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GSM/UMTS
Interworking
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v13.1
4G LTE
The Road to LTE................................................................... 1 day
LTE Essentials..................................................................... 1 day
LTE Technology Overview...................................................2 days
Exploring IPv6 for LTE Networks........................................2 days
VoLTE and IMS in LTE-EPC Networks................................3 days
Mastering LTE Air Interface...............................................2 days
LTE Protocols and Signaling..............................................3 days
Mastering TD-LTE Air Interface..........................................2 days
LTE and GSM/UMTS Interworking.....................................2 days
LTE-EPC Networks and Signaling......................................3 days
LTE-Advanced Technical Overview....................................2 days
LTE RF Planning and Design Certification Workshop......5 days
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* LTE-EPC Capacity Planning Certification Workshop.........4 days
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Exploring UMTS (WCDMA).................................................2 days
Exploring HSPA+ (R7, R8 & R9)........................................2 days
Multi-Carrier HSPA+ (R8 & R9)........................................... 1 day
Mastering UMTS Core Networks (R99 to R7)...................3 days
Mastering UMTS Radio Protocols and Signaling..............4 days
Mastering HSPA Protocols and Signaling.........................3 days
HSPA+ Protocols and Signaling.........................................2 days
IMS in UMTS (R8) Networks..............................................3 days
3GPP Packet Core Networks (R99 to R8).........................3 days
UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+ Air Interface.....................................3 days
UMTS/HSPA (WCDMA) RF Design Mentoring...................5 days
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Wireless Landscape
Exploring Wireless Landscape, IP Convergence, and 4G......2 days
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4G LTE
Welcome to LTE (e).............................................................1 hour
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v13.1
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Interworking - Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 1
Evolution ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
Interworking Architecture ................................................................................................................................ 7
Examples of Interworking Scenarios ............................................................................................................ 13
Chapter 2
Interworking Network Architecture ............................................................................................................. 19
Network Architectures and Interfaces .......................................................................................................... 21
UMTS and GSM/EDGE Architecture ............................................................................................................. 30
Interfaces and Protocols ............................................................................................................................... 35
Network Identities .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Chapter 3
Initial Session Setup ..................................................................................................................................... 49
LTE Attach and Default Bearer Setup........................................................................................................... 51
UMTS/EDGE PDP Context Establishment .................................................................................................... 65
Additional Material......................................................................................................................................... 78
Chapter 4
Connected-Mode Interworking ..................................................................................................................... 83
LTE Measurement Procedure ....................................................................................................................... 87
UMTS Measurement Procedure.................................................................................................................... 96
Handover Examples -- S4 SGSN ............................................................................................................... 104
Table of Contents
LTE-to-UTRAN Handover (S4-SGSN) ........................................................................................................... 115
LTE-to-UTRAN Pre-R8 (Gn SGSN) ................................................................................................................ 122
UTRAN-to-LTE (Gn SGSN) ............................................................................................................................ 125
E-UTRAN-GERAN Handover ......................................................................................................................... 132
Additional Material ...................................................................................................................................... 137
GERAN <-> LTE IRAT Examples ................................................................................................................... 139
LTE-to-GERAN CCO + NACC ......................................................................................................................... 143
GERAN-to-LTE PS Handover ........................................................................................................................ 145
Chapter 5
Idle-Mode Interworking...............................................................................................................................151
Device States and IRAT Mobility Procedures ............................................................................................. 153
Idle-Mode Interworking ................................................................................................................................ 160
IRAT Cell (Re)selection ................................................................................................................................ 170
LA/TA Updates ............................................................................................................................................. 180
Idle-State Signaling Reduction (ISR) .......................................................................................................... 188
Combined LAU/TAU ..................................................................................................................................... 191
Additional Information: PLMN Selection .................................................................................................... 195
Chapter 6
Circuit-Switched Interworking....................................................................................................................201
Voice in LTE .................................................................................................................................................. 203
IMS Overview................................................................................................................................................ 205
CS Fallback................................................................................................................................................... 212
ii
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Table of Contents
SR-VCC .......................................................................................................................................................... 222
IMS Service Centralization and Continuity ................................................................................................. 228
Support for SMS........................................................................................................................................... 233
Acronyms .....................................................................................................................................................239
References...................................................................................................................................................247
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iii
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Chapter 1:
Interworking Executive Summary
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Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Illustrate the evolutionary steps of UMTS and
LTE
Analyze the key differences between UMTS and
LTE architecture
Explain the two architectural options for
interworking GSM/UMTS with LTE networks
Describe the options for supporting voice and
SMS
Chapter References:
[1] 23.401 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (E-UTRAN) access
[2] 36.300 E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Overall Description
(Stage 2)
[3] 36.331 - Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA) Radio Resource Control (RRC)
[4] 36.211-36.214: Physical Layer related documents
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Release 6
Release 10
Release 11
LTE-Advanced (3 Gbps DL
and 1.5 Gbps UL)
CoMP
Release 8
Bearer-independent
CS architecture
R 99
R 11
Release 4
R8
R6
R 10
R9
R7
R4
R5
Release 9
Emergency calls
using IMS
Release 5
HSDPA (14 Mbps DL)
Release 7
HSPA+ (21/28 Mbps)
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CS
ATM/IP
Backhaul
Air interface
juggling CS
and PS
UTRAN/
GERAN
PS
PS-CN
(SGSN and
GGSN)
Best effort
data
Increasing data
rates over 10 year
evolution
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Evolved Packet
Core (EPC)
HSS
IP
Multimedia
System
PDN Gateway
(P-GW)
Serving Gateway
(S-GW)
PCRF
Internet
E-UTRAN
UE
An ALL-IP Network
A single core network
Handles mixture of real-time and non-real-time services
via comprehensive QoS architecture
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Interworking
Architecture
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Inter-RAT Requirements
R99 or later
USIM-based
authentication
Maintain voice
quality during and
after handover
Support for
minimal impact
to 2G/3G
Inter-PLMN
handover
support
No loss of
data during
handover
Optimized
active mode
Mobility
Online and
offline
charging
Idle mode
mobility
QoS backward
compatibility
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Option 2
S4-SGSN
Gn- SGSN
SGSN No Change
Less costly option
Lower performance
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Option 2
Gn- SGSN
SGSN No Change
Less costly option
Lower performance
10
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Option 1: S4-SGSN
Enhanced to support:
1. S-GW, P-GW selection
2. MME selection
3. Interface to HSS
SGSN selection
S4-SGSN
MME
S3
UMTS/GPRS
RNC
HSS
S4
S11
S12
Direct Tunnel
LTE Core
S5
P-GW
P-GW anchors
the IP address
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11
Option 2: Gn-SGSN
HSS
S-GW
EPC
S5
E-UTRAN
P-GW (~GGSN)
MME
(~SGSN)
S11
Gn or Gp
Gn
HLR
UTRAN/
GERAN
Gn SGSN
GGSN
Pre- Rel 8 PS-CN
12
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Examples of
Interworking Scenarios
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13
IRAT
Challenges
14
legacy network.
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SMS
Voice over IP
via IMS
(user plane)
Voice call
handover
Single-Radio
Voice Call Continuity
(SR-VCC)
IMS Service
Continuity (ISC)
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Summary
LTE has evolved from UMTS. R8 is the first LTE
release and R10 is known as LTE-Advanced.
IRAT handovers must achieve a minimal
interruption in services.
Idle-mode and active-mode mobility procedures
have been developed to support interoperability.
The S4-SGSN interworking approach utilizes new
interfaces for interoperability, but the Gn-SGSN
approach uses the existing interfaces.
Various voice and SMS interworking options are
available.
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Review Questions
1. Name three key differences between 3G and 4G
networks.
2. What are the two I/W architecture options for
interoperability and which option is expected to be
common in initial deployments?
3. What are the options for voice deployment?
4. What are the options for SMS deployment?
5. Is it possible to guarantee no loss of data during
IRAT handovers for all services?
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18
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Chapter 2:
Interworking Network
Architecture
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Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Outline the Pre-R8 and R8 UMTS and GERAN
architectures
Illustrate the interworking architecture between
LTE and UMTS/GSM/GPRS
Sketch the network interfaces and protocols used
for interworking
Describe the difference between GTPv2 and
GTPv1
Chapter References:
[1] 23.401 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (E-UTRAN) access
[2] 23.060 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS);
Service description (Stage 2)
[3] 29.274 Tunnelling Protocol for Control plane
(GTPv2-C); (Stage 3)
[4] 29.272 Mobility Management Entity (MME) and
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related
interfaces based on Diameter protocol
[5] 29.060 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) across the
Gn and Gp interface
[6] 24.301 Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for
Evolved Packet System (EPS); (Stage 3)
20
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Network Architectures
and Interfaces
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21
eNodeB
E-UTRAN
Core
eNodeB
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN): Unlike the Node B and Radio Network
Controller (RNC) of the UTRAN, the E-UTRAN has only
one node: the Evolved NodeB, or eNodeB. The
eNodeB is responsible not only for the physical layer
operations of OFDM and MIMO, but is also
responsible for scheduling of downlink and uplink
resources, handovers, and Radio Resource
Management (RRM).
22
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Core
S11
S1
PCRF
HSS
MME
Gx
SGi
E-UTRAN
S1
Services
(Internet,
IMS, etc.)
S5/S8
P-GW
S-GW
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23
S6a
Core
S11
S1
PCRF
HSS
MME
Gx
SGi
E-UTRAN
S1
Services
(Internet,
IMS, etc.)
S5/S8
P-GW
S-GW
24
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Authentication
Authentication
User Profile
Retrieval
S6a
MSC-S
SGs
MME
Idle Mobility Management
Paging
UE Location Tracking
Tracking Area Management
S1-MME Default Bearer Setup
P-GW, S-GW Selection
Lawful Interception
NAS Signaling
eNB
IRAT
Mobility
Signaling
S3
Gn
S4
SGSN
Gn
SGSN
S11
S-GW
IRAT
Mobility
Signaling
GSM/UMTS Networks
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25
Paging
trigger
S-GW
eNB
IRAT
user plane
S12
S4
S4
SGSN
RNC/BSC
S5/S8
GTP
PDN
GW
IRAT mobility
signaling
and user plane
GSM/UMTS Networks
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S-GW
GTP
S5/S8
IRAT mobility
signaling
and user plane
P-GW (HA)
Packet filtering
DSCP marking
Lawful interception
Charging
DL rate enforcement
Default router for UE
Inter S-GW handover
GGSN emulation
Gn
PCRF
Gx
IMS
Internet
Gn
SGSN
GSM/UMTS Networks
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27
Authentication
S6d
S6a
MME
S4 SGSN
HSS/HLR
Gr
S-GW
Gn SGSN
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Node
1. Authentication of the UE
A. eNB
B. MME
C. S-GW
D. P-GW
E. HSS
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30
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GSM/GPRS Changes
Internet
PSTN
GGSN
Gn
MSC
(MSC-S/MGW)
Gb
Iu
or
SGSN
or
BSC
Required Changes:
Upgrade of BSC to support:
SI 2quater (Info about EUTRAN)
SI 5/measurement info
Optional Changes:
Support for S4/S3
Support for S6d
Support for S12
Support of NACC/RIM
Support of CS Fallback
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Iu
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31
UMTS/HSPA Changes
Internet
PSTN
GGSN
Gn
MSC
Iu
SGSN
Required Changes:
Upgrade of RNC to support:
SIB19 (Info about E-UTRAN)
Measurement control
Optional Changes:
Support for S4/S3
Support for S6d
Support for S12
Support for CS Fallback
Iu
RNC
32
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Gn SGSN Interworking
P-GW acts as a GGSN
MME
(SGSN)
Gn (or Gp)
(Usage:
Inter-RAT
Handover
Signaling)
P-GW
MME acts as an SGSN
(GGSN)
Gn (or Gp)
(Example usage: PDP context related
signaling, user traffic transfer)
SGSN
HLR
MAP/SS7
BSC or RNC
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33
S4 SGSN Interworking
P-GW
S5
S11
S-GW
MME
S3
S4
IRAT Handover
Signaling
SGSN
S12
HSS
User Traffic
(Direct tunnel:
Bypass SGSN)
BSC or RNC
34
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Interfaces and
Protocols
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35
GTPv2-C
UDP
IP
Data link layer
Physical layer
S3
IP
S4 SGSN
S4
MME
S-GW
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GTPv1-U
UDP
IP
Data link layer
Physical layer
IP
GTP Tunnel
S4 SGSN
or
RNC/BSC
S-GW
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37
S6d Interface
Diameter
SCTP
IP
Data link layer
Physical layer
IP
S4 SGSN
HSS
Uses the same Diameter messages and parameters as the S6a interface
38
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Gn/Gp Interface
User Plane
User plane PDUs
Control Plane
GTPv1-U
GTPv1-C
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
Physical layer
Physical layer
IP
GTP Tunnel
P-GW (~GGSN)
Gn SGSN
Note that the Gn SGSN also interfaces to MME via Gn and GTPv1-C for mobility
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Gr Interface
MAP
TCAP
MTP3
MTP2
MTP1
IP
Gn SGSN, or,
S4 SGSN
HLR
40
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GTPv2-C
Bearers
Primary, secondary,
NSAPI
QoS
UMTS QoS
LTE QoS
Single set of
messages
Create or modify
bearers for one session
Create or modify
bearers for multiple
sessions
Not supported
Supported
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41
IP
Data link layer
Physical layer
IP
MME
MSC or
MSC-S
Used for CS Fallback and SMS interworking
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42
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43
Network Identities
44
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Bearer
UE
Common UE Identities
IMEI and IMSI
TIN
LTE Identities
GUTI and S-TMSI
UMTS/GPRS Identities
TMSI & P-TMSI
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45
Bearer
UE
Common Network IDs
PLMN Identity
LTE Network IDs
Global MME Identity (GUMMEI)
MME Code (MMEC)
Tracking Area identity (TAI)
UMTS/GSM Network IDs
Routing Area Identity (RAI)
Network Resource ID (NRI)
Location Area identity (LAI)
Common UE Identities
IMEI and IMSI
TIN
LTE Identities
GUTI and S-TMSI
UMTS/GPRS Identities
TMSI & P-TMSI
46
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Summary
2G/3G radio networks need to be upgraded to
support interoperability with LTE.
The S4-SGSN option provides a more integrated
solution and more functionality with:
New interfaces S3, S4, S12 that use GTP; and
New interface S6d that uses Diameter.
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Review Questions
1. What are the minimal changes that are needed
to enable a 2G/3G network to support
interoperability with LTE?
2. What is the difference between GTPv1-C and
GTPv2-C?
3. Mention one example function that can be
carried out for each of the S3, S4 S12, and Gn
interfaces.
48
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Chapter 3:
Initial Session Setup
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49
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Describe the high-level flow of network
attachment and default bearer setup in LTE
Sketch the UMTS Attach procedure
Explain the options for UMTS PDP Context
Establishment Procedure
Compare and contrast these procedures in LTE
and UMTS
Explain the mapping for QoS
Chapter References:
[1] 23.401 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (E-UTRAN) access
[2] 23.060 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS);
Service description (Stage 2)
[3] 29.274 Tunneling Protocol for Control plane
(GTPv2-C); (Stage 3)
[4] 29.272 Mobility Management Entity (MME) and
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related
interfaces based on Diameter protocol
[5] 29.060 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) across the
Gn and Gp interface
[6] 24.301 Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for
Evolved Packet System (EPS); (Stage 3)
50
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Evolved Packet
Core (EPC)
HSS
PCRF
Packet Data
Network
(e.g., IMS)
PDN Gateway
(P-GW)
Serving Gateway
(S-GW)
Default EPS
Bearer
E-UTRAN
UE
52
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LTE-Uu
UE
S11
MME
S5/S8
S-GW
eNB
HSS
P-GW
Initial Attach
MME Selection and S1
signaling bearer setup
Step 2
Security Setup
Step 4
IP Address Allocation
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eNB
RRC Connection Setup Complete
Selected PLMN ID
Possible MME
selection by eNB
UE Network capability
Last visited registered TAI
ESM: PDN Connectivity Request
NAS MAC
54
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eNB
RRC Connection Setup Complete
Selected PLMN ID
Possible MME
selection by eNB
UE Network capability
Last visited registered TAI
ESM: PDN Connectivity Request
NAS MAC
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55
UE
HSS
EPS AKA-based
Mutual Authentication
AS Security
Mode Command
procedure
56
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Subscription Information
Update Location Request
(IMSI, MMEI, PLMN ID, RAT type)
MME
HSS
(Subscriber data)
APN configurations
allocation allowed,
static IP address
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57
MME
Carried in
Attach Request
message
EPS Bearer ID
EPS QoS, APN
PDN Address, PCO
Negotiated QoS
LLC SAPI, Radio Priority,
Packet Flow Identifier
Activate Default EPS Bearer Context Accept
Carried in
Attach Accept
message
Carried in Attach
Complete message
EPS Bearer ID
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P-GW
S-GW
APN
Static or dynamic IP address
If roaming, P-GW may be
allowed in the visited network
Topology
Load balancing
Selected P-GW
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The S-GW is selected on the bases of network topology. SGW selection can be done such that it reduce the
probability of changing the S-GW. Another selection
criteria could be the load balancing concept. Load
balancing between S-GWs enables the network to ensure
equally loaded S-GWs within an S-GW service areas.
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59
MME
EPS bearer ID
UL and DL TFT
QoS
Charging
characteristics
PDN GW address
EPS bearer ID
S-GW S1-U TEID
Charging ID
P-GW
3.
4.
2.
60
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S-GW
P-GW
QoS
Charging characteristics
S-GW S5/S8 GTP-U TEID
IP Address
Allocation With
Default Bearer
Set Up
Charging ID
Default
S5/S8 EPS Access Bearer
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The S-GW creates end points for the default bearer and
sends them to the P-GW using the Create Session
Request message. It also sends the UEs PCO parameter.
This is used by the P-GW to decide if it should allocate the
IP address to the UE during the default bearer creation
and if it should allocate IPv4, IPv6 or both IPv4 and IPv6
addresses. In the example covered here, the P-GW is
allocating an IP address to the UE during the default
bearer creation. The P-GW returns a Create Default Bearer
Response message to the S-GW. This message contains
the P-GW tunnel IDs for the default bearer and also the IP
address.
The S-GW replies to MME with the Create Default Bearer
Response. In this response, the S-GW sends the default
bearer tunnel IDs for the default bearer that needs to be
established between the S-GW and the eNodeB. Please
note that the creation of the default bearers between the
S-GW and the eNodeB is co-ordinated by the MME.
A GTP-C tunnel for transferring the signaling messages
between the S-GW and P-GW, is also created here.
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61
UE
MME
Initial Context Setup Request
ATTACH ACCEPT
62
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eNB
MME
S-GW
P-GW
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63
Fill-in-the-Blanks Exercise
1. The ___________ selects an MME to achieve load
balancing. {UE, eNodeB, S-GW, P-GW, HSS}
2. The ________ selects the S-GW based on factors such
as UE location and load balancing. {eNodeB, MME, PGW, HSS, PCRF}
3. The P-GW is selected based on _________. {APN, QoS,
RAT Type}
4. The combination of Data Radio Bearer, S1-U Bearer,
and S5/S8 Bearer is called the___________. {SRB,
GTP Tunnel, EPS Bearer, PDP Context}
5. The ________ works with the HSS and the UE to
authenticate the UE. {eNodeB, MME, PCRF}
64
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UMTS/EDGE PDP
Context Establishment
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65
HSS/HLR
MME
S-GW
P-GW
SGSN
Packet Data
Network
(e.g., IMS)
GGSN
UTRAN/GERAN
UE
PDP Context
(Gn SGSN)
PDP Context
Legacy UE
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Node B/BTS
SGSN
RNC/BSC
MME/S-GW
or P-GW
HSS/
HLR
Step 1
Step 2
Initial Attach
Authentication
S-GW or P-GW
Selection
Step 3
Step 4
IP Address Allocation
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67
eNB
RNC or BSC
or
GERAN AKA-Based Authentication of MS
SGSN
HLR or HSS
Retrieve UMTS
Authentication Vector
Retrieve GERAN
Authentication Triplet
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SGSN
APN
PDN type
PCO
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69
Option 1
S4 SGSN
P-GW
Step 1
S4 SGSN
Step 2
S-GW
Select an S-GW
based on topology
Select a GGSN
based on APN
Option 2
Gn SGSN
P-GW/GGSN
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2. S-GW and
P-GW selection.
Maps NSAPI to
EPS Bearer1.
P-GW
3G PS-CN
MME
LTE Core
SGSN
1. PDP Context
Activation
(NSAPI, QOS,
APN)
4. Create Session
Request (IMSI,
bearer context,
PDN GW address)
S-GW
E-UTRAN
3G UTRAN
eNodeB
Node B
2.
3.
4.
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71
3G PS-CN
7. PDP
Context
Activation
Accept (IP
address)
MME
LTE
Core
SGSN
P-GW
5. Create Session
Response (bearer
context
IP address)
S-GW
RNC
3G
UTRAN
Node B
E-UTRAN
Direct
tunnel
eNodeB
5.
6.
7.
The S-GW acts like a proxy GGSN here. The MME is not
involved during anchoring of calls at the LTE core, for
GPRS and UMTS access. However, the MME would be
involved during handovers between UMTS/GPRS and LTE.
Calls are anchored at the S-GW for LTE interworking with
Release 8 UMTS and GPRS.
72
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SGSN
Create PDP Context Request
Create PDP Context Response
In the case of the Gn SGSN option, the SGSN will use the
Create PDP Context Request message to connect directly
to the P-GW.
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73
1 -1
EPS Bearer ID
NSAPI
Default Bearer
Dedicated Bearer
NSAPI of Default
EPS QoS
UMTS QoS
74
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QCI 1
QCI 2,3
QCI 4
QCI 5, 6, 7, 8
QCI 9
Conversation class
Conversation class/transfer delay
Streaming class
Interactive class (Pri=1,1,2,3)
Background
ARP value 1 to 15
(split into 3 ranges)
Bottom of range
ARP 1,2 or 3
APN-AMBR
GBR, MBR
GBR, MBR
(conversational or streaming class)
Transfer delay
SDU error ratio
ARP 1,2 or 3
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75
Summary
The LTE attach procedure includes three major
steps: Initial Attach/Default Bearer Setup,
Authentication and IP Address Allocation.
The GPRS and UMTS attach procedure includes
two major steps: Initial Attach and PDP Context
Activation.
PDP Context Activation for GPRS and UMTS
includes the establishment of network resources
and IP address allocation.
The connection path for GPRS and UMTS will vary
based on the SGSN options implemented.
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Review Questions
1. The SGSN always chooses an S-GW to anchor the
session. (T/F)
2. The UMTS Attach procedure is equivalent to the
LTE PDP Context Activation Procedure. (T/F)
3. How does the UE identify itself in the LTE Attach
message?
4. What is the LTE equivalent of the UMTS
Secondary PDP Context?
5. Which LTE QCI is mapped to the UMTS
background class?
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77
Additional Material
78
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Delivery order
Maximum SDU size (octets)
Yes/No
<=1 500 or 1
502
(5)
Yes/No/5*10-2, 10-2,
5*10-3, 10-3,
10-4, 10-5, 10-6
10-2, 7*10-3, 103, 10-4, 10-5
80 max value
<= 16 000
Yes/No
<=1 500 or 1 502
Interactive
class
Background
class
16000 overhead
Yes/No
<=1 500 or 1
502
16000
overhead
Yes/No
<=1 500 or 1
502
(5)
Yes/No/Yes/No/Yes/No/5*10-2, 10-2,
4*10-3, 10-5,
4*10-3, 10-5,
5*10-3, 10-3, 10-4,
6*10-8
6*10-8
10-5, 10-6
10-1, 10-2, 7*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-6 10-3, 10-4, 10-6
10-3, 10-4, 10-5
250 max value
<= 16 000
1,2,3
1,2, ..., 15
1,2, ..., 15
1,2, ..., 15
Yes/No
REF: 3GPP TS 23.203
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79
GBR Bearers
GBR
MBR
AMBR
S-GW
P-GW
EPS Bearer
QCI: QoS Class Indicator
ARP: Allocation and Retention Priority
GBR: Guaranteed Bit Rate
MBR: Maximum Bit Rate
AMBR: Aggregate Max Bit Rate
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2.
80
3.
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Packet
Delay
Packet
Loss
Priority
Conversational VoIP
100 ms
10-2
Conversational Video
(Live Streaming)
150 ms
10-3
Non-Conversational Video
(Buffered Streaming)
300 ms
10-6
50 ms
10-3
IMS Signaling
100 ms
10-6
100 ms
10-3
300 ms
10-6
QCI
1
2
GBR
NON-GBR
7
8
9
Application Example
8
9
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81
Packet
Delay
Packet
Loss
Priority
Conversational VoIP
100 ms
10-2
Conversational Video
(Live Streaming)
150 ms
10-3
Non-Conversational Video
(Buffered Streaming)
300 ms
10-6
50 ms
10-3
IMS Signaling
100 ms
10-6
100 ms
10-3
300 ms
10-6
QCI
1
2
GBR
NON-GBR
7
8
9
Application Example
8
9
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Chapter 4:
Connected-Mode
Interworking
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83
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Describe the different phases in a connected-mode interRAT handover
Explain the measurement procedure as it applies to interRAT handover
List the measurement events for E-UTRAN, UTRAN and
GERAN
Examine detailed call flows for the inter-RAT procedures
between LTE UMTS/GPRS
Indicate the QoS mapping principles for inter-RAT
scenarios across 3GPP-based networks
Chapter References:
[1] 3GPP TS 44.018 V8.6.0 (RRC)
[2] 3GPP TS 23.003 V8.4.0 (Numbering, Addressing and
Identification)
[3] 3GPP TS 23.401 V8.4.1 (GPRS Enhancements for EUTRAN Access)
[4] 3GPP TS 25.331 V8.6.0 (RRC)
[5] 3GPP TS 36.133 V8.5.0 (Requirements for RRM)
[6] 3GPP TS 25.133 V8.6.0 (Requirements for RRM)
[7] 3GPP TS 45.008 V8.2.0 (RAN Radio Link Control)
[8] 3GPP TS 24.301 V8.0.0 (UE-NAS Signaling)
[9] 3GPP TS 36.413 V8.4.0 (S1-AP)
[10] 3GPP TS 23.060 V8.4.0 (GPRS Service Description)
[11] 3GPP TS 36.300
Description)
84
V8.8.0
(E-UTRAN
Overall
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
HO Preparation
HO Execution
HO Completion
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85
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
IRAT1 Neighbor
1. Ongoing assessment of
mobiles measurement
requirements
Serving
RAN
Mobile
Device
Handover decisions
are based on reports
IRAT2 Neighbor
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
LTE Measurement
Procedure
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87
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
eNB
Measurement Configuration
UE
Which neighbors
to measure
Defines reporting
criteria
e.g., Use filtered
Ec/N0 for UTRA
Time periods to
measure other
frequencies
88
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
eNB
Measurement Configuration
UE
Which neighbors
to measure
Defines reporting
criteria
e.g., Use filtered
Ec/N0 for UTRA
Time periods to
measure other
frequencies
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89
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Measurement Results
eNB
Measurement ID
Results for Serving Cell (RSRP and RSRQ)
Result for UTRA (Frequency X, list of cells)
For each cell:
Report
What either
to
contains
Measure
UTRA
or GERAN
cells
90
Global Cell ID: For GERAN this is the Cell Global ID,
CGI= PLMN-Id + Location area code + cell-id (16 bits).
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Non-Gap-Assisted
(for intrafrequency cells)
Gap-Assisted
(inter-frequency cells
and IRAT)
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91
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Measurement Gaps
Start Subframe
Number
Gap Repetition
Period
Transmission
Gap
RRC configuration:
Gap Offset determines starting Frame and SF
Gap Pattern determines the repetition period.
Two patterns defined in R8
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Intra-Frequency events:
Inter-Frequency/IRAT events:
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93
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Signal
RSRP or RSRQ
A2 threshold
hyst
Time-to-Trigger
Measurement Report
for event A2 is sent
Time
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Ms
LTE
Serving cell
[dB],[dBm]
IRAT
Neighbor cell
Mn+Ofn
Mn
Thresh 2
=Hysteresis
Thresh 1
Time-to-Trigger
(speed dependent)
UE sends MR
Time
Event B2:
(Ms+Hys < Thresh1) AND (Mn+Ofn-Hys > Thresh 2)
(Shown Above)
Event B1:
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
UMTS Measurement
Procedure
96
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
SRNC
Measurement Control
Measurement ID
Measurement Command
Reporting Mode
Measurement Type
Inter-RAT
IRAT Reporting Criteria: Event, Time-to-Trigger, Thresholds
E-UTRA frequency list: Carrier freq, Bandwidth, Cell-IDs
IRAT measurement quantity: RSRP, RSRQ or Both
Measurement Report
Measurement ID
Event results
Event ID, Phys Cell-ID
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97
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
98
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Downlink
10 ms frame
Increased transmit power during this period to keep quality (FER, BLER, BER)
unaffected due to reduced processing gain.
More Power!
Increased
Power
Uplink
10 ms frame
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99
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Slot 14
10ms Frame
10ms Frame
1. Several parameters together define the gaps and the pattern of gap occurrences
2. For E-UTRA measurements, TGL 10 slots and TGPL 12 frames
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
LTE Threshold
UMTS Threshold
UMTS
E-UTRA
Time-to-Trigger
Event 3A
UE sends MR
Time
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101
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Event 3c
Event 3d
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103
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Handover Examples
S4 SGSN
104
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
1. UMTS Access
Anchoring of Calls
at S-GW
Release 8 UMTS
3. LTE-to-UMTS
handover
2. UMTS-to-LTE
handover
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105
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
S4 SGSN
3G PSCN
MME
LTE Core
SGSN
S-GW
RNC
3G
UTRAN
Node B
E-UTRAN
Direct
Tunnel
Mobility
Anchor
eNode B
The slide shows the data path for user traffic after a
session has been established from a UTRAN-connected
mobile.
With the S4 SGSN option, calls are anchored at the S-GW
for LTE interworking whether the UE is UTRAN or E-UTRAN
connected.
The optional direct tunnel feature is shown in the slide.
The direct tunnel is created between the RNC in the
UTRAN and the S-GW. The SGSN co-ordinates and sets up
the tunnel between the UTRAN and the S-GW.
In the first handover example, direct forwarding is
employed during the handover from UTRAN to E-UTRAN
and no change of S-GW is needed.
106
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Measurements
Target RAN
CORE Network
Start
Prepare
Resources
Source-to-Target
Container
CORE Network
QoS, Keys, Bearers
UE Capabilities
Target-to-Source
Container
HO Command
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107
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
UTRAN-to-LTE Handover
(S4-SGSN)
108
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
S4 SGSN-to-LTE HO Preparation 1
UE
RNC
Source
S-GW
SGSN
1. Measurement Report
(e3a or e3c)
2. Relocation Required
P-GW
eNB
MME
3. MME
selection
eNB ID
RNC to eNB
transparent
container
eNB ID
MM context
(LTE Auth
Vector)
4.
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109
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
S4 SGSN-to-LTE HO Preparation 2
UE
RNC
SGSN
Source
S-GW
P-GW
eNB
MME
5. Handover Request
RNC to eNB Transparent Container
EPS Bearers to be set up (EPS
Bearer ID, S-GW GTP TEID, QOS)
Security Info
Reserves
Resources
6. Handover Request Ack
eNB to RNC Transparent Container
EPS Bearers admitted list
(eNB Addr & S1-U TEID)
7. Forward Relocation Response
eNB Addr & S1-U TEID
eNB to RNC Transparent Container
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
S4 SGSN-to-LTE HO - Execution
UE
RNC
SGSN
Source
S-GW
P-GW
eNB
MME
8. Relocation Command
Direct
Forwarding
(DL Data)
9. Handover
From UTRAN
Command
E- UTRAN Access
10. Handover to E-UTRAN Complete
SGSN may
maintain UE
context
8.
9.
10. The UE acquires the target cell. During this time, the
downlink packets go from the P-GW to the source SGW, then from the source S-GW to the RNC and
finally from RNC to the target eNodeB. Now that the
UE has acquired the eNB, the packets can be
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111
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
S4 SGSN-to-LTE HO - Completion
UE
RNC
Source
S-GW
SGSN
P-GW
eNB
MME
14. Now that all the bearers are ready in E-UTRAN, MME
updates the source S-GW with the eNode B Address
and TEID. This gets the RNC out of the forwarding
loop. Downlink and uplink packets are now traveling
from P-GW to the S-GW to target eNode B.
15. SGSN cleans up the resources that were allocated to
the UE in the UTRAN and Iu interface.
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
3G PS-CN
MME
LTE Core
S4 SGSN
S-GW
RNC
3G
UTRAN
Node B
E-UTRAN
eNode B
Exercise: Draw the user data path before and after the
handover from UMTS to LTE.
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113
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
1. UMTS Access
Anchoring of Calls
at S-GW
Release 8 UMTS
3. LTE-to-UMTS
handover
2. UMTS-to-LTE
handover
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
LTE-to-UTRAN Handover
(S4-SGSN)
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115
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
eNB
MME
Source S-GW
P-GW
RNC
Target SGSN
1. Measurement Report
(eB1 or eB2)
2. HO Decision
3. Handover Required
eNB ID
Target RNC
eNB to RNC
transparent
Container
(visited
Cell list)
SGSN
selection
IMSI, RNC ID
eNB to RNC Transparent container
MM context (UMTS Auth vector)
PDN connection (APN, TEID,IP
address, EPS bearer context)
1.
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
eNB
Source
S-GW
MME
P-GW
RNC
SGSN
5. Relocation Request
eNB to RNC Transparent Container
RAB Info (QOS)
Security Info
Reserve Resources
6. Relocation Req. Ack
7. Forward Relocation Response
S4-U Target S-GW Forwarding TEID
RNC to eNB Transparent Container
8. Handover Command
RNC to eNB Transparent Container
S1-U source S-GW Forwarding TEID
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5.
6.
7.
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117
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
eNB
Source
S-GW
MME
P-GW
RNC
SGSN
5. Relocation Request
eNB to RNC Transparent Container
RAB Info (QOS)
Security Info
Reserve Resources
6. Relocation Req. Ack
7. Forward Relocation Response
S4-U Target S-GW Forwarding TEID
RNC to eNB Transparent Container
8. Handover Command
RNC to eNB Transparent Container
S1-U source S-GW Forwarding TEID
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8.
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
eNB
Source
S-GW
MME
P-GW
RNC
SGSN
Indirect
Forwarding
(DL Data)
UTRAN Access
10. Handover to UTRAN Complete
9.
14. Now that all the bearers are ready in UMTS, the SGSN
completes the Handover execution by informing the
S-GW that the SGSN is now responsible for all the EPS
Bearers of the UE. The message Modify Bearer
Request is sent. Key parameters are NSAPI(s), SGSN
IP Address and TEID(s) for User Traffic for the
accepted EPS bearers (assuming Direct Tunnel is not
used), ISR Activated or not. Note if the message does
not indicate ISR Activated and S-GW is not changed,
the S-GW deletes any ISR resources by sending a
Delete Bearer Request to the MME.
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119
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
eNB
Source
S-GW
MME
P-GW
RNC
SGSN
15.
16.
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
MME
3G PS-CN
S4 SGSN
LTE Core
S-GW
RNC
3G
UTRAN
E-UTRAN
Node B
eNode B
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121
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
LTE-to-UTRAN Pre-R8
(Gn SGSN)
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
EPC
MME
PDN
3. and 7. Forward
relocation
request/Response
Gn SGSN
5
S-GW
2. Handover
required
8. Handover
command
RNC
E-UTRAN
eNode B
5. Admission
control and radio
access bearer
establishment
4. or 6.
Relocation
Request/Ack
1. Handover
decision
Node B
To start with UE, is using LTE IP-CAN for all his active
sessions. All the required bearers have been setup in LTE
for the UE.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
the RNC.
6.
7.
8.
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123
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
PDN
P-GW
Gn SGSN
EPC
19
MME
S-GW
19. Release
Resources
10. Forward
SRNS Context
RNC
E-UTRAN
19
15. UTRAN
access
procedure
eNode B
19
19
9. Mobility from
E-UTRAN
Command
Node B
9.
124
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
UTRAN-to-LTE
(Gn SGSN)
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125
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
UTRAN-to-LTE Handover - I
MS
Source
RNC
Target
eNB
Old Gn/Gp
SGSN
1. Decision to Handover
2. Relocation Required
New
MME
S-GW
P-GW
HSS
6. Handover Request
Establishment of Radio Access Bearers
7. Handover Request Acknowledge
8. Create Indirect Data
Forwarding Tunnel Request
9. Create Indirect Data
Forwarding Tunnel Response
10. Forward Relocation Response
C1
11. Relocation Command
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
126
7.
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Source
RNC
Target
eNB
Old Gn/Gp
SGSN
1. Decision to Handover
2. Relocation Required
New
MME
S-GW
P-GW
HSS
6. Handover Request
Establishment of Radio Access Bearers
7. Handover Request Acknowledge
8. Create Indirect Data
Forwarding Tunnel Request
9. Create Indirect Data
Forwarding Tunnel Response
10. Forward Relocation Response
C1
11. Relocation Command
8, 9.
10, 11. Since the LTE network is ready for the UE, the
MME sends a Forward Relocation Response to
the SGSN, which, in turn, sends a Relocation
Command message to the RNC. The RNC/SGSN
is aware of the packet forwarding tunnel at this
time.
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127
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
UTRAN-to-LTE Handover - II
MS
Source
RNC
Target
eNB
Old Gn/Gp
SGSN
New
MME
S-GW
P-GW
HSS
128
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Source
RNC
Target
eNB
Old Gn/Gp
SGSN
New
MME
S-GW
P-GW
HSS
19. The S-GW informs the MME about the user plane
switch by sending a Modify Bearer Response
message.
20. The resources in the source UMTS network need to
be released now. Iu Release Command and Iu
Release complete messages help accomplish this
cleaning-up task.
21. Since the MME is aware of the handover from UMTS
to LTE, it carries out part of the TA update procedure.
For example, the MME excludes the context transfer
procedure with the SGSN but obtains the information
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129
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
UE
MME
Source S-GW
P-GW
RNC
Target SGSN
Cell Reselection
130
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
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131
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
E-UTRAN-GERAN
Handover
132
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
MME
SGSN
EGPRS
LTE
eNB
BSS
UE/MS
RRCConnected
Packet Transfer
Mode
PS Handover
Cell Change +
optional NACC
Cell Change or
Reselection
Reselection
Packet Idle
RRC-Idle
Cell Change or Reselection
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133
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
CCO+NACC
S3/Gn
LTE
MME
EGPRS
SGSN
RIM Signaling
Gb/Iu
S1
BSS
eNB
UE
RRC Connected
RIM Signaling
Source RAN
Purpose set to:
CellChangeOrder
+NACC Sys info
MobilityFromEUTRA
Command
Target
RAN
Connection Estabmnt
to GERAN BSS using
System Information
134
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Summary
IRAT handover signaling uses a transparent exchange of
target RAN-related information.
IRAT handover has three phases: preparation, execution
and completion.
Measurements in LTE and UMTS require gaps during
connected-mode communication.
There is one-to-one mapping between the PDP context
and the EPS bearers.
During HO, either direct or indirect forwarding may be
used.
CCO with NACC is an option for connected-mode HO from
LTE-to-GPRS.
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Review Questions
1. What LTE RRC message configures measurement
parameters for the connected UE?
2. (CCO+NACC) is an option when going from E-UTRAN to
GERAN. True or False?
3. In UMTS-to-LTE handover, which node is responsible to
make the handover decision?
4. List all of the measured quantities used for cell
evaluation in LTE, UMTS and GSM/GPRS. Include
units.
136
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Additional Material
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137
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Scenario
Direct or Indirect
Forwarding Applies
S-GW
Relocation
Direct DL Forwarding
Tunnel Address & TEID
Indirect
NO
YES
RNC
Indirect
YES
n/a
Target S-GW
Indirect
NO
NO
SGSN
Direct
n/a
n/a
RNC
2.
138
the call.
3.
4.
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
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139
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
Idle slots
BSC
BTS
Active
LTE-capable MS
HO
Decision
MEASUREMENT INFO
E-UTRAN_MULTIRAT_REPORTING
E-UTRAN_REP_QUANTITY
RSRP or RSRQ
Not-allowed cells
Enhanced, Normal
REPORTING_GRANULARITY
Qsearch_C_E-UTRAN
Search threshold
E-UTRAN_MEAS_REPORT_OFFSET
will use the idle slots (and frames) for measuring cells on
other RATs. The measurement information elements guide
the MS about priorities and thresholds so that intra-RAT
measurement are not ignored, and inter-RAT
measurements are made when necessary.
140
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
BSC
BTS
RSRP or RSRQ
E-UTRA Measurements
Measurement values
E-UTRA_FREQUENCY_INDEX
CELL_IDENTITY
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141
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
UL SACCH/PACCH
eNB
BTS
MS
RSRP 6bits
dBm
RSRQ 3bits*
< - 140
- 140 to - 138
- 138 to - 136
Off+2*Step to Off+3*Step
62
- 46 to - 44
63
- 44
Offset+6*Step to Off+7*Step
dB
Off +7*Step
7
Step=1,2 dB, Off= -19.5 to -3.5 dB
* also 6 bit option
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For the RSRQ, reporting, the network will set the beginning
of the quality value and a granularity level for reporting.
The reason is that the quality reports have used 3 bit
coding for the purpose of measurement reporting.
The
parameter
E-UTRAN_FDD_MEASUREMENT_
REPORT_OFFSET and REPORTING_GRANULARITY define
the offset value and the Step size respectively. These
parameters are conveyed to the MS in the Downlink
SACCH. Step size can be 1dB or 2dB for RSRQ and the
Offset
In order to overcome the 3-bit limitation for RSRQ, a 6-bit
coding version of RSRQ reporting is also defined in the
142
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
LTE-to-GERAN
CCO + NACC
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143
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
MME
EGPRS
SGSN
RIM Signaling
Gb/Iu
S1
BSS
eNB
UE
RRC Connected
RIM Signaling
Source RAN
Purpose set to:
CellChangeOrder
+NACC Sys info
MobilityFromEUTRA
Command
Target
RAN
Connection Estabmnt
to GERAN BSS using
System Information
144
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
GERAN-to-LTE PS
Handover
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145
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
BSS
SGSN
S-GW
P-GW
eNB
MME
Measurement Report
1.Handover Decision
2. PS HO Required
Cause,
Source Cell ID,
Target eNB,
Source to Target
RAN Transparent
Container
4.Bearer
priority
and QoS
mapping
5. Handover Request/Ack
UE id, Cause, Security info
EPS Bearer list, Source-to
-target transparent
Container
6. Forward Relocation Response
Indication
possible S-GW change
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146
5.
6.
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
SGSN
BSS
Empty
buffers
P-GW
S-GW
7. PS HO Required Ack
eNB
MME
Target to Source
Transparent
Container
8. PS HO Command
RAN parameters
for LTE access
11. HO Notification
SGSN may
maintain UE
context
8.
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147
4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
SGSN
BSS
Empty
buffers
P-GW
S-GW
7. PS HO Required Ack
eNB
MME
Target to Source
Transparent
Container
8. PS HO Command
RAN parameters
for LTE access
11. HO Notification
SGSN may
maintain UE
context
148
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4 | Connected-Mode Interworking
BSS
SGSN
P-GW
S-GW
eNB
MME
Timer
based
Radio Bearer
S1 Bearer
S5 Bearer
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149
150
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Chapter 5:
Idle-Mode
Interworking
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151
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Describe the idle-mode activities in LTE, UMTS and
GSM/GPRS
Illustrate the details of the inter-RAT cell reselection
procedure
Sketch a diagram showing state transitions between EUTRAN, UTRAN and GERAN
List key broadcast information parameters needed for
idle-mode cell reselection in all three RATs
Step through the multi-RAT PLMN selection procedure
Explain the features for reducing idle-mode signaling
Walk through the paging-area update signaling
procedure
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Chapter References:
[1] 3GPP TS 36.304 V8.5.0
Mode)
152
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
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153
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Idle-Mode Activities
Idle-Mode
Activities
Paging Operation
154
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
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155
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
PACKET IDLE
MODE
No LLC frames
to send
PACKET TRANSFER
MODE
156
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Cell-specific Paging
using PCH
Downlink and
Uplink Data
Transfer
URA_PCH
Cell_PCH
Cell_DCH
Cell_FACH
Transition State;
Cell-specific Paging
using FACH
Four RRC states are defined for a UE in the RRCConnected mode. The first word in the state name
indicates the geographic area resolution at which the UE
location is known. The second word in the state name
specifies which transport channel is used for
communications with the UE. For example, CELL_DCH
implies that the UEs location is known at the cell level
and a DCH (Dedicated Channel) is used for
communicating with the UE. The main state used for
uplink and downlink data transfer is CELL_DCH.
Cell_FACH is typically used as a temporary state where the
UE is continuously monitoring the downlink for an RRC
message, and, the UTRAN uses the Forward Access
Channel (FACH) to communicate with the UE. The UE is
typically moved from the CELL_FACH to CELL_DCH for
dedicated mode data transfer. URA_PCH and Cell_PCH
states involve the UE monitoring the PCH (paging Channel)
periodically for a potential page message. For the sleep
mode states, URA_PCH and Cell_PCH, the user must
move onto either common channels or dedicated
channels to transfer data in the uplink direction. The RNC
assigns the UE to either the Cell_FACH or Cell_DCH state,
depending on the quality of service required for the data
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
RRC Idle
RRC Connected
Cell Reselection
Handovers
UE-controlled
No measurement reports
158
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
UMTS
LTE
Cell_DCH
RRC_Connected
GSM Active
HO
HO
CCO
+NACC
Cell_FACH
Connection
Establishment
Release
URA_PCH
Cell_PCH
Connection
Establishment
Release
CCO
Reselection
Reselection
GPRS Packet
Transfer Mode
Connection
Establishment
Release
Reselection
Idle
GSM Idle
GPRS Packet Idle
RRC_Idle
CCO
Reselection
Reselection
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Idle-Mode Interworking
160
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
MME
RRC IDLE
EMMREGISTERED
ECM-IDLE
P-GW
S5
S11
S-GW
Signaling Bearer
One or more
Bearers to one or
more PGWs
PDN
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161
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
UE
inactivity
timer
expires
MME
eNB
1.
UE Context
Release
4. UE Context
Release Command
S-GW
6. UE Context
Release Complete
S-GW
releases just
the S1-U
bearers.
eNB deletes
complete UE
context
2.
3.
162
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
UE
inactivity
timer
expires
MME
eNB
1.
UE Context
Release
4. UE Context
Release Command
6. UE Context
Release Complete
S-GW
S-GW
releases just
the S1-U
bearers.
eNB deletes
complete UE
context
4.
5.
6.
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163
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
164
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
eNodeB
S(nonintrasearch): This is the threshold in dB for EUTRAN inter-frequency and inter-RAT measurements
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165
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Node B
SIBs: 6,18,19
Priorities
between
different
RATs
166
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167
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
PLMN Selection
GSM/UTRAN
LA, RA, TA Update
response
Manual
PLMN Selected
PLMN
available
NW control
Registration Area (LA,
RA, TA) Change
Registration
LTE
168
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
3. SIB 19
4. SI2 quarter
Specifics
A. Conveys information
about GERAN neighbors
B. Conveys information
about E-UTRAN
neighbors for the UEs
observing UTRAN
C. Conveys information
about E-UTRAN
neighbors for the UEs
observing GERAN
D. Conveys information
about UTRAN neighbors
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Suitable Cell
Barred Cell
Acceptable Cell
Operator service
(Operators use)
Normal service
(public use)
Limited services
(emergency calls)
Restricted Access
A barred cell does not allow any access from the UE,
due to traffic overload or other conditions. The UE will
not attempt to select any barred cell.
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
UE
eNB
Checks:
Yes, PLMN ID matches
Cell not barred/restricted
Cell selection criteria satisfied
OK! I have found a suitable cell
If any of the checks fail, select another cell
and repeat the process
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
UE
eNB
Cell Selection Criteria (Release 8)
Cell Selection Criteria (Release 9)
Srxlev > 0
Srxlev > 0 and Squal > 0
Srxlev
=
(Qrxlevmeas)
Qrxlevminoffset) Pcompensation
(Qrxlevmin
Where:
reference
signal
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173
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
BCCH-carrier Signal
Strength
GERAN Neighbor
UMTS Neighbor
Serving Cell
UE will measure for reselection:
Periodically for higher-priority RAT
Higher, lower and equal priority RAT when SservingCell < Snonintrasearch)
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priority rules for cell reselection for the UTRAN and GERAN
are similar to those in the E-UTRAN as far as reselection to
LTE is involved.
174
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Serving
eNB
NB
In here a lower
priority is assumed
for UTRAN/GERAN
SServingCell
SnonServingCell,x
0 highest, 7 lowest
SIB 6 for UTRAN
SIB 7 for GERAN
RATs have non-equal
priorities
Threshx,low
Snonintrasearch
At least 1 sec on
serving cell
Threshserv,low
> 1sec
Reselection
SearchAward
IRAT
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time
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
eNB
In here, a higher
priority RAT is
assumed
Srxlev
UE states
Idle/PCH/FACH
When no priorities
exist, normal cell
selection criteria
apply (Srxlev>0 and
Squal>0 )
Treselection, state
Thresh x, high
At least 1 sec on
serving cell
> 1sec
time
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
eNB
In here a higher
priority RAT is
assumed
Snon-serving
MS states
Packet_Idle/transfer
Treselection
ThreshE-UTRAN ,high
Reselection
> 5 sec
time
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Signal
Strength
QHyst
Neighbor
Cell
Serving
Cell
time
Treselection,RAT
UE reselects earlier
178
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Signal
Strength
QHyst
Neighbor
Cell
Serving
Cell
time
Treselection,RAT
UE reselects earlier
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179
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
LA/TA Updates
180
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
3G-MSC 2
LA1
URA
URA
RA1
LA2
URA
URA
RA2
3G-SGSN 1
URA
RA3
LA3
URA
URA
RA4
3G-SGSN 2
URA
RA5
3G-SGSN
3
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181
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Tracking Area
Paging Control
Context Storage
Serving
MME
S10 Interface
MME2
TAI = 4
TAI = 1
TAI = 1
TAI = 1
TAI = 1
TAI= 1
TAI = 2
TAI = 2
TAI = 1
TAI = 4
TAI =3
TAI = 4
TAI = 4
TAI= 4
TAI = 4
TAI = 2
Idle mode UE
182
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
PDN
S-GW
EPS Bearers
P-GW
UE enters new TA
The periodic TAU timer expires (T3412)
UE reselects from UTRAN (e.g., URA_PCH) to E-UTRAN
UE reselects from GERAN (READY) to E-UTRAN
Change of UE CN capabilities (e.g., due to SIM card change)
If the RRC was released with cause value load rebalancing
TAU required
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
E-UTRAN
UE
MME
eNB
S-GW
Start T3430
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
EPC
E-UTRAN
eNB
1. TRACKING AREA UPDATE REQUEST
New or Old
MME
2. Authentication
S-GW
HSS
3. Deactivate
bearers not
active in UE
Stop T3450
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1.
2.
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185
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
EPC
E-UTRAN
eNB
1. TRACKING AREA UPDATE REQUEST
New or Old
MME
2. Authentication
S-GW
HSS
3. Deactivate
bearers not
active in UE
Stop T3450
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4.
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187
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Idle-State Signaling
Reduction (ISR)
188
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
P-GW
SGSN
TIN-ID and MM
info stored for
both domains
UTARN/
GERAN
P-TMSI/RA
S-GW
HSS
S11
The HSS
considers both
nodes as
serving the UE
simultaneously.
Paging
GUTI/TA
MME
TA
E-UTRAN
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189
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
SGSN
HSS
IRAT Reselection
ISR
deactivation
RAU Request
Context Exchange
(ISR Capability)
RAU Accept
ISR Activated
HSS-SGSN
signaling
Both MME
and SGSN
registered
TIN set to
RAT-Related TMSI
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190
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Combined LAU/TAU
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191
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
TA Update
LA Update
3. LAU Request
MME
4. LAU Accept
MSC/VLR
2. Security
Procedures
HSS
192
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Summary
Idle-mode activities between LTE, UMTS and GSM/GPRS
are similar.
The network can assist and direct cell reselection by using
cell reselection parameters in broadcast channels.
Carrier frequencies and RATs can be assigned different
priorities by the network for control of cell reselection.
Cell reselection can be a function of the mobiles speed.
Tracking/Location/Routing Area Update procedures are
done after IRAT cell reselection.
Idle-state Signaling Reduction is a new feature that
reduces the need for frequent paging-area updates for the
UEs frequently encountering boundaries of technologies.
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193
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Review Questions
1. Name the two E-UTRA UE states, and list the UE activities
for each.
2. Reselection between LTE/UMTS/GSM/GPRS can only
occur for the UE in the idle state. (T/F)
3. Which SIB carries IRAT cell information in 2G?
4. When ISR is activated, paging may be done through the
SGSN and the MME. (T/F)
5. Explain how the speed of the UE is measured in speed
dependent cell reselection.
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Additional Information:
PLMN Selection
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195
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Forward high-quality
PLMN-IDs to the next step;
ELSE pass the value of
measured quality as
well
UMTS
GSM
PLMN
196
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Elementary Files
IMSI
HPLMN selector with Access
Technology
Operator Controlled PLMN selector
with Access Technology
User controlled PLMN selector with
Access Technology
Operator PLMN List
Forbidden PLMNs
Equivalent Home PLMN list
Network Parameters
- Cell Frequencies for reduction of
U/I SIM
EHPLMN List
MCC1 MNC1
MCC1 MNC2
MCC2 MNC1
. .
PLMN
selection
algorithm
prioritizes in
this order:
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197
5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
Elementary Files
IMSI
HPLMN selector with Access
Technology
Operator Controlled PLMN selector
with Access Technology
User controlled PLMN selector with
Access Technology
Operator PLMN List
Forbidden PLMNs
Equivalent Home PLMN list
Network Parameters
- Cell Frequencies for reduction of
U/I SIM
EHPLMN List
MCC1 MNC1
MCC1 MNC2
MCC2 MNC1
. .
PLMN
selection
algorithm
prioritizes in
this order:
on the signal strengths for high quality cells (GSM > 85dBm, UMTS > -95dBm, LTE > -110dBm) and finally if
there are no high quality cells in the MS will choose the
strongest available cell.
198
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5 | Idle-Mode Interworking
VPLMN
MSC/SGSN
[A] Entering
a new LA
Overlapping
coverage
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199
200
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
Chapter 6:
Circuit-Switched
Interworking
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201
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Explain CS interworking challenges and propose
standardized solutions
Describe the CS Fallback mechanism and sketch the
signaling involved in mobile-originated and mobileterminated voice calls
Walk through the combined Attach procedure for CS
Fallback
Explain Single-Radio Voice Call Continuity
Illustrate SR-VCC signaling call flows
Describe IMS-based interworking principles
Sketch a high-level IMS-based handover for PS-to-CS
Summarize how SMS can be supported using control and
user plane solutions
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Chapter References:
[1] 3GPP TS 23.002 V8.3.0 (Network Architecture)
[2] 3GPP TS 23.272 V8.3.0 (Circuit Switched Fallback in
EPS)
[3] 3GPP TS 23.216 V8.3.0
Continuity)
202
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
Voice in LTE
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203
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
Application-level handover; UE
may select the best RAN:
IMS Service Continuity (ISC)
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204
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
IMS Overview
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205
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
Characteristics of IMS
Rapid introduction
of new services
from conception
to deployment
Consolidated
provisioning, billing
and management
IMS
IP Multimedia Subsystem
Uniform QoS
Management
Possibility of fixed
and mobile
convergence
Convergence to
open platform
protocols
Cost-effective deployment
of multimedia services
Open yet integrated environments
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
IMS Architecture
IMS
Applications
AS
AS
IMS Control
AS
SGW
ISUP
CSCF
HSS
MGW
PSTN
MGCF
UE
IP CAN
PS
Core
RAN
IP Network
IMS Transport
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207
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
Originator
P-CSCF
S-CSCF
I-CSCF
INVITE
SDP Negotiation
Resource Reservation
Ringing
Answer
208
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
UE
MME
Serving Mobile
Location
Center
GMLC LRF
Routes emergency
session to correct PSAP
E-SMLC
Gm
Handles emergency
registration request
and selects E-CSCF
P-CSCF
Processes emergency
registration request
and determines
duration of registration
E-CSCF
To PSAP
via IP or PSTN
IMS
Network
S-CSCF
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PSAP
LCS Client
2.
3.
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209
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
UE
MME
Serving Mobile
Location
Center
GMLC LRF
Routes emergency
session to correct PSAP
E-SMLC
Gm
Handles emergency
registration request
and selects E-CSCF
P-CSCF
Processes emergency
registration request
and determines
duration of registration
PSAP
LCS Client
E-CSCF
To PSAP
via IP or PSTN
IMS
Network
S-CSCF
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210
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
UE
IMS core
LRF
MGCF/
MGW
Emerg.
center
1. Init Emerg.Call
2. Acquire location
3. Invite (emergency)
4. Retrieve PSAP routing information
5. Procedure to obtain the UEs location
6. Return UE location &
PSAP routing information
7a1. Invite (emergency)
7a2. IAM
7b. Invite (emergency)
8. Complete emergency call establishment: SDP Negotiation, Resource Reservation
Ringing, Answer
9. Retrieve location
10. Procedure to obtain the initial or
updated location
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. and 11. The LRF again requests the GMLC for the
target UE's location and returns it to the PSAP. This
step may be carried out a number of times.
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
CS Fallback
212
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
What is CS Fallback?
PSTN
EPC
E-UTRAN
CS-CN
UTRAN/
GERAN
CS and PS Services
PS Services
CS Fallback capable UE
Depends on the existence of UMTS/GPRS umbrella
CS services are provided by the UTRAN/GERAN access
technology
Inter-RAT handoff to UMTS/GPRS when the UE needs
to be using the voice services
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
UTRAN
LCS
Uu
SMS
SS
Iu-CS
GERAN
MSC
Server
A
Um
SGs
E-UTRAN
UE
LTE-Uu
S1-MME
MME
214
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
PSTN
GERAN
MSC
UTRAN
with CSFB
SGSN
HO to 2G/3G at
the beginning of
voice call
E-UTRAN
S4
SGs
S3
D
Combined
Mobility
Mgmt
HSS
MME
S1-U
S-GW
S5
P-GW
SGi
PDN
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215
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
MT CSFB
EPC Paging
CS Fallback Request
PS Handover
CCO
CS Call Establishment
UMTS/GSM
LTE
Active or Idle
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216
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
MME
UE
HSS
1. Attach Request
(Attach_Type=Combined
EPS/IMSI, CS
Fallback capable)
Derive the
MSC Server ID
3. Location Update Request
(IMSI, MME address)
Location update
procedure in CS
domain
TMSI
LAI, TMSI
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4.
1.
5.
The MME passes the LAI and the TMSI of the UE, to
the UE in the Attach Accept message.
2.
3.
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217
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
Mobile-Originated CS Fallback
UE
RNS
eNB
MME
MSC Server
CSFB-Capable
SGSN
1. Service Request
(CS Fallback indicator)
2. Handover with CS fallback
2. Solicit Measurement
report on neighboring
UMTS cell
4. CM Service Request
4. Iu-CS Msg with CM service Req
5. CS Call Establishment Procedure
6. PS Handover Continuation of execution phase
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
218
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
Mobile-Terminated CS Fallback
UE
UTRAN
GERAN
eNB
Pre-Existing PS Path
MME
S/P-GW
MSC/Server
with CSFB
1. CS Paging over SGs
SGSN
5. Measurement Report
CS
CS
IP
IP
IP
S/P-GW
2.
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219
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
Mobile-Terminated CS Fallback
(continued)
UE
UTRAN
GERAN
eNB
Pre-Existing PS Path
MME
S/P-GW
MSC/Server
with CSFB
1. CS Paging over SGs
SGSN
5. Measurement Report
CS
CS
IP
IP
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5.
6.
7.
8.
IP
S/P-GW
220
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
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221
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
SR-VCC
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
No CS
domain in
LTE, need for
PS to CS HO
Initially
unidirectional
PS CS
Requirement for
simplified device
RF
Single-Radio
Voice Call
Continuity
R7 VCC
solution is
complicated
Need for in
the call HO
Expands use
of IMS
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223
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
GERAN
UTRAN
MSC-S/MGW
+ SR-VCC
Iu-cs/A
Sv
SGSN
MME
S1-MME
E-UTRAN
S1-U
D
HSS
S3
S4
SR-VCCCapable
UE
PSTN
Splits voice
and non-voice
bearers
IMS
S11
S-GW
S5
P-GW
SGi
Voice
Anchor
224
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
PSTN
MSC/MGW
+ SR-VCC
SGSN
Sv
HSS
IMS
MME
E-UTRAN
P-GW
S-GW
PSTN
Voice
Non-voice
Voice after HO
Non-Voice after HO
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225
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
MME
eNB
Measurement Reports
UTRAN
GERAN
IMS
HO DECISION
3 (SR-VCC) HO Required 4
6 RR Ok
8
Handover Command (target RAN info)
9
HO Execution
UE changes RAT
10
Our initial assumption is that there is an ongoing VoIPbased call anchored at the IMS.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The MME can distinguish between the voice and nonvoice bearers and signals to the enhanced MSC
Server to reserve CS resources. This signaling is over
the Sv interface.
5.
6.
226
7.
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
MME
eNB
Measurement Reports
UTRAN
GERAN
IMS
HO DECISION
3 (SR-VCC) HO Required 4
6 RR Ok
8
Handover Command (target RAN info)
9
HO Execution
UE changes RAT
10
8.
9.
How long does this process take and can it satisfy the low
delay requirements for a real time service such as voice?
Analysis of messaging delays together with simulation
results indicate that from the moment when the Session
Transfer is requested in step (7) to the moment (11) when
the voice path is actually switched, can take around a
100ms. This is an acceptable delay for voice applications.
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227
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
IMS Service
Centralization and
Continuity
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228
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
EGPRS
GSM
Legacy MSC
(or enhanced)
EGPRS
UMTS/ 1x
WLAN
LTE
Legacy UE
ICS UE
ICS UE
ICS UE
CS Voice
CS Voice
PS VoIP
PS VoIP
+QoS
Service Continuity
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229
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
ICS/ISC Architecture
Acting 3PCC
PSTN
GSM
MGC
MGC
UMTS
LTE
CS
SCC AS
CSCF
P-CSCF
HSS
PS
WiFi
Access leg
Remote leg
230
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
IMS-Based HO Mechanism
IMS
Do
HO
MSC+ICS
4
GERAN
CSCF
UE
E-UTRAN
RL
EPC
SCC AS
MGW
MGCF
Voice
AL
Signaling
Before
PSTN
After
Remote ISDN Phone
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1.
2.
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231
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
Do
HO
MSC+ICS
4
GERAN
CSCF
UE
E-UTRAN
RL
EPC
SCC AS
MGW
MGCF
Voice
AL
Signaling
Before
PSTN
After
Remote ISDN Phone
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3.
232
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
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233
6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
SGs
Interface
1. Service Request
E-UTRAN
2. SMS via NAS Signaling
MME
3. Forwarding
of SMS
UMTS/GSM
CS Core
MSC
Server
234
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
IMS
UE
1. SMS in a
SIP message
2. SMS
CSCF
IP-SM-GW
Protocol interworking
between SC and SM-over-IP
sender/receiver
vnd.3GPP.sms payload
contains SMS and
routing information for
IP-SM-GW
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
Summary
LTE supports voice only on PS bearers, and will have a
relatively small footprint initially.
Three likely scenarios for CS interworking are proposed:
CS Fallback, SR-VCC and IMS application-based.
IMS is a service enabler in 3GPP, and in R8 it can support
Service Centralization and Service Continuity for PS and
CS networks.
CSFB does not use the IMS; SR-VCC and ICS/ISC require
the IMS.
Dual radio capability can improve CS handover
performance but it is not a device requirement.
The C-plane SMS solution uses MME, MSC, and SGs
interface, while the U-plane SMS solution uses IMS.
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6 | Circuit-Switched Interworking
Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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238
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Acronyms
1xEV-DO
1xRTT
2G
3G
3GPP
3GPP2
3PCC
4G
AAA
ACK
ACM
AF
AGCH
AI
AIN
AKA
AL
AM
AMBR
ANM
AP
API
APN
ARFCN
ARP
AS
ASME
ASN
ASN-GW
ATM
AuC
AVP
BC
BCCH
BER
BGCF
BLER
BS
BSC
BSIC
BSS
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239
Acronyms
BSSGP
BTS
CAMEL
CCCH
CCN
CCO
CDMA
CDR
CID
CK
CM
CN
CoMP
CPICH
CS
CSCF
CS-CN
CSFB
CSG
dB
dBm
DHCP
DL
DNS
DRX
DSCP
DTM
E911
Ec/Io
EDGE
EF
EGPRS
EHPLMN
EMM
eNB
EPC
ePDG
EPS
E-RAB
ESM
E-UTRA
240
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Acronyms
E-UTRAN
EV-DO
FDD
FER
FMC
GBR
GERAN
GGSN
GMLC
GMM
GMSC
GPRS
GSM
GSN
GTP
GTP-C
GTP-U
GUMMEI
GUTI
GW
HA
HARQ
HLR
HO
HPLMN
HSDPA
HSPA
HSPA+
HSS
HSUPA
IAM
ICS
I-CSCF
IE
IETF
IF
IK
IM
IMEI
IMS
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network or Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access Network
Evolution for Data Optimized
Frequency Division Duplex
Frame Error Rate
Fixed Mobile Convergence
Guaranteed Bit Rate
GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
Gateway GPRS Support Node
Gateway Mobile Location Center
GPRS Mobility Management
Gateway Mobile Switching Center
General Packet Radio Service
Global System for Mobile Communications
GPRS Support Node
GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GPRS Tunneling Protocol Control Plane
GPRS Tunneling Protocol User Plane
Globally Unique MME Identifier
Globally Unique Temporary Identity
Gateway
Home Agent
Hybrid ARQ
Home Location Register
Handover
Home PLMN
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
High Speed Packet Access
High Speed Packet Access Evolved
Home Subscriber Server
High Speed Uplink Packet Access
Initial Address Message
IMS Centralized Services
Interrogating CSCF
Information Element
Internet Engineering Task Force
Inter-Frequency
Integrity Key
Instant Messaging
International Mobile Equipment Identity
IP Multimedia Subsystem
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241
Acronyms
IMSI
IN
IP
IPsec
IPv4
IPv6
IRAT
IS
ISC
ISDN
ISIM
ISR
ISUP
ITU
Iu-CS
km/h
KSI
L3
LA
LAC
LAI
LAN
LCS
LLC
LRF
LTE
LU
MAC
MAP
MBMS
MBR
MCC
MCS
ME
MGC
MGCF
MGL
MGRP
MGW
MHz
MIB
242
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Acronyms
MIMO
MIP
MM
MME
MMEC
MMEGI
MMEI
MNC
MO
MS
MSC
MSC-S
MSISDN
MT
NACC
NAS
NC
NRI
NSAPI
OEP
OFDM
OTA
P
PACCH
PCC
PCEF
PCH
PCM
PCO
PCRF
P-CSCF
PDB
PDCH
PDCP
PDG
PDN
PDN-GW
PDP
PDSN
PDU
P-GW
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243
Acronyms
PLMN
PLR
PMIP
PS
PSAP
PS-CN
PSTN
P-TMSI
PTP
QCI
QoS
R99
RA
RAB
RAC
RACH
RAI
RAN
RANAP
RAT
RAU
RF
RFSP
RIM
RL
RLC
RNC
RNS
RNTI
RR
RRC
RRM
RSCP
RSRP
RSRQ
RSSI
S1-U
SACCH
SAP
SAPI
SCC
244
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Acronyms
SCS
S-CSCF
SCTP
SDCCH
SDF
SDP
SDU
SF
SGsAP
SGSN
S-GW
SI
SIB
SIM
SIP
SMLC
SMS
SPR
SR
SR
SRNC
SRNS
SR-VCC
SS
SS7
STN
TA
TAC
TAI
TAU
TBF
TCAP
TCP
TDD
TDM
TDMA
TEID
TFT
TGL
TGPL
TIN
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Acronyms
TLDN
TLLI
TMSI
TS
TTT
UDP
UE
UICC
UL
UM
UMA
UMTS
URA
URI
USIM
UTRA
UTRAN
VCC
VLR
VoIP
VoLTE
WAG
WCDMA
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
WIN
WLAN
246
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References
Standards
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
23.401 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (E-UTRAN) access
36.300 E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Overall Description (Stage 2)
36.331 - Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) Radio Resource Control (RRC)
36.211-36.214: Physical Layer related documents
23.060 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description (Stage 2)
29.274 Tunnelling Protocol for Control plane (GTPv2-C); (Stage 3)
29.272 Mobility Management Entity (MME) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related interfaces based
on Diameter protocol
29.060 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) across the Gn and Gp interface
24.301 Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved Packet System (EPS); (Stage 3)
3GPP TS 44.018 V8.6.0 (RRC)
3GPP TS 23.003 V8.4.0 (Numbering, Addressing and Identification)
3GPP TS 23.401 V8.4.1 (GPRS Enhancements for E-UTRAN Access)
3GPP TS 25.331 V8.6.0 (RRC)
3GPP TS 36.133 V8.5.0 (Requirements for RRM)
3GPP TS 25.133 V8.6.0 (Requirements for RRM)
3GPP TS 45.008 V8.2.0 (RAN Radio Link Control)
3GPP TS 24.301 V8.0.0 (UE-NAS Signaling)
3GPP TS 36.413 V8.4.0 (S1-AP)
3GPP TS 23.060 V8.4.0 (GPRS Service Description)
3GPP TS 36.300 V8.8.0 (E-UTRAN Overall Description)
3GPP TS 36.304 V8.5.0 (UE Procedures in Idle Mode)
3GPP TS 25.304 V8.5.0 (UE Procedures in Idle Mode)
3GPP TS 43.022 V8.1.0 (MS in Idle Mode and Group Receive Mode)
3GPP TS 23.003 V8.4.0 (Numbering, Addressing and Identification)
3GPP TS 36.133 V8.5.0 (Requirements for RRM)
3GPP TS 25.133 V8.6.0 (Requirements for RRM)
3GPP TS 45.008 V8.2.0 (RAN Radio Link Control)
3GPP TS 23.002 V8.3.0 (Network Architecture)
3GPP TS 23.272 V8.3.0 (Circuit Switched Fallback in EPS)
3GPP TS 23.216 V8.3.0 (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity)
3GPP TS 29.280 V8.1.0 (Sv Interface)
3GPP TS 29.118 V8.1.0 (SGs Interface)
3GPP TS 23.292 V8.3.0 (IMS Centralized Services)
3GPP TS 23.279 V8.1.0 (CS and IMS Services)
3GPP TS 23.228 V8.6.0 (IMS)
3GPP TS 23.206 V7.5.0 (VCC)
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247