Top US Students Fare Poorly in International PISA Test Scores

Top US students fare poorly in international PISA test scores, Shanghai t...
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http://educationbythenumbers.org/content/top-us-students-fare-poorly-int...
Top US students fare poorly in international

PISA test scores, Shanghai tops the world, Finland
slips
NCES Commissioner Jack Buckleys Briefing Slide on PISA

results
Conventional wisdom is that top U.S. students fare well compared to their peers across the globe. According
to this line of reasoning, the US doesnt make it on the list of the top 25 countries in math (or top 15 in
reading) because America has higher poverty and racial diversity than other countries do, which drags down
the national average.
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Wrong.
The latest 2012 PISA test results, released Dec. 3, 2013, show that the U.S. lags among 65 countries (or sub
country entities) even after adjusting for poverty. Top U.S. students are falling behind even average students
in Asia. I emphasize Asia because Asian countries (or sub entities) now dominate the top 10 in all subjects:
math, reading and science.
In descending order from the top spot in math, they are (1) Shanghai, (2) Singapore, (3) Hong Kong, (4)
Taipei, (5) Korea, (6) Macao, (7) Japan, (8) Lichtenstein, (9) Switzerland and (10) the Netherlands. Most of
these countries are also posting top-of-the charts reading scores. (Heres the global list. See Table 1.A on
page 19. I also chain the list in two parts at the bottom of the post for those who are having trouble
clicking on the pdf file. Click on it to see a larger full-screen version.)
Lets break down the data for the 2012 PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) conducted by
the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) taken by 15 year olds around the
world.
* The United States has a below average share of top performers in mathematics. Only 2% of students in the
United States reached the highest level (Level 6) of performance in mathematics, compared with an OECD
average of 3% and 31% of students in Shanghai, the top performing entity in this years PISA test.
* Students at the 90th percentile in the United States the very top are below the average student in
Shanghai. Top U.S. students scored 600 in math. The average score in Shanghai was 613. (Click on chart at
the top right of the page to see this in more detail).
* Massachusetts, the top performing state in the nation, did not come close to the top 10 in math. Their 15
year olds scored a 514 in mathematics, placing the state even with Germany at number 16. (To put this in
context, Germany is alarmed by how low its PISA scores are.) Massachusetts did prove better in reading.
Only three education systems scored higher.
* Poverty rates alone do not explain low U.S. test scores. In a telephone briefing, Andres Schleicher
explained that the OECD attempted to adjust test scores for income and put all the students of the world on a
level playing field. It turns out that the US has slightly lower poverty and diversity than other OECD
countries on average. The average U.S. test score dropped after making this adjustment.
* There is also a problem at the bottom end in the United States. The scores of low-income Americans are
exceedingly low. The U.S. has a higher percentage of kids that cant even hit the lowest levels on the math
tests than other OECD countries do on average. So, it is true that the scores of poor U.S. students are
dragging the average down. Still, absent poor students, U.S. scores would still be low.
Interesting tidbits:
* Finnish slide. Seven years ago, U.S. educators and policy makers were all traveling to Finland, trying to
understand the secrets behind its high achievement. Finland declined between 2006-2009 and again between
2009-2012, scoring 548 in math in 2006 and 519 in 2012. Finland is firmly out of the top 10 in math and
science, although its reading scores are still high. The OECDs Andres Schleicher says that demographic
changes and immigration have not been high enough to explain the test score slide and its a bit of a mystery.
* Poland is showing substantial increases in test scores on all three tests, rising well above the United States.
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* Vietnams debut on the list is very impressive. This high poverty nation falls between Austria and Germany
at #17.
* Stagnation. U.S. scores on PISA exams havent improved over the past decade. See here. Thats a bit of a
contrast from the NAEP exam where American students have been showing modest improvement. I believe
the NAEP exam plays to U.S. strengths of simple equation solving. It has fewer word problems where
students have to apply their knowledge to a new circumstance and write their own equations and models.
* Shanghai was also the top performer in 2009. Other provinces in China are expected to start reporting PISA
results beginning with the next 2015 test and have similarly high scores.
* Asia rising. Notice the strong gains among the top performing countries. Shanghai, Singapore, and the next
four education systems are all posting strong annual gains on their PISA tests. It may be that top US students
arent getting weaker, but stagnating, while the rest of the world, especially Asia, is getting stronger.
* $$$$: The OECD data show almost no link between spending on education and PISA test results.
Wealthier nations tend to score better. But the amount of money that a nation spends on education doesnt
seem to matter much. The United States is one of the biggest spenders in education, spending $115,000 per
student on average between the ages of 6 and 15. The Slovak Republic spends less than half that amount at
achieves similar test scores. Only four countries spend more than the United States: Austria, Norway,
Luxembourg and Switzerland.
* Test quality. I took sample questions from the 2012 PISA math test and was impressed with the sample
questions. Many are not multiple choice. So you cant always use a Princeton Review technique of
eliminating answer choices. You have to calculate answers yourself. I was also surprised by how many word
problems there were in which you had to come up with models and equations yourself and not just solve for x
in a given equation.
* Cheating. In previous posts and among colleagues, questions are coming up about cheating, especially in
China. I havent seen evidence of widespread cheating on PISA tests that would affect a nations score. I
know that an outside Australian contractor is involved in administering the PISA tests in China. But please
comment if you have any information on PISA cheating.
Take away:
Yes, the United States has an achievement gap. Poor students are doing poorly. But our top students are
nothing to brag about.
Related Stories:
Shanghai likely to repeat strong results on international PISA test in December (Nov. 18, 2013)
Data Debate: Smartest U.S. states dont hold a candle to global competitors (Oct. 30, 2013)
Unclear where U.S. students stand in math and science (Oct. 25, 2013)
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POSTED BY Jill Barshay ON December 3, 2013
Comments & Trackbacks (31) | Post a Comment

X
December 3, 2013
at 7:12 pm
Well, most people will be dubious that large immigration and poverty has no affect on test scores. Also, I am
not seeing an analysis of how these countries are culturally different (rather how those in the U.S. embraced
bread and circuses 25 years agoincluding abandoning previous parenting methods). The film Two Million
Minutes contrasts these characteristics in great form. http://pointeviven.blogspot.com/2012/05/i-am-worriedabout-my-grade-parent.html ALSO, the teachers in Finland are now under pressure to be more like the
American educations system with standards and lots of testingthe delusion of Common Core is growing.
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Reply
Jill Barshay
December 3, 2013
at 8:56 pm
@X I agree that cultural difference must account for many of the differences in test scores. There must be
something to the Asian stereotype of prizing hard work and perseverance that is playing out in PISA test
scores now. By contrast, American culture prizes some sort of notion of inherent ability and being able to do
things effortlessly and quickly. Asian classrooms also benefit from a culture of good behavior where more
classroom time can be devoted to instruction.
The OECD PISA report in its country specific overview of the United States suggests that Common Core, if
implemented properly, could help boost the achievement of American 15 year olds. Curious to hear the other
side. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/PISA-2012-results-US.pdf
Reply
Raymond Palmer
December 4, 2013
at 7:45 am
Hi,
Please stop referring to Shanghai as a countrywe must compare apples to applesdo we have data from
charter and private schools?
Thanks and have a great day!
Reply
Jill Barshay
December 4, 2013
at 10:34 am
@ R Palmer. I agree that its not fair to compare Shanghai with the whole of the United States and I cannot
wait until 2015 when we will have more testing data from other regions in China. But I think it is fair to
compare Shanghai with Massachusetts and see how badly our top performing state is doing. A 100 point
difference!
I dont see a break out for private and charter schools but students from these institutions are part of the
representative sample used to calculate national PISA figures.
Reply
Tom Hesse
August 2, 2014
at 8:44 am
Not everyone from every country is going to go to university and study math and science, and I cant deny
these are much needed skills. although practical skills like driving tractors , repairing roads, building an
overpass , plumbing, electrical, cement work, carpenters, chefs,welders the list goes on and on, are very much
needed as well. Can a person with high math scores drive a tractor? I dont know, but what I do know is that
Korean kids dont know the first thing about how to change a tire on a car,and the question is not on the PISA
exam!!! I also know country kids in America that cant read well ,but can fix and tell me all about the
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hydraulic system on a backhoe, more than a university engineering student . These technical questions are not
on PISA. You cant deny these practical skills need a special set of intelligence,much different than tested for
on the PISA exam, but these skills are much needed in society too. Also, the test is given to 15 year olds,as
we all know each one of us has a different maturity rate. It is said in Korea that students study hard to enter
university, but after they enter then they stop studying,and the university is not good. But in America, it is
more difficult with different standards to complete the degree than Asia. In the long run , just memorizing a
formula for a test and then forgetting it is not productive.
Reply
Jill Barshay
December 4, 2013
at 11:55 am
@R Palmer. Your question inspired me to dig into the data deeper and I was able to find a private school
breakout. As expected, private school students have much stronger reading scores than public school
students, but the private-public gap is not nearly as big in math and science. And when you compare US
private school kids with private school kids abroad, we are again mediocre. http://educationbythenumbers.org
/content/u-s-private-school-students-much-better-public-school-student-math_727/
Reply
New PISA data on America student performance - City-Data Forum
December 4, 2013
at 3:38 pm
[] Not very reassuring: Top US students fare poorly in international PISA test scores, Shanghai tops the
world, Finland slip []
Reply
Steve
December 6, 2013
at 2:48 pm
You have no credibility. You fail to acknowledge that Chinese govt only choose to share the Shanghai and not
data from other twelve provinces. If you dont know that shame on you. If you do know shame on you. The
US top data of 600 on math does well versus realistic benchmarks and indeed helps demonstrate that US
major issue is poverty. Of course Shanghai is a sterling extreme example of math success, and something to
learn from, but it is not a basis to trash US education.
Reply
Lloyd
December 10, 2013
at 9:34 am
Many writers and critics of public education in the United States will take these average scores to again bash
educators and our educational system. The PISA scores are complex and need to be examined closely before
broad conclusions are drawn about weaknesses and strengths in our current system. Analyses from the 2009
found that socioeconomic status and levels of poverty are highly related to US scores on the PISA. Finland
had been singled out as the star of education due to its high average score on the PISA. However, their low
poverty rate (under 10%) may account for that. In fact, on the 2009 PISA US schools with a poverty rate of
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under 10% had higher average scores than Finland.
We also need to look at the sampling they took (only 6000 US students). In 2009 they sampled a
disproportionally large numbers of students from poverty so all our averages were lower than they should
have been.
Unfortunately the policy makers in our country have a free market educational system agenda and will use
the simple averages to push that agenda. As other posters have noted, the US has a problem with poverty and
education. Thats what our debate should focus on.
Reply
Jill Barshay
December 11, 2013
at 9:52 am
@lloyd I would like to put together a graph comparing poverty rate with average test score for the 2012
PISA. That would be interesting. And I agree that the US has a problem with poverty and education. Our
NAEP scores tell us that every year. Whats interesting about these international comparisons is that they are
showing that the US has a problem at every percentile level, not just our bottom. Our top is below the top
elsewhere. So our our middle students. It is particularly interesting that our top 90 percentile has actually
been regressing and slipping backward. To my surprise, the lowest students in the United States have been
improving and gaining ground. http://educationbythenumbers.org/content/top-us-students-perform-worsebottom-students-improve-international-pisa-math-test_738/
Reply
Jill Barshay
December 11, 2013
at 9:55 am
@steve Top US students (90th percentile) rank 34th in the world in math. if you take out shanghai, were
33rd.
http://educationbythenumbers.org/content/top-us-students-rank-34th-world-math-worse-averagestudent_747/
Reply
Jim
December 16, 2013
at 5:42 pm
Using the OECDs index of social, economic, etc doesnt directly relate to relative poverty. There are silly
things measured such as classical culture in the family home. I find little value in this analysis.
What is more direct is using free/reduced lunch rates in comparing outcomes.
http://dianeravitch.net/2013/12/05/daniel-wydo-disaggregates-pisa-scores-by-income/
Reply
Sarah K
January 8, 2014
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at 10:32 am
Why is China allowed to break out scores by province? Theyve got 3 top spots. Was that always the case or
are countrys slipping as China gets more spots. So shouldnt the US break out into 50 states and just report
our top 3? I dont know why we put so much importance on tests. It seems to me the more they try to fix
the scores, the more damage they do.
Reply
Jill Barshay
January 8, 2014
at 10:54 am
@Sarah K You make a good point that it is not fair to cherry pick your best regions and compare them with
the entirety of other nations. But even if we cherry picked our best state in the nation, Massachusetts, it would
not make the top 10 in Math. That would be true even if we consolidated Shanghai, Hong Kong and Macao
into one entity. (Massachusettss 15 year olds scored a 514 in mathematics).
Reply
Beth
February 15, 2014
at 7:37 pm
As usual there is alway the one, two or ten who cant see the forest for the trees. Forget cherry picking
Chinese districts, immigration and poverty issues these are just loud noises clouding the real issue. No
matter how you slice it and dice it our country is not producing high scores relative to many other
countries. I am sick of our excuse driven society. Steve, Loyd and Sarah K I really dont care that China
cherry picks their submissions notice where the US lands on the list. Lop off the top five and we still fair
poorly. Get it?? Our educational system is broke. Yes it is broke and stop making excuses!
Reply
Doug
April 27, 2014
at 9:04 am
Interesting how we make assumptions based on all this data. Asian American students outperform students in
Asian Countries on the PISA, coming in second after Shanghai. Is our system in the US proven to be better
when we teach Asian students than the Asian countrys system? Statistics show third generation Asian
Americans perform no better than other Americans. Does this support the idea that it is culture rather than the
education system? It is very easy to quote statistics, but problematic to make generalizations based on that
data. I dont have the answers but I do know that education isnt global testing competition and that statistics
can be misleading.
Reply
Beta
June 9, 2014
at 3:50 pm
Ok, does this mean China is producing the greatest inovators and problem solvers in the world that the world
is looking upto? Or are the students hand picked by their government for their superior test taking skills and
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isolated and funded and tutored to excel to prove that force and coercion produces better citizens??!!! So, the
US education system that produced all the innovators who actually contributed to this newfound boom in
China is now not good enough!! So we have to test well so we lose our ability to think for ourselves and
instead become drones like them.. What Chinese innovation does the world use these days?? NONE
Reply
Will
June 18, 2014
at 12:42 pm
As near as I can tell, the claim that US education improves dramatically if one adjusts for poverty holds true
in the case of both Science and Reading scores, but not for Math scores. Is there any particular reason why
that would be? Is math just intrinsically harder for most people, or does the US system simply fail to
approach that subject adequately? And why that subject but not the other two?
Also, according to this article, the closest the US can claim to a consolation prize in terms of its math
performance is that it is still technically the *Western* nation with the largest amount of top-performing
students in math in absolute numbers (#3 overall). The million dollar question is twofold: are there enough
top-performing students to fulfill the economic and professional demands of the country in the coming years
(I am not sure average scores can answer this question), and how many problems- social, economic, and
professional- are posed by our low performing students? I suspect there may be a difference between the
broad educational imperative of getting every kid the best possible education and the more narrow present
and future demands of the professional workforce.
http://m.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/04/youll-be-shocked-by-how-many-of-the-worldstop-students-are-american/275423/
Reply
Jinan
June 23, 2014
at 12:31 am
Shanghai is not the cherry in China in terms of school performance.
When I was at the age for college 23 years ago in mainland China, I had to score 60 more points than a
Shanghai student in the annually held nationwide exam covering 7 subjects to get admitted into the same
university. This notorious disparity has extinguished university dreams of numerous students from other
Chinese provinces/regions than Shanghai or Beijing.
Get ready for more surprise in 2015 when more Chinese students step down into the arena.
Reply
mary ellen elliott
June 22, 2014
at 10:11 pm
Interestingin this article effect was used, not affect. Ironic, given the topic of the article, hmmm?!
Reply
Jill Barshay
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July 3, 2014
at 2:58 pm
@maryellenelliott Thank you for catching my grammatical usage error. (Now fixed). Hope there will be
fewer of these mizteaks going forward. As of two weeks ago, a (great) editor is proofreading my copy before
we publish.
Reply
Jeri Gearhart
June 22, 2014
at 11:02 pm
Its not the education system that is broken. It is parenting. There was a time when parents made sure
homework was done and children were reading instead of sitting in front of the tv. Can more be
done-absolutely! First lets quit having to teach Dare, anti-bullying, sex-ed, manners, hygiene etc etc. to these
kids. It doesnt surprise me that Asian students fare better. The standards for behavior are much higher! They
also dont teach classes that include special ed. We have classes with Downs syndrome kids, kids with
cerebral palsy and children with severe emotional outbursts. How can you teach a class with 30 kids, when
one child is running around trying to stab their neighbors with a pair of scissors and another screaming
obscenities! Bet you dont see that in China!
Reply
Mickey Chick
June 23, 2014
at 6:36 am
While the poverty issue is certainly problematic, why does no one acknowledge that other countries do not
educate every child? In addition, those who do are weeded into vocational or academic tracks prior to these
tests being administered. PISA is not comparing apples to apples, but that sure doesnt sell Pearson textbooks
and tests, does it?
Reply
Danielle Jones
July 30, 2014
at 12:36 pm
Until other countries test all of their students and not just those on the college track, PISA rankings will
continue to be almost meaningless.
Reply
Tom Hesse
August 2, 2014
at 7:45 am
Thank you Danielle Jones. I am a teacher in Korea and have been one in China as well, and I have witnessed
the selection of the test takers,which is empirical information that the stats dont reveal. They only select the
top performers to take the test.Jill Barshay ,you are being bamboozled by the stats,and you should be
embarrassed by your lack of research. These countries try to save face ,so they send the best to take the test.
In addition I have friends who were teachers in Taipai, same is true there.
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All of my students both high school and university think there are only five continents in the world. They
dont know about Antarctica,and then tell me that it is not a continent because people dont live there. This is a
small example, but this question is not on the test. Of course they do better they have more study time put
into test prep for just that test.The American students spend less time studying math because they dont go to
hagwons to prep until 11pm, so on average the Asian students need to study more to get the same results as
the American students , so they actually do better because thats all they do is prep for that test. The American
students spend time doing other things like after school clubs, sports,
and other activities. The American kids are more well rounded in many other subjects. Then if the Asian
education is so good than why do so many Asians want to go to school in USA? It is just a test and only tests
specific things. There are so many kids that dont score well on a test, but have mechanical,analytical and
other aptitudes
that is never tested for. Each country is different and cant be compared with a simple test. Testing has been a
controversial issue for a long time. In Korea and China I have had discussions with the brightest students in
high school and University and they still believe in fan death and many other strange illogical things. Some
of my high school students I have taught , have no idea what a periodical element chart is..Stats dont lie,
and I accept there are still alot of student who like to study and alot that dont, but you can lie and be
bamboozled with stats,,,,it doesnt tell the whole story Jill Barshay you need to do due diligence and go to
these countries and find the truth.
Reply
Tom Hesse
August 3, 2014
at 12:08 am
In addition, I know top high school and university students in Korea and China and they have no idea what a
gyroscope is or how it works, along with many other practical things like explaining static electricity, how a
circuit works, photosynthesis etc., and its not a language problem,because even in their own language they
cant do it,and these questions arent on the PISA.
yet they are trained to remember in the short run to take the test and forget after, to do mindless calculations
that have no practical application,thats what computers are for. Yes you need to understand the process,but
then let the computer process it. It is interesting to note that the US also accounts for 22 percent of
ICT-skilled workers worldwide, followed by India with 10.4 percent and China with 7.6 percent. What
happened ,I thought these very same countries who scored high on PISA at 15 years old,with such a large
population both countries should have more, , later in life the US kids catch up.
when you take a test you need to memorize all kinds of formulas, in the real world you can research it and
look it up and have machines , computers do the work, Einstein said why waste my time remembering some
mindless formula if I can look it up, and use my brain power for more important things. The PISA is
unrealistic measure.
NO , I am not making excuses, the education system can always be improved and being educated is important
we need that everyone has their set of intelligence, but the USA is a melting pot of many cultures, accepting
people from every part of the world. You dont see this in China, but in Korea it is happening. So whats the
choice ,turn my kids into sleepless stressed out beings for the sake of taking a test for economic gain because
than I can go to this important school to get a good job, or have a higher quality life that we can all enjoy here
together without worrying about my score on the est.
Reply
Realist
September 19, 2014
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at 11:48 am
Americans ARE dumber. Theyre STUPID.

The school system is biased towards certain students.
They collect enough property taxes on artificially inflated real estate prices propped up by counterfeit
subprime enabled realtors with teaser rate loans.
Look at it this way.
They get subsidies on their houses to get these lifted truck/SUVs to drive their diobese kids to school instead
of taking the busses that we already paid for . The teachers are well educated and compensated until the
Unions take that money away.
The whites at a local school only have 50% that could pass basics on math, English and science on an EASY
national proficiency exam.
The latinos only have a 15% and whine about the language barrier.
The blacks have a whopping 4% that can pass a basic national proficiency math exam at their grade level.
Yet they get strong grades and 78% of their class graduates every year!
This is the hard work and dedicated effort made by underrepresented minorities to protect the threatened baby
boomer status quo.
Not that we needed the money to fix our own creds for the changing job market or anything.
A girl in California got straight As in school but got a 35% on her ASVAB TWICE. She couldnt get into the
U.S. Military.
BUT! They do drugs in class!
I hate the U.S.

I remember trying my high school concentration was thwarted by the rednecks and one who was a family
member that physically assaulted me on my way to school every morning. The bible thumpers, teaching staff,
admin- nobody helped.
Nobody EARNS their job or their keep anymore, its nepotistic and fixed with affirmative action that bars
overrepresented minorities from access to a LIVING WAGE in PURCHASING POWER.
The boomers who run this country are soooo dumb.
Reply
Boysie
September 22, 2014
at 4:28 pm
It is extremely difficult to think of america and not simultanously think of morons

Reply
YoonYoungJo
October 30, 2014
at 1:15 am
This is what common core is suppose to fix. And hopefully the teachers who are complaining about the
testing for accountability will not get their way. Not sure at what point education became so lax but I know
the reasons. Too many complaining parents who, didnt want there child to get low grades, so they demanded
teachers teach less and test easier. This was just dumb.
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Maybe the better answer would have been to make your child study harder? Learn more? I dont blame the
teachers as much as I blame over zealous parents who join PTAs and cant accept their child may not be a
100% grade level math student. Or they cant accept their child is a C student. So they demand their schools
to dumb themselves down until that C now becomes the new A. And obviously because they are PTA
members and heavily involved with their childs school, thats exactly what happens. Suddenly their Childs C
grades, all magically become the new As.
Reply
Kevin Nguyen
December 18, 2014
at 9:33 am
From all that Ive read, America has never been near the top for international testing since it began; yet, we
are still here. There are plenty of problems with American schooling, but stressing out over the PISA test is
not the right way to go about it. Theres been an education crisis (followed by foolhardy legislative reform)
every decade in the U.S. since the mid 1900s; yet here we stand.
As a HS math teacher, I feel the primary problem of the United States is the false idea that college is for
everyone. Though I believe anyone can go to college, college is definitely not for everyone. What results is a
lifetime of fitting square pegs into round holes, and all curriculum and standardized testing is based on
forcing everyone to aim for college. Vocational schooling has become a bad word in U.S. education policy,
and that must change.
Reply
Fenna
February 3, 2015
at 3:32 pm
The problem here is the inefficiency of the school and the system. Im from the Netherlands, a small country
with 17 mil. people. I live in Texas now and if i see what, and how my kids learn here in public school, its
said to say, but it is BAD!!!!!! They only focus on tests, scores, and ther is almost no time for free play
recess! That is not the way to do it. America can learn a lot from my country and the way we treat kids in
school. They go to school less hours, much much more recess and still make the top 10 of the world! And
yes, we have also a LOT of foreigners from all over the world so thats not an issue. The kids here can not be
realy kids. Studies proved that the kids in the Netherlands are the happiest in the world and im not surprised.
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8/11/2016 2:48 PM

Top US Students Fare Poorly in International PISA Test Scores

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Top US Students Fare Poorly in International PISA Test Scores

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Top US students fare poorly in international PISA test scores, Shanghai t...

Top US students fare poorly in international

NCES Commissioner Jack Buckleys Briefing Slide on PISA

POSTED BY Jill Barshay ON December 3, 2013

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under 10% had higher average scores than Finland.

Shanghai is not the cherry in China in terms of school performance.

Americans ARE dumber. Theyre STUPID.

I hate the U.S.

It is extremely difficult to think of america and not simultanously think of morons

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