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Socks /Footwear Comfort Review


Objectives:1. Review of literature for grasping how much work has been done on socks/ footwear comfort and
feature the gaps/ discrepancies & strengths of previous research
2. Suggest probable research areas
3. Finalization of research topic
1. Review of literature for grasping how much work has been done on socks/ footwear comfort
and feature the gaps/ discrepancies & strengths of previous research
Endrusick, T.L. (1992) studied the effects of prolonged water contact on the thermal insulation
of cold weather footwear. The standard boot (CONTROL) and six commercially-made CWSB were
evaluated for their thermal insulation properties using an automated, heated foot model. The
CONTROL boot provided a comparatively-high DRY I, value and showed the smallest overall thermal
insulation loss as a result of WET. The three CWSB that did not utilize a hydrophilic polyester
membrane had high DRY I, values (average = 0.304) but lost a substantial percentage of this insulation
after WET (average loss 46%). The three CWSB that were completely lined with the hydrophilic
polyester membrane had smaller DRY I, values (average = 0.245) but reductions in I, as a result of
WET were considerably smaller (average loss = 8.7%) than with the other three boots. I, losses at toes,
sole, and heel (average loss = 20%, 21%. and 9%. respectively) indicate some degree of water
penetration through the leather although these boots had comparatively small increases in total weight
(average gain = 2.7%) and were observed to be totally dry internally post-WET [1].
No information about the role of socks. Probably the paper focused only shoes.
Kuklane, K. et. al. (1998) investigated the influence of footwear insulation on foot skin
temperature in the cold at low activity. Simultaneously, the thermal and pain sensations, and the
influence of steel toe cap were studied. Eight participants were exposed for 85 min to 3 environmental
temperatures (+ 3, 12, and 25C) wearing 5 different boots. Insulation of footwear was determined
with thermal foot model. The study showed the importance of insulation for keeping feet warm. Other
factors, such as wetness and vasomotor response, however, modified the thermal response. The most
affected parts were toes and heels. Cold and pain sensations were connected with considerably lower
temperatures in these local points. No significant differences were observed between boots with and
without steel toe cap [2].
No information about the role of socks. Probably the paper focused only shoes.
Kuklane, K. et. al. (1998) studied to find out the influence of sweating on footwear insulation
with a thermal foot model. Simultaneously, the influence of applied weight (35 kg), sock, and steel toe

cap were studied. Water to 3 sweat glands was supplied with a pump at the rate of 10 g/hr in total. Four
models of boots with steel toe caps were tested. The same models were manufactured also without
steel toe. Sweating reduced footwear insulation 1925% (3037% in toes). During static conditions,
only a minimal amount of sweat evaporated from boots. Weight affected sole insulation: Reduction
depended on compressibility of sole material. The influence of steel toe varied with insulation. The
method of thermal foot model appears to be a practical tool for footwear evaluation [3]. Very good
paper and could be followed by focusing other comfort parameters of socks.
Kuklane, K. et al. (1999) determined the heat loss from the feet and insulation of the footwear
on human participants and a thermal foot model. The mean insulation for a bare foot obtained on the
participant and model were similar. The insulation of warm footwear measured by the 2 methods was
also similar. For thin footwear the insulation values from the participants were higher than those from
the thermal model. The differences could be related to undefined physiological factors. Two points on
the foot can be enough to measure the insulation of footwear on human participants (r = 0.98).
However, due to the big individual differences of humans, and good repeatability and simplicity of the
thermal foot method, the latter should be preferred for testing [4]. Very good paper and could be
followed by focusing other comfort parameters of socks.
Kuklane, K. et.al. (2000) studied the effect of the number, thickness and washing of socks on
the thermal insulation of feet. In this study 4 types of socks with different fabric thickness and 3 types
of footwear were tested on a thermal foot model to study the effect of the number, thickness and
washing on the thermal insulation of feet. The thermal foot model has 8 zones (toes, sole, heel, midfoot, ankle, lower calf, midcalf and a guard zone) that are controlled separately by a computer
program. At a constant ambient temperature (in this study 6.00.5C, air velocity <0.2 m/s) a certain
power is needed to keep the foot surface temperature constant (in this study 34.00.1C). The
insulation was defined as the total insulation of the foot zones (toes, sole, heel, mid-foot) and ankle
zone. All insulation values, given in the paper, include the air layer insulation. Finally above study
concluded that, thin layers give relatively higher insulation gain than thick socks with the same
number of layers. Washing increases the insulation of woolen socks to a certain extent. However, each
use and washing reduces the amount of material in the sock and in long run the insulation will
decrease. Footwear insulation increases with added socks. The effect of insulation gain is bigger in
footwear with lower insulation [5]. Focusing only shoes insulation could be followed by focusing
other comfort parameters of socks.
Mndermann, A. et al. (2002) developed a reliable method to assess footwear comfort during
running. The purposes of this study were: (a) to determine whether subjects are able to distinguish
between differences in footwear with respect to footwear comfort; and (b) to determine how reliably

footwear comfort can be assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a protocol including a
control condition during running. Intra class correlation coefficients (ICCs) between comfort ratings
for repeated conditions were high (ICC=0.799). Differences in comfort ratings between the insert
conditions were signicant. A paired t-test revealed a signicant difference in overall comfort ratings
for the control insert when tested after the soft insert compared to when tested after the hard insert
(P=0.008). The results of this study showed that VASs provide a reliable measure to assess footwear
comfort during running under the conditions that: (a) a control condition is included; and (b) the
average comfort rating of sessions [6].
Tsujisaka, T. et al. (2004) measured the comfort pressure on the top part of mens socks.
Comfortable pressure is obtained when the mean pressure value of the top is 2.02 0.29 kPa and
uncomfortable pressure when it is 2.58 0.42 kPa or more. To determine wearing comfort, the
minimum girths of the lower leg (ankle) and heel should be taken into account [7]. Limited to comfort
pressure only.
Kuklane, K. (2004) used the footwear insulation values measured on a thermal foot model.
Footwear with high insulation provides less thermal strain than footwear without a special insulation
layer. Thermal and pain sensations are well related to foot skin temperatures. Cold sensation is related
to foot skin temperature and does not depend on boot type or material. However, the temperature for
cold and pain sensations in the toes is lower than that for the whole foot. It is important to consider
local skin temperatures as a criterion for limiting exposure. Thermal neutrality and warm sensations
correspond to similar temperature levels in both the toes and in the foot as a whole, while during a
strong cold sensation toe skin temperature is about 5 C lower than mean foot skin temperature. The
picture is even clearer with pain: there is no pain while temperatures stay above 25 C, while first
signs of pain appear when toe temperatures are around 15 C. Further pain sensation grows quickly,
without a considerable decrease in skin temperature and it can become intolerable already before
dropping to 10 C. As the pain and cold sensation during the studies was often connected with the toes,
then toe temperature can be recommended to be the limiting criteria for exposure. At less than 15 C
the activity of cold [8]. Focusing only shoes insulation could be followed by focusing other comfort
parameters of socks.
Purvis, A. et. al. (2004) sated that many fabrics and clothing systems have been designed to
enhance heat balance and provide greater thermal comfort for the wearer. However, studies on the
effects of socks have largely been ignored in clothing research. It has been suggested that the thermal
state of the extremities may alter core temperature and mental stress may be a major determinant of
skin blood perfusion on the foot. However, no definite conclusions have been drawn. The aim of this
study was to examine the effects of two different sock types on foot skin temperature and to

investigate any impact on whole body thermoregulation and energy expenditure. Sixteen subjects
carried out two sessions of treadmill running exercise, one session wearing a standard running sock
and one session wearing an ergonomic asymmetric fitted sock. The overall mean heart rate, core
(aural) temperature, foot skin temperature, weighted mean skin temperature and sweat rate during
exercise were not statistically significant between the sock conditions (p&gt;0.05).

There was a
consistent trend in all participants for the ergonomic sock to induce a higher core temperature and
higher skin temperatures compared to the standard sock. Overall mean ratings of perceived exertion
and ratings of thermal perception were similar for both sock conditions. Participant questionnaires
highlighted a general perception that the ergonomic socks had superior cushioning but that the
standard socks were comfortable to wear. Despite there being no significant physiological or thermal
differences between socks, the ergonomic sock was perceived to be cooler and was the preferred sock
which suggests that subjective perceptions may be more important than objective measurements when
selecting a sock for wear during prolonged exercise [9]. Lacking of socks comfort measurement in wet
form.
Cimilli, S. et. al. (2009) stated that socks need to perform better in comfort properties than
other garments, as less air circulation occurs in socks in shoes than in garments on other parts of the
body. In this paper, we studied the comfort properties of socks made from new fibers, such as modal,
micro modal, bamboo, soybean, and chitosan. In order to compare their properties with conventional
fibers such as cotton and viscose, these fibers were also included in the study. Water vapor transfer, air
permeability, wicking, wetting and heat transfer properties which are related to comfort were
evaluated. In order to conduct thermal conductivity measurements, a special experimental setup was
designed according to the hot plate method (ISO 8302). The results suggested that the fiber type,
together with regain and fabric properties such as thickness, appears to affect some comfort-related
properties of the fabrics. It is suggested that for certain end uses, various combinations of fiber blends
can be used [10]. Lacking of sock objective and subjectives comfort measurement in wet form.
Kemmler, W. et al. (2009) investigated the effect of compression stockings on running
performance in male runners. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of below knee
compression stockings on running performance in male runners. Using a cross over design, 21
moderately trained athletes (39.3 10.9 y) without lower leg abnormities were randomly assigned to
perform a stepwise treadmill test up to a voluntary maximum with and without below knee
compressive stockings. The second treadmill test was completed within 10 days of recovery.
Maximum running performance was determined by time under load (mins), work (kJ), and aerobic
capacity (ml/kg/min). Velocity (km/hr) and time under load was assessed at different metabolic
thresholds using the Dickhuth et al. lactate threshold model. Time under load (36.44 vs. 35.03 mins,

effect size (ES): 0.40) and total work (422 vs. 399 kJ, ES: 0.30) were significantly higher with
compression stockings compared with running socks. However, only slight, non-significant differences
were observed for VO2max (53.3 vs. 52.2 ml/kg/min, ES: 0.18).

Running performance at the

anaerobic (minimum lactate + 1.5 mmol/l) threshold (14.11 vs. 13.90 km/hr, ES: 0.22) as well as the
aerobic (minimum lactate + 0.5 mmol/l) threshold (13.02 vs. 12.74 km/hr, ES: 0.28) was significantly
higher using compression stockings. Therefore, stockings with constant compression in the area of the
calf muscle significantly improved running performance at different metabolic thresholds. However
the underlying mechanism was only partially explained by a slightly higher aerobic capacity [11].
Limited to compression, not discussed the impact of wetting on running performance and comfort
feeling.
Van, T. D. et al. (2009) Foot blisters and overuse injuries of the knee joint are of major concern
during BMT (basic military training). Effective preventative methods to reduce the occurrence of foot
blisters and overused injuries of the knee will lead to an overall reduction in discomfort in the recruits
and associated cost savings in terms of medical care. This study has demonstrated that effective foot
blister and knee overuse injury prevention can be cost effective by using padded polyester socks and
having previous hiking experience before the start of the BMT [12]. Good study with respect to
friction and blisters. It can be further investigated from wetting point of view.
Bullock, Steven H. et al. (2010) In marine recruits undergoing 12 weeks of training, 39% of
those wearing the standard U.S. military wool/cotton sock experienced blisters or cellulitis resulting in
limited duty. Among those wearing a liner sock composed of polyester (thought to wick or draw
away moisture from the skin) worn with the standard sock, the foot friction injury rate was 16% (a
56% decrease in blister injuries). A third group of recruits had a comparable 17% injury rate while
wearing the same polyester liner with a very thick wool/polyester blended sock designed to assist with
the wicking action while reducing friction. Thus, both experimental sock systems were successful in
reducing blisters [13]. Good study with respect to friction and blisters. It can be further investigated.
Bertaux, E. et.al. (2010) evaluated the comfort parameters of sport socks in two different sport
exercises by a non-trained panel. The criteria of the sensory evaluation were perceived foot
temperature, fabric dampness, and pain. No rating scale or common lexicon was needed for the
sensory evaluation. Foot temperature and humidity were measured during the sport exercises by
sensors integrated in the footwear, while coefficients of friction between sock fabric samples and a
mechanical skin model were measured using a previously developed Textile Friction Analyzer.
Perceived comfort depended on the fibre content of sock fabrics and on the perceived dampness and
temperature of the feet. Surface roughness and water content of the textiles had no influence on sock

comfort [14]. Good study with respect to dampness but need to validate the impact of water content
amount on sock comfort.
Barkley, R.M. et. al. (2011) investigated the physiological versus perceived foot temperature,
and perceived comfort, during treadmill running in shoes and socks of various constructions. Sixteen
young adult males (21.3 0.8 years, 181.8 1 cm, 74.6 1.5 kg) participated in two separate studies
where they alternated running and resting for 10 min each with temperature probes attached at two
sites on the lateral dorsal aspect of the right foot. Subjects reported perceptions of foot comfort and
temperature after each run using 10 cm visual analogue scales. In the first experiment, different sock
models were tested with the same shoe model; in the second experiment, different shoe models were
tested with the same sock model. Foot temperature did not differ statistically as a function of shoe or
sock model in either experiment. Subjects did not perceive any difference in foot temperature in the
shoe experiment, but perceived their foot as being cooler when wearing either a polyester sock or a
calf compression sleeve and more comfortable when wearing shoes with less mass. Taken together,
the results suggest that subjects perceptions of foot temperature may not coincide with physiological
foot temperature and are more strongly influenced by sock characteristics than shoe characteristics.
Further, shoe mass (but not sock fiber weave or composition) may impact comfort perception by
subjects [15]. Good objective and subjective study. Need to further investigate the wetting impact on
comfort.
iukas, R. et.al. (2011) examined the thermal resistance of socks knitted from natural and
stretch yarns. It was determined that a higher thermal resistance is characteristic for knits with Lycra
thread, lower for knits from pure yarns, and the lowest- for knits with textured PA thread. Thermal
resistance could be increased or decreased by changing the Lycra or PA thread. Comparing socks
knitted from different fibres (cotton, bamboo, soy, cotton-seacell, and bamboo-flax) for a warm
season, the most comfortable would be those from pure yarns and their composition with PA thread, as
these are characterized by a lower thermal resistance, making the wearer feel cool in such socks. Socks
plated with (Lycra) should be used for a cold season, as they are characterized by a higher thermal
resistance [16]. Limited to thermal resistance.
Bogerd Cornelis P. et al. (2012) studied the effect of two sock fabrics on perception and
physiological parameters associated with blister incidence. Thirty-seven military recruits wore two
different socks (PP: 99.6% polypropylene and 0.4% elastane, and BLEND: 50% Merino-wool, 33%
polypropylene, and 17% polyamide), one on each foot. Measurements were carried out after a daily
6.5-km march on 4 days. Each participant rated temperature, dampness, friction, and comfort for each
foot. On a daily selection of participants, skin hydration was measured on three sites of both feet using
a corneometer, and moisture content of the socks was determined. BLEND was rated to be cooler, less

damp, and more comfortable (P < 0.05). Two out of three skin sites were drier for BLEND than PP (P
< 0.05). Moreover, BLEND stored 2.9 6 0.3 times more moisture compared to PP. Thus, under the
present conditions, socks such as BLEND are to be preferred over polypropylene socks [17]. Good
study with respect to dampness, friction and temperature impact on blisters but need to correlate the
impact of water content amount on sock comfort.
Baussan, E. et al. (2012) analyzed the structure of running socks with respect to blister
prevention. Six types of cotton-made athletic socks were studied in order to evaluate the influence of
the knitted structure on the sock-to-skin friction (terry jersey, plain jersey, and non-raised jersey duffel
structures). The contact conditions between a running shoe and foot areas prone to friction blisters
were simulated using a linear reciprocating tribometer, and the friction behavior of the socks in contact
with a mechanical skin model was investigated. Among the investigated socks, the terry jersey fabric
knitted in a specific process and a dense, tight jersey structure, i.e. a plain jersey knitted with two
yarns, were found to be most suitable for running socks [18]. Only emphasis knitting structures impact
on blisters.
Irzmanska, E. et.al. (2013) proposed a new approach to assess the comfort of protective
footwear with a textile liner. He measured the measurement of the microclimate inside the footwear
(temperature and humidity), weight gain of the footwear, socks, and liner (weighing method),
measurement of blood flows in the lower extremities (impedance plethysmography), as well as
evaluation of user comfort (questionnaire survey) [19]. Good subjective study, need to define and
standardize comfort levels in different environment.
Akaydin, M. et.al. (2014) studied the effect of fiber blends on the comfort aspect of socks.
Socks were knitted from traditional fibers like cotton and viscose and new regenerated fiber kinds like
Bamboo, Modal, Promodal, Micromodal, Linen-modal, Lyocell. The effects of fiber types on
the comfort and physical performances of socks were studied. So, parameters, which determine
comfort in socks; like water vapor permeability, heat transfer, air permeability, liquid transfer,
humidity management were determined [20]. Need to characterize and customize different fibre blends
in different atmospheres.
Duan, S. et al. (2014) investigated the physiological characteristics of the socks made from
yarns with similar physical and mechanical properties but of different raw materials (100 % bamboo
fibers, 100 % cotton fibers, 100 % viscose, and blend with ratio 60 % cotton/40 % PES). The socks
were knit with plain right-left 1:1 stitch and a ribbed 3:1 right-left stitch. In both stitches, the socks
made from the bamboo yarn showed much better thermo-physiological characteristics compared to
those made from conventional fiber yarns. [21]. Conclusion is based on fewer number of tests and
difference of results is non significant.

Nauth, A. et.al. (2014) studied the protective effect of kevlar socks against hockey skate
blade injuries. Seven matched pairs of human cadaver lower limbs were fitted with a Kevlar
reinforced sock comprised of 60% Kevlar/20% Coolmax polyester/18 % Nylon/12% Spandex
(Bauer Elite Performance Skate Sock) on one limb and a standard synthetic sock comprised of 51%
polyester/47% nylon/2% spandex (Bauer Premium Performance Skate Sock) on the contralateral limb
as a control. Specimens were then impacted with a hockey skate blade directed at the posterior calf, 12
cm above the heel, at an angle of 45 and a speed of 31m/s, to a penetration depth of 4.3 cm, to
simulate a typical ice hockey injury. Peak force, energy and power were calculated from the forcedisplacement data collected from the 7 matched pair trials. The Kevlar reinforced socks provided
significantly more cut resistance and were able to withstand a significantly larger peak force, energy
and power from skate blade impact and prevent achilles tendon laceration when compared to standard
synthetic hockey socks in a biomechanical testing model using human cadaver limbs [22]. No
relevance with comfort only targeted prevention against injury.
Abu, D.G. et.al. (2015) studied the thermal properties of socks made from reclaimed bres. In
this study, thermal properties of the socks made from the blend of reclaimed cotton bre and virgin
polyester bre are investigated in comparison with those of similar socks made from virgin cotton
bre, together with the inuence of incorporated elastane. Statistical results reveal that elastane
addition and bre type signicantly affect all of the thermal properties of the socks. Elastane addition
leads to increase in the thermal conductivity, thermal resistance and thermal absorptivity values and
decrease in the water vapour permeability values. The reclaimed bre socks exhibit lower thermal
conductivity and thermal absorptivity and higher thermal resistance than the cotton socks. The water
vapour permeability results of the reclaimed bre socks with no elastane are higher than those of the
cotton socks with no elastane. The difference between the water vapour permeability of the reclaimed
socks with elastane and the cotton socks with elastane is found to be statistically insignicant [23].
Wet comfort aspect ignored.
Baozhu, K.E. et. al. (2015) studied the thermal wet comfort property of socks based on infrared
thermal imaging technology. Temperature distributions of feet surface after rest, jogging under
wearing cotton/blended/bamboo fiber socks were measured. And the subjective comfort questionnaire
was designed, the hotness and wetness feeling of the feet after rest/jogging under wearing socks with
different materials were assessed. Based on the research, the socks that suit for the unevenly
distributed heat of feet were designed. The instrument is T250 FLIR infrared thermal imaging system,
the thermal imaging sensor is 240, the infrared image resolution is 0.08 pixels X180 pixels, and the
temperature range is -20 to +350. This experiment uses three pairs of socks respectively made of
cotton, polyester cotton blended (65% cotton, 35% polyester), and bamboo fiber. From the above

analysis, it was concluded that the warmest socks were made of cotton fiber, and the most comfortable
socks of thermal-wet transmitting were bamboo socks. Based on the experimental data of the infrared
thermal imaging technology and the subjective assessment results, it can provide references for the
design of thermal-wet comfortable socks [24]. Although, strived to calculate the wet comfort of socks
but need to explore more.
Liu, H. et. al. (2015) studied the thermal wet comfort of women's sock. 5 kinds of common
women's socks from market were selected as research objects, which were made of different materials
with different blending ratio. The warmth retention property, air permeability, moisture permeability
and moisture absorption performance were tested and analyzed. The results showed that the thickness,
fiber composition, density and blending ratio of women's socks all have a certain impact on the
thermal-wet comfort of women's socks. A basic idea was to establish mathematical model to solve
first, and then sort to find the optimal value. In grey system theory, the element whose information is
incomplete or whose connotation is hard to end is referred to as grey element. In the case of the 5
kinds of women's socks in this research, the 4 indexes corresponding with the thermal-wet comfort of
women's socks was used to establish the composite grey element that contained 5 kinds of women's
socks and 4 indexes. It could be seen from the evaluation results that the comprehensive evaluation of
the thermal-wet comfort of 5# women's sock was the best in the experiment. And the sorting of the
thermal-wet comfort of women's socks from priority to inferiority was 5#>1#>2#>3#>4# [25]. A
model is applied to ranked the different fibre but concluded results i.e. socks # 5
(Cotton/Bamboo/polyester/lycra: 45.5/32.5/19/3) is the best needs more validation.
Tasrona, D.N. et. al. (2015) stated that friction blisters on feet are a common dermatological
injury among long-distance runners which can result from repeated shearing of the skin. Five different
running sock materials were selected based on the variations of their knit pattern and fibre
composition. The frictional behaviour of these sock materials against whole plantar skin was then
assessed in dry condition. All tests were conducted using a bespoke rig that was developed at the
University of Sheffield for studies on foot friction. 26 subjects were recruited for this purpose and
friction was measured for a range of normal loads. Subjects feet were kept at their natural level of
hydration, monitored at specific intervals using the Corneometer CM 825 device. It was observed
that there was a positive correlation (p<0.05) between foot hydration and friction force. However, no
particular trend can be seen in the friction coefficient values between the tested sock types. This
suggests that the properties of the subjects foot had more prominent effect on the friction levels than
the knit pattern and composition of sock materials under dry contact conditions. Outcomes from this
study indicate that the natural variations in the plantar skin and level of moisture present had a more
substantial impact on friction behaviour than any changes in knit pattern or sock material, suggesting

10

the control of moisture levels within the shoe environment is a key factor of concern [26]. Although
moisture is the potential factor of friction but fibre and knitting construction type are also influenced
the moisture levels as well.
Van, Amber R.R. et al. (2015) studied the thermal and moisture transfer properties of sock
fabrics differing in fiber type, yarn, and fabric structure. Fiber type (fine wool, mid-micron wool,
acrylic), yarn type (high twist, low-twist, single), and fabric structure (single jersey, half-terry, terry)
on thermal resistance, water vapor resistance, thermal conductance, water vapor permeability, liquid
absorption capacity, and regain of sock fabrics. Fabric structure had the greatest effect on thermal
resistance, water vapor resistance, water vapor permeability, liquid absorption capacity, and thermal
conductance. Terry fabrics were the most thermal and water vapor resistant, most absorbent, and most
conductive. Results were consistent with current understanding of the effect of fabric thickness on
thermal and moisture transfer properties when measured under static conditions [27]. Good study
could be followed by addition of wet comfort aspect.
Laing, R.M. et.al. (2015) has detected the sock fiber effects on skin health of the human foot.
Four sock types differing in fiber/yarn closely matched for fiber diameter (100% acrylic, 100% wool
(24.5mm), 100% cotton, 100% wool (20.5mm)), manufactured such that only fiber type differed, were
worn by 16 men. The effects on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, pH, skin
temperature were examined. Improvement in skin health at the heel, in particular, was evident. Wool
socks were associated with more cases of improved skin health (e.g. reduced percentage changes in
trans epidermal water loss and increased stratum corneum hydration) [28].
Van, Amber R.R. et al. (2015) studied the effect of fiber type, yarn structure and fabric
structure on the frictional characteristics of sock fabrics. He has measured the combined effects of
fiber type (fine wool, mid-micron wool, acrylic), yarn type (high twist, low twist, single) and fabric
structure (single jersey, half-terry, terry) on friction between sock fabrics and a synthetic skin using the
horizontal platform method. Single jersey fabrics had the lowest coefficient of static and dynamic
friction. Friction between fabric and a synthetic skin was affected most by the applied weight, with the
simulated adult weight resulting in a greater frictional force, and higher coefficients of static and
dynamic friction. The most important effect of fiber was on the static frictional force and coefficient of
static friction of damp fabrics, with fabrics composed of fine wool exhibiting lowest friction, and
acrylic fabrics the highest [29].

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2. Suggest probable research areas


i.

Subjective and objective measurement of thermophysiological comfort of (winter, summer,


military,.) socks in dry/ wet state

ii.

Customization and standardization of different socks/ shoes with respect to comfort levels in
different environments

iii.

Comparative study of comfort measuring methods with respect to repeatability and


reproducibility

iv.

Uncertainty measurement of different clothing comfort methods

References

12

[1]

T. L. Endrusick, Effects of prolonged water contact on the thermal insulation of cold weather
footwear, in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics,
Lotens WA and Havenith G (Eds.), 1992, pp. 188189.

[2]

K. Kuklane, Q. Geng, and I. Holmr, Effect of footwear insulation on thermal responses in the
cold, Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 137152, 1998.

[3]

K. Kuklane and I. Holmr, Effect of sweating on insulation of footwear, Int. J. Occup. Saf.
Ergon., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 123136, 1998.

[4]

K. Kuklane, R. Afanasieva, O. Burmistrova, N. Bessonova, and I. Holmr, Determination of


heat loss from the feet and insulation of the footwear, Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon., vol. 5, no. 4,
pp. 465476, 1999.

[5]

K. Kuklane, D. Gavhed, and I. Holmr, Effect of the number, thickness and washing of socks
on the thermal insulation of feet, Arb. OCH HALSA Vetensk. Skr., no. 8, pp. 175178, 2000.

[6]

A. Mndermann, B. M. Nigg, D. J. Stefanyshyn, and R. N. Humble, Development of a reliable


method to assess footwear comfort during running, Gait Posture, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 3845,
2002.

[7]

T. Tsujisaka, Y. Azuma, Y.-I. Matsumoto, and H. Morooka, Comfort pressure of the top part of
mens socks, Text. Res. J., vol. 74, no. 7, pp. 598602, 2004.

[8]

K. Kuklane, The use of footwear insulation values measured on a thermal foot model, Int. J.
Occup. Saf. Ergon., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 7986, 2004.

[9]

A. Purvis and H. Tunstall, Effects of sock type on foot skin temperature and thermal demand
during exercise, Ergonomics, vol. 47, no. 15, pp. 16571668, 2004.

[10]

S. Cimilli, B. Nergis, C. Candan, and M. Ozdemir, A comparative study of some comfort


related properties of socks from different fiber types, Text. Res. J., 2009.

[11]

W. Kemmler, S. von Stengel, C. Kckritz, J. Mayhew, A. Wassermann, and J. Zapf, Effect of


compression stockings on running performance in men runners, J. Strength Cond. Res., vol.
23, no. 1, pp. 101105, 2009.

[12]

D. Van Tiggelen, S. Wickes, P. Coorevits, M. Dumalin, and E. Witvrouw, Sock systems to


prevent foot blisters and the impact on overuse injuries of the knee joint, Mil. Med., vol. 174,
no. 2, pp. 183189, 2009.

[13]

S. H. Bullock, B. H. Jones, J. Gilchrist, and S. W. Marshall, Prevention of physical training


related injuries: recommendations for the military and other active populations based on
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