MEC 502

Conduction and Radiation Heat

Transfer
Lecture 11:
Part1: Radiation with participating media
Part2: Heat transfer with phase change
Final review
Prof. Carlos E. Colosqui
Mechanical Engineering Department
Stony Brook University

Announcement
Grading: A/F
Item

Percentage

Final Examination

40%

Midterm Examination

30%

Homework & Class assignments

30%

Last lecture today - Reading period starts next week

Class projects: Reports due before final exam
Make up exams: Wednesday 3rd or Monday 8th (2-4pm)

Final Exam
Monday December 15th 4-6:30PM
Room #173 Light engineering

Lecture 11: Review

11 = 0
12

1 , 1

12 = 1 21 = 1 /2

1 1 4
=
1
1 1 1
+
1 2 2 2

21

2 , 2

2 , 2

Any two gray surface (2D/3D) enclosure where

1 2 4
=
1
1 1 1
+
1 2 2 2

1 , 1

1 = 12 21 = 2
Net heat flux (out of) surface 1

n gray surface (2D/3D) system

Solve n x n system of equations for and ( = 1, )

1

=1

= 4

1
+ =

( )
=1

Blackbody emissive power

For enclosures ( = 0)
=

1
1

( )
=1

Lecture 11: Review

Gray diffuse surfaces

Emittance,

()

()/ () < 1

Consevation of energy

>0

>

Kirchhoffs Law

Radiosity

= + = + (1 )

Net heat flux adsorbed by a surface

= = =

Conservation of energy and heat fluxes for = .

()
= + = 0

If = 0 then

= 0

= (flux out is positive)

1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + = 0

Lecture 11: Review

40 cm
3
30 cm

0
1/4 1/2
1/3
0
1/3
F=
1/2 1/4
0
1/3 1/3 1/3

4
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1

1
3
1
2
1
3

1
4

1
4
1
3

1: 1 = 1000K 1 = 0.3
2: 2 = 600K 2 = 0.8
3: 3 = 1000K 3 = 0.3
4: 4 = 600K 4 = 0.8

1
3
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
3
1

1
2
1
3

1
3

1
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
4
1

1
4
1
3
1
4

1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4

1/4
1/3
1/4
0

1
1
(1 2 ) + (1 4 )
4
4
1
1
(2 1 ) + (2 3 )
3
3
1
1
(3 2 ) + (3 4 )
4
4
1
1
(4 1 ) + (4 3 )
3
3

1 3
=
= 10,575 W/m2
1 3

1 = 4230W/m2

2 4
=
= 14,100 W/m2
2 4

2 = 4230W/m2

Lecture 11: Review

Revisiting blackbody enclosures (two spheres)
1

=1

12 = 1

1
+ =

21 = 1 /2

blackbody
= 1

( )
=1

11 = 0

22 = 1 1 /2

1 = 2 = 1 14 24

Two gray or black surface enclosures

1

1
1 2
2
= 14 24
1 1
2 2

1
1 1 1
1
1
= 24 14
2 2
1 1 2
2

1 14 24
1 =
= q2
1
1 1 1
1 + 2 2 2

Example similar to homework #7

2 = 300

Problem 1
1m

The 3-surface enclosure is formed by 3 blackbodies emitting

radiation at steady temperature T1 , T2 and T3. The four
vertical walls forming surface 3 are perfectly insulated so
that q3 = 0

2m

4m

1) Find the net heat q1 and q2 that must be supplied to or

extracted from surface 1 and surface 2
2) Find the temperature of the vertical walls

1 = 25
Additional information: view factor expression for two parallel plates

Example (homework#7)
2 = 300

1) Find the net heat q1 and q2 that must be supplied to or

extracted from surface 1 and surface 2
2) Find the temperature of the vertical walls

1m

2m

1 = 2

From formula 12 = 21 = 0.0362

View factor algebra
4m

23 = 1 21 22 = 0.9638
31 = 13

1 = 25
Perfect insulation

1
= 0.0803
3

32 = 23

2
= 0.0803
3

33 = 1 31 23 = 0.8394

3 = 3 34 (1 33 ) 14 1 13 24 2 23 = 0

T3 =
Heat flow supplied

13 = 1 11 21 = 0.9638

14 31 + 24 32
1 33

1/4

= 490.55

1 = 1 14 24 2 21 34 3 31 = 1 14 24 12 34 13 = 0.5876 W
2 = 2 24 14 21 34 23 = 0.5876 W

Lecture 11:
Part1: Radiation with participating media

Lecture 11: Radiation in participating media

Radiative energy passing through participating media

electrons emitted and photon absorption

elastic scattering
decrease in photon energy (increase in wavelength)
creation of an elementary particle and its antiparticle
Ref: http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/mod/indexer_modB.html

Lecture 11: Radiation in participating media

Hemispherical emission in non-participating media (vacuum)
= 4 [W/m2]

Total hemispherically emitted power

dA1
dA2

>0

4
[W/m2 ]
Total radiative Intensity =

Differential of
emitted power

= [W/m2]

Spectral radiative Intensity ,

or

=
0

, =

wavenumber = 1/

Non-participating
media

=0

Lecture 11: Radiation in participating media

Radiative energy passing through participating media
Adsorption
+
Scattering
+
Emission

Change along the s-direction

Lecture 11: Radiative Heat Transfer Equation

Change along the s-direction

(out of s) + into s

Radiative Heat Transfer Equation (RTE)

Lecture 11: Radiative Heat Transfer Equation

Radiative Flux in the s-direction

Purely adsorptive media

Optical adsorption thickness

Attenuation by out-scattering only

Out scattering thickness

Non-scattering media

Lecture 11: Radiative Heat Transfer Equation

Available solution methods for the full RHTE
Hottels method
Introduced by Hottel and Cohen (1958). System divided in surface and gas zones.
Involve pre-calculated exchange factors for gas-gas, gas-surface, surface-surface
exchange. Commonly used for radiative heat transfer in combustion chambers
Monte Carlo
Introduced by Howell and Pearlmuter (1964). Probable paths are determined via
stochastic simulation of photon trajectories from emission to final absorption (by
surface or media).
Moment methods
Intensity is assumed to vary in a specified manner between angular direction.
Intensity in any direction is an n-order polynomial in the direction cosines.
Spherical harmonic methods
Intensity is expressed as an expansion of the local intensity in terms of spherical
harmonics.

Lecture 11: Radiative Heat Transfer Equation

Approximation for a steady radiation ray in non-scattering media

() =
0

>0

For = . then:

Can one solve for = ?

Lecture 11:
Part1: Radiation with participating media

Lecture 11: Phase equilibrium

Thermodynamic functions
Energy

Enthalpy
Single component single phase
(homogeneous system)

Gibbs free energy

Chemical potential
Why we use different thermodynamic functions/potentials?

Lecture 11: Phase equilibrium

Phase equilibrium (two phases close system)

Thermodynamic equilibrium

Thermal equilibrium

Mechanical equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium

Systems at constant pressure and temperature

For single component systems all we need is
Multiple species, mixtures, and multiple phases (x: molar fraction)

Lecture 11: Phase change

Where is the energy going

during phase change?
How we can calculate how much heat is
removed by evaporation?
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/

Lecture 11: Pool boiling

Newtons law of cooling
= ( )

Lecture 11: Pool boiling

Heat transfer enhancement via nanostructured surfaces

Ref: Hendricks, Terry J., et al. "Enhancement of pool-boiling heat transfer using nanostructured surfaces on
aluminum and copper." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53.15 (2010): 3357-3365.

Final Review