Exercises

PROBLEMS FOR
MATHEMATICS I
GROUP AR
DEGREE IN
ECONOMICS
ACADEMIC COURSE 2016-17

PROF. TRINIDAD CASASS ESTELLS
Department MATEMTIQUES PER A
LECONOMIA I L EMPRESA
MATHEMATICS I EXERCISES
TOPIC O. Elementary Mathematics Exercises

1. - Simplify the following expressions:
(a)
a3b2a5b
(b)
(d)
x 10 y 5
(e)
(64x3)2/3
42(64)-4/3
(c)
x xy 4
(f)
x6
(g)
x 3y5
x 2 y8
(h)
(x 1 ) 2 (x 2 ) 5
x3x
(i)
(j)
x3 / y4
x 2 / y3
(k)
(l)
x2y
5/3
x 1/ 3 y 2 / 3
z2
1
1
+
x+h x
h
5x 3
25x 2
2. Compute/simplify the following arithmetic operations:

(a)
(3x2y+y-y3+3) + 2(x3-y-x2y)
(c)
(x2-y+3) (x3+y-1)2
(d)
2
x 4
(f)
2( x 3)
x2 4
(g)
x +3
x 2
x2
x2 3
3
+4
x +1
(b)
(x2+x-2)(x-1)
(e)
3
4
x +1 x 1
(h)
x2 4
x 2 x3
x
3. - Perform the factorial decomposition of the following polynomials. This is,

transform them in products of monomial or polynomial of lower degree:
(a)
x2-9
(b)
x2-x-6
(c)
x2+8x+16
(d)
25x2+20x+4
(e)
x3-x2-8x+12
(f)
x4+x3-7x2-x+6
4. - Calculate the division of the following polynomials:

(a)
(2x3-14x-5):(x-3)
(b)
(x4-2x2+3):(x2-1)
(c)
(x-2x3-3+3x4):(2x2-1)
(d)
(x4-2x2+x-3):(x2-2x+1)
5. - Solve the following equations:

(a)
(2x 1) 2
3x 2
2(
1
2
4x)
(b)
x 2
4 x
(c)
x + 2 = 4 x + 13
(d)
(g)
(j)
(x 1) 2
x(x 1)
(x 1) 2
x(x 1)
2 x 14
3x
3x 1
x2 1
x 7
4
(x
3
2)
x 5
x 3
2
(e)
| x + 2 |= 4 x
(f)
(h)
0 3x 2
(i)
3x 2
11x 6
x2
27 0
2
(5 2 x)
7
6. - Solve the following inequations:

(a)
(d)
5x
2
3
x 8
4
3x 3
5
4x 8
2
x 14
2
x
4
3x
(b)
5x
4 2x 8
(c)
x 4
x2 9
(e)
4x 7 6x 5
(f)
x2
5x
6 0
7. - Discuss whether the following assessments are true or false:

(a)
2e y
(c)
x2
y2
(e)
0e y
5 implies x
0 implies x
0 y
0 implies x 2
(b)
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)
(d)
xy
(f)
y2
0 implies x 1
xz implies y
y 2 implies x
Are true the reciprocal implications?

8. - Calculate, without calculator, the value of the following expressions:
(a)
log10
(b)
log100
(c)
log648
(e)
cos 0
(f)
sin 90
(g)
tan 2
(d)
log2(1/16)
9. - Calculate, with calculator, the value of the following expressions:

(a)
ln10
(e)
cos
(b)
ln3
(c)
log566
(f)
cos 30
(g)
sin 3 /2
(d)
log37
10. - Explain the difference among cosx2, cos2x, cos(x2) y (cos x)2
11. - Solve the following equations:
(a)
2 x = 64
(b)
10 x 10
2
=2
(c)
4 x + 6.4 x = 5
(d)
log(2 x + 7) log( x 1) = log 5
(e)
4 x 2 x+3 + 12 = 0
(f)
( 2) x
(g)
2.3 x 5 3 x+1 4
+
= 3x 3
11
5
(h)
log( 35 x 3 )
log( 5 x)
(i)
log(16 x 2 )
=2
log(3x 4)
= 2 x+1
12. - Given f(x) = x2 and g(x) = -x3+x. Calculate:

(a)
(f+g)(x)
(b)
(f+g)(1/2)
(c)
(4f)(x)
(d)
(fg)(x)
(e)
(f/g)(x)
(f)
(fog)(x)
(g)
(gof)(x)
(h)
(gof)(-3)
13. - Calculate the derivatives of the following functions:

(a)
(d)
(g)
(j)
(m)
(o)
(r)
(u)
(x)
(a)
y = x10+2x4-x3
(b)
y=
2x + 5
3
(e)
y=
x4 1
2x 2 1
(h)
y=
(2x + 3) 3
(3x 2 2x + 6) 2
y = x 2+ x 3
1
y=(2 x 4 + 4
3
x
)(x2+x4)
y = ln(sen1/4 x)
y=
1 x
1+ x
y = sin
x 1
x 1
sen x
(k)
(n)
y = x -7
(c)
y = (x3+2x2)7
(f)
x2 x3 1
+
+
y=
4
3 2
y=
y=
3 x
2 x 5x 2 + x 3
(2x 8)(3x 4)
y=
1
3
x + x2 + 2
y = (2x2+x+1)4
(i)
(l)
y=
y=
1
x
3x 5
5x 2
5x + 4
()
y = 2 5 x4 1
1
x4
(q)
y= x + 1
(s)
y = ln(x2+1)
(t)
(v)
e x cos x
y=
ln x
(w)
cos x
x 2 + 2x
(z)
(p)
(y)
(bb)
y=
y=
y = 4 cos x
(cc)
1
x +1
y = sen3(x2+2)
y = arctg
sen
2
1+ x
x2 1
x
y = e x + 3x
1
x
5. - Solve the following systems of equations:
(a)
3x + 2 y
= 35
(b)
log x log y = 1
(d)
2 x+1
= 128
log x + log y = 1
(e)
2 x3 y
25
3x5 y
35
log x + log y = 4
log x log y = 2
(c)
3 2 x 2 3 y+1 = 8
2 3x 2 2 y
=5
TOPIC 1: BASIC REVIEW OF ALGEBRA

Matrices, determinants, rank and calculus of the inverse
1. - Calculate:
(a)
(c)
1 0
1 0
1
6
1 2
4.
3 2
5. 2 4
3 4
(b)
(d)
2. 1
1 1
1 3
1 4
1 5
2. - Given the matrices:

0
11
16
Calculate 3A+2B and 2A+B

3. - Calculate:
(a)
2
3
(c)
4
1
(e)
(g)
3
4 .
1
0
1
1
(d)
3 2
1. 2
13
1 2 3 2
4 1 2 1
1 2 5 2
(i)
2 1 0
2
3
1
4
0 4
.
3 2 1
(b)
1 0
5 2
1
1
4 . 1
1. 3
2 7
13
(f)
(h)
2 1 0 1 1 1 0
3 2 0 2 1 1 0
1 0 1 2 3 1 2
1
5
(j)
2 7
2
3
4
5
2 1 0
(k)
1 2
1 2 3
4 1 2
1 2 5
(l)
2
1
1
x 1 y 2 z 3
1 2 3
4 1 2
x 1
y 2
1 2 5
z 3
4. - Calculate:
(a)
(b)
2 5
(c)
1 6
2 7
3 1
1 1 1
1 0 1
1
(d)
2
(g)
(e)
0 1
1 2 0
2 0 1
(j)
2
3
3
2
(h)
3
2
2
4
1 3 0
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
3 0
2
1
3
0
2 0
0 1
(k)
4
2
4
5
0
0
0
0
1 2 0
5 1 1
7 1 3
(f)
5 1 2
4 3 5
2 0
0
0
0 0
0 0
(i)
(l)
3 0 0
0
0
1
2
1
1
3
1
0
2
1
2
4
1
1
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
0 2 3 4 5
0 0 3 4 5
0 0 0 4 5
2 0
0 1
0 0 0 0 5
5. - Calculate the rank of the following matrices:

(a)
1 1
(b)
5
1
1 0
12
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
2
0
4
2
(c)
8 12 16
(d)
1 2
1 3
3 1
4 3
1
4
(e)
1 2 3 4
2 4 6 8
3 6 9 12
(f)
1
3
(g)
1 1
0 0
2 1
1 3
1 0
(h)
1 1 3
0 0
2 4
6
12
12
6
9
14
2
13
8
7
13 12
4 6
11
9
11
9
0
6. - Determine whether the following sets of vectors are independent or dependent sets. If they
are dependent, find a subset with the maximum number of linear independent vectors.
(a) {(1,3,1), (2,1,0), (1,9,2)}
(b) {(2,3), (4,1), (1,0), (2,2)}
(c) {(2,5,1,1,0), (1,4,0,1,2), (2,2,2,0,-4)}
(d) {(2,1,0,3), (-2,1,3,0), (0,0,0,0), (1,5,2,1)}
{(1,2,9), (-1,-2,-9), (0,1,2), (2,-1,8), (1,-3,-1)}
7. - Find the inverse of the following matrices, if it exists:

(a)
1
1
(b)
(c)
1 1 0
1 2 3
2 3 2
(d)
2
1
(e)
1
1
2 4
0 1
2 2
1 1
1 2
0
1
2 3
(f)
2 4
0 1
2 2
3
1
1
3
1
1
8. - Find the parameter values t, such that the following matrix A has no inverse.
1 0
0 t
1
3
4 1
Systems of Linear and non Linear Equations

9.- Solve:
(a)
6x 2y 2z 8
2x 2y z 3
x
2y 2z
(b)
2x y z 1
x y z 2
x 2y 4z
(c)
x y 2z 2
2x y z 1
x 2y z
(d)
2x
x
(g)
(j)
(e)
y z 1
y z
4
0
3x
y 3z w
2x y
x 2y
y
2x
(h)
y z w
(k)
(f)
3x 2y z 0
x y z 1
x
3x 2 y z 13
2x y 5z 6
5x y 2z 11
y z
2x
y z
(i)
x y z 1
2x y z 2
x 2y
1
4x y 3z 8
(c)
3x 2
3y
3x
2z 1
5x 3y 4z
7
- 3x 4y 8z 3
7 x 2 y 11z 0
10.- Solve
(a)
(d)
(g)
3x 2 2xy 0
x 2 2y
2
(b)
3x 2 6y 39
6x 2y 18
(e)
x2
(h)
y2
xy
3x 2
3y
25
12
12
12x 3 8xy
4x 2 2y
3y
0
0
x 2 y2 z2 0
x y z 12
xy
(f)
x2
x
(i)
y2
25
3x 2 y
35
log x log y 1
12
11. - The supply and demand functions of a market model with two goods are the following:
Qs1
Q s2
2 3P1
1 2P2
Qd1 10 2P1 P2
Q d2 5 P1 P2
~ ,Q
~ ).
Calculate the equilibrium prices ( ~
P1 , ~
P2 ) and the equilibrium amounts ( Q
1
2
~ ~ ~
12. - Calculate the equilibrium prices ~
P1 , ~
P2 , ~
P3 and the equilibrium amounts Q1 , Q2 , Q3 of
the market model with three goods and supply and demand functions:
Qs1 4 2P1 P3
Q s2 5 2P1 P3
Q s3 4 P1 2P3
Qd1 8 P1 3P2
Q d2 2 2P1 2P3
Q d3 4 P1 2P2 3P3
13. - A firm produces three goods in amounts x, y, z. It uses three raw materials M1, M2 and
M3, for it. The available amount of each raw material is 280, 460 and 220 units, respectively.
For producing one unit of the first commodity the firm uses 2 units of M1, 6 of M2 and 8 of M3.
For producing one unit of the second commodity the firm uses 4 units of M1, 11 of M2 and 1 of
M3. For producing one unit of the third commodity the firm uses 8 units of M1, 6 of M2 and 2
of M3. Determine the amount to produce of each commodity if exactly all the raw material
available have to be used.
14.-Write, if possible, in a matrix way, the following systems of equations:

(a)
3x
(b)
6y 39
6x 2y 18
x y z 1
2x y z 2
x 2y 1
4x
y 3z 8
15.- Write the general expression of a system with 2 equations and n variables.
Auto checking exercises

1. - Explain the required conditions on A to be able to calculate its determinant.
2. - Explain the conditions required on A to assure the existence of its inverse matrix and define
this one.
3. - Let be the following matrices

1 2 3
A= 1 0 1
1 2 4
1
B= 0
1
C= 1 0 1
a) Study if it exist, and in this case, calculate the following product of matrices: A2, AB, CA and
BC.
b) Calculate AI, being I the identity matrix.
c) Calculate, if there exists, A-1. In that case, calculate AA-1.
4. - Obtain the values of x,y,z that verify the following equation:

1
x 2
1
1 1
y
2 1
z
0 1
1
0
0
5. - Classify the following system and, if possible, solve it:
x y 2z t 3u 1
2x y 2z 2t 6u 2
3x 2y 4z - 3u - 9t 3
6. - Calculate the value of m in order to make compatible the following system:

x
2y 3
x 3y 1
2x y m
TOPIC 2: LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS

Basic knowledge of topology in Rn. Functions of one and some variables:
homogeneous function, composite and implicit function
1. - Calculate the domain of the following functions and draw the graph, if possible:
(a)
(c)
(e)
F(x)
x 1
(x 2)(x 3)
(b)
(d)
F(x, y)
(f)
F(x,y,z)=(xy+z , ln(x+y+z))
F(x, y)
F(x, y)
(g)
F(x, y)
(i)
2x
3
x 1
2 x
x2
2y
x2y
x 2 y2
0
x y
(x, y) (0,0)
(h)
F(x, y)
x2
3y 3
xy
(x, y) (0,0)
y,ln(x 1), e y )
(j)
F(x, y, z)
F(x, y)
2xy
x 1
x 1
(m)
ln(y )
e
F(x, y)
F(x, y, z)
(n)
10
1
1
x
y
F(x, y, z)
x y
(l)
3xy x 1
ln(x z)
e
(k)
y2
2xy
x2
F(x, y) ( x
F(x)
e
ln(x z)
2. - Calculate the mathematical and the economic domain of the following functions:
a.
Ip'
being D the supply demand of the commodity, I the income of the
2p
D(I, p, p')
consumer, p the commodity price and p the substitutive commodity price.
q3
b. C(q)
c.
Q(K, L)
d.
U(C, F)
9q 2
L2
36q 20 being C the cost function and q the daily production.
K 2 being Q the production function, K the capital and L the labour.
CF3 being U utility function of a consumer, C the chocolate consumption
and F the strawberry consumption.
3. - Study the homogeneity of the following functions. If the function is homogeneous,

calculate its degree:
(a)
(d)
(g)
f(x, y) x 2
f(x, y) sen
(e)
x
y
x2
f(x, y,z)
(b)
y2
y2
f(x, y,z)
f(x, y) e
(h)
x 2 yz 3x 3
2y 2
(c)
(f)
x
y
f(x,y) = Axt y1 t
f(x, y)
x 2 y2
2x 2 y
f(x, y) sen (x y)
4. - Given the following production functions:

(a) Q(L, K)
AK L , where A,
(b) Q(L, K)
and
K
L
, where A,
K + (1
)L
are the real parameters, and A, , >0.

and
are the real parameters, and A, , >0.
(c) Q(L,K) = A
and 0
, where A,
and
are the real parameters, A, , >0
1.
Study whether the following functions are homogeneous, depending of their parameters. In case
of homogeneity, give the returns to scale (increasing, constant or decreasing) of a firm with that
production function.
5.- The total cost of a firm in is given by the function:

C(x,y) = 200 + 3x + 2y + 002x2y2
11
where x and y represent the workforce hours and the machine hours, respectively. If these hours
depend on the amount of the final product produced (z) according to the following equations
Write the total cost of the firm as a function of the amount of final product produced.
6. - Calculate (if there exists) the composite function gf and fg being:
x
, g(t)
y
(a) f(x, y)
2
(2t, )
t
(b) f(x, y)
x2
y 2 , g(t)
(sen t, cos t)
(c) f(x, y)
x2
y 2 , g(t)
1
(t 2 , , ln t)
t
7. - Calculate the composition of the function:
y 3z z 2 with x
a. f(x, y,z)
x 2 , and y
b. f(x, y) 3y
2u , z
u.
x 1.
c. f(x,y,z) =
e lny
xz
, y(x,z) = e
z
at the point (x,z)=(0,1).
d. t(u,v) = u e , u(x, y,z) = (xy z), v(x,z) = z x at the point (x,y,z)=(2,1,0).
8.- The production function of a firm is given by Q(K,L,M) =
where K is the capital, L
number of workers and M number of machines.

(a) Write the level curve equation corresponding to a production of 200 units. Explain the
meaning of the equation.
(b) Calculate the function M(K,L) definided implcitely by this equation.
(c) Calculate M(100,10) and explain the result
9. - Calculate the explicit expression of the function defined implicitly in the following
equations:
(a) x 2 y
yx 2 0
Calculate y(x,z)
(b) x 2
ln(xy) 4 0 Calculate x(y)
(c) x 2
y2
(d)
9 0
Calculate y(x)
Calculate z(x,y)
12
Graph of the functions: level curves
10. - Draw the graph of the following functions:
(a)
f(x)
ex
(b)
f(x)
(c)
ln(x 1)
f(x)
sin(x )

(a)
2x 1
F(x)
9 x
1 x
(b)
4x 2
F(x)
x 6 x
12. - Given the functions:

f(x)
2x 1 x
9 4x x
g(x)
2x
x 9 x
calculate the expression of the function (f-g) (x). Draw its graph.

(a)
C 200 0.6Y where C is the expenditure of the consumer and Y represents his
income
(b)
(b)
80Q 0.2Q 2 where I represents the income and Q the production

200e 0.05T where C is the obtained capital after T units of time with an
interest of 5%
14. - Draw the graph of the following isoquant with:

(a) Output Level 4 (isoquant) of the function f(x, y)
x2
(b) Output Level 10 of the function f(x, y)

(c) Output Level 1 of the function f(x, y)
x2
y2
2x y
xy
15. - Lets consider the utility function given by U(x, y)
3x
y , where x and y are the
number of units consumed of both commodities. The following picture gives the level curves
corresponding to the utility levels 4, 5 and 6
13
(a) If the current consumption is (x, y) (3,4) , draw the level curve where we are currently.
(b) Use the level curves to approximate graphically, the units to consume of the first commodity
if the consumption of the second commodity decreases one unit (y = 3) and the utility level is
maintained.
(c) Estimate, graphically, how much should be increased the consumption of the first
commodity if we want to increase the utility level in one unit, maintaining constant the
consumption of the second commodity (y = 4).
Limit and continuity concept

16. - Calculate, if there exists, the following limits:
(a)
lim
(e)
x2 1
x
(b)
1
x
(f)
lim sin
x
lim ln
lim cos
(c)
1
x
lim ln
1
x
(g)
lim e
x2 1
x
(d)
x2 1
0
x
lim
x
x2 1
x
17. - Calculate, if there exists, the following limits:

(a)
lim 4e 3(x
(b)
2)2 y
(x, y) (2,0)
y
lim ( , y 2
x
(x, y) (2,0)
18. - Given the function
f(x,y)
0 if x
y2
1 if x
y2
14
x, x 3
xy )
calculate, if there exists, the following limits:
(a)
(b)
lim f(x, y)
(c)
lim f(x, y)
(x, y) (0,0)
lim f(x, y)
(x, y) (1,2)
(x, y) (2,1)
19. - Given the function:
f ( x ) = 2x - 1 x > 2
1
x 2
draw its graph. Study its continuity at x=2 and x=6.
f (x) =
0
x=2
3x - 1 x 2
draw its graph. Study its continuity at x=2.
21. - Study the continuity of the following functions:

(a)
(c)
(e)
(g)
f(x)
(b)
x 2
x 7x 10
2
f(x, y) xy sen(xy) ln(x 2
f(x, y) sen(xy) ln( x
f(x)
y2 )
(d)
f(x, y) e
(f)
y)
f(x, y,z)
(h)
x 2 2x 1
at x= -1
x 3 3x 2 3x 1
f(x, y, z) (
1
y z
, ln x
y)
15
xy
x y
1
3
x
f(x)
(i)
3xy
x 2 y2
f(x, y)
x 2
x
2
x 3x 2
1
x
12
x
0
0
x
5
5
22.-Given the function: F(x, y)
Study if F is continuoous at the points (2,0), (1,1) (y (0,4)
23.- Given the function
Calculate
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The initial and final space.

The domain of the function
Calculate, if possible, two points of the domain and two points outside of it.
Study the continuity of the function at the points (2,1), (0,0) and (1,2)

1.- In the following sections, explain if they are numbers, vectors, functions or sets:
(a) {(3,-1,1/2), (0,0,5)}
(b) R4
(c) D={(x,y)
R2 / x+y>4}
(d) f(x,y) xy ;
f(1,5) ;
lim
(x, y ) (2,0)
f ( x , y)
2.- Calculate, if possible:

(a) {1,3,6}
{2,5,6}
(b) {1,3,6}
{2,5,6}
(c) {(0,1),(3,4)}
{(0,4)}
(d) {(0,2,-6),(8,-1,4,8)}
R4
(e) {(x,y) R2 / x2+y29}
{(x,y) R2 / x2+y2 14}
(f) {(x,y) R2 / x2+y29}
{(x,y,z) R3 / x2+y2 14}
(g) {(x,y) R2 / x+2y4}
{(x,y) R2 / 3x+y 3}
(h) {x R / x 14}
(i) [2,20]
{y R / y 3}
{x R / x 14}
3.- Add one of the following symbols in order to become true the following expressions.
You can use one of these symbols:
16
, < , >,
a)
1 {6,1,4}
b)
(3,-2)
c)
{(3,-2)}
d)
{(3,-2), (0,0), (2/3,8)}
e)
{x R / 3 x 18} = [3,18]
f)
{x R / 3 x 18} = [3,18[
g)
[-2,9]
{x R / 3 x 10}
[3,9]
h)
[-2,9]
{x R / 3 x 10}
[-2,10]
i)
{ x R / x 13}
j)
R2
R2
R2
[2, [
{(x,y) R / x+2y4}
R2
4. - Give an example of each one of the following type of functions:

a) Real Function of real variable.
b) Real Polynomial function multivariable.
c) Scalar Function of several not polynomial.
d) Vectorial function from R3 to R2 with components linear functions.
e) Function from R to R3. Is it scalar or vectorial?
f) Vectorial function from R2 to R4 defined on a subset of R2.
g) Vectorial function from R2 to R4 defined on the whole R2.
h) Vectorial Function from R2 to R piecewise defined on a subset of R2
5. - Let be the function

f(x, y)
0.3y b si y 4
x
si y 4
It is asked:
a) Calculate the value of the parameter b in order the function f(x,y) has limit at the point (x,y) =
(0,4).
b) Calculate the domain of f(x,y). Obtain one point belonging to the domain and another not
belonging to.
c) Study the continuity of f(x,y) for the entire domain, if b=1.
6.- The demand function of a commodity is given by:
17
D(p, r )
2r 2 p 2
r4
p4
r
p
where p is the Price of the commodity and r is the mean income of the
consumers.
a) Calculate the mathematical domain and the economic domain of that function.
b) Study the continuity of f.
c) Study whether the function is homogeneous.
d) If the price depends on the price of two row materials, following the relationship:
p = 2m1+m2, calculate the formula of the demand with respect to those prices.
TEMA 3: DIFFERENTIATION OF FUNCTIONS

Definition and economic interpretation of the derivative of a real function. Calculus
of derivatives
1. - Study the differentiability of the following function at x=0 and x=1
f(x)
x 2 -1
- x -1
2. - Study the differentiability of f(x) | x 2 | . Calculate the function f(x).

3. - Study the differentiability of:
f(x)
2
x-2
x 0
0 x 4
x2 - 4
4. - Calculate the derivatives of the following functions:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
18
x2
5. - Let C(x)
3x 100 be the cost function of a firm. Show that the average rate of
variation when x varies from 100 to 100+h is
C(100 h) C(100)
h
203 h (h
0) . Which
is the marginal cost C(100)?
6. - If the Total Saving of a country is a function S(Y) of the National Product Y, then S(Y) is
called Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS). Find the MPS for the following functions:
(a) S(Y)
a bY
(b) S(Y)
100 10Y 2Y 2
7. - Lets assume that the relationship among the Gross Income Y and the total Taxes T over
the income of citizens with income between 80.000 and 120.000 is given by the equation
a(bY c) p
kY where a,b,c,p and k are positive constants.
(a) Find the expression of the marginal rate of tax dT dY .

(b) An empirical study found the following estimations of the previous constants:
a=0,000338 ; b=0,81 ; c=6.467 ; p=1,61 ; k=0,053. Use these values to find T and dT dY
when Y=100.000
Definition and economic interpretation of partial derivatives of scalar and vectorial

functions
8. - Calculate all the partial derivatives of the following functions:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
9. - Calculate the first order partial derivatives of the following functions:

(a)
(d)
f(x,y,z) = x3y + 2xz2 3xyz
f(x, y)
x 3 2xy
4x y 2
(b) f(x,y,z) =sin(xy2z)

(e)
f(x,y) =ex+1-e2-y
19
(c) f(x,y) =ycosx

(f)
f(x, y,z)
e y cos(x 2)
ln(z 1)
(g) f(x,y) = sen8(x2+y3)
(h) f(x,y) = sin(x+2y2)8
(i)
f(x,y) = ln3(x/y)
10. - Calculate the partial derivatives of the following functions:

(a)
(d)
(g)
(j)
(m)
(o)
(r)
(t)
f(x, y) x 3
f(x, y) arctg
y2
(b)
y
x
(e)
f(x, y) 3(5x 1).sen(4y 2
2x)
f(x, y) e xLny .sen(x
1
2
(k)
f(x, y,z)
x(2 cos(2y))
x2 z2
(n)
f(x, y) (x 2
f(x, y,z, t)
f(x, y,z)
3y)5
y
Lnx
3
2z 3
5(x
3y)
sen(zt)
3(x 2
(p)
(s)
f(x, y)
(u)
y)
Ln(2x 2y)
x 1/2
f(x, y) Ln x e x
f(x, y)
f(x, y) y
f(x, y)
x
x
y2
(i)
f(x, y) e xLny
(l)
f(x, y,z) (xy)z
()
f(x, y)
(q)
x5
2y
y3
f(x, y) cos 4 (2xy)
f(x, y,z)
sen
y 2 )z
(f)
Ln(x 3y)
x2
y
f(x, y) (x 2)(y 3)
u2
w2
f(x, y)
(h)
f(u, v, w)
v2
(c)
f(x, y) e x cosy
y
x
9 x2
y2
f(x, y)
x2
y
x2
si x
si x
3
3
(a) Calculate the first order partial derivatives at (2,0).

(b) Calculate the first order partial derivatives at (4,3).
12. - Write the definition of the partial derivative of a function of n variables (x1,, xn)
with respect to xi. Write the definition of the partial derivative of a function of 3 variables
(x,y,z) with respect to z. Write the definition of the partial derivative of a function of 3
variables (x,y,z) with respect to z at the point (a,b,c).
13. - Calculate and give the economic interpretation of the sign of the derivatives or partial
derivatives of the following economic functions.
20
(a)
Demand-price function:
(b)
Per
cpita
production
function
(k
is
the
capital
per
cpita):
.
(c)
Cobb-Douglas production function:
(d)
Utility function CESS:
14. - Given the Cobb-Douglas production function:
where Y is the production, A is a technological coefficient, K is the capital input and L

is the labour input, calculate the marginal productivity of capital and of labour.
Calculate its sign and give the economic interpretation.
15. - The profit function of a firm depends on the selling price of the product (p0) and the prices
paid to acquire the two inputs (p1 y p2):
Calculate the sign of the three partial derivatives and give their economic interpretation.
16.- The demand function of a good gives a relationship among the demanded amount of this
good (x) in physical units, the country income per capita (Y) in , the price of the good (p0) in
, and the price of the other goods (p) in :
Calculate the sign of the partial derivatives, their measure units and give their economic
interpretation.
17. - Give the sign and the measure units that will have, in normal conditions, the following
derivatives:
(a) The wage of a worker with respect to time.
(b) The demand of a good with respect to its price.
(c) The amount of sale of a firm with respect to its investment in adverting.
21
(d) The average saving of the citizens of a country with respect to the prices rate.
(e) The price of oil with respect to the supplied amount of oil.
High order derivatives of functions of one or several variables

18. - Let U(x) be the utility function of a consumer, where x is the consumed amount of a good.
(a) Explain the difference of interpretation among
dU
dU
y
dx 1000
dx 10
(b) Which sign would you expect in those derivatives?

(c) Which one would you expect higher?
(d) Which sign would you expect for
(e) If U(10)=365 and
dU
dx 10
d2U
?
dx 2 10
0'22 , calculate proximately U(105)
19. - Given the functions f(x, y)
1 x 2 y2
, g(x, y)
x 2 (1 y)2
2x
(1 y)2
defined in
(x, y) R 2 /(x, y) (0, 1) .
(a) Prove that
(b) Calculate
f
x
g
f
and
y
y
f
2
f
2
and
g
.
x
y2
20.- Study if the following functions are of class C :

(a)
(b) f(x.y.z) = x3 yz -5xz4
21. - Given the function f(x, y)
xy(x 2 y 2 )
. Calculate
x 2 y2
2
f
f
(1,1) .
(1,1) and
x
x y
22. - Justify whether f(x, y) x 2 sen y verifies the Schwarz Theorem for all point of R 2 .
Gradients, Jacobians and Hessians

23. - Calculate the gradient vector of the following functions:
22
(a) f(x,y) = sin(3x2-y)
2
3
1
2
(b) f(x, y,z)
(yz) , at the point (9,4,2)
(c) f(x, y,z)
2x 2 3y 3
, at the point (2,0,1)
xz 3
24. - Calculate the jacobian matrix of the following functions:

(a) f(x,y) = (x-y)3
x2
(b) f(x, y)
(c) f(x)
y,e
at the point (2,0)
5
1
x 2 , , cosx
x
(d) f(x, y)
5
1
x 2 , , cosx
x
25. - Calculate the gradient vector of the function f(x, y)

that f(a,0)
x sen 3 (x 2
xy) .
xseny Lnx
. Calculate the value of a, such
y2 1
(e 1 , e) .
27. Calculate the Jacobian matrix of f(x, y,z)
y z , Ln(x 3y) at the point (2, 1,5) .
28. - Is there any function f such that
29. - Calculate the Hessian matrix of the functions:

(a) f(x,y) = sin(3x2-y)
(b) f(x, y,z)
(c) f(x, y,z)
1
2
2
3
(yz) , at the point (9,4,2)
2x 2
3y 3
z3
, at the point (2,0,1)
30. - If the gradient vector of a real function of two real variables, f(x,y), is
, calculate the Hessian matrix of f(x,y).
23
31. - Calculate the value of a such that the Hessian matrix of f(x, y,z)
xLny
e 2z at the
point (2,1, a) is:
Hf(2,1, a)
32. - Let be f : R 2
0
1
1 0
2 0
R 4 a differentiable function at the point (a,b). Write the expression of
the Jacobian Matrix Jf(a,b) and the Hessian matrix Hf1(a,b) (be sure to put the point (a,b)
correctly in the expression).
|x|
x 1
1. - Study the continuity and derivability of the function f(x)
30 10x 2x 2 , valued in thousands of euros,
2. - The cost function of a given good is C(x)
and the unity price of the good is given by the expression p(x)
60 2x where p is given in
euros. Give
(a)
The domains of both functions.
(b)
The marginal cost.
(c)
The revenue function.
(d)
The utility function U=I-C.
(e)
The marginal income.
(f)
The marginal utility
3. - (a) Calculate the Jacobian matrix at the point (1,0) of the function:
f(x, y) (sen 2 (x 2
y 2 ), Ln(x
y 2 ))
(b) Calculate the Hessian Matrix at the point (1,0) of the function:
g(x, y) e x
4. - Given the function f(x, y) e x
(a) Calculate the gradient vector of the function at the point (1,1) .
24
(b) Calculate the Hessian matrix of the function at the point (1,1) .
5. - (a) Calculate the Jacobian Matrix of the function f(x, y)
xy
, sen(xy) .
x 1
(b) Calculate the Hessian matrix of the function g(x, y) sen(xy) .
7.- The Income due to taxes (in % of PIB) is estimated with the following function:
I(x,y,z) = 0,00006 (100-y) x z
where x is the interest rate (in %), currently x=18; y is the weight of the black economies (in
%), currently y=20; and z is the consumption (in % of PIB), currently z=76.
It is asked:
(a) Calculate the partial derivative of the income per taxes with respect to the black economies
in the current situation, and give the economic interpretation of its sign.
(b) Calculate approximately how will change the income due to taxes if the interest rate
increases to x=20 from the current situation, by assuming that the other variables remain
constant.
(c) Calculate the elasticity with respect to the interest rate in the current situation, this is, the
I x
x I
expression E
(18,20,76)
8. - Answer by reasoning the following questions:

(a) Let C(x, y) be the cost function (in euros) of a firm that produces
y
units
C(40,23)
2550 ,
of
good
C
(x, y) 2x
x
y,
B.
We
x units of a good A and

know
that
C
(x, y) x . With this information,
y
the production cost of 40 unities of A and 28 of B will be approximately of:
i) 3090
ii) 540
iii) 2750
iv) 275238
(b) A firm uses the amount x and y of row materials A and B respectively. When
3, y
7 , the partial derivatives of the cost function are

C
(3,7) 10.,
x
With this information we can deduce that:
25
C
(3,7) 15
y
i)
If the firm uses 5 units of material A without varying the amount of B, the cost of
the firm will increase approximately in 10 m.u.
ii)
If the firm uses 6 units of material B without varying the amount of A, the cost of
iii)
If the firm uses 4 units of material A without varying the amount of B the cost of
iv)
If the firm uses 8 units of material B without varying the amount of A, the cost of
0' 2 0'8
(c) The production function of a firm is given by the expression Q(K,L) = 25K L , where
K is the invested capital and L the number of labour hours. Currently, K = 3125 m.u. and
L = 32 hours. If the firm decides to increase only the number of labour hours to 42 hours,
the approximated production increment:
i) 500 u.
ii) 128 u.
iii) 2100 u.
iv) 50128 u.
9.- Define the concept of gradient of a function f :R3 R at the point (a,b,c).
10.- Given the function f :R
partial derivative
R derivable at the point (a,b,c) explain the interpretation of the
f
( a,b,c )
x2
26
TOPIC 4: DIFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTIONS

Differentiability of the functions
1. - Study the differentiability of the following functions and calculate its differential:
(a)
f(x, y,z) = x 3 y 2xz 2
(d)
f(x, y,z) = xy 2 z
3xyz
(b)
f(x, y) = 2x 2
(e)
f(x, y) = y cosx
lny
(c)
(f)
f(x, y) = cos(x y)
f(x, y) =
x 3 2xy
4x y 2
x2y
xy 3
(a) Justify if it is differentiable at the point (1,1) and, if it is, calculate the differential of the
function at this point.
(b) Use the differential to calculate an approximated value of f(1'1,0'8) .
3. - Study if the function f(x, y)
e x y cos(xy 2 ) is differentiable in R 2 .
4. - Let C(x, y) be the total cost function of a firm which produces x units of a good A and
y units of a good B. We know that:
C(36,20)
(a) Calculate and interpret
2288 ,
C
x
2y ,
C
y
y 2x .
C(36,20)
C(36,20)
y
.
y
x
(b) Justify that the function C(x, y) is differentiable in (36,20) .

(c) Calculate approximately the total cost production of 38 units of the product A and 20
units of product B.
5.- A person pays an annual payment for a loan, which is given by the
P(V, i, n) =
Vi
1 (1 i)
, where i is the interest rate, V the capital on loan (in euros), and n
the time (in years). For a loan of 1000 euros and a time of 10 years, with i = 0.04 :
(a) Calculate approximately the effect on the annual payment of an increasing on the interest
rate to i = 0.0425 .
27
(b) Calculate approximately the effect on the annual payment if simultaneously the loan
diminishes in 100 euros and the time diminishes in 1 year.
6.- The profit (B) of the car industry in Europe in millions of euros varies depending on the oil
price (p) in dollars/barrel, on the economic increasing (g) in percentage points and on the
mean monthly wage (w) in euros. We do not know the exact formula that relates these
variables, but we estimate the effects of change in each variable separately in the current
situation. With the barrel in 90 $, an economic increasing of 2.5% and a mean monthly wage
of 2000 euros, the profits have been of 500 millions of euros and the estimated effects are
B
= 15,
ps
B
= 50,
gs
B
= 0.5.
ws
(a) Settle the units to measure these partial derivatives.

(b) Obtain the approximated benefit to rise next year if the oil price decreases to 82$ per barrel,
the economy increases 1.5% , and the mean monthly wage increases to 2050 euros.
Which mathematic hypothesis is necessary to calculate these benefits?
(c) Calculate a linear and approximated function of benefits for an economic situation similar
to the current one.
7.- The benefit function of a firm is given by B(x, p,i)
xLn(1 i)
p
where x are the units of
production, p is the price of the product (in m.u.) and i advertisement investment (en m.u.).
(a) If the firm produces 1000 units of good and the price is 2 m.u. per unit, with an investment
in advertising of 9 m.u., calculate and interpret the partial derivatives of B in this situation.
(b) Calculate approximately the benefits obtained if the firm would produce 100 units more, the
price would increase in 05 m.u. and the investment in advertising would be 15 m.u. Is it
worth to make this change?
Relationship among the concepts of continuity, derivability and differentiability

8. - Calculate the directional derivative of the following functions, at the given point
and direction:
(a) f(x, y) = 3x 2 y
(b) f(x, y) = xy
xy
x 2
4 en el punto (1,1) en la direccin del vector (0,3) .
y 3 en el punto (3,3) en la direccin del vector (1,2) .

28
9.- Decide whether the following assessments are true or false:

a) All differentiable function at one point is continuous at this point.
b) All continuous function at one point is differentiable at this point.
c) All differentiable function at one point has partial derivatives at this point.
d) All function with partial derivatives at one point is differentiable at this point.
e) All continuous function at one point has partial derivatives at that point.
f) All function with partial derivatives at one point is continuous at that point.
10.- Decide whether the following assessments are true or false:

a) All function of class C1 at one point is differentiable at that point.
b) All differentiable function at one point is of class C1 at that point.
c) All function of class C1 at one point is continuous at that point.
d) All function of class C at one point is differentiable at that point.
e) All function of class C at one point is continuous at that point.
Increasing direction of a function

11.- Given the function f(x, y) = 2x
4y
, calculate which is the direction such that the
x
directional derivative of f in that direction at the point (1, 1) is null.
12.- Calculate the directions of maximal increase, maximal decrease and null increase of the
following functions at the given point:
(a) f(x, y) = (x
3x y
x
y)e
at the point (1,0) .
(b) f(x, y,z) = (xyz) ln x
z 2 at the point (1,1,0) .
13.- Given Cobb-Douglas production function Y(K, L) = 10 K L , obtain the direction of

maximal increase from the situation K = 100 , L = 36 and give the economic interpretation.
14.- Calculate the direction of maximal increase, of maximal decrease and of null
increase of the function
29
(a) f(x, y) 20 4x 2
(b) f(x, y,z) e xy
(c) f(x, y) x 2
y 2 at the point (2, 3).
z 2 at the point (0,2,3).

y 2 at the point ( 1,1).
xy
(d) f(x, y,z) zLn(x 2
y 2 ) at the point (1,1,1).
Derivative of the composite function

15.- Calculate the composite function defined by the following functions. Calculate its partial
derivatives of the first order. Settle that these derivatives are the same as those obtained by
using the chain rule.
(a) f(x, y,z) = e x
y z, x(t) = lnt, y(t) = e t , z = t 3
(b) z(x, y) = x 2
y 2 , x(t) = 3t, y = t 2 .
(c) z(x, y) = x y ,
x(t) = t, y(t) = cos t .
(d) f(u, v) = u 3 v 3
u 1, u(v) = e v .
(e) z(u, v) = ln u 2
v , u(x, y) = e x
(f) f(x, y,z) =
2 y2
, v(x, y) = x 2
y.
e x lny
, y(x, z) = e xz .
z
16.- Calculate the Gradient vector of the composite functions defined by the following
functions at the given points, by using the Chain Rule:
(a) f(x, y) = e x y, x(t) = t 2 ,
(b) z(x, y) = e 3x
2y
y(t) = 3t
, x = 3t 2 , y = cost
(c) f(x, y,z) =
e x lny
, y(x, z) = e xz
z
(d) t(u, v) = u
e v , u(x, y,z) = (xy
at the point t = 0 .
at the point t = .
at the point (x, z) = (0,1) .
z), v(x, z) = z x 2 at the point (x, y,z) = (2, ,0) .
17.- Calculate the differential of the composite functions obtained with the following functions
by using the Chain Rule:
3
r
z 2 , x(r, s) = r s, y(r,s) = , z(r,s) = r s .
s
(a) f(x, y,z) = x 2
y2
(b) z(u, v) = u 3 v 3
u 1, u(x, y) = x 2
y 2 , v(x, y) = e x
30
1.
(c) f(u, v) = u 3 v 3
(d) z(u, v) = ln
u 1, v(u) = e u 1 .
u
, u(x, y) = 3 x y , v(x) = sen 2 (x) .
v
(e) f(u, v) = v
e u , u(x, y,v) = (xv
18.- Let be f : R 2
y) .
R 2 and g : R 2
R defined by
f(x, y) = e xy , x
y,
g(u, v) = vu.
(a) Argue, by applying the Composite Function Theorem, that g f is differentiable at the
point (0,1) .
(b) Calculate, by using the Chain Rule, d g f (0,1)(1,1) .
19.- Calculate the expression of the partial derivatives

x
F(u, v, w), y
z z
being z
,
u v
f(x, y) where
G(u, v, w) .
20.- The benefit function of a firm which produces a single good is

B(x, D, P) = 8D 3x P 100,
where x is the produced amount of good, D is the demand of the good and P are the costs
invested in advertising.
(a) Calculate the partial derivatives of B and interpret them.
(b) Lets assume that the firm, in order to avoid the storage charge, adjusts its production to the
demand, i.e. it considers x = D . Calculate the composite function B(D, P) and its
derivatives. Explain the meaning of these derivatives and the difference of interpretation
with respect to those obtained in the previous paragraph .
(c) The sign of
B
is negative. Which is its meaning? Is it meaningful?
P
(d) The demand of the firm depends on its investment in advertising, this is, the demand is a
function D(P) . The firm does not know this function, but its estimation is that, for a current
investment in advertising P0 ,
dD
dP
=
P0
2
. Is this meaningful?
5
31
dB
. Calculate this derivative
dP P
(e) We can not calculate B(P) , but it is possible to calculate
and interpret it. Is it worth for the firm to increase its investment on advertising?
21.- The price index to consume of an economy depend on the sectorial price indices ( x :
agricultural, y : industry, z : services) following the function
I(x, y,z) = 0.2x 0.35y 0.35z.

From the other side, these price indices depend on the wage level (s) and the interest rate (r)
following the functions
x(s, r) = 2s 5ln r,
y(s,r) = s 2r 2 ,
z(s,r) = s 2
3r.
(a) Calculate the function I(s, r) .

(b) Calculate (by deriving directly) and interpret the derivatives
I
,
x
I
,
y
I
,
z
I
,
s
I
.
r
(c) Calculate the last two derivatives of the previous paragraph by using the Chain Rule. Check
that the results are the same.
22.- Let be the profit function B x, p, p of a firm that produces a unique good, where
x is the amount of produced good, p is its price and p is the average price of the
competence. Currently for the production level x = 100 units and the prices p = 30
u.m. and p = 32 u.m. the estimation is
B
= 4,
x (100,30,32)
B
= 2,
p (100,30,32)
B
p
= 3.
(100,30,32)
Lets assume that the competence adjuste its prices according to those of the firm, in a
way that p = p 2 .
(a) Calculate
B
B
y
. Explain the difference among these derivatives and
p (100,30)
x (100,30)
the former of the paragraph, from a mathematical point of view and from the
economic point of view.
(b) Estimate the profits of the firm when an increasing of two units of production and
an increasing of the price in 0.5 m.u. are given simultaneously. Which hypothesis is
necessary to ask on B(x, p) to apply that approximation?
32
23.- The revenue through taxes (R) is the product of the tax rate (i) times the expenditure in
consumption (G) :
R(i, G) = i G.
Nevertheless, both variables are not independent because the increasing in the tax rate will have
a negative influence on the consumption. Currently, the expenditure is G = 100 millions of
euros with a tax rate i = 0.16 , and it is estimated that
dG
di
= 150.
0.16
Obtain the global effect on the revenue of a marginal increasing in the tax rate.
Derivative of the implicit function

24.- Given the following relationships, determine the existence of a function y(x) in a specific
neighbourhood of x 0 , such that y x 0 = y 0 . Calculate also the derivative of that function at
x0 .
(a) x 2 y
y 2 x = 2 with y(1) = 1 . And with y(2) = 1 ?
(b) x 2
y y 2 x = 4 with y(0) = 1 . And with y(0) = 4 ?
(c) x 2
y 2 = 9 with y(3) = 0 . And with y(0) = 3 ?
(d) x 2
ln(xy) = 4 with y(2) =
(e) x 2 ln(xy) = 0 with y(2) =
1
.
2
1
.
2
25.- The following equations define a function z(x,y) on a neighbourhood of the point
(xo,yo) . Calculate, if possible, the partial derivatives of that function at the given point.
(a) x 2 y
(b) x 2
y 2 z yz2 = 1 with z(1,1) = 1 .

y2
z 2 = 4 with z(0,2) = 0 .
(c) x 2 yz yz2
(d) x 2
2x 2 = 0 with z(1,1) = 1 .
zln(xy) e y
= 5 with z 2,
1
=
2
1
.
2
33
(e) e z
26.-
2xy (yz) = 1 with z(1,0) = 0 .

Let
be
y(x,z)
an
x 2 yz xseny
f(x, y,z)
implicit
function
defined
by
the
implicit
function
2 on a neighbourhood of (x, y,z) (1,2, ) . Calculate the
differential of y at the point (x,z)=(1,2) with dx
0'2, dz
0'1 .
x2
27.- Let be x(y,z) an implicit function given by f(x, y,z)
y2z z3
1 on a
neighbourhood of (x, y,z) (3,1,2) Calculate, at the point (y,z)=(1,2), the partial derivatives
x
,
y
x
.
z
28.- Calculate the partial derivatives of the implicit function z with respect to x and y given
by the equation f(x, y,z)
x2
y2
z2
14 at the point (x, y,z) (1,2,3) .
29.- The profits of a firm are given by the function B(x, y) = e y
xy , where x and y are
the produced amount of two different commodities. Calculate the relationship of substitution of
the second commodity with respect to the first RSP =
dy
if the current level of production
dx
is (x, y) = (20,20) and give the interpretation of the obtained value.
30.- The combination of three goods of consumption (x, y,z) which provide the same
utility for a consumer is 2lnx
lny 0.5lnz ln240 = 0 . If the consumer has a consumption
of x = 4 , y = 5 and z = 9 , explain how should vary consumptions x and y if the goal is to

diminish consumption z in a marginal unit, maintaining the utility level.

1.- Let be f : R 2
R a differentiable function. Say what kind of object (a real number, a
vector, a matrix or a function) is:

a)
df(1,2)(dx, dy); df(1,2)(3,1); df(x, y)(3,1) .
b)
f
;
y
f
.
y (1,2)
c)
f(2,3); Hf(2,3) .
34
d) The direction of maximum increase of f at the point (1, 1) .
e) The directional derivative of f at (2,1) in the direction of the vector (1, 1) .
f) The Taylor Polynomial of degree 1 of f at the point (2,3) .
2.- The cost function of a firm, at an instant t (given in years) is
C(x, y,t) = 100 (20x 10y)e0.01t,

where x and y are the amount of each one of both produced goods. At the current year t = 0
the production has been (x 0 , y 0 ) = (50,30) .
(a) Calculate the partial derivatives of C in the current situation.
(b) Taking into account the values obtained in the previous paragraph, which would be the
expected cost next year (t = 1) if, simultaneously, it would increase the production of the
first good in 1 unit and would decrease the production of the second good in 2 units?
Which hypothesis should verify the function to make that approximation? Is it verified for
that Cost function?
(c) The amount of the produced goods varies with time x = x(t) , y = y(t), and the firm
estimates that
dx
dt
Calculate and interpret
derivative and
= 1,
0
dy
= 0.5.
dt 0
dC
. Which is the difference of interpretation among this
dt 0
C
?
t (50,30,0)
(d) Taking into account the values obtained in the previous paragraph, which would be the
expected cost next year (t = 1) ? Which hypothesis should verify the function to make that
approximation? Is it verified for that Cost function?
3.- The production of the firm remains constant if the productive factors verify the
relationship 25x1/2 y1/2 = 1000 . Calculate
dy
if the firm uses 100 units of the first factor
dx
(x) and 16 units of the second (y), and give the economic interpretation of the result.
35
4.- Given the function f(x, y,z) zexy where x

at the point (u, v)
2v, y
2u, z
Ln(u v) , calculate
f
u
(1,0) , by using the Chain Rule.
5.- The estimated demand function of a good is given by

D(x, p, p')
60p' 1 xp'
p
where p is the selling price of the good, x is the marketing effort dedicated to that good and
p' is the average selling price of the competitors. Currently the marketing effort is x
percentage) and the prices are p
0 (in
p' 15 m.u. It is asked:
(a) Calculate and interpret the partial derivatives of D(x, p, p') in the current situation.
(b) Study if the function D is differentiable and calculate the differential of D in the current
situation.
(c) Study, through the differential, how does the whole effect of an increasing of the marketing
effort of x
0'01, an increasing of the selling price of p 1 m.u. and a decreasing of
the average selling price of the competitors of p'
2 m.u. affect to the demand.
6.- Let be f(x, y) a differentiable function on all R 2 such that
f(5,9)
x
7 and
df(5,9)(0.1,0.2) 1'5.
Justify which of the following assessments are true:
(a) An increase of one unit on the variable y by remaining the variable x fixed, implies an
approximated increase of 15 units on the value of the function.
(b) An increase of one unit on the variable y by remaining the variable x fixed, implies an
approximated increase of 4 units on the value of the function.
(c) An increase of one unit on the variable y by remaining the variable x fixed, implies an
approximated decrease of 4 units on the value of the function.
7.- A firm produces three commodities and obtain a benefit B(p1 , p 2 , p 3 ) where p i is the price
of commodity i, i
1,2,3 . The prices of goods are fixed as a function of the price of the two
raw materials which are used:
p1
1
q1
2
3
q2 , p2
2
3
q1 , p 3
5
36
1
q1
3
2
q2 .
3
It is known that:
B(p1 , p 2 , p 3 )
2p1 ,2,
1
,
6
B 6,
18 10
,
5 3
1669
.
45
(a) Obtain, by using the Chain Rule, the partial derivatives of the Benefit Function with respect
to the prices of the raw materials, when q1
6, q 2
2.
(b) Calculate which World be, approximately, the Benefit obtained by the firm if the raw
material prices would be q1
6'5, q 2
1'75 .
8.- Let be C(x, p,q) the cost function of a firm, where x is the production (in units of product)
p,q
and
are
x 1200, p
the
6, q
prices
(in
euros)
7, C(1200,6,7)
C
12,
x (1200,6,7)
of
both
used
inputs.
Currently
25000 . Also,
C
4,
p (1200,6,7)
C
6.
q (1200,6,7)
(a) Interpret the derivatives.

(b) Which would be the expected variation on the cost function if the price of the first input
would be p
4?
(c) By assuming that C is differentiable, which would be the expected cost if the price of the
first input is p
4 and the second one q 10 ?.
f(x, y) x 2
9.- Given the function
7y 2
axy
with
u2
.Calculate the value of the parameter a such that the partial derivative
(u, v)
v2 , y
3u 5v
f
at the point
u
(2,1) is equal to 272.
10.- Let be y the benefit function of a firm which is given by the relationship
f(x, y,z) 5x 12z xy
y2
393 where y is the implicit function of the variables x
and z , that represent the sold amount of goods A and B respectively.

a) Determine, by using the implicit derivative, which is the best option for the firm, to
sell one unit more of good A or to sell one unit more of good B, when the sold
amounts of goods A and B are x
5, z 11 .
37
b) Lets assume that the sold amounts depend on the prices of both commodities, p1
and p 2 , through the relationship x
p1
4p 2 ,
5p1
2p 2 . Calculate, by
using the Chain Rule, the marginal benefits being the current prices p1
3, p 2
2.
11.- Answer (and justify) the following questions:

(a) Which of the following assessments are true:
i)
If a function is not continuous, then it will be differentiable only if the partial

derivatives of first order are equal.
ii)
If a function is constant then the error, when we approximate the exact

increment by the total differential, is different from zero.
iii)
If
f
x
6x 2
3y
2xz,
f
y
3x 16y 3
z,
f
z
x2
y sen z ,
then f(x, y,z) is differentiable.

iv)
Polynomials are differentiable only when they depend on one variable.
(b) The demand of a commodity is given by D(p1 , p 2 )
300 20p12
30p 2 being p1 the 1-
unit price of this commodity, and p 2 the 1-unit price of one similar commodity produced
by the competitor. It is known that prices vary with time, following the formulas
p1
2 0'05t,
p2
2 0'1 t where t is measured in months. After 4 months:
i)
The demand will increase.
ii)
The demand will decrease.
iii)
The demand will remain constant.
iv)
With these data it is not possible to know how the demand varies.
(c) Given the function f(x, y,z)
dx
0'1, dy
xy 9z , the point (x, y,z) (1,2,3) , and the increments
0'3 . The increment of variable z, in order to have df(1,2,3) equal to
2'15, is:
i) 225
ii) 015
(d) Given the function f(x, y) e 2x

i)
An increment
5y
iii) 025
iv) 085
and the point (x, y) = (0,0) :
produces an approximated increment of the function equal
to 1 unit.
ii)
Increments
in the variables produce an approximated
decreasing of 08 units in the function.

iii)
A decreasing of 1 unit in the variable

function of units.
38
y produces an approximated increment of the
iv)
An increment of 1 unit in each variable produces an exact increment of 7 units in

the function.
12.- Give a sufficient condition of differentiability.

13.-- Give a necessary condition of differentiability.
14.- Write the following expressions:
a) Differential of a real function of 3 variables at the point (a,b,c).
b) Differential of a real function of one variable at a point a.
c) Differential of a function from R2 to R3 at a point (a,b).
39
TOPIC 5: INTRODUCTION TO THE INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Elementary techniques of integral calculus
1.- Calculate the following integrals:
(a)
(cos 2x sen3x)dx
(d)
(2 x
(g)
(j)
3
x
x
)dx
3
x 2
2 x 2
(m)
x 4 )dx
(x 2
(senx e x
(aa)
x cos( 5x 2
( x 3)
3x
x2
(h)
x2
4 3
6x )1 / 3
2
1 x2
(p)
3x )dx
5 5x
1
)dx
x
(s)
3)dx
(v)
x2
(y)
7 x
dx
x
(bb)
dx
3
sen(5x )e cos 5x dx
(f)
sen(2x 3)dx
(i)
(2x 1) 2
dx
2x
()
2e x
e 2x
(q)
dx
(t)
2x 4 dx
dx
33 x 2
3
dx
(2x 5) 4
xcos xdx
(b)
e x sin xdx
40
dx
x 2 (3x 3 14) 3 dx
(w)
5 5x
(z)
3ln 3x
dx
x
6dx
dx
2.- Calculate the following integrals

(a)
dx
ex
6dx
33 x 2
senx
1 cos 2 x
dx
3x 2
(c)
(l)
4x
3
dx
dx
dx
(n)
1
)dx
x
(r)
(x 2
x3 6x
1 9x 2
(x 2 1) cos(x 3
(x)
(e)
(k)
(o)
(u)
4
x 1 x 2 dx
1 x6
dx
3x 3
(b)
2 x
x e dx
(d)
ln x dx
Riemann Integral: Integrability conditions and the Barrows Rule

3.- Determine if the following functions are Riemann integrable. In affirmative case, calculate
the value of the integral in the given interval.
(x 2) 2 if
(a) f(x)
(b) f(x)
if
x 2
(c) f(x)
[0,3].
[0,3]
1 si 0
2 si 2
4.- Calculate the following integrals:

(a)
(d)
1
0
(g)
/2
(c)
(e)
f(x)
f(x)
(h)
1
0
5
0
x
dx
1 x2
(c)
dx
x 6
(f)
ex
dx
1 2e x
(i)
21
2
sen 2 xcosx dx
5.- Calculate
2
0
x 2 e x dx
(a)
(b)
cos 2x dx
5
2
e2
1
2x 1 dx
(x sen 2x)dx
3ln 2 x
dx
x
f(x) dx for the following functions:
x2
si x
si x
x 1/2
x 2 12
(b)
f(x)
(d)
si x 4
si x 4
si x 1
xln x
si x 1
f(x)
si x
x 1
1
si x
5
e
e
6.- Calculate the area limited by the curve y = x2 and the straight line y = x.
7.- Calculate the area limited by the curve y
and x=4.
41
x3
6x 2
8x and the axis OX among x=0
8 Calculate the area limited by the curves y =x2-6x+9, y =-x2+ 4x -3
9.- The marginal cost of constructing a building, CMg(x), of height x (in metres) is known and
it is given by the following function (in thousands of euros per metre):
CMg(x)
dCT
dx
10 x 0.2x 2
where x is the height in metres of the building and CT is the total cost of constructing the whole
building. It is asked:
(a) The cost of constructing between the 40 and 50 metre.
(b) The cost of constructing the whole building of 50 metres.
(c) The average cost per metre of constructing the whole building of 50 metres.
10.- The function that expressed the additional wage of a representative individual when he is a
year older is w(x)
6 0,2x , where w is the additional wage in euros and x the age in years.
It is asked:
(a) Calculate the function of the total wage as a function of the age W(x), knowing that when
the individual is 30 years old, the annual wage is 20.520 .
(b) Calculate the total wage that will get the individual during all his labour life (between 25
and 65 years).
(c) Calculate the average annual wage between the 25 and 65 years.
11.- The cost function of a firm is such that the fixed cost is CF = 80 and the marginal cost C is
given by the following function of the commodity C(q) = 2e0.2q. Determine the total cost
function C(q).
12.- The marginal propensity to save in a given economy is expressed by the following
function of income, Y:
1
.
Y
S(Y) = 0.28 0.15
If the saving is null when the income Y is 90, calculate the saving function S(Y).
13.- The rate of the capital stock formation of an economy, at an instant t, is given by the net
investment in t, I(t). If that function is:
I(t)
dK
dt
42
3t
and the initial stock of capital is K(0)=65 thousands of millions of euros, obtain the temporary
path of the stock of capital. Calculate the net investment done during the interval [1,3], this is,
during the second and the third year.
14.- The future value, VF, of a continuous investment of capitals per unit of time, C(t),
capitalized to an interest rate i during the period of time [0,b] is the following Riemann integral:
b
C(t)ei(b t) dt
VF
0
(a) Calculate the final value for a saver with a continuous investment of 1000 per year during
ten years, period [0,10], with i=0,025.
(b) Calculate the final value if the capital is 1000e0,01t per year (increasing capital).
(c) Calculate the additional final value accumulated in the 10th year (in the interval [9,10]) if
the capital flux is the one given in paragraph (a).
Improper Integrals of real functions of first and second class

15.- Solve the following integrals:
(a)
dx
x4
(b)
e 2x dx
(e)
dx
(h)
(d)
(g)
x
(j)
3
1
(m)
9
03
(x 2)
(k)
xdx
x2 1
(o)
5/3
dx
(n)
dx
x2
(f)
dx
(i)
x
x
dx
1
dx
( x 1)2
43
xe
x2
x
x 1
(x-5)
dx
(x 1) 4
dx
1
x4
2 2
3
0
(c)
dx
ex
(l)
1
0
()
dx
x 1/4
dx
01 x
1
dx
dx
16.- The current value, VA, of a continuous flux of capital per unit of time, C(t), discounted to
an interest rate i during a period of time [0,b] is the following Riemann integral:
b
C(t)e it dt
VA
0
It is asked:
(a) Calculate the current value of a continuous capital of 100 per month (constant capital)
during two years, period [0,24], with i=0,003.
(b) Calculate the current value if the capital is 100e0,001t per month (increasing capital).
(c) Calculate the current value if the capital flux is of 100 per month during the whole of life
(perpetual), this is, the period is [0,+ [.
First-Order Differential Equations. Separation of variables.

17.- Check that the given functions are specific solutions of the corresponding Differential
Equations:
(a) y + 2y = 0,
Solutions:
y(x) = e-2x,
(b) y + xy = 0,
Solution:
y(x)
(c) y+y=senx,
Solution:
y(x)
x2
2
y(x) = 5e-2x.
.
1
cos x
2
1
sen x
2
18.- Check that the given functions are general solutions of the corresponding differential
equations. Find the single particular solution that verifies, in each case, the given condition.
(a) y+2y=0,
y(0)=2
Solution: y(x) = Ae-2x
(b) y+y = senx,
y(0) = -1
Solution: y(x)
Ae
(c) y+2y = x2,
y(0) = 1
Solution: y(x)
1
4
1
x
2
19.- Solve:
(a)
dy
dx
(b)
dy
dx
2y
x
y
44
1
cos x
2
1 2
x
2
1
sen x
2
Ae
2x
(c) 1 e x y
dy
dx
ex ,
(d) 1 y 2 dx
(e)
dy
senx
dx
xy dy
0.
ycosx .
(f) x 1 x 2 dx
(g) y ln y dx
y(0) = 1.
y 1 y 2 dy
x dy
0,
0,
y(0)=1.
y(1)=1.
20.- Solve:
(a)
dy
dx
2xy
(b)
dy
dx
2y 1
(c)
dy
dx
2xy
(d)
dy
dx
xy
(e)
dy
dx
y
x
2x
2x ,
y(0) = -1.
x
3
x
21.- Let be the following demand and supply functions of a commodity:

Q d (t) 60 3p(t)
Q s (t)
32 5p(t)
The adjustment produced on the commodity price, when disequilibrium in the market, is given
by the following differential equation:
dp
dt
0,3(Q d
Qs ) .
Obtain the temporary path of the market price of that commodity if its initial price is p(0)=6.
Study if there is convergence to the equilibrium price or divergence when time goes on.
45
22.- A population of number H changes with the time, as a function of the reproduction rate n
and the net number of immigrants arrived, I, following the differential equation:
dH
dt
nH
Knowing that the initial population is H(0)=442 millions, n=0,005 and I=0,15, it is asked:
(a) Calculate the total population function through the time, H(t).
(b) Obtain the moment t when the population will reach the number of 50 millions.
(c) How much time is necessary to increase the population in 3 millions of people?

1.- What type of integrals are the following? Calculate them, if possible
5
a) xe x dx
b)
3e
d)
2x
dx
-4
( x - 1)
e)
j)
h)
0
f ( x )dx con f(x)

0
dx
e x
dx
x
xlnx x
f)
x3
x2
1 x3
0
dx
e 3 x dx
i)
-
dx
c)
f ( x)dx with f(x)
j)
( 4 2 x )3
0
k)
dx
dx
2
0 1 2x
1
3 dx
(x 2)
g)
3
x 3
4x 1
1
x 3
2
2.- Study the convergence or divergence of the following integrals, as a function of the
value
dx
a
con a>0
46
3.- A firm dedicated to trade with bricolage goods has as marginal cost (in millions of
euros per year)
Cm = t3-3t2+3t
Which will be the accumulated total cost of the firm from 2002 until 2010?
4.- A firm was establish with an initial capital of 200000 and its marginal benefits in the
following 5 years has been given by Bm(t) = (5
t )e 5t
0 , 5t 2 2
/ao. Calculate the accumulated
benefit of the firm in that period, the average Benefit and the final capital of the firm.
5.- Solve the differential equation:

y 2xy
6.- Find the solution of the differential equation y + ycos(x) = cos(x) that verifies the
condition y(0) = -1.
7.- Find the solution of the differential equation y '
ycosx
that verifies the
condition y(0) = 4.
8.- Find the solution of the differential equation
y'
(x 3) that verifies the condition
y2
y(2) = 1/4.
9.- Calculate the function y(x) that verifies the equation y=4xlnx and that satisfies the
initial condition y(1) = 5.
10.- Calculate the function y(x) that verifies the equation 6 yy'
initial condition y(1) = 0.
47
x 0 and satisfies the

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PROBLEMS FOR

ACADEMIC COURSE 2016-17

TOPIC O. Elementary Mathematics Exercises

2. Compute/simplify the following arithmetic operations:

3. - Perform the factorial decomposition of the following polynomials. This is,

4. - Calculate the division of the following polynomials:

5. - Solve the following equations:

6. - Solve the following inequations:

7. - Discuss whether the following assessments are true or false:

Are true the reciprocal implications?

9. - Calculate, with calculator, the value of the following expressions:

log(2 x + 7) log( x 1) = log 5

12. - Given f(x) = x2 and g(x) = -x3+x. Calculate:

13. - Calculate the derivatives of the following functions:

TOPIC 1: BASIC REVIEW OF ALGEBRA

2. - Given the matrices:

Calculate 3A+2B and 2A+B

5. - Calculate the rank of the following matrices:

7. - Find the inverse of the following matrices, if it exists:

Systems of Linear and non Linear Equations

14.-Write, if possible, in a matrix way, the following systems of equations:

Auto checking exercises

3. - Let be the following matrices

4. - Obtain the values of x,y,z that verify the following equation:

5. - Classify the following system and, if possible, solve it:

6. - Calculate the value of m in order to make compatible the following system:

TOPIC 2: LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS

consumer, p the commodity price and p the substitutive commodity price.

36q 20 being C the cost function and q the daily production.

K 2 being Q the production function, K the capital and L the labour.

CF3 being U utility function of a consumer, C the chocolate consumption

and F the strawberry consumption.

3. - Study the homogeneity of the following functions. If the function is homogeneous,

4. - Given the following production functions:

are the real parameters, and A, , >0.

are the real parameters, and A, , >0.

are the real parameters, A, , >0

5.- The total cost of a firm in is given by the function:

6. - Calculate (if there exists) the composite function gf and fg being:

7. - Calculate the composition of the function:

at the point (x,z)=(0,1).

d. t(u,v) = u e , u(x, y,z) = (xy z), v(x,z) = z x at the point (x,y,z)=(2,1,0).

8.- The production function of a firm is given by Q(K,L,M) =

where K is the capital, L

number of workers and M number of machines.

ln(xy) 4 0 Calculate x(y)

11. - Draw the graph of the following functions:

12. - Given the functions:

13. - Draw the graph of the following functions:

80Q 0.2Q 2 where I represents the income and Q the production

14. - Draw the graph of the following isoquant with:

(b) Output Level 10 of the function f(x, y)

15. - Lets consider the utility function given by U(x, y)

y , where x and y are the

Limit and continuity concept

17. - Calculate, if there exists, the following limits:

18. - Given the function

19. - Given the function:

20. - Given the function:

draw its graph. Study its continuity at x=2.

21. - Study the continuity of the following functions:

f(x, y) xy sen(xy) ln(x 2

f(x, y) sen(xy) ln( x

22.-Given the function: F(x, y)