International Journal of Recent Advancement in Engineering & Research

Volume 2, Issue 2 February; -2016

Study of WSN Clustering & Routing Protocol

Geetha Unumachiralla1
Student, Cochin University of Science & Technology
Abstract - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN's) has become progressively more attractive and has
found its way into a wide variety of applications and systems because of its low-cost, self-organizing
behavior and sensing ability in harsh environments. Network lifetime management of sensor network
is highly prioritized in its advancement issues. Routing techniques decide the transmission path in
network that is main cause of energy consumption. In this paper, a detailed comparison of LEACH,
LEACH-C and PEGASIS is presented.
Keywords - Wireless Sensor Networks; Clustering Routing; LEACH; LEACH-C; PEGASIS
I.
INTRODUCTION
A wireless sensor network is a group of specialized transducers with a communications infrastructure
for monitoring and recording conditions at diverse locations. Commonly monitored parameters are
temperature, humidity, pressure, wind direction and speed, illumination intensity, vibration intensity,
sound intensity, power-line voltage, chemical concentrations, pollutant levels and vital body function

A WSN is made up of nodes which are wireless sensor units.

Routing is a vital technology in WSNs.[1]

2 types of routing :[1]

Flat Routing :All Nodes Have Identical Functionality And Carry Out The Same Task
In The Network.

Hierarchical Routing :Have Dissimilar Duties And Are Usually Arranged Into
Clusters.
1UG

Fig 1: Wireless Sensor Network Components

etc

Sensor Field : Field where sensor nodes are deployed

Sensor Node : Capable of sensing power for specified entity like temperature, pressure, light
Base Station : Data collected from sensor network is collected at base station
Remote Server :Location of remote server is depend on application.

II.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS
A routing protocol specifies how routers communicate with each other, disseminating information
that enables them to select routes between any two nodes on a computer network. Routing algorithms
determine the specific choice of route. Each router has a priori knowledge only of networks attached
to it directly. A routing protocol shares this information first among immediate neighbors, and then
throughout the network. This way, routers gain knowledge of the topology of the network.
3

International Journal of Recent Advancement in Engineering & Research

Volume 2, Issue 2 February; -2016

Routing protocols
of WSN

LEACH

LEACH-C

PEGASIS

1.
LEACH Protocol :
LEACH Protocol is a typical representative of hierarchical routing protocols. It is self adaptive and
self-organized. LEACH protocol uses round as unit, each round is made up of cluster set-up stage
and steady-state stage, for the purpose of reducing unnecessary energy costs, the steadystate stage
must be much longer than the set-up stage. At the stage of cluster forming, a node randomly picks a
number between 0 to 1, compared this number to the threshold values nt )( , if the number is less than
nt )( , then it become cluster head in this round, else it become common node.

It stands for Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy

Hierarchical routing protocol

Randomly selects some nodes as cluster heads and then rotates the role in the next round to
some other nodes to balance the energy consumption. [2]

Assumptions made in LEACH protocol are as follows:[2]

Base stations position is far from sensor nodes and fixed.

Sensor nodes are equipped with same amount of energy.

Nodes stays at same location i.e. nodes are not mobile.

Sensors are sensing environment at fixed rate.

LEACHs each round is divided in set-up period and steady state period.[2]
o
Set-up period :Cluster heads are decided and nodes manage themselves in particular cluster.
o
Steady-state : Data is transferred to cluster head.
2.
LEACH-C Protocol :[2]
LEACH-Centralized (LEACH-C) is similar to LEACH protocol. In this LEACH performs a
centralized algorithm. The base station gathers the location data of all the nodes and then transmits
its result of which node are act as a cluster head. The overall operation of LEACH-C is better than
LEACH. But when the energy charge of communicating with the base station becomes higher than
the energy cost for cluster formation, then, LEACH-C dont provides good performance. The base
station may be placed far away from the network. in much WSN application.

It stands for Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy centralized

Based on traditional LEACH protocol

International Journal of Recent Advancement in Engineering & Research

Volume 2, Issue 2 February; -2016

Assumptions made in LEACH-C protocol are as follows:

Each node in network can calculate its energy level.

Node can send information about its location to Base Station.

Each node can send message to base station.

In LEACH-C, base station elects head of cluster on the basis of energy level of node and
distance between node and base station.

Number of cluster heads in LEACH varies in different rounds, whereas in LEACH-C it is

optimal value that is predetermined.

LEACH-C is improved version of LEACH

3.
PEGASIS Protocol :[2]
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN's) has become progressively more attractive and has found its way
into a wide variety of applications and systems because of its low-cost, self-organizing behavior and
sensing ability in harsh environments. Network lifetime management of sensor network is highly
prioritized in its advancement issues. Routing techniques decide the transmission path in network
that is main cause of energy consumption. In this paper, a detailed comparison of LEACH, LEACHC and PEGASIS 3 steps :
Formation of Chain
Election of Leader
Data Transmission

III.

COMPARISON OF LEACH, LEACH-C &PEGASIS

International Journal of Recent Advancement in Engineering & Research

Volume 2, Issue 2 February; -2016

International Journal of Recent Advancement in Engineering & Research

Volume 2, Issue 2 February; -2016

IV.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that PEGASIS maintains better lifetime with more delay and complexity as compared
to LEACH and LEACH-C.
REFERENCES
1.
GulbadanSikander, Mohammad Haseeb Zafar, Mohammad Inayatullah Khan Babar, Mohammed
Rashid,MegatFarezZuhairi, Comparison of Clustering Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks,IEEE2013
2.
Ishusharma, rajvirsingh, meenukhurana, Comparative study of LEACH, LEACH-C and PEGASIS routing
protocols for wireless sensor network,IEEE 2015