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July 10, 2012

Brittle Fracture:
Brittle

fracture

takes

place

without

any

appreciable

deformation, and by rapid crack propagation.


The direction of crack motion is very nearly perpendicular to
the direction of the applied tensile stress and yields a relatively
flat fracture surface

Dislocation theories of Brittle Fracture:


The process of brittle fracture consists of three stages.
1) Plastic deformation which involves the pile-up of dislocation
along their slip planes at an obstacle.
2) The buildup of shear stress at the head of the pile-up to
nucleate a micro-crack.
3) In some cases the stored elastic strain energy drives the
micro-crack to complete fracture, a distinct growth stage is
observed in which an increased stress is required to
propagate the micro-crack.
Brittle fracture is not possible unless the crack(s) which is/are
nucleated can propagate at a high velocity throughout the
metal.

July 10, 2012

Fracture surfaces of materials that failed in a brittle manner will


have their own distinctive patterns; no signs of gross plastic
deformation.
For example, in some steel, a series of V-shaped chevron
markings may form near the center of the fracture cross
section.

Other brittle fracture surfaces contain lines or ridges that


radiate from the origin of the crack in a fanlike pattern.

July 10, 2012

For very hard and fine-grained metals, there will be no visible


fracture pattern.
Brittle fracture in amorphous materials, such as ceramic
glasses, yields a relatively shiny and smooth surface.

For most brittle crystalline materials, crack propagation


corresponds to the successive and repeated breaking of atomic
bonds along specific crystallographic planes; such a process is
termed cleavage. Or breaking of atomic bonds along
specific crystallographic planes.

July 10, 2012

The cleavage mode of fracture is controlled by tensile stresses


acting normal to a crystallographic cleavage plane.
Based
on
metallographic
examination,
fracture

in

polycrystalline sample are classified as transgranular (the


crack propagate through the grains)
or transcrystalline/intergranular (the crack propagate along
the grain boundary)

Figure: Intergranular fracture surface

Figure: Crossover from transgranular to intergranular fracture

July 10, 2012

Figure: Scanning Electron Fractograph of ductile cast iron


showing a transgranular fracture furface.

Figure: Scanning Electron Fractograph showing interganular


fracture surface

July 10, 2012

Behavior described
Strain to Fracture
Crystallographic Mode
Appearance of Fracture

Term used
Ductile
Brittle
Shear
Cleavage
Fibrous
Granular(Shine)

July 10, 2012

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