Procedure of water proofing work

First of all require area will be cleaned. Then the walls should be completely clean
and dry.
After that primer agent will be applied to required area.
This helps the waterproofing membrane bond to the floors and walls.
Then it will be kept to dry properly.
Ones dry sealant will be applied to all the internal joints e.g.: shower hob, internal
shower corner, floor to wall junctions and toilet ware.
And all gaps will be filled and cracks and seal around floor waste.
After that aluminum angle will be cut with hacksaw to the size of the door opening.
Here measurement will be taken from inside the opening.
After that some sealant will be placed on the bottom of the angle with the bottom
flange pointing to the inside of the bathroom and Placed across door opening, and
press firmly. Then sealant will be allowed to dry.
After that water proofing membrane will be applied. It is like painting. Here paint
brush will be used to apply the water proofing membrane to the corners, upturns, floor
waste and junction to floor.
Paint roller can also be used for to do the walls. Like that after drying this membrane,
2nd coat will be applied. Like this water proofing method is done for both toilet and
bathroom. After finishing water proofing other construction works will be started.
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Conclusion
Foundation is the base of a building and it must be laid with accurate measurements
and in accurate ratio.
First the area chosen for the building is excavated and using random rubbles the
foundation is laid.
Setting out is carried out in order to maintain it at horizontal level.
A building construction should include water proofing system so as to prevent the
leaking of water through walls.
Many types of water proofing system and the materials are available and they are used
according to the place where it is to be applied.
Water proofing has to be carried out accordingly in order to be an effective one.
TASK- 03 (QUE- 3.7)

Explain the timberwork used in building construction work and their associate
connections. (You may include temporary and permanent works.)
Timber requirements for the building elements
Windows
Roofs
Doors
Doors
The main function of a door is to serve as a connecting link between internal parts of
a building.
It provides access to the users of the building unit. For access alone, an opening in the
wall will be enough.
A door will be used to open for access and close for privacy, to insulate sound, heat
etc. and to stop spread of fire.
Functional requirements
Privacy
Strength
Resistance to weather
Durability
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Fire safety
Resistance to transfer of heat, sound
Security
Doors type
Panelled doors
Flushed doors
Glazed doors
Match boarded doors
Panelled door and flush door
Figure: 3.7 (01) Paneled door and flush door
Figure: 3.7 (02) Edged and battened door

Windows
The prime function of a window is to admit adequate day light for the efficient
performance of day time activities. In additional, ventilation is also provided through
windows.
Window should serve to exclude wind and rain, and act as a barrier to excessive
transfer of heat, sound and spread of fire in much the same way that the surrounding
wall does.
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Figure: 3.7 (03) Casement, pivoted and sliding window

Sliding
window
Casement
window
Sliding
folding
window
Compo
site
action
window
Roofs
This uses normally houses, school building etc.
In this case roof element developed by using timber triangular frame work. This easy
joint other parts and roof is some parts use timber these
Ridge piece
It is a timber piece which runs horizontally at the highest level
Common rafter
These are intermediate inclined wooden members laid over purlins from ridge to the
eaves
Figure: 3.7 (04) Roof
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Timber joins
Timber joints are important in fabrication of furniture and wooden or combined structures.
Type of joints
Lengthening joints
Widening joints
Bearing joints
Framing joints
Angle or corner joints
Oblique shouldered joints
Lengthening joints
These are used to lengthening members, there are main four types of lengthening types are
available.
Lapped joints
Fished joints
Scar fed or spliced joints
Tabled joints
Figure: 3.7 (05) lapped joint
Figure: 3.7 (07) Scarfed or spliced joints
Figure: 3.7 (06) Fished joints
Figure: 3.7 (08) Tabled joints
Widening joints
There are many joints used to make a wide piece of wood out of small pieces. The commonly
used ones are as follow
Butt joint
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Rebated joint
Tongued and grooved joint
Dowelled joint
Figure: 3.7 (09) Butt joint
Figure: 3.7 (11) Tongued and Grooved joint
Figure: 3.7 (10) Rebated joint
Figure: 3.7 (12) Dowelled joint
Bearing joints
These joints are used two members that meet at right angle. Commonly used joints under this
group are as follows:
Halved joints
Notched join
Cogged joints
Dovetailed joints
Mortise and tenon joints
Stub-tenon joints
Figure: 3.7 (13) Halved joint
Fig. 91 single notch joint

Figure: 3.7 (14) Notch joint
Fig. 92 Cogged joint

64
Fig. 93 Dovetailed joint
QS/14/37/08
Fig. 96 Mortise and tenon joint
Fig. 97 Stub- tenon joint

Framing joint
The most of common types of joints used for door and window frames are as follows.
Butt joint.
Tongued and grooved joint
Fig. 98 Tongued and grooved joint

Joints in wooden trusses
The important joints of timber roof trusses are usually strengthened by steel straps with
through bolt as shown below.
Fig. 99 Joints in wooden trusses
Fig. 100 Joints in wooden trusses
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Details of joining
When carrying out the joint work, we can use glue and also steel nail or wood pins.
For example, in a mortise tenon work, the contact surfaces are treated with glue
polyvinyl dispersions such as Fevicol) before we put the pieces together.
We also use pin (10mmdiometer of hardwood or bamboo pins) after gloving the
frames together.
The members are position by means of press.
Advantages
Dont need long members.
Stronger structure.
Fabricating any shape.
creating aesthetic and complicated
Dismantling easy to transport.
Disadvantages
Fixing need skilled labors.

Joints subject to failure.
Limitation on the work.
Loss of homogeneity.
Deformation during weather changes
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CONCLUSION
I have visited some sites. Mainly I visited on of wellawatta construction site. As far as my
concerned the site visiting is more important to performing the assignment work and gain the
knowledge and experience. When I find it difficult to remember the technical words, if I
think the duration of my site visiting, then I can remember and understand the technical
words and other difficult section also.
I have learned and understood these following details clearly by some practical procedure and
I have got much knowledge and experience about this subject.
The soil types have been identified and the important of the site investigation has been
understood.
The method of soil investigation has been demonstrated, the soil structure is
represented in a standard format and the borehole test results have been described.
Suitable type of foundation has been described for the building and the reinforcement
method for the selected foundation has been explained with sketches.
The function of the column has been recognized and the reinforcement method has
been explained with sketches.
Different type of slabs has been identified and the reinforcement method for a typical
floor slab has been explained with sketches.
Different brick work method has been identified and the methods of bonding used
have been described sketches.
The materials for the finishing work have been identified for the walls and the
method of finishing work for the wall has been described.
The type of excavation and the need for shoring has been appreciated and method of
excavation and shoring has been described.
The principal and the need of dewatering have been recognized and the method of
dewatering has been identified.
The method statement concrete slab construction has been written.
The waterproofing materials and method of application have been explained with
technical details.
Identified the timber work required for building construction and their associated
connections.
After performed this assignment I am feeling I can become a good quantity surveyor.
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QS/14/37/08
My visited site
References
Grundy,J,T.(1984) Constructions Technology. Vol 3, 2nd ed., Edward Arnold (puplishers) pty Ltd.
Barry,R.(1980) The Constructions Buildings 1,4th ed., Nothumberland press Ltd.C
Ivor H.Selly (1995) Building constructions.5th ed., Macmillan press Ltd.
Gallwatte,B,S,L,K.(2009) [ no title] . Colombo; BCAS. 12-pages handout on the Importance of site
investigation, , in lecture 3 for module 22188X building construction technology.
Gallwatte,B,S,L,K.(2010) [ openings] . Colombo; BCAS. 12-pages handout on the Doors and Windows,
circulated 25th,feb,2010 in lecture for module 22188X building Construction Technology.
Dr. BC. Punima, ashok kumar jain, arun kumar jain. Reinforced concrete structures Volume
01, 7th edition.
Learning materials in Construction Technology, Department of Quantity Surveying,BCAS
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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Types of foundationTask-2 (2.1)

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

TASK- 02 (QUE- 2.1)

Strip footing foundation

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Figure: 2.1 (01) Strip footing

Figure: 2.1 (02) Pad footing foundation

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Combined footing foundation

Figure: 2.1 (03) Combined footing foundation

Raft or mat foundation

Figure: 2.1 (04) Raft foundation

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Plain slab fraft

Slab and beam raft

Figure: 2.1 (05) Pile foundation

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Some reasons for selecting file foundation:

Cast In-situ piles

Figure: 2.1 (06) Displacement pile

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Figure: 2.1 (07) Replacement pile

Figure: 2.1 (08) End bearing pile

Figure: 2.1 (09) Friction pile

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Figure: 2.1 (10) Caisson foundation

Bore hole report:

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

TASK- 02 (QUE- 2.2)

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Soil strip excavation

Figure: 2.2 (01) Soil strip excavation

Figure: 2.2 (02) Reduce level excavation

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Figure: 2.2 (03) Trench excavation

Figure: 2.2 (04) Pit excavation

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Figure: 2.2 (05) Bulk excavation

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Figure: 2.2 (06) Raking shores

Figure: 2.2 (07) Horizontal Shoring

Figure: 2.2 (08) Vertical Shoring

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Figure: 2.2 (09) Dewatering

Suzan Rtz (BCAS Campus)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY