1.

TITLE
The impact of jet.

2.0

OBJECTIVE
1. To investigate the reaction force produced by the impact of a jet of water on to
various target vanes.
2. To experimentally determine the force required to keep a target at a datum level
while it is subjected to the impact of a water jet.
3. To compare the experimentally measured force with the theoretically calculated
force.

3.0

INTRODUCTION
3.1

General Analysis
When a jet of water flowing with a steady velocity strikes a solid surface, the

water is deflected to flow along the surface. Unlike the impact of solid bodies, there is
no rebound and unless the flow is highly turbulent, there will be no splashing. If
friction is neglected by assuming an inviscid fluid and it is also assumed that there are
no losses due to shocks then the magnitude of the water velocity is unchanged, the
pressure exerted by the water on the solid surface will everywhere be at right angles
to the surface. Newtons second law of motion states that a mess that is accelerated
required a force that is equal to the product of the mass and acceleration. In fluid
mechanics, whenever fluid are forced to go through a restriction or change direction.
The analogy to newtons second law in fluid mechanics is known as the momentum
equation.

Figure 3.1: The impact of a jet.

Consider a jet of water which impacts on to a target surface causing the
direction of the jet to be changed through and angle as shown above. In the absence of
friction, the magnitude of the velocity across the surface is equal to the incident
velocity;

V i.

The impulse force exerted on the target will be equal and opposite to

the force which acts on the water to impart the change in direction.
Applying Newtons second law in the direction of the incident jet.
Force=Mass Acceleration
Mass flow rate change velocity

F x =M V
X ,
V X , out V
M

X ,
V i cosV
F x =M
F x =M V i ( 1cos )
But

M =Q

therefore,

F=Q V i ( 1cos )

And dividing through by

Q V i

which is the incident momentum.

F
=1COS
Q V i

3.2

Application to impact of jet apparatus

In each case it is assumed that there is no splashing or rebound of the water

from the surface so that the exit is parallel to the exit angle of the target.
a)

Effects of Height
The nozzle velocity (exit velocity) can be calculated from the measured flow

rate and the nozzle exit area.

V n=

Q
A

However, as the nozzle is below the target, the impact velocity will be less
than the nozzle velocity due to interchanges between potential energy and kinetic
energy.
Applying the Bernoulli equation between nozzle and plate:
2

( )( )

( )( )

Pn
V
P
V
+ n + ( Z n )= i + i + ( Z i )

2g

2g

Since the jet is open to the atmosphere,

( P )( P )=0
n

And,
3

( Zn ) ( Z i) =h
Therefore,
2

V i =V n 2 gh
Where h is the height of target above the nozzle exit.
b)

Impact on flat 180 plane target

For flat 180 plane target is 90. Therefore cos=0
F
=1COS=1
Q V i

c)

Impact on 120 conical and 30 flat plate target

The target exit angle, is 120. Therefore cos=0.5
F
=1COS=0.5
Q V i

d)

Impact in hemisphere target

The target exit angle, is 180. Therefore cos=1
F
=1COS=2
Q V i
By using the above equation, we can compare the theoretical and experimental

of force value of target with different angle.

Theoretically,
F=mg

Experimentally,
F=Q V i (1cos)

4.0

APPARATUS

Figure 4.1: Impact of jet apparatus.

1.

Weight platform

6.

Pointer

2.

Spring tension adjuster

7.

Interchangeable target

3.

Wing nut

8.

Interchangeable nozzle

4.

Screw nut

9.

Brass weight

5.

Weight carrier

10.

Water inlet

Figure 4.2: Target vains.

5.0

METHODS
1. The weight platform is opened by unscrewing the screw nut and the screw wing nut.
2. The 5 mm nozzle and the hemisphere target vane is attached at the bottom and top of
the vertical shaft respectively.
3. The weight platform is closed by unscrewing wing nut and screw the nut.
4. The weight carrier is positioned on the weight platform.
5. The spring tension adjuster is adjusted to ensure the distance of 20 mm between the
nozzle and the target vane by first the spring is pressed until the target vane touched
the nozzle.
6. The pointer is moved so that it is aligned to the weight platform.
7. The spring is released and the spring tension is adjusted to ensure the distance
between the weight platform and the pointer is 20 mm, and it is recorded as h.
8. The pointer is moved to be aligned with the weight platform that is floating in mid
position.
9. The pump is turned on and the water is established by steadily opened the bench
control valve until fully opened.
10. The target vane will now be deflected by the impact of jet. A weight is added onto the
weight carrier until the weight platform is again floating in mid position.
11. The flow rate is measured and recorder together with the corresponding value of
weight on the weight carrier. The form of the deflected jet is observed and notes its
shape.
12. The weight on the weight carrier is reduced in steps and the weight platform is
maintained balance by regulating the flow rate for a few steps, the value of flow rate
and weight carrier is recorded.
13. The control valve and the pump is off.
14. The experiment is repeated by changing the target vane and nozzles.

6.0

RESULTS

Nozzle Size
m

: 5 mm (Diameter)

Target : Flat 30

Nozzle Area

2
: 19.63 mm /0.01963

Time (s)
Weight

Volume

(g)

(Liter)

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Average
T1
6.48
5.97
5.81
5.32
3.60
5.75
6.68
5.69

T2
6.76
5.78
5.50
4.84
4.25
5.94
4.97
6.75

T3
6.67
5.90
5.87
4.91
5.41
6.07
5.66
5.91

Flow

Nozzle

Impact

Rate, Q

velocity,

velocity,

Time (s)

3
( m /

Vn

6.64
5.88
5.73
5.02
4.42
5.92
5.77
6.12

s)
0.3012
0.3401
0.3490
0.3984
0.4525
0.3378
0.3466
0.3268

(m/s)
15.3439
17.3255
17.7789
20.2955
23.0515
17.2084
17.6566
16.6480

h (mm)

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Vi
(m/s)
15.3311
17.3142
17.7679
20.2858
23.0430
17.1970
17.6455
16.6362

Theoretica
l force,
Fn

(N)

350.0000
299.9996
250.0000
200.0004
149.9998
100.0002
49.9996
0

Experimenta

Error

l Force, F (N)

(%)

41.1878
45.0195
39.5069
41.1920
26.5726
14.8043
7.7929
0

88.23
84.99
84.20
79.40
82.28
85.20
84.14
0

Nozzle Size
m

: 5 mm (Diameter)

Target : Flat 180

Nozzle Area

2
: 19.63 mm /0.01963

Time (s)
Weight

Volume

(g)

(Liter)

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Average
T1
6.84
8.44
6.94
6.12
7.14
6.99
6.50
6.40

T2
6.97
6.69
7.16
7.41
7.01
6.77
7.10
7.09

T3
5.87
7.09
6.38
7.44
6.58
6.68
7.34
6.49

Flow

Nozzle

Impact

Rate, Q

velocity,

velocity,

Time (s)

3
( m /

Vn

6.56
7.41
6.83
6.99
6.91
6.81
6.98
6.66

s)
0.3049
0.2699
0.2882
0.2861
0.2894
0.2937
0.2865
0.3003

(m/s)
15.5323
13.7494
14.6816
14.5746
14.7427
14.9618
14.5950
15.2980

h (mm)

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Vi
(m/s)
15.5197
13.7351
14.6682
14.5611
14.7294
14.9487
14.5816
15.2852

Theoretica
l force,
Fn

(N)

350.0000
299.9996
250.0000
200.0004
149.9998
100.0002
49.9996
0

Experimenta

Error

l Force, F (N)

(%)

168.8267
113.3669
107.7313
84.9325
65.1791
44.7552
22.7528
0

51.76
62.21
56.91
57.53
56.55
55.24
54.50
0

Nozzle Size
m

: 5 mm (Diameter)

Target : Hemisphere

Nozzle Area

: 19.63 mm

/0.01963

Time (s)
Average

Flow

Nozzle

Impact

Rate, Q

velocity,

velocity,

Weight

Volume

(g)

(Liter)

T1

T2

T3

Time (s)

3
( m /

Vn

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

5.91
6.47
6.84
6.75
7.09
7.66
7.03
7.29

6.62
6.15
5.38
6.59
6.60
5.68
5.78
6.38

6.13
6.65
5.63
6.09
6.88
6.59
5.78
6.19

6.22
6.42
5.95
6.48
6.86
6.64
6.20
6.62

s)
0.3215
0.3115
0.3361
0.3086
0.2915
0.3012
0.3226
0.3021

(m/s)
16.3780
15.8686
17.1218
15.7208
14.8497
15.3439
16.4340
15.3897

h (mm)

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Vi
(m/s)
16.3768
15.8674
17.1207
15.7196
14.8484
15.3426
16.4328
15.3884

Theoretica
l force,
Fn

(N)

350.0000
299.9996
250.0000
200.0004
149.9998
100.0002
49.9996
0

Experimenta

Error

l Force, F (N)

(%)

46.9624
37.7881
36.6607
24.7252
16.5456
11.7769
6.7548
0

86.58
87.40
85.34
87.64
88.97
88.22
86.49
0

10

Nozzle Size

: 5 mm (Diameter)

Target : Cone 120

Nozzle Area

: 19.63 mm

/0.01963

m2

Time (s)
Average

Flow

Nozzle

Impact

Rate, Q

velocity,

velocity,

Weight

Volume

(g)

(Liter)

T1

T2

T3

Time (s)

3
( m /

Vn

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

6.28
7.65
8.60
6.69
6.53
5.69
6.40
7.22

5.78
6.59
6.47
6.25
6.75
6.52
6.34
5.82

5.43
6.57
5.97
6.22
7.12
6.29
6.85
7.00

5.83
6.94
7.01
6.39
6.80
6.17
6.53
6.68

s)
0.3431
0.2882
0.2853
0.3130
0.2941
0.3241
0.3063
0.2994

(m/s)
17.4783
14.6816
14.5339
15.9450
14.9822
16.5104
15.6037
15.2522

h (mm)

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Vi
(m/s)
17.4671
14.6682
14.5204
15.9327
14.9691
16.4985
15.5911
15.2393

Theoretica
l force,
Fn

(N)

350.0000
299.9996
250.0000
200.0004
149.9998
100.0002
49.9996
0

Experimenta

Error

l Force, F (N)

(%)

53.4542
32.3193
26.3932
25.4177
16.8289
13.6270
6.0850
0

84.73
89.23
89.44
87.29
88.78
86.37
87.83
0

11

7.0

DISCUSSION

1. Discussion differences obtained from the experiment as compared to theoretical

calculation.
2. Possible factors influencing the results:
a. The factor which influenced the result is that the water flow velocity, where if
the velocity is high when rate of flow was rapid.
b. Besides that, weight of load also effects to the result because if the weight of
load is high, the distance between the nozzle and plate will be near and the rate
of water flow hence will be high.
c. The result obtained for the rate of flow, which should be recorded every 2 ml
was not properly done. Many times in the experiment, the time recorded
exceeds 2 ml then resumed to the next level.
d. Readjustments were not properly made for the datum each time is added to the
device, hence increasing errors to the data recorded.
3. Applications of water jet:
a. Usage in water dams (to move the turbines, next generating electricity).
b. Water pressure test in building piping system.

12

8.0

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we successfully get the objective of the test where to compare the

forces obtained from the experiment and the actual force using theoretical formula. It is also
understood how this force affects the rate of momentum flow in the jet based on the
experiment. Besides that, we also can know the difference water flow from different target
vane and size of the nozzles.

13

9.0

APPENDIX (Calculation)

14