Relation between a system and control volume for any extensive property

dX

xd x (v.n)ds

dt sys t c.v
c.s
Where X is any extensive property

and x is the property per unit mass

X
m

Conservation of Energy (Energy Equation)

2

V
h2 2 gz 2
2

X E
x

X E
e
m m

h1

V1
gz1
2

u
.

V2
gz
2


dE

dt sys t

c .v

c.s

.
.
dE

Q W
dt sys

But for system

ed e(v.n)ds

Q W

ed e(v.n)ds
c .v

c.s

Energy increase or
decrease in C.V

Net Energy
crossing C.S

Unsteady term

W W shaft W friction

Assumptions

Steady flow

1
2

Uniform flow

ed 0
c .v

Or invisced flow

e(v.n)ds e * v * A)

exit

e * v * A) inlet

c.s
Incompressible flow

const. in ex

.
V22
V12

Q Wsh m h2 gz 2 h1 gz1 W shear

2
2

For incompressible fluid

.
.
. p
.
p V2
.
V2
Q Wsh m 2 2 gz 2 1 1 gz1 W shear mu 2 u1
2
2

.
.
. p
.
Total energy
W shear mu 2 u1 m loss or m gH loss
loss

W shear mu 2 u1 0
.

Friction less flow

Adiabatic flow

Q0

No mechanical work

Wsh 0

The equation becomes

p2 V22
p1 V12

gz 2
gz1
2
2
This equation must be applied a long stream line
We can write the Bernoulli equation in three forms:

p2 V22
p1 V12

gz 2
gz1
2
2

Energy per unit mass

p2 V22
p1 V12

z2

z1
g 2 g
g 2 g

Energy per unit weight

V22
V12
p2
gz 2 p1
gz1
2
2

Energy per unit volume

Prob.(1)
The device shown in the figure is used to
determine the velocity of liquid at point 1. It is
a tube with its lower end directed upstream
and its other leg vertical and open to the
atmosphere. The impact of liquid against the
opening 2 forces liquid to rise in the vertical
leg to the height Z above the free surface.
Determine the velocity at 1 in m/s, when Z is
2 cm
Assumptions:
1-Steady flow
4- isentropic

2- incompressible

3- uniform

5- no mech. work

Apply B.E between 1 and 2

p2

V22
p V2
gz 2 1 1 gz1
20
20

p1 g gh

p 2 g g h z

V12 p2 p1

g z
2

V1 2 gz 2 * 9.8 * 0.02 0.62

m/s

Prob. (2)
A bell mouse of 0.4 m diameter is
used to meter the flow rate into a
compressor as shown. What will
the manometer indicate in mm of
water if the flow rate is 5.5 m3/s?

Assumptions:
1-Steady flow

2- incompressible

4- isentropic

5- no mech. work

From continuity

V1

d2

5 .5
0 .4 2

3- uniform

43.7

m/s

Apply B.E between atmosphere and section 1

patm

p1

V12
2

p x p atm p1 w gh

patm 101.3 *103

1 .2
RT
293 * 287

kg / m 3

From 1 and 2

V12 a ( 43.7) 2 *1.2

0.117
2 w g 2 *1000 * 9.8

Prob. (3)
V2
The losses up to section A are 4 1

2g
V22
and the nozzle losses are 0.05
2g

determine the discharge and

pressure at section A.

Assumptions:
1-Steady flow

2- incompressible

4- adiabatic

5- no mech. work

From continuity

Q A Q2

3- uniform

AAV A A2V2

A2
D2
52
VA
V2 2 V2 2 V2 0.111V2
AA
15
DA

Apply B.E between o and section 2

po Vo2
p2 V22
V A2
V22

gz o

gz 2 4
0.05
2 0
2
2
0 0 2
0

V22
V A2
gz o 1.05
4
2
2
9.81 * 8 1.05

V22
V2
4 A
2
2

From equation 1 and 2

V2 11.95 m / s , V A 1.3276 m / s

Q V2 A2 11.95 * (0.05) 2 0 .0234 m 3 / s

4
Apply B.E between o and section A

po Vo2
p A V A2
V A2

gz o

gz A 4
02

2 0
2
0

pA
(1.3276) 2
9.81 * 8 3 5
10
2

p A 74.07 kpa

Prob.(4)
A sharp edged orifice of 12.5 mm diameter
is situated in the base of the closed tank
shown in the figure. At a given instant, the
head of water above the orifice is 1.8 m. If
the discharge of water is to be 90 kg/min at
this instant , find the pressure of air which
must be pumped in above the water. Take
the discharge coefficient CD = 0.6.
Assumptions:
1-Steady flow

2- incompressible

4- isentropic

5- no mech. work

3- uniform

From continuity

Qactual

Qth Vth * Ath

90
1.5 *10 3
60 *1000

m3 / s

Qact Vact * Aact

Vact Vth * CV

CV is the velocity coefficient

Where

Aact Ath * C c

Where

Cc is the contraction coefficient

Q act (Vth * CV ) * ( Ath * C c ) Qth * C D

C D CV * C c

Where

C D is the discharge coefficient

Q act Vth * Ath * C D

1.5 *10 3 Vth *

(0.125) 2 * 0.6
4

Vth 20.37

m/s

Apply B.E between 1 and 2 for isentropic flow

P1 V12
P2 V22th

gz1
gz 2
0
0 2
2 0

P1
( 20.37 ) 2
9.81 *1.8
10 3
2

P1 189.84

kpa