Chapter 2

GAS
ideal gas
Boyle:
Charles:

real gas

V 1/p

VT

V1p1 = V2p2

p = absolute pressure

V1/T1 = V2/T2

T = absolute temperature (K, oR)

Avogadro:

Vn

ideal gas law

V1/n1 = V2/n2
pV = nRT

ideal gas
constant

Attention: unit of T = absolute temperature of gas (K, oR)

Value of gas constant, R

unit

R = pV
nT

0.082

L.atm/gmol.K

82.06

cm3.atm/gmol.K

8.3143

J/gmol.K

1.987

cal/gmol.K or Btu/lbmol.oR

10.731

ft3.lbf/in2.lbmol.oR

0.7302

ft3.atm/lbmol.oR

specific volume
=V/n

Standard condition (S.C)

systems
T
SI

273.15 K 101.3 kPa

Universal scientific
Natural gas industry
AE

0 oC 760 mmHg
60 oF 14.7 psia
15 oC 101.3 kPa
32 oF 1 atm
492 oR 33.91 ft.H2O
760 mmHg

V
22.4 m3/kgmol
22.4 L/gmol
379.4 ft3/lbmol
359.05 ft3/lbmol

Example 2.1 You have 10 lb of CO2 in a 20 ft3 tank at 30 C.

Assuming the ideal gas laws hold, what will the pressure gauge
on the tank read?
Basis: 10 lb of CO2
PV = nRT

or

or P1V1 = PP2sV2s
n1T1 ns2Ts2

or P1 = n1PsVsT1
ns V1Ts

P = 10 lb CO2 1 lb mole CO2

1 atm 273+30 K 359 ft3
1
44 lb CO2 1 lb mole
273 K 20 ft3
P = 10 lb CO2 1 lb mole CO2 359 ft3 1 atm 273+30 K 1
44 lb CO2 1 lb mole
273 K 20 ft3
= 4.53 atm

Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + Barometric Pressure

Gauge Pressure = Absolute Pressure - Barometric Pressure
= 4.53 1
= 3.53 atm

Gas density and specific gravity

mass
density of gas ( ) =
volume

specific gravity =

at T, P

gas ,T , P
1

ref . gas ,T , P
2

reference gas is air at standard condition (SC)

average molecular weight = total mass of gas mixture
total mole of gas mixture

Example 2.2 What is the specific gravity of N2 at 80 F and 745

mmHg compared to:
(a) Air at S.C. (32 F and 760 mmHg)
(b) Air at 80 F and 745 mmHg
Basis: 1 lbmole of N2

Sp.Gr. = N2
air
N2 = m = n.MW
v
v

359 ft3 760 mmHg 460 + 80oR = 402 ft3,

1 lbmole 745 mmHg 460 +32oR (80oF,745mmHg)
1 = 0.07 lb/ft3 (80oF, 745mmHg)
28 lb
= 1 lbmole
1 lbmole 402 ft3

v = 1 lbmole

a) Basis: 1 lbmole of air

vair = 1 lbmole

359 ft3 760 mmHg 460 + 32oR = 359 ft3,

1 lbmole 760 mmHg 460 +32oR (32oF,760mmHg)

1 = 0.08 lb/ft3 (at S.C.)

air = m = n.MW = 1 lbmole 28.97 lb
1 lbmole 359 ft3
v
v
N2
Sp.Gr. =
= 0.07 = 0.88 N2, 80oF, 745 mmHg
air
0.08
air at S.C.

(b) Air at 80 F and 745 mmHg

Basis: 1 lbmole of air
vair = 1 lbmole

359 ft3 760 mmHg 460 + 80oR = 401.96 ft3,

1 lbmole 745 mmHg 460 +32oR (80oF,745mmHg)

1 = 0.072 lb/ft3 (80oF,745mmHg)

air = m = n.MW = 1 lbmole 28.97 lb
1 lbmole 401.96 ft3
v
v

Sp.Gr. = N2 = 0.070 = 0.97 N2, (80oF,745mmHg)

air
0.072
air (80oF,745mmHg)

At same condition,
N2
Sp.Gr. =
air

n.MWN2
v
n.MWair
v

= MwN2
Mwair

= 28
28.97

= 0.97

Ideal gas mixture

1. Partial pressure of Dalton
pT = p1 + p2 + p3 + + p n

V and T constant

pi/pT = ni/nT = yi (mole fraction)

Pressure fraction
2. Partial volume of Amagat
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + + Vn

p and T constant

Vi/VT = ni/nT = yi (mole fraction)

Volume fraction

Example 2.3 A mixture of gases contains 10.0 % H2, 40.0 % CH4,

30.0 % CO and 20.0 % CO2 at 100 m3 and 1 atm.
a) what is the average molecular weight of the gas?
b) what is the partial volume of each component in the mixture?
c) what is the partial pressure of each component in the mixture?
Basis

100 kmole of gas mixture

Component
H2
CH4
CO
CO2
total

kmol
10
40
30
20
100

b)

c)

mw. kg Mole frac. Partial V. Partial P.

0.1x1
2 2x10
20
0.1 0.1x100
10
0.1
16 640
0.4
40
0.4
28 840
0.3
30
0.3
44 880
0.2
20
0.2
100
1
2380
1.0

a) Av.Mw. = Total weight

Total mole
= 2380 = 23.80
100

Mole frac = vol frac = P frac

Example 2.4 Calcium hydrochlorite is produced by absorbing chlorine in milk

of lime. A gas produced by the Deacon Chlorine process enters the absorption
apparatus at a pressure of 740 mmHg and a temperature of 75oF. The partial
pressure of the chlorine is 59 mmHg, the remainder being inert gases. The gas
leaves the absorption apparatus at a temperature of 80oF and a pressure of 743
mmHg with a partial pressure of chlorine of 0.5 mmHg.
Calculate:
(a) volume of gas leaving the apparatus per 100 ft3 entering.
(b) weight of chlorine absorbed per 100 ft3 entering.

1. Flow chart
2. Data
3. Basis

Basis

Milk of lime, Ca(OH)2

Gas mixture
Cl2
inert
P=740 mmHg
T=75oF
PpCl2 = 59 mmHg

Adsorption

1 lbmole of gas mixture

Ca(ClO)2

Gas mixture
Cl2
Inert
P=743 mmHg
T=80oF
PpCl2 = 0.5 mmHg

(a) volume of gas leaving the apparatus per 100 ft3 entering.
Basis
1 lbmole of gas mixture
Vol entering = 1 lbmole 359 ft3 760 mmHg 460+75oR = 400.93 ft3
1 lbmole 740 mmHg 460+32oR
Gas entering
Gas leaving
lbmole
Component P (mmHg) P frac. = mole frac. lbmole P (mmHg)
0.5
Cl2
59
0.08
590.08
0.92X(0.5/742.5) =6.2X10-4
/740
0.92
inert 740-59=681
0.92
0.92 743-0.5=742.5
743
total
1.00
740
0.9206
1.00
Vol leaving = 0.9206 lbmole 359 ft3 760 mmHg 460+80oR = 371.04 ft3
1 lbmole 743 mmHg 460+32oR
Vol leaving per 100 ft3 entering = 371.04 ft3x100 ft3 = 92.54 ft3
400.93 ft3
(b) weight of chlorine absorbed per 100 ft3 entering.
Mole Cl2 absorbed = in out = 0.08 0.0006 = 0.0794 lbmole
wt of Cl2 absorbed per 100 ft3 entering = 0.0794 lbmole 71 lb Cl2 100 ft3 = 1.41 lb
1 lbmole Cl2 400.93 ft3

Example 2.5 In the manufacture of hydrochloric acid a gas is obtained that contains
25 % HCl and 75 % air by volume. This gas is passes through an absorption
system in which 98 % of the HCl is removed. The gas enters the system at a
temperature of 120 F and a pressure of 743 mmHg and leaves at a temperature
of 80 F and a pressure of 738 mmHg.
(a) Calculate the volume of gas leaving per 100 ft3 entering the absorption
apparatus.
(b) Calculate the percentage composition by volume of the gas leaving the
absorption apparatus.
(c) Calculate the weight of HCl removed per 100 ft3 of gas entering the absorption
apparatus.

1. Flow chart
2. Data
3. Basis

Basis

Gas mixture
HCl 25%
Air 75%
P=743 mmHg
T=120oF

Adsorption
98% HCl removal

1 lbmole of gas entering

Gas mixture
HCl
air
P=738 mmHg
T=80oF

Basis

1 lbmole of gas entering

(a) Calculate the volume of gas leaving per 100 ft3 entering the absorption apparatus.

HCl inlet = 1 lbmole x (25/100)= 0.25 lbmole HCl outlet = 0.25 0.245 = 0.005 lbmole
HCl absorbed = (98/100)x0.25 = 0.245 lbmole air inlet = 0.75 lbmole = air outlet
Vol entering = 1 lbmole 359 ft3 760 mmHg 460+120oR = 432.9 ft3
1 lbmole 743 mmHg 460+32oR
Vol leaving = (0.75+0.005) lbmole 359 ft3 760 mmHg 460+80oR = 306.4 ft3
1 lbmole 738 mmHg 460+32oR
Vol leaving = 306.4 ft3x100 ft3 = 70.8 ft3
100 ft3 entering 432.9 ft3
b) Calculate the percentage composition by volume of the gas leaving the absorption apparatus.
%mole = %vol
Component lbmole
HCl
0.005
0.0050.66
/0.755 x100
air
0.75
99.34
total
0.755
100

c) Calculate the weight of HCl removed per 100 ft3 of gas entering the absorption apparatus.
wt of HCl removed = 0.245 lbmole 36.5 lb HCl 100 ft3 = 2.07 lb
1 lbmole HCl 432.9 ft3
100 ft3 of gas entering